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{{Short description|State flag and coat of arms}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
The '''flag and coat of arms of Kedah''' are the [[federated state|state]] [[symbol]]s of [[Kedah]], [[Malaysia]]. Very little distinction is present between the flag and coat of arms of the state, as the flag consists of only a red field with the state arms on the [[Flag terminology|upper hoist]].

== Flag ==

[[File:Flag of Kedah.svg|thumb|right|250px|{{FIAV|normal}} [[File:FIAV 110000.svg|23px|Civil and state flag.]] The flag of Kedah. Flag ratio: 1:2]]

The Kedahan flag is essentially a red flag with only the [[#Coat of arms|state arms of Kedah]] [[Charge (heraldry)|charged]] on its [[Flag terminology#Description of standard flag parts and terms|upper hoist]], the upper left quarter of the flag. The red, Kedah's traditional colour, signifies prosperity,<ref name="FOTW">{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my-kedah.html |title=Kedah (Malaysia) |access-date=27 September 2008 |date=29 December 2007 |publisher=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] }}</ref><ref name="GVS">{{cite web |url=http://www.geovision.com.my/malaysia/general/anthems/kedah.htm |title=Kedah |access-date=8 August 2008 |date=26 May 2005 |publisher=GeoVision Productions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073436/http://www.geovision.com.my/malaysia/general/anthems/kedah.htm |archive-date=12 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> while the flag's arms is as interpreted with the standalone arms.

=== History ===
During the beginning of the 18th century, Kedah's flag only consists of a plain red field. In 1821, the flag was changed to be charged with a yellow tiger. This flag came to be known as the "''harimau terkam''" (pouncing tiger) or "''harimau melompat''" (jumping tiger) flag. The flag was used during [[Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II of Kedah|Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II]]'s reign, and was raised on top of the Kota Kedah before the Siam capture of the fort and occupation of the sultanate during which they took down the flag. The flag went on being used by the Sultan's troops while recapturing the land and remained as the state flag until 1912 when it was changed to instead be charged with the state arms on the upper hoist.[[File:Flag of Kedah (18th century - 1912).svg|thumb|right|250px|{{FIAV|historical}} [[File:FIAV 110000.svg|23px|Civil and State.flag]] The flag of Kedah used from the 18th century to 1821. Flag ratio: 1:2]] [[File:Flag of Kedah (1821 - 1912).svg|thumb|right|250px|{{FIAV|historical}} [[File:FIAV 110000.svg|23px|Civil and state flag.]] The flag of Kedah used from 1821 to 1912. Flag ratio: 1:2]]

=== Variants ===

==== Standards ====

[[Sultan of Kedah|Kedah's royalty]] flies a series of [[royal standards]] that consist of plain coloured flags with the state arms [[Flag terminology#Description of standard flag parts and terms|charged]] at the centre or flags with a [[Flag terminology#Description of standard flag parts and terms|canton]] of a different colour containing the state arms.<ref name="FOTW"/> In addition, similarly designed [[Heraldic flag#Standard|Standards]] are also flown by high-ranking governments officials affiliated with the Sultan of Kedah.<ref name="FOTW"/> Like the state flag, all Standards utillise any two of or all three colours: Red, green and yellow; the colours of the arms also vary between Standards.

The standards include:<ref name="FOTW"/>

* '''Standard of the [[Sultan of Kedah|sultan]]''': A yellow flag with the state arms charged at the centre. The [[wreath]] and [[shield]] of the arms are green, while the [[crescent]] is red.
* '''Standard of the sultanah:''' A yellow flag with a red canton containing the state arms. Similar to the original arms, the wreath and shield of the Standard's arms are yellow, while the crescent is green.
* '''Standard of the crown prince:''' A red flag with a yellow canton containing an entirely green state arms.
* '''Standard of the ''[[bendahara]]'' (prime minister):''' A red flag with a green canton containing an entirely yellow state arms.
* '''Standard of the president of the State Council and Sultan Advisor:''' A green flag with the state arms charged at the centre. The arms is entirely yellow.

{{Gallery
|title=Flags of Kedah
|align=center
|
 |Royal Standard of the Sultan of Kedah
|
 |Royal Standard of the Sultanah of Kedah
|
 |Flag of the capital city of [[Alor Setar]]
}}

==== Maritime flags ====

As a formerly independent state, Kedah was known to fly [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]]s on its ships. Among them were the state ensign and civil ensign, the former similar in design as a variant of the [[#Standards|Kedahan Standards]], while the latter adopted a different design.

