Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Florina

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{{Infobox Greek Dimos
 |name = Florina
 |name_local = Φλώρινα
|type = municipality
|image_map = 2011 Dimos Florinas.png
|periph = [[Western Macedonia]]
|periphunit       = [[Florina (regional unit)|Florina]]
|pop_municipality = 29500
|area_municipality= 819.7
|pop_municunit    = 19198
|area_municunit   = 150.6
|pop_community    = 17188
 |population_as_of= 2021
 |elevation       = 687
 |coordinates     = {{coord|40|47|N|21|24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 |postal_code     = 531 00
 |area_code       = 23850
 |licence         = ΡΑ*
 |mayor           = Ioannis Voskopoulos
 |website         = http://www.cityoflorina.gr
 |image_skyline   = Η πόλη της Φλώρινας.jpg
 |caption_skyline = View of the city of Florina towards the NE
 |city_flag       =
 |city_seal       = Florina Logo.png
 |districts       =
 |party           =
 |since           =
}}

'''Florina''' ({{lang-el|Φλώρινα}}, ''Flórina''; known also by some [[#Name|alternative names]]) is a town and [[Municipalities and communities of Greece|municipality]] in the mountainous northwestern [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], [[Greece]]. Its motto is, 'Where Greece begins'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://florina.pdm.gov.gr/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603051657/http://www.florina.gr/|url-status=dead|title=Front Page|date=24 October 2023|archivedate=3 June 2006|website=Περιφερειακή Ενότητα Φλώρινας}}</ref>

The town of Florina is the capital of the [[Florina (regional unit)|Florina regional unit]] and also the seat of the eponymous municipality. It belongs to the [[modern regions of Greece|administrative region]] of [[Western Macedonia]]. The town's population is 17,188 people (2021 census). It is in a wooded valley about {{convert|13|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of the international border of Greece with the [[Republic of North Macedonia]].

==Geography==
[[File:Lerin cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|Sakoulevas river and the Cathedral of Florina]]

Florina is the gateway to the [[Lake Prespa|Prespa Lakes]] and, until the modernisation of the road system, of the old town of [[Kastoria]]. It is located west of [[Edessa, Greece|Edessa]], northwest of [[Kozani]], and northeast of [[Ioannina]] and [[Kastoria]] cities. Outside the Greek borders it is in proximity to [[Korçë]] in [[Albania]] and [[Bitola]] in North Macedonia. The nearest airports are situated to the east and the south (in [[Kozani]]). The mountains of [[Verno]] lie to the southwest and [[Varnous]] to the northwest.

Winters bring heavy snow and long periods of temperature below freezing point. Furthermore, the town and the surrounding valley is usually covered in thick fog during the winter months that may last even for weeks under specific conditions. During the summer months it becomes a busy market town with an economy boosted by summer and, mostly, winter tourism due to the heavy snowfalls and the nearby ski resorts.

Even though Florina was the site of the first rail line built in the southern Ottoman provinces in the late 19th century, its rail system remains undeveloped. Today, Florina is linked by a single track standard gauge line to [[Thessaloniki]] and Bitola, and to Kozani (meter gauge) where it was intended to continue south and link up with the terminal in [[Kalambaka]], in [[Thessaly]] but this did not proceed due to the 1930s financial crisis.

Florina is passed by [[Greek National Road 2|GR-2]] ([[Lake Prespa]] – [[Edessa, Greece|Edessa]]) and [[Greek National Road 3|GR-3]]/[[European route E65|E65]] (Kozani – Florina – Niki – Bitola). The new [[Motorway 27 (Greece)|Motorway 27 (A27)]] will run east of Florina with its Florina-Niki segment already operational since 2015. The historic ''[[Via Egnatia]]'' is situated to the east.

===Climate===
Florina is one of the coldest towns in Greece, because of its elevation and geographic position. Snowfalls, sometimes heavy, thick fog and below-freezing temperatures are common during the winter months, while the summers are warm to hot. Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Florina has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''), bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'').

