Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Flag of the Soviet Union

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|National flag}}
{{Redirect|Flag of the USSR}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics<br />{{lang|ru|Союз Советских Социалистических Республик}}
| Image = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg
| Nickname = {{lang|ru|Красное Знамя}} ({{Literal translation|Red Banner}})<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| author= Whitney Smith |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title= Flag of Flag of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Union-of-Soviet-Socialist-Republics|year= 2008|access-date= 2008-11-05}}</ref>
| Morenicks = 
| Use = 010110
| Symbol = {{FIAV|010110}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/flagsarmsacrossw0000smit/page/203|title=Flags and arms across the world|last=Whitney.|first=Smith|date=1980|publisher=McGraw-Hill|others=Smith, Whitney.|isbn=9780070590946|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/flagsarmsacrossw0000smit/page/203 203]|oclc=4957064|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion = 1:2
| Adoption = December 1922 (original)<br />19 August 1955 (last version)
| Relinquished = [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|26 December 1991]]
| Design = Plain [[Red flag (politics)|red banner]], with the canton consisting of a gold [[hammer and sickle]] topped off by a [[Red star|red five-point star]] bordered in gold
| Designer = 
}}
{{Culture of the Soviet Union}}
The '''State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics''' ({{Lang-ru|Госуда́рственный флаг Сою́за Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик}} {{Transliteration|ru|Gosudárstvenny flag Soyúza Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik}}), or simply the '''Soviet flag''' ({{Lang-ru|Сове́тский флаг}} {{Transliteration|ru|Sovétsky flag}}), was a [[Red flag (politics)|red banner]] with two [[Communist symbolism|communist symbols]] displayed in the [[Canton (flag)|canton]]: a gold [[hammer and sickle]] topped off by a [[Red star|red five-point star]] bordered in gold. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from several sources, but emerged during the [[Russian Revolution]]. It has also come to serve as the standard symbol representing [[communism]] as a whole, recognized as such in international circles, even after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991.

The plain red flag, which was a traditional revolutionary symbol long before 1917, was incorporated into the Soviet flag to pay tribute to the international aspect of the [[Proletarian revolution|workers' revolution]]. On the other hand, the unique hammer-and-sickle design was a modern industrial touch adopted from the Russian Revolution; it represented the "victorious and enduring revolutionary alliance" by unifying the hammer (i.e., [[Working class|workers]]) and the sickle (i.e., [[Peasant|peasants]]). The gold-bordered five-point star situated above the hammer and sickle was a representation of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].

The first flag was adopted in December 1922. In 1923, 1924, 1936 and 1955, statutes were adopted that resulted in adjustments to the hammer's handle length and the sickle's shape. In 1980, an amendment was made to the 1955 decree that removed the hammer and sickle displayed on the [[Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse|flag's reverse side]], though the legal description remained completely unchanged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geraldika.ru/s/5341|title=Положение о Государственном флаге Союза Советских Социалистических Республик &#124; Геральдика.ру|website=geraldika.ru|language=RU|accessdate=May 8, 2022}}</ref> The design of the 1955 Soviet flag served as the basis for all of the [[Flags of the Soviet Republics|flags of the Union Republics]].

==Symbolism and design==
The flag of the Soviet Union consisted of a plain [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] with a gold [[hammer]] crossed with a gold [[sickle]] placed beneath a gold-bordered [[red star]]. This symbol is in the upper left [[Flag terminology|canton]] of the red flag.

The colour [[red]] honours the [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] of the [[Paris Commune]] of 1871 and the [[red star]] and [[hammer and sickle]] are [[symbols of communism]] and [[socialism]].

The hammer symbolises urban [[Manufacturing|industrial]] workers while the sickle symbolises [[agriculture|agricultural]] workers ([[peasant]]s)—who together, as the [[Proletarian]] class, form the state.  The [[red star]] represents the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]], and its position over the hammer and sickle symbolises its leading role in [[Socialism (Marxism)|socialist society]] to unify and enlighten the workers and peasants in the building of [[Communist society|communism]].

The flag's design was legislated in 1955, which gave a clear way to define and create the flag. This resulted in a change of the hammer's handle length and the shape of the sickle.  The adopted statute stated that:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pravo.levonevsky.org/baza/soviet/sssr6212.htm|script-title=ru:Положение о государственном флаге СССР|author=USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium|language=ru|date=19 August 1955|access-date=2008-11-05|author-link=Presidium of the Supreme Soviet}}</ref>
#The ratio of width to length of the flag is 1:2.
#The hammer and sickle are in a square with sides equal to {{frac|4}} of the flag's height. The sharp tip of the sickle lies in the center of the upper side of the square, and the handles of the hammer and sickle rest in the bottom corners of the square. The length of the hammer and its handle is {{frac|3|4}} of the square diagonal.
#The five-pointed star is inscribed into a circle with a diameter of {{frac|8}} of the flag's height, the circle being tangent to the upper side of the square.
#The distance of the vertical axis of the star, hammer and sickle from the hoist is {{frac|3}} of the flag's height. The distance from the upper side of the flag to the center of the star is {{frac|8}} of the flag's height.