The state ensign took the appearance of a Standard-like design that simply incorporates a canton containing the state arms. The flag is blue, but unlike Standards of the design, its canton is essentially design as per the state flag, coloured red and containing the state arms in its original colours.<ref name="FOTW"/>

The civil ensign is of a completely different design, but incorporates all three of the state's flag colours in the form of three diagonally cut sections: A large, red, diagonal [[Flag terminology#Basic patterns in flags|per bend]] stripe divides the upper fly&mdash;coloured yellow&mdash;and the lower hoist&mdash;coloured green.<ref name="FOTW"/>

== Coat of arms ==
{{Infobox coat of arms
|name=Coat of arms of Kedah
|image=Coat of arms of Kedah.svg
|shield= Paly of thirty-three Or and Argent, a bend sinister Argent, in bend the motto "نݢري قدح" (Negeri Kedah) written in Jawi script Or bendwise.
|supporters=The crescent Vert<br>Two wreath branches Or
|motto=Negeri Kedah ''(State of Kedah)''
}}

The Kedahan coat of arms consists of only three [[Heraldry|heraldic]] elements: An [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]], a [[crescent]], and a [[wreath]]; the arms may be illustrated with only the aforementioned elements or included against a red ellipse. Details of the arm's heraldic elements are as follows:

<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[File:Coat of arms of Kedah.jpg|thumb|The state arms of Kedah. Note the different background colour of the Jawi script [[Defacement (flag)|defacement]] in comparison to that of the arms from the flag above.]] -->

;[[Escutcheon (heraldry)|Escutcheon]]
:The escutcheon, which consists of a yellow Swiss [[shield]], represents the sovereign's authority and symbolises the role of the ruler as the protector and guardian of his subjects and all the inhabitants of Kedah from unjust governance; the shield also signifies strength and authority.<ref name="FOTW"/><ref name="GVS"/><br>Occasionally, a [[defacement (flag)|defacement]] with [[Jawi script]]ures that reads "نݢري قدح" (State of Kedah) rest on the horizontal meridian on the shield. There has been known variations of defacements on the shield. The Jawi script may be written in black, red, or yellow (against a white band), and bands may be included behind the scripture. A variant of the shield may also include no Jawi scripts at all.<ref name="FOTW"/>

;[[Crescent]]
:The green crescent, which is located underneath the shield and faces upwards towards the shield, signifies [[Islam]] as the state's official religion.<ref name="FOTW"/><ref name="GVS"/>

;[[Wreath]] or [[garland]]
:The wreath or garland is depicted as two stalks of [[rice]] tied together and enveloping the shield and crescent. It represents rice as the state's principal product.<ref name="FOTW"/><ref name="GVS"/>

Like the [[#Flag|state flag]], the Kedahan arms is featured on [[#Standards|Standards]] and the [[#Maritime flags|state ensign]]. However, the colours used on the arms may vary but utilise red, green or yellow, with the wreath and shield given one colour while the crescent is given another or the same.<ref name="FOTW"/>

===City, district and municipal coat of arms===
<gallery>
File:Alor Setar Emblem.svg|Emblem of Alor Setar
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
<!--|Ref reserved in event refs in main body is deleted for some reason.
<ref name="GVS">{{cite web |url=http://www.geovision.com.my/malaysia/general/anthems/kedah.htm |title=Kedah|access-date=8 August 2008 |date=26 May 2005 |publisher=GeoVision Productions }}</ref>
<ref name="FOTW">{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my-kedah.html |title=Kedah (Malaysia) |access-date=27 September 2008 |date=29 December 2007 |publisher=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] }}</ref>
[http://www.kedah.gov.my/kedah/isi.asp?id=58&mytbl=menubarisi Bendera]
[http://www.kedah.gov.my/kedah/isi.asp?id=59&mytbl=menubarisi]
-->
{{Kedah}}
{{Malaysian flags}}
{{Heraldry in Malaysia}}

[[Category:Kedah]]
[[Category:Flags of Malaysia|Kedah]]
[[Category:Malaysian coats of arms|Kedah]]
[[Category:Coats of arms of country subdivisions|Kedah]]
[[Category:Flags including Arabic script]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with rice|Kedah]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with moons|Kedah]]
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