==== Cold wave of 2012 ====
In the days preceding the [[early 2012 European cold wave]], more specifically on 18 January 2012, a temperature of -25.1&nbsp;°C was recorded by the [[Hellenic National Meteorological Service|HNMS]]'s station<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tovima.gr/society/article/?aid=447031|title=tovima.gr – Ο πιο βαρύς χειμώνας όλων των εποχών εφέτος|last=Α.Ε.|first=tovima.gr – Δημοσιογραφικός Οργανισμός Λαμπράκη|website=TO BHMA|date=6 March 2012|access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref> with several reports, however, in the local press for temperatures in villages of the municipality that reached -32&nbsp;°C, but there was no official record of such temperature. The [[National Observatory of Athens]]' station reported a temperature of -22.2&nbsp;°C a day earlier in Florina, while the same station continuously recorded minimum temperatures below -20&nbsp;°C from 16 January 2012 until 19 January 2012, with the average maximum temperature for January just -0.6&nbsp;°C, and the prevalence for 13 consecutive days of temperatures below 0&nbsp;°C 24 hours a day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cirrus.meteo.noa.gr/forecast/deltio_noa012012.pdf?CFID=245952221&CFTOKEN=22163266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120043009/http://cirrus.meteo.noa.gr/forecast/deltio_noa012012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2013|title=NOA's Monthly Weather Report for January 2012}}</ref> The above situation resulted in the Greek General Secretariat of Civil Protection to declare the municipality of Florina in a state of emergency on 16 January 2012, at the request of the mayor of Florina, due to the polar temperatures and the intense snowfall that prevailed for days.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Florina (1961–2010)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 18.0
| Feb record high C = 23.0
| Mar record high C = 25.8
| Apr record high C = 31.2
| May record high C = 33.8
| Jun record high C = 39.0
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 38.6
| Sep record high C = 36.0
| Oct record high C = 32.2
| Nov record high C = 26.6
| Dec record high C = 21.0
| Jan high C = 4.7
| Feb high C = 7.4
| Mar high C = 12.0
| Apr high C = 16.8
| May high C = 22.0
| Jun high C = 26.4
| Jul high C = 29.0
| Aug high C = 29.0
| Sep high C = 24.7
| Oct high C = 19.0
| Nov high C = 12.2
| Dec high C = 5.9
| Jan mean C = 0.6	
| Feb mean C = 2.8
| Mar mean C = 7.0
| Apr mean C = 11.7
| May mean C = 16.9
| Jun mean C = 21.1
| Jul mean C = 23.4
| Aug mean C = 22.8
| Sep mean C = 18.2
| Oct mean C = 12.9
| Nov mean C = 7.2
| Dec mean C = 2.0
| Jan low C = -3.1
| Feb low C = -1.7
| Mar low C = 1.5
| Apr low C = 5.4
| May low C = 9.5
| Jun low C = 12.8
| Jul low C = 14.8
| Aug low C = 14.7
| Sep low C = 11.4
| Oct low C = 7.1
| Nov low C = 2.6
| Dec low C = -1.8
| Jan record low C = -25.1
| Feb record low C = -23.0
| Mar record low C = -13.6
| Apr record low C = -5.0
| May record low C = 0.0
| Jun record low C = 2.4
| Jul record low C = 6.6
| Aug record low C = 4.0
| Sep record low C = -1.4
| Oct record low C = -5.0
| Nov record low C = -12.6
| Dec record low C = -18.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 56.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 51.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 57.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 60.4
| May precipitation mm = 59.4
| Jun precipitation mm = 37.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 33.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 30.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 50.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 69.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 71.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 85.6
| Jan precipitation days = 11.0
| Feb precipitation days = 10.6
| Mar precipitation days = 11.1
| Apr precipitation days = 10.6
| May precipitation days = 10.7
| Jun precipitation days = 7.2
| Jul precipitation days = 5.5
| Aug precipitation days = 5.3	
| Sep precipitation days = 6.5
| Oct precipitation days = 7.6
| Nov precipitation days = 9.7
| Dec precipitation days = 11.8
| Jan snow days = 7.5
| Feb snow days = 6.3
| Mar snow days = 4.5
| Apr snow days = 0.8
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.3
| Nov snow days = 1.8
| Dec snow days = 5.9
| Jan humidity = 81.2
| Feb humidity = 76.4
| Mar humidity = 68.8
| Apr humidity = 63.2
| May humidity = 62.8
| Jun humidity = 58.6
| Jul humidity = 55.4
| Aug humidity = 56.9
| Sep humidity = 63.3
| Oct humidity = 71.4
| Nov humidity = 77.8
| Dec humidity = 81.7
| source 1 = Hellenic National Meteorological Service  <ref>{{cite web
 | url=http://www.hnms.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=West%20Macedonia&poli=Florina
 | title=Mean Florina Climatic Averages
 | publisher=Hellenic National Meteorological Service
 | access-date=11 December 2020
 }}</ref>
| date = 11 December 2020
| source = 
}}