{{stack|
[[File:Construction sheet of the flag of the Soviet Union.png|center|300px|Official Construction Sheet for the State Flag of the USSR (1955–1991).]]
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (reverse).svg|thumb|The reverse side of the Soviet flag as it appeared from 1980 to 1991.]]
}}
{{stack|
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (vertical).svg|thumb|150px|The vertical display of the Soviet flag as it appeared from 1980 to 1991.]]
}}
Officially since 1980, the reverse side of the flag was a plain red field without the hammer and sickle. In practice, however, this was very commonly disregarded by flag makers as it was far easier and less costly to simply print the flag [[through and through]], with the obverse design mirrored on the reverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://flagspot.net/flags/su'.html|title=Construction details of Soviet flags|website=flagspot.net|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> It was also common to see the reverse of the flag bear the hammer and sickle in the obverse formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://flagspot.net/flags/su.html#rev|title=Reverse of the flag - Soviet Union|website=flagspot.net|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> An example of the flag demonstrating its ''de jure'' status as being only one-sided is that of the Soviet flag atop the [[Moscow Kremlin]] which bore the single-side official design.

For vertical display, the flag was made with the distinct difference of having the hammer and sickle rotated 90 degrees in order to compensate for the change in dimensions. Although common in official practice, a typical flag owner would simply turn a standard design flag 90 degrees to the right and hang it by the [[Hoist (flag)|hoist]] (not flipped like the US flag).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://flagspot.net/flags/su.html#ver |title=Vertical hoisting – Soviet Union |website=flagspot.net |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>

==History==
During the establishment of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian Soviet Republic]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] and his followers had considered the inclusion of a sword symbol in addition to the hammer and sickle as part of the [[National emblems of the Russian Empire|state seal]] on which the flag was eventually based.  The idea was dismissed as too visually aggressive, with Lenin apparently affirming, "A sword is not one of our symbols."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Flags of the states of the world|author=Konstantin AndreevichIvanov|language=ru| location=Moscow|publisher=Izd-vo Transport|year=1971| page={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}|oclc=20146023}}</ref>

The first official flag was adopted in December 1922 at the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR.  It was agreed that the red banner "was transformed from the symbol of the Party to the symbol of a state, and around that flag gathered the peoples of the soviet republics to unite into one state&nbsp;— the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics".  On 30 December 1922, the Congress adopted a Declaration and Agreement on the establishment of the USSR.  Article 22 of the Agreement states: "The USSR has a flag, coat of arms and a state seal."  The description of the first flag was given in the [[1924 Soviet Constitution]], accepted in the second session of the executive committee (CIK) of the USSR on 6 July 1923.  The text of article 71 states: "The state flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a [[red]] or [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] field with the state's [[Coat of arms of the Soviet Union|coat of arms]]." It was ordered with the unusual ratio of 4:1 in proportion and consisted of a [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] with the state coat of arms in the center.  However, such a flag was never mass-produced.  This flag was the official flag for four months, and was replaced as the official flag by the more familiar [[hammer and sickle]] design during the third session of the CIK of the USSR on 12 November 1923.

In the third session of the CIK of the USSR, the description of Soviet flag in the Constitution was changed, and article 71 was edited to read: "The state flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a red or scarlet field, and in the canton a golden sickle and hammer, and a red five-pointed star bordered in gold above them.  The ratio of width to length is 1:2."  On 19 August 1955, the Statute on the State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was adopted by a decision of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR]].  This resulted in a change of the hammer's handle length and the shape of the sickle. On 15 August 1980, a new edition of the Statute on the State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was adopted, which did not make any changes to the flag's description aside from removing the hammer and sickle on the reverse side of the flag.<ref name=RCVH>{{cite web|url=http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/ussr.htm|title=Флаги СССР|website=vexillographia.ru|author=Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223059/http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/ussr.htm|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> From this point on, the flag stayed in use with this design until the disintegration of the USSR on 26 December 1991, at which time it ceased to be a national flag and replaced by national flags of the [[post-Soviet republics]].

On 15 April 1996 [[Boris Yeltsin]] signed a presidential decree giving the Soviet flag (called the [[Victory Banner]], after the banner that was raised above the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] on 1 May 1945) status similar to that of the national flag. The hammer and sickle were removed from the flag, leaving only the star, but they were reinstated later. On certain holidays, the Victory Banner is flown along with the Russian flag.

