Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Ford Model A (1927–1931)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Compact car}}
{{see also|Ford Model A (1903–04)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox automobile
| image = 1928 Model A Ford.jpg
| caption = 1928 Ford Model A Tudor sedan
| name = Ford Model A
| manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]]
| production = October 1927 – March 1932
| model_years = 1928–1931
| predecessor = [[Ford Model T]]
| successor = {{ubl
  | [[1932 Ford|Ford Model B]]
  | [[Ford Model 18]] 
  }}
| class = [[Full-size Ford]]
| platform = A Chassis
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| assembly = *United States:
**[[Arabi, Louisiana]]
**[[Buffalo, New York]],<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Chester Assembly|Chester, Pennsylvania]],<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Chicago Assembly|Chicago, Illinois]],<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Dallas, Texas]],<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Denver, Colorado]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ford Assembly Denver Colorado |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2018/12/13/the-houses-that-t-built-and-that-built-the-t-tracking-down-the-assembly-plants-of-fords-first-distributed-production-effort |website=Hemmings Motor News |publisher=American City Business Journals |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
**[[Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn, Michigan]]
**[[Commodore Point|Jacksonville, Florida]]
**[[Long Beach Assembly|Long Beach, California]]
**[[Louisville, Kentucky]]<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Norfolk Assembly|Norfolk, Virginia]]<ref name="orf">{{cite web|title=FORD'S CAR OUTPUT 1,200 TO 1,500 DAILY|work=The New York Times|author= |date=March 23, 1928|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/03/23/91486312.html?login=email&auth=login-email&pageNumber=26}}</ref>
**[[Memphis, Tennessee]]<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Richmond, California]]<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Seattle, Washington]]<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Somerville, Massachusetts]]<ref name="orf"/>
**[[St. Louis, Missouri]]<ref name="orf"/>
**[[Twin Cities Assembly Plant|Saint Paul, Minnesota]]<ref name="orf"/>
*Argentina: [[Buenos Aires]]
*Australia: [[Geelong, Victoria]]
*Brazil: [[São Bernardo do Campo]]
*Canada:
**[[Windsor, Ontario]]
**[[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.winnipegrealestatenews.com/publications/real-estate-news/1797|title=Ford of Canada plant — railway cars brought the parts that were assembled into complete vehicles &#124; Winnipeg Regional Real Estate News|publisher=Winnipegrealestatenews.com|date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref>
*Chile: [[Santiago]]
*Denmark: [[Copenhagen]]
*England: [[Trafford Park]]
*France: [[Asnières-sur-Seine]]
*Germany: [[Cologne]]
*Ireland: [[Cork (city)|Cork]]
*Italy: [[Trieste]]
*Japan: [[Yokohama]]
*Mexico: [[Mexico City]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.motorpasion.com.mx/industria/asi-fue-primera-fabrica-autos-mexico-era-ford-comenzo-1925 |title=29 fotos históricas para recordar a la primera fábrica de autos en México: producía 25 Ford Model T al día en 1925 |trans-title=29 historical photos to remember the first car factory in Mexico: it produced 25 Ford Model T per day in 1925 |first=Gerardo |last=García |work=Motorpasión |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |date=2020-06-24 |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref>
*South Africa: [[Port Elizabeth]]
*Spain: [[Barcelona]]
*Soviet Union: [[Nizhny Novgorod]] ([[GAZ-A]])
*Turkey: [[Tophane|Tophane, Istanbul]]
| body_style = <!--are all these really necessary?--> A – Chassis<br/>
[[Convertible (car)|Convertible]] sedan (400A)<br/>Business [[coupe]]<br/>Coupe<br/>Deluxe coupe<br/>
Special coupe (1928–29 limited run)<br/>[[Sport coupe]]<br/>[[Coupé|Ford or coupe]]<br/>Deluxe coupe<br/>
[[Sedan (automobile)|Standard Fordor]] [[Sedan (car)|sedan]] – Murray<br/>Standard Fordor sedan – Briggs<br/>
Deluxe Fordor sedan – Murray<br/>Deluxe Fordor sedan – Briggs<br/>Leatherback Fordor sedan<br/>
Standard Fordor sedan – slant windshield<br/>Mail truck<br/>[[Panel truck]]<br/>
[[Phaeton body|Phaeton]] 2-door<br/>[[Phaeton body|Phaeton]] 4-door<br/>
[[Coupé utility|Deluxe service pickup]]<br/>[[Roadster pickup]]<br/>[[Cabriolet]]<br/>[[Pickup truck|Pickup]]<br/>
[[Roadster utility|Deluxe pickup]]<br/>Standard [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]<br/>[[Roadster utility]]<br/>
Deluxe [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]<br/>Sport [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]<br/>[[Station wagon]]<br/>
[[Taxi|Taxi cab]]<br/>[[Town car]]<br/>[[Panel van|Town car delivery]]<br/>Standard Tudor sedan<br/>
Deluxe Tudor sedan<br/>[[Ford Crown Victoria|Victoria]]<br/>[[Panel truck|Wood panel delivery]]
| engine = 201&nbsp;CID (3.3 L) [[Ford Model A engine|L-head]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|103.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="kimes1996">{{cite book|last=Kimes|first=Beverly|title=standard catalog of American Cars 1805-1942|year=1996|publisher=Krause publications|isbn=0-87341-428-4}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|165|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|67|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 
| weight = {{convert|2265-2465|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| aka = [[GAZ-A|GAZ A]] (USSR)
| transmission = 3-speed [[Non-synchronous transmission|sliding-mesh]] [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| related = [[Ford Model AF]]<br/>[[Ford Model AA]]
| designer = [[Henry Ford]]<br/>[[Edsel Ford]]
}}
The '''Ford Model A''' (also colloquially called the '''A-Model Ford''' or the '''A''', and '''A-bone''' among [[Five-window|hot rodders]] and [[Custom car#Language|customizers]])<ref>Bianco, Johnny, "Leadfest" in ''Rod & Custom'', 9/00, p. 86.</ref> was the [[Ford Motor Company]]'s second market success, replacing the venerable [[Ford Model T|Model T]] which had been produced for 18 years. It was first produced on October 20, 1927, but not introduced until December 2.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bcW0WDEKgMC&pg=PA10 |title=Collector's Originality Guide Ford Model A |last=Schild |first=Jim |publisher=MotorBooks International |year=2009 |isbn=9781610608886 |language=en}}</ref> This new Model A ([[Ford Model A (1903–04)|a previous model]] had used the name in 1903–04) was designated a 1928 model and was available in four standard colors.