==Name==
The city's original [[medieval Greek|Byzantine]] name, Χλέρινον (''Chlérinon'', "full of green vegetation"), derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word χλωρός (''chlōrós'', "fresh" or "green vegetation"). The name was sometimes Latinized as ''Florinon'' (from the [[Latin]] ''flora'', "vegetation") in the later Byzantine period, and in early Ottoman documents the forms ''Chlerina'' and ''Florina'' are both used, with the latter becoming standard after the 17th century. The form with [f] (φλωρός) is a local dialect form of χλωρός in Greek. The [[Slavic dialects of Greece|local Slavic]] name for the city is ''Lerin'' (Лерин), which is a borrowing of the Byzantine Greek name, but with the loss of the initial {{IPA|[x]}} characteristic of the local dialect. The [[Albanian language|Albanian]] name for the city is {{lang|sq|Follorinë}}.<ref name="Baltsiotis282948"/> In [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], it is {{lang|rup|Florina}}, while in both [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], it is Лерин (''Lerin'').

==Municipality==
The current municipality of Florina was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that since 2011 became municipal units:<ref name=Kallikratis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.|title=ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities|language=el|publisher=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette]]}}</ref>
*Florina
*[[Kato Kleines]]
*[[Meliti (municipal unit)|Meliti]]
*[[Perasma]]

The municipality has an area of 819.698&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and the municipal unit 150.634&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=stat01>{{cite web |url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2015 }}</ref>

===Municipal Unit subdivisions===
The municipal unit of Florina is further divided into the following communities:<ref name=Kallikratis/>
*[[Alona, Greece|Alona]]
*[[Armenochori, Greece|Armenochori]]
*'''Florina'''
*Koryfi
*Mesonisi
*[[Proti, Florina|Proti]]
*Skopia
*Trivouno

==History==
[[File:Lerin North Gate.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Florina, view from northern entrance (1916–1918)]]
[[File:Panorama na Lerin od 1912.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the city of Florina, 1898–1912. Photo taken by [[Yanaki and Milton Manaki|Manakis brothers]] (broken glass plate)]]
[[File:Florina-houses2.jpg|thumb|Neoclassical houses at the shoreline of Sakoulevas river]]

Within the boundaries of the present-day city lie the remains of a [[Hellenistic era]] settlement on the hill of Agios Panteleimon.<ref>Maria Akamati-Lilibati & Ioannis M. Akamatis, ''The Hellenistic City of Florina''. Ministry of Culture (Greece), 2006.  {{ISBN|960-86162-3-9}} p53ff</ref> Archaeologists excavated on the site in 1930–1934, but a hotel was later built over the ruins. Excavations began again in the 1980s and the total excavated area is now around 8,000 metres square. The buildings uncovered are mostly residential blocks, and the range of finds suggests that the site was continuously inhabited from the 4th century BC until its destruction by fire in the 1st century BC. Many of these finds are now on display in the [[Archaeological Museum of Florina]].

The town is first mentioned in 1334, when the [[Serbian Empire|Serbian]] king [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia|Stefan Dušan]] established a certain Sphrantzes Palaeologus as commander of the fortress of ''Chlerenon''.<ref>{{ref|kravari|Kravari}}, p. 247.</ref> By 1385, the place had fallen to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref>{{ref|kravari|Kravari}}, p. 55, n. 178.</ref> An Ottoman ''[[defter]]'' (cadastral tax census) for the year 1481 records a settlement of 243 households.<ref>{{ref|kravari|Kravari}}, p. 248.</ref>
{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Greeks from Florina participated in the [[Greek Revolution of 1821]] with the most important fighter being Aggelinas who also fought in [[Crete]] while others also fought in [[Mesologgi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Florina (Greek: Από την Ιστορία της Φλώρινας)|last=Melios|first=Lazaros|year=1998}}</ref> Members of [[Filiki Eteria]] were the brothers Loukas Nedelkos and Nikolaos Nedelkos, who were born in the [[Florina (regional unit)|Florina region]].