=== Contemporary usage ===
In current times, the Soviet national flag (and similar flags) are widely used by those on the [[far-left politics|political far left]], most often by those who support [[Marxism–Leninism]], although the earlier (pre-[[Stalinism|Stalinist]]) flags are occasionally used by [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] and those on the modern [[Left communism|communist left]].

The Soviet flag is also actively promoted in Russia as a symbol of [[nostalgia for the Soviet Union]]. Various politicians frequently utilize it as a symbol of the superpower status Russia lost in 1991.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hoffman|first=David|date=2000-12-05|title=Putin Seeks Restoration Of Soviet Symbols|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/12/05/putin-seeks-restoration-of-soviet-symbols/0f5e2e73-414e-4cd5-8565-465e518081ec/|access-date=2021-08-22|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

Amidst the backdrop of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]] proposed to the [[State Duma]] the adoption of the Soviet flag as the official [[flag of Russia]] on April 19, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=КПРФ внесла в Госдуму законопроект, предлагающий установить флаг СССР флагом России |url=https://kprf.ru/dep/gosduma/activities/210029.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=kprf.ru |language=ru}}</ref> The use of [[Soviet imagery during the Russo-Ukrainian War|Soviet symbols including its flag became very extensive]] by invading Russian forces over the course of the war along with the [[Z (military symbol)|letter "Z"]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Pareisa |title=Ukraine: Russian troops flying Soviet flag, symbol of 're-establishing Russian domination' |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/europe/20220311-ukraine-ussr-soviet-flag-russia-troops |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Observers - [[France 24]] |date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427075026/https://observers.france24.com/en/europe/20220311-ukraine-ussr-soviet-flag-russia-troops |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 17, 2023, during the celebration for the 300th anniversary of [[Saint Petersburg]], the flags of the Russian Empire ({{ill|Black-yellow-white flag|ru|Чёрно-жёлто-белый флаг}}), Soviet Union and [[Flag of Russia|Russian Federation]] raised simultaneously at the [[Gulf of Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2023/06/17/reg-szfo/v-peterburge-na-vysotu-179-metrov-torzhestvenno-podniali-flagi-treh-istoricheskih-epoh.html|title=В Петербурге на высоту 179 метров торжественно подняли флаги трёх исторических эпох|language=ru|website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=2023-06-17|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2023/06/17/reg-szfo/putin-prinial-uchastie-v-ceremonii-podniatiia-flagov-rf-sssr-i-rossijskoj-imperii-v-peterburge.html|title=Путин принял участие в церемонии поднятия флагов РФ, СССР и Российской империи в Петербурге|language=ru|website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=2023-06-17|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/18047849|title=Путин с катера наблюдал за поднятием в Петербурге флагов РФ, СССР и Российской империи|language=ru|website=[[TASS]]|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=https://www.mk.ru/politics/2023/06/17/v-sanktpeterburge-torzhestvenno-podnyali-flagi-trekh-istoricheskikh-epokh.html|title=В Санкт-Петербурге торжественно подняли флаги трёх исторических эпох|website=[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]|date=2023-06-17|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref>

{{clear}}
<gallery mode="lines" widths="180" caption="Historical evolution of the flag of the Soviet Union" style="text-align:center; background:white;"> 
Flag of the Soviet Union (1922–1923).svg|(30 December 1922 – 12 November 1923)
Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svg|(12 November 1923 – 18 April 1924)
Flag of the Soviet Union (1924–1936).svg|(18 April 1924 – 5 December 1936)
Flag of the Soviet Union (1924–1955).svg|(5 December 1936 – 19 August 1955)
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|(19 August 1955 – 26 December 1991)
</gallery>