By February 4, 1929, one million Model As had been sold, and by July 24, two million.<ref name="Gauld, p. 693">Gauld, p. 693.</ref> The range of body styles ran from the Tudor at US$500 (in grey, green, or black) (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|500|1929}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})<ref name="Gauld, p. 693" /> to the town car with a dual cowl at US$1,200 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1200|1929}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars {{inflation-fn|US}}).<ref>Gauld, p. 694.</ref> In March 1930, Model A sales hit three million, and there were nine body styles available.<ref name="Gauld, p. 693"/>

Model A production ended in March 1932, after 4,858,644 had been made in all body styles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mafca.com/data_production.html|title=Model A Production Figures|publisher=Model A Ford Club of America|date=2008-12-30|access-date=April 12, 2015|language=en}}</ref> Its successor was the [[Ford Model B (1932)|Model B]], which featured an updated [[Inline-four engine|inline four-cylinder engine]], as well as the [[1932 Ford#Model 18|Model 18]], which introduced Ford's new [[Ford flathead V8 engine|flathead (sidevalve) V8 engine]].

==Features==
Prices for the Model A ranged from US$385 for a roadster to US$1,400 for the town car. The engine was a water-cooled [[Cam-in-block#L-head|L-head]] inline four with a displacement of {{convert|201|CID|L|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Cheetham">{{cite book|last1=Cheetham|first1=Craig|title=Vintage Cars - The Finest Prewar Automobiles|date=2004|publisher=Grange Books|location=Rochester, United Kingdom|isbn=1840136359|page=31}}</ref> This engine provided {{convert|40|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Cheetham" /> Top speed was around {{convert|65|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The Model A had a {{convert|103.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} wheelbase with a final drive ratio of 3.77:1. The transmission was a conventional unsynchronized three-speed sliding-gear [[Manual transmission|manual]]<ref name="Cheetham"/> with a single speed reverse. The Model A had four-wheel mechanical [[drum brake]]s.<ref name="Cheetham"/>

The Model A came in a wide variety of styles including [[coupe]]s (standard and deluxe), business coupe, sport coupe, roadster coupes (standard and deluxe), convertible [[Cabriolet (automobile)|cabriolet]], convertible [[Sedan (car)|sedan]], phaetons (standard and deluxe), Tudor sedans (standard and deluxe), town car, Fordors (five-window standard, three-window deluxe), Victoria, town sedan, station wagon, taxicab, truck, and commercial. The very rare special coupe started production around March 1928 and ended mid-1929.{{cn|date=November 2023}}<!--a source saying all of these are real would be good-->

The Model A was the first Ford to use the standard set of driver controls with conventional clutch and brake pedals, throttle, and gearshift. Previous Fords used controls that had become uncommon to drivers of other makes. The Model A's fuel tank was situated in the cowl, between the engine compartment's fire wall and the dash panel. It had a visual fuel gauge, and the fuel flowed to the carburetor by gravity. A rear-view mirror was optional.<ref name="kimes1996"/> In cooler climates, owners could purchase an [[Aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] cast iron unit to place over the exhaust manifold to provide heat to the cab. A small door provided adjustment of the amount of hot air entering the cab. The Model A was the first car to have [[Laminated glass|safety glass]] in the windshield.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Ford/1930_Ford/1930_Ford_Brochure_02/1930%20Ford-14-15.html |title=Directory Index: Ford/1930_Ford/1930_Ford_Brochure_02 |publisher=Oldcarbrochures.com |date=<!--not stated-->|access-date=November 20, 2011|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] company [[GAZ]], which started as a [[joint venture]] between Ford and the Soviet Union, made a licensed version from 1932–1936.<ref name="Sorensen1956pp206-208">{{Harvnb|Sorensen|1956|pp=206–208}}.</ref>