Florina and its inhabitants greatly contributed to the [[Macedonian Struggle]]. Prominent leaders included [[Nikolaos Pyrzas]],<ref>[[Douglas Dakin]], the Macedonian Struggle, 1985, pp 65-67</ref> and [[Petros Chatzitasis]].<ref>Hellenic Army General Staff, Directorate of Army History, The Macedonian Struggle and the events in Thrace, 1979, pp 115</ref>

In the late Ottoman period the area surrounding Florina supported the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO) who fought against the Ottomans.<ref name="Gingeras66">{{cite book|last=Gingeras|first=Ryan|title=Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191663581|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGyMCwAAQBAJ&q=IMRO+Florina|pages=66}} "One area where this strategy manifested itself openly was in the environs of Florina, a district notorious for its support for the IMRO."</ref> During the [[Macedonian Struggle]] the Greek makedonomachoi gained significant advantage towards the Bulgarian Exarchists within 10 months in 1905 and extended their zone of control in various regions of western Macedonia including the plains north and south of Florina.<ref name=Gounaris>{{cite web|last=Gounaris|first=Basil C.|title=National Claims, Conflicts and Developments in Macedonia, 1870-1912|url=http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/HistoryOfMacedonia/Downloads/History%20Of%20Macedonia_EN-09.pdf|publisher=macedonian-heritage.gr|access-date=8 May 2012|page=194}}</ref> In 1912 came under the control of the Greek forces as a result of the Ottoman defeat in the [[First Balkan War]]. The town was again in the firing line during [[World War I]], during which it was occupied by [[Bulgaria]], and during the [[Axis Occupation of Greece|Axis Occupation]] in [[World War II]], when the town became a centre of Slavic separatism.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

For part of the [[Greek Civil War]] (1946–1949) the mountains of the Florina area were under [[Communist Party of Greece|communist]] control. The [[National Liberation Front (Macedonia)#SNOF|Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front]], later simply the National Liberation Front or NOF, had a significant presence in the area:<ref>Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Victoria: Aristoc Press, 105,106 & 94. {{ISBN|0-646-20462-9}}.</ref> by 1946, seven [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Slav Macedonian]] partisan units were operating in the Florina area,<ref>"Les Archives de la Macedonine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" – (Field report of Mihail Keramidzhiev to the Main Command of NOF), 8 July 1945</ref> and NOF had a regional committee based in Florina. When the NOF merged with the [[Democratic Army of Greece]] (DSE), many Slav Macedonians in the region enlisted as volunteers in the DSE.<ref>Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια. Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος" ({{ISBN|9607213432}}).</ref> When the Communists were defeated on 12 February 1949 by the Greek army thousands of communists and Slav Macedonians were evacuated or fled to [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and the Eastern Bloc.
[[File:Florina Railway Station.jpg|thumb|200x200px|The Railway Station in Florina]]

==Transport==
===Rail===
The city is served by [[Florina railway station|Florina]] station on the [[Thessaloniki–Bitola railway|Thessaloniki–Bitola line]], with local trains to [[Thessaloniki]].<ref name=visitflorina>{{cite web |url= http://www.visitflorina.com/2016/01/florina.html |title= Visit Florina |access-date= 23 July 2020 |archive-date= 18 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210118171621/http://www.visitflorina.com/2016/01/florina.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://florina.pdm.gov.gr/περιφερειακή-ενότητα-φλώρινας/συγκοινωνίες/δρομολόγια-τραινοσε/ | title=Δρομολόγια ΤΡΑΙΝΟΣΕ }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:City Hall of Florina, Greece.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The town hall]]
[[File:Peppers-pan-S-1024x976.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Florina pepper]]s]]

Florina is a market town with an economy dominated by agriculture, forestry, summer and winter tourism, cross-border trading and the sale of local produce such as [[grain]], [[grape]]s, and vegetables including [[Florina pepper]]s. It also has textile mills and is known for locally manufactured [[leather]] handicrafts.

The most notable industrial activity is the very large [[Ptolemaida-Florina coal mine|Ptolemaia-Florina lignite mine]].

Its university changed in 2002 from being a branch of the [[Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]], to a part of the [[University of Western Macedonia]]. After 2004, four departments that previously belonged to the Aristotle University, reinforced its potential.

Florina has 8 radio stations,<ref>[http://www.thegreekradio.com/view-broadcasts.php?city_id=75 greek radio guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218012634/http://thegreekradio.com/view-broadcasts.php?city_id=75 |date=18 February 2009 }}, [http://www.radiofono.gr/view-broadcasts.php?city_id=75 radiofono.gr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304130413/http://www.radiofono.gr/view-broadcasts.php?city_id=75 |date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> 2 daily political newspapers, 4 weekly ones, one women's press and two newspapers on sports.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the area lost much of its population to emigration, both to [[Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki]] as well as US, Canada, Australia and Germany. Following Greece's EU membership and the economic upturn, many from Germany returned.
[[File:2021 SakoulevasRiverFlorinaIMG2202.jpg|left|thumb|173x173px|Fanous river of Florina, Sakoulevas ]]

In 2016 a new [[Motorway 27 (Greece)|Motorway]] was extended from Florina to the border with North Macedonia.