== Derivatives from the Soviet flag ==
The [[Flags of the Soviet Republics|flags of the Soviet republics]] that constituted the [[USSR]] and the [[Victory Banner]] were all [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]]{{NoteTag|In vexillology, defacement is the addition of a symbol or charge to a flag.}} or modified versions of the Soviet flag.
<gallery class="center">
Flag of Russian SFSR.svg|[[Flag of the Russian SFSR|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (1954–91)
Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1937-1949).svg|[[Flag of the Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1937–50)
Flag of Ukrainian SSR.svg|Ukrainian SSR<br>(1950–91)
Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1937-1951).svg|[[Flag of the Byelorussian SSR|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1937–51)
Flag of Byelorussian SSR.svg|Byelorussian SSR (1951–91) (served as an inspiration for the [[flag of Belarus]] since 1995)
Flag of the Uzbek SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Uzbek SSR|Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1952–91)
Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1937-1940).svg|[[Flag of the Kazakh SSR|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1937–40)
Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1953).svg|Kazakh SSR (1940–53)
Flag of Kazakh SSR.svg|Kazakh SSR and [[Flag of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] (1953–92)
Flag of Georgian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Georgian SSR|Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1951–90)
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1927).svg|[[Flag of the Azerbaijan SSR|Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1924–27)
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1927-1931).svg|[[Flag of Azerbaijan SSR|Azerbaijan SSR]]<br>(1927–31)
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1931-1937).svg|Azerbaijan SSR<br>(1931–37)
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1937-1940).svg|Azerbaijan SSR<br>(1937–40)
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1952).svg|Azerbaijan SSR<br>(1940–52)
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1952–1956).svg|Azerbaijan SSR<br>(1952–56)
Flag of Azerbaijan SSR.svg|Azerbaijan SSR<br>(1956–91)
Flag of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1953).svg|[[Flag of the Lithuanian SSR|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1940–53)
Flag of Lithuanian SSR.svg|Lithuanian SSR<br>(1953–88)
Flag of the Moldavian ASSR (1925-1932).svg|[[Flag of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1925–32)
Flag of the Moldavian ASSR (1937-1938).svg|Moldavian ASSR<br>(1937–38)
Flag of the Moldavian ASSR.svg|Moldavian ASSR<br>(1938–40)
Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1941-1952).svg|Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic<br>(1940–52)
Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1952–1990).svg|Moldavian SSR (1952–1990)
Flag of Transnistria (state).svg|[[Flag of Transnistria|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]]{{NoteTag|The [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]] or Transnistria, is an unrecognized breakaway republic formed in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union from territory internationally recognized as part of Moldova after the [[Transnistria War]].}} (1991–present)
Flag of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1953).svg|[[Flag of the Latvian SSR|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1940–53)
Flag of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1953-1967 variant).svg|Latvian SSR (1953–67)
Flag of Latvian SSR.svg|Latvian SSR (1967–90)
Flag of Kyrgyz SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[Flag of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]] (1952–92)
Flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1938).svg|[[Flag of the Tajik SSR|Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1936–38)
Flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1938–1940).svg|Tajik SSR (1938–40)
Flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1953).svg|Tajik SSR (1940–53)
Flag of Tajik SSR.svg|Tajik SSR (1953–91)
Flag Of The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1940).png|[[Flag of the Armenian SSR|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1936–40)
Flag of The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1952).png|Armenian SSR<br>(1940–52)
Flag of Armenian SSR.svg|Armenian SSR<br>(1952–90)
Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1926-1937).svg|[[Flag of the Turkmen SSR|Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1926–37)
Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1953–1973).svg|Turkmen SSR (1953–73)
Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1973–1991).svg|Turkmen SSR and [[Flag of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] (1973–92)
Flag of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1953).svg|[[Flag of the Estonian SSR|Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1940–53)
Flag of Estonian SSR.svg|Estonian SSR (1953–90)
Flag of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940-1953).svg|[[Flag of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]]{{NoteTag|The [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]] was a short-lived Union Republic formed in 1940 from the [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelian ASSR]] with territory ceded from [[Finland]] in the [[Winter War]]. In 1956, it was demoted back to an ASSR within the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]].}} (1940–53)
Flag of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.svg|Karelo-Finnish SSR (1953–56)
Soviet Znamya Pobedy.svg|[[Victory Banner (Soviet Union)|Victory Banner]] of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Great Patriotic War]] (1945)
Flag of Vladimir Oblast (1999).svg|[[Flag of Vladimir Oblast]] (1999–2017)
Flag of Vladimir Oblast.svg|[[Flag of Vladimir Oblast]] (2017–present)
</gallery>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" perrow="8" heights="180" widths="180">
File:Raising a flag over the Reichstag.jpg|[[Raising a Flag over the Reichstag]]
File:Russian Power (6079327205).jpg|The Soviet flag along with an assortment of Russian and Soviet military flags
File:Group of the Moldavian Television (1982). (26333523307).jpg|Flags of the Soviet Republics flown during a parade in [[Chișinău]], the capital of the [[Moldavian SSR]]
File:Germany-00336 - Last Kremlin Flag (30248015431).jpg|One of the last Soviet flags flown on the [[Kremlin]], displayed at the [[Checkpoint Charlie Museum]] in [[Berlin]]
File:Generál s vlajkou v pozadí - panoramio.jpg|Member of the [[Armed Forces of Belarus]] pays tribute to the [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] in 2014, in front of a Soviet flag
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Communist symbolism]]
*[[Flag of Russia]]
*[[Flags of the Soviet Republics]]
*[[Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse]]
*[[Hammer and sickle]]
*[[Red flag (politics)|Red flag]]
*[[Red star]]
*[[State Emblem of the Soviet Union]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{FOTW|id=su|title=Soviet Union}}

{{Soviet Union topics}}
{{Flags of the Soviet Republics}}
{{Flags of Europe}}
{{Asia topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Asia]]}}

[[Category:Flags of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Obsolete national flags|Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1923|Soviet Union]]
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