==Landmarks==
[[File:Florina Korzo (Лерин), Greece.jpg|thumb|240px|Pedestrian street at the centre]]

*[[Archaeological Museum of Florina]]
*[[Florina Museum of Modern Art]]
*[[The Florina Art Gallery (Florina)|The Florina Art Gallery]]
*[[Folklore Museum of the Aristotle Association (Florina)|Folklore Museum of the Aristotle Association]]
*[[Folklore Museum of the Culture Club (Florina)|Folklore Museum of the Culture Club]]

[[File:Florina-houses.jpg|thumb|Neoclassical houses at the shoreline of Sakoulevas river]]

==Demographics==
[[Austrians|Austrian]] diplomat [[Johann Georg von Hahn]] visited the city in 1861 and wrote about it in his travel log ''From Belgrade to Salonica''. In it he writes that "[a]bout the houses in Florina, we should indicate that there are at most 3,000, with half of the population [[Albanians|Albanian]] and [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[Muslims]] and the other half [[Christians|Christian]] [[Bulgarians]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wolf |first1=Ferdinand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA120 |title=Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Classe |last2=Miklosich |first2=Franz Ritter von |last3=Stülz |first3=Jodocus |last4=Hahn |first4=Johann Georg |last5=Bergmann |first5=Joseph |date=1861 |publisher=Aus der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |language=de}}</ref> According to an 1878 French ethnographic book Florina was a town of 1,500 households, inhabited by 2,800 Muslims and 1,800 Bulgarians.<ref>„Ethnographie des Vilayets d'Andrinople, de Monastir et de Salonique'', Ethnographie Vilayet de Monsati., p.6-21</ref> In 1896 French diplomat and traveller [[Victor Bérard]] visited Florina.<ref name="Hart"/> He described Florina as "consisting of 1,500 houses of Albanians and "converted Slavs", with perhaps a hundred "Turkish" families and 500 Christian families."<ref name="Hart"/>{{Clarify|reason=|date=August 2017}} Bérard noted that "These Slavs nonetheless call themselves Greek and speak Greek—with us at least".<ref name="Hart">Hart, Laurie Kain (2006). "[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/205129 Provincial anthropology, circumlocution, and the copious use of everything]." ''Journal of Modern Greek Studies''. '''24'''. (2): 310: "The extreme population movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in (what was to become) the western Macedonian border area of Greece expose what Patrick Finney has called the "longue durée quality of nation-formation (Finney 1993). They include not only the 1919 Bulgarian-Greek population exchange and the Greek-Turkish exchange of 1923, but also innumerable significant, informal, earlier shifts to towns such as Florina by Muslim and Christian Albanians, Turks, Vlachs, Gypsies, Jews, as well as the immigration of Greek Christians from the South after the mid-nineteenth century Ottoman Tanzimat reforms." p. 314. "Florina was not much admired by European travelers in the dying days of the Ottoman Empire, particularly, it seems, in contrast to its rival a little to the south, Kastoria. The French traveler Bérard describes it in 1896 as consisting of 1500 houses of Albanians and "converted Slavs", with perhaps a hundred "Turkish" families and 500 Christian families. "These Slavs nonetheless call themselves Greek and speak Greek—with us at least" (Bérard 1911 (1896):307). Bérard identifies only a few hundred Bulgarian sympathizers, but notes that the local Turkish administration is pro-Bulgarian."</ref> In 1901/1902 school year statistics, Greek students were clearly much more than the Bulgarian ones.<ref>''Νεότερη ιστορία της Μακεδονίας 1830-1912'', Konstantinos Ap. Vakalopoulos, pub. Αντώνιου Σταμούλη, Thessaloniki, 2000, p. 240</ref>

A Jewish Sephardi community was present in Florina during the 17th century.<ref name="StaDev236">{{cite book|last1=Stavroulakis|first1=Nicholas|last2=DeVinney|first2=Timothy J.|title=Jewish sites and Synagogues of Greece|year=1992|publisher=Talos Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycRAQAAIAAJ&q=radiating|isbn=9789607459015|page=236}}</ref> Under Ottoman rule, the Jews of Florina had close ties with the Jewish community of Monastir (modern Bitola).<ref name="Plaut26"/> [[Romani people in Greece|Romani]] people migrated from Anatolia to Florina.<ref name="DeBeGe231"/> In the mid to late 1910s, some Florina Romani migrated to [[Elbasan]] and [[Korçë]] and compose most of their urban modern Romani populations.<ref name="DeBeGe231">{{cite book|last1=De Soto|first1=Hermine|last2=Beddies|first2=Sabine|last3=Gedeshi|first3=Ilir|title=Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From social exclusion to social inclusion|year=2005|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821361719|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDiHsezD8EC&q=231|pages=231}}</ref>

According to Tasos Kostopoulos, after Florina became part of Greece, its population numbered 10,000 with two thirds being Muslim.<ref name="Karakasidou130"/> Many Christian inhabitants of Florina were Slavic speakers with the remainder composed of 30 Aromanian families and 89 [[Greek refugees|Greek refugee]] families from Thrace and Asia Minor.<ref name="Karakasidou130"/> Florina Christians supported the Greek cause and the Bulgarians were aware that more than half were "[[Grecoman]]s".<ref name="Karakasidou130">{{cite book|last=Karakasidou|first=Anastasia|chapter=Voters and clients: Elections in Florina before and after the Prespa Accord|editor-last=Neofotistos|editor-first=Vasiliki P.|title=Macedonia and Identity Politics After the Prespa Agreement|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000281835|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_msJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+Florina&pg=PT131|page=130}}</ref>

Following the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the large Aromanian community in Monastir (modern Bitola) was disappointed that the city became part of Serbia and they migrated to Greece.<ref name="Koukoudis466468">{{harvnb|Koukoudis|2003|pp=466-468. [https://books.google.com/books?id=01JoAAAAMAAJ&q=Venizelos]}}</ref> Many went to Thessaloniki and others settled in Florina, where in the late 1920s a new neighbourhood was established named Agia Paraskevi with a population of 600 refugee Aromanian families.<ref name="Koukoudis467473">{{cite book|last=Koukoudis|first=Asterios|title=The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora|year=2003|publisher=Zitros Publications|isbn=9789607760869|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01JoAAAAMAAJ&q=rehabilitated|pages=467, 473}}</ref> During the First World War, 60 Jewish families resettled in Florina after they left Monastir in 1916 to avoid the shelling of the city, later some other [[History of the Jews in Monastir|Monastirli Jewish]] families also went to live in Florina after the war.<ref name="Cohen134">{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Mark|title=Last Century of a Sephardic Community: The Jews of Monastir, 1839-1943|year=2003|publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCfXAAAAMAAJ&q=60+Monastirli+families|isbn=9781886857063|page=134}}</ref><ref name="Plaut26">{{harvnb|Plaut|2000|p=26.}}</ref><ref name="Mihajlovski232">{{cite book|last=Mihajlovski|first=Robert|title=The Religious and Cultural Landscape of Ottoman Manastır|year=2021|publisher=Brill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjdIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Florina+synagogue&pg=PA232|isbn=9789004465268|page=232}}</ref>

The Greek census (1920) recorded 12,513 people in the town and in 1923 there were 4,650 inhabitants (or 1076 families) who were Muslim.<ref name="Pelagidis75"/> Muslim Albanians from Florina and the wider region during the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey#Effect on other ethnic populations|Greek-Turkish population exchange]] (1923) based on religious criteria were sent to Turkey, and mainly resettled in [[Bursa]].<ref name="Baltsiotis282948">{{cite journal|last=Baltsiotis|first=Lambros|title=The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community|url=http://ejts.revues.org/4444|journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies|volume=12|year=2011}}. para. 28-29; footnote 48. "The Albanian claims on the Albanian speaking population of the areas of Kastoria [Kostur in Albanian] and Florina [Follorinë in Albanian] did not ensure the non-inclusion of this Albanian speaking Muslim population in the Greco-Turkish exchange of populations. Nevertheless, these claims and related struggles were far from leading to any major bilateral or international debate."</ref><ref name="Gingeras158159">{{cite book|last=Gingeras|first=Ryan|title=Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923|year=2009|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGUVDAAAQBAJ&q=Florina&pg=PA31|isbn=9780199561520|pages=158–159}}</ref> Following the Greek-Turkish population exchange, in 1926 within Florina there were [[Greek refugees|Greek refugee]] families from [[East Thrace]] (79), [[Asia Minor]] (54), [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] (7) and the [[Caucasus]] (44).<ref name="Pelagidis75"/> The Greek census (1928) recorded 10,585 town inhabitants.<ref name="Pelagidis75"/> In 1928, there were 178 refugee families (750 people)<ref name="Pelagidis75">{{cite thesis|last=Pelagidis|first=Efstathios|date=1992|title=Η αποκατάσταση των προσφύγων στη Δυτική Μακεδονία (1923-1930)|trans-title=The rehabilitation of refugees in Western Macedonia: 1923-1930|type=Ph.D.|publisher=Aristotle University of Thessaloniki|url=https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/2403|access-date=30 March 2022|page=75}}</ref> and the Jewish community numbered 500 people.<ref name="Plaut69">{{harvnb|Plaut|2000|p=69.}}</ref>

Local Jews were involved in the textile, agricultural and raw material sectors of Florina's economy.<ref name="Plaut43">{{harvnb|Plaut|2000|p=43.}}</ref> Florina was occupied in World War Two and Jews came under German rule.<ref name="Plaut56">{{harvnb|Plaut|2000|p=56.}}</ref> The Jewish community numbered 400 people in 1940.<ref name="Plaut68">{{harvnb|Plaut|2000|p=68.}}</ref> During April 1943, 372 Florina Jews were sent by the Germans first to the Hirsch ghetto in Thessaloniki and later in May sent to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] where they were gassed.<ref name="Plaut60">{{harvnb|Plaut|2000|p=60.}}</ref><ref name="Bowman8083858691">{{cite book|last=Bowman|first=Steven B.|title=The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940–1945|year=2009|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rP1QOknibUkC&dq=Florina+Jews&pg=PA70|isbn=9780804772495|pages=80, 83, 85–86, 91}}</ref> In 1945, the Florina Jewish community numbered 64 people, a reduction of 84 percent due to [[The Holocaust in Greece|the Holocaust]].<ref name="Plaut686971">{{harvnb|Plaut|2000|pp=68–69,71.}}</ref> The Jewish population declined and by 1959 there were 7 Jews in Florina, 1 in 1973 and 0 in 1983.<ref name="Plaut20699698">{{cite book|last=Plaut|first=Joshua Eli|title=Greek Jewry in the Twentieth Century, 1913-1983: Patterns of Jewish Survival in the Greek Provinces Before and After the Holocaust|year=2000|publisher=Associated University Presses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpWK_N3qnNQC&dq=Florina+Jews&pg=PA26|isbn=9780838639115|pages=20, 69, 96, 98}}</ref>

The Romani of Florina are sedentary and in 1968 they converted from Islam to Orthodoxy.<ref name="Baltsiotis5"/> In the modern period, Florina Romani have distanced themselves from their relatives in Elbasan and Korçë, over concerns that links with Muslim Romani could negatively impact their local standing in the area they reside.<ref name="Baltsiotis5">{{cite journal|last=Baltsiotis|first=Lambros|title=Balkan Roma immigrants in Greece: An initial approach to the traits of a migration flow|url=https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/latic/article/view/2746|journal=International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication|volume=2|year=2015|page=5|doi=10.12681/ijltic.47|doi-access=free}}</ref>

During the late twentieth century, Florina numbered some 15,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Cowan149"/> Its population was composed of [[Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia|Slavophone ''Dopii'']], the Greek Anatolian ''refugees'' from the Greek-Turkish population exchange and their descendants, Greeks who had recently left the former [[Soviet Union]], Aromanians and Hellenised Aromanians from Bitola who went to Florina in 1913, Romani, Albanians, and a small number of foreigners.<ref name="Cowan149">{{cite book|last=Cowan|first=Jane K.|chapter=The uncertain political limits of cultural claims: Minority rights politics in south east Europe|editor1-last=Mitchell|editor1-first=Jon P.|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Richard A.|title=Human Rights in Global Perspective: Anthropological Studies of Rights, Claims and Entitlements|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134409754|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slfpZuBMe84C&dq=Florina+Roma&pg=PA149|page=149}}</ref>

In fieldwork done by Riki Van Boeschoten in late 1993, the population of Florina is mixed and Greek is often the language used for communication.<ref name="VanB"/> Minority languages are used in the town, especially on market days when farmers from the villages arrive in Florina to sell their produce.<ref name="VanB"/> The Romani community of Florina speak [[Romani language|Romani]] and are multilingual in all other languages used in the region.<ref name="VanB">{{cite journal|last=Van Boeschoten|first=Riki|title=Usage des langues minoritaires dans les départements de Florina et d'Aridea (Macédoine)|trans-title=Use of minority languages in the departments of Florina and Aridea (Macedonia)|url=http://journals.openedition.org/strates/381|journal=Strates|volume=10|year=2001|doi=}} para. 15.</ref>

The [[Centre for the Macedonian Language in Greece]] is based in Florina.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/11/30/macedonian-language-center-operates-in-greece/|title=Macedonians Hail Opening of Pioneer Language Centre in Greece|first1=Eleni|last1=Stamatoukou|first2=Siniša Jakov|last2=Marušić|newspaper=[[Balkan Insight]]|date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Town 
! Municipal unit 
! Municipality 
|-
| 1981
| 12,573
| -
|-
| 1991
| 12,355
| 14,873
| -
|-
| 2001
| 14,985
| 17,500
| -
|-
| 2011
| 17,907
| 19,985
| 32,881
|-
| 2021
| 17,188
| 19,198
| 29,500
|}

==Florina in cinema==
Movies of the [[Greek cinema]], filmed in the area by [[Theodoros Angelopoulos]] include:
*''[[The Beekeeper (1986 film)|The Beekeeper]]''
*''[[The Suspended Step of the Stork]]''
*''[[Ulysses' Gaze]]''

==Notable people==
[[File:Lakis-Pirzas-Florina.jpg|thumb|180px|A bust of [[Nikolaos Pyrzas]]]]

* [[Alexis Alexoudis]] (born 1972), footballer
* [[Mary Coustas]] (born 1964), Australian actor
* [[Necati Cumalı]] (1921-2001), [[Turkish people|Turkish]] novelist, short-story writer & poet
* [[Peter Daicos]] Australian Football player (AFL); family from Vevi, Florina region
* [[Dimitris Kalamaras]], sculptor
* [[Dimitrios Makris (politician)|Dimitrios Makris]] (1901–81), Member of Parliament & Minister
* [[Pericles A. Mitkas]] (born 1962), electronic & computer engineer, Rector of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
* [[Nikolaos Pyrzas]] (1880-1947), leader during the [[Macedonian Struggle]]
* [[Nadia Tass]] (active 1979 to present), Australian director & actor
* [[Vassy (singer)|Vassy]] (born 1983), Australian singer, songwriter & producer; family possibly of Florina origin
* [[Pavlos Voskopoulos]] (born 1964), politician & leader of the [[Rainbow (political party)|Rainbow]] party
* [[Elpida Karamandi]]

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Munitionsdepot im Abschnitt von Florina.jpg|French army in the town during WWI
File:The School of Agriculture in Florina.jpg|School of Agriculture
File:Macedonian Museums-13-Sygxronhs Texnhs Florinas-59.jpg|[[Florina Museum of Modern Art]]
File:Macedonian Museums-11-Arx Florinas-54.jpg|Grave stele of the Roman period, [[Archaeological Museum of Florina]]
File:Macedonian Museums-9-Laografiko Lesxhs Politismoy-41.jpg|[[Folklore Museum of the Florina Culture Club]]
File:Lerin-main-street.jpg|Main street
File:Florina Melissokomos.jpg|House in Florina. Scenery of [[Theodoros Angelopoulos|Angelopoulos]] film ''[[The Beekeeper (1986 film)|O Melissokomos]]''
File:Sidestreet IMG20210.jpg|A side street leading to the river Sakoulevas 
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
*''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', 2004
*''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2005
*''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Places'', 1999
*''Rough Guide to Greece'', Mark Ellingham ''et al.'', 2000
{{Refend}}

==Notes==

*{{note|kravari}} {{cite book |last= Kravari|first=Vassiliki |title=Villes et villages de Macédoine occidentale |series= Réalités byzantines|volume=2 |year=1989|publisher= [[Editions P. Lethielleux]]|location= Paris|language=fr |isbn=2-283-60452-4}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cityoflorina.gr/ City of Florina] {{in lang|el}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060603051657/http://www.florina.gr/ Florina regional unit] {{in lang|el}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111019025438/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/eden/themes-destinations/countries/greece/florina/index_en.htm Awarded "EDEN – European Destinations of Excellence" non traditional tourist destination 2007]
{{Kallikratis-West Macedonia}}
{{Florina div}}
{{Prefectural capitals of Greece}}
{{Greek Macedonia}}
{{commons category|Municipality of Florina}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Florina| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Western Macedonia]]
[[Category:Greek prefectural capitals]]
[[Category:Populated places in Florina (regional unit)]]
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