In Europe, where in some countries cars were taxed according to engine size, [[Ford of Britain|Ford in the UK]] manufactured the Model A with a smaller displacement engine of {{convert|2043|cc|abbr=on}}, providing a claimed output of {{convert|28|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}.<ref>Werner Oswald. ''Deutsche Autos 1920-1945''<!--publisher & place? and is his name Werner Oswald or Oswald Werner?--> p. 416 {{ISBN|3-87943-519-7}}</ref> However, this equated to a British [[Tax horsepower|fiscal horsepower]] of {{convert|14.9|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref>Clutton, Cecil, Paul Bird and Anthony Harding. ''The Vintage Car Pocketbook''<!--publisher, place, date, & page...?-->; ''The Motoring Encyclopaedia'' (1935?)</ref> (compared to the {{convert|24|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} of the larger engine) and attracted a punitive annual car tax levy of £1 per fiscal hp in the UK. It therefore was expensive to own and too heavy and uneconomical to achieve volume sales, and so unable to compete in the newly developing mass market, while also too crude to compete as a luxury product. European manufactured Model As failed to achieve the sales success in Europe that would greet their [[Ford Model Y|smaller successor]] in Britain and Germany.<ref name=AutoExpress2002>{{cite journal| title = 0 – 100...We celebrate a century of Ford in style....| journal = Auto Express| volume = Issue 724| pages = 56–62|date = October 2–8, 2002}}</ref>

==Development history==
From the mid 1910s through the early 1920s, Ford dominated the automotive market with its Model T. However, during the mid-1920s, this dominance eroded as competitors, especially the various General Motors divisions, caught up with Ford's mass production system and began to better<!--higher quality is not "outcompeting", is it?--> Ford in some areas, especially by offering more powerful engines, new convenience features, or cosmetic customization.<ref name="Sorensen1956pp217-219">{{Harvnb|Sorensen|1956|pp=217–219}}.</ref><ref name="Hounshell1984pp263-264">{{Harvnb|Hounshell|1984|pp=263–264}}.</ref><ref name="Sloan1964pp162-163">{{Harvnb|Sloan|1964|pp=162–163}}.</ref>

Ford's sales force recognized the threat and advised Henry to respond to it. Initially he resisted, but the T's sagging market share finally forced him to admit a replacement was needed. When he finally agreed to begin development of this new model, he focused on the mechanical aspects and on what today is called [[design for manufacturability]] (DFM), which he had always strongly embraced and for which the Model T production system was famous. Although ultimately successful,<!--aside: this was clear, if unencyclopedic, before :D Feel free to remove the cmt. ;p--> the development of the Model A included many problems that had to be resolved.<ref name="Hounshell1984pp280-292">{{Harvnb|Hounshell|1984|pp=280–292}}.</ref> For example, the [[Die (manufacturing)|die stamping of parts from sheet steel]], which the Ford company had led to new heights of development with the Model T production system, was something Henry had always been ambivalent about; it had brought success, but he felt that it was not the best choice for durability. He was determined that the Model A would rely more on [[drop forging]]s than the Model T, but his ideas to improve the DFM of forging did not prove practical. Eventually, Ford's engineers persuaded him to relent, lest the Model A's production cost force up its retail price too much.<ref name="Hounshell1984pp280-281">{{Harvnb|Hounshell|1984|pp=280–281}}.</ref>

It was during the period from the mid-1920s to early 1930s that the limits of the first generation of [[mass production]], epitomized by the Model T production system's rigidity, became apparent. The era of "[[Flexible manufacturing system|flexible mass production]]" had begun.<ref name="Hounshell1984pp263-301">{{Harvnb|Hounshell|1984|pp=263–301}}, Chapter 7: Cul-de-sac: The Limits of [[Fordism]] & the Coming of "Flexible Mass Production".</ref><ref name="Sorensen1956pp217-231">{{Harvnb|Sorensen|1956|pp=217–231}}, Chapter 16: Farewell to Model T.</ref>

==Legacy==
The Model A was well represented in media of the era, since it was one of the most common cars. [[Model kit]]s remain available from hobby shops as stock cars or [[hot rod]]s. High quality die-cast Model As are represented in 1/24 scale by the Danbury Mint 1931 roadster and the Franklin Mint 1930 Tudor sedan.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

Several Model As have obtained particular fame. The ''Mean Green Machine'', a green and black 1931 Tudor sedan, has been a staple of [[University of North Texas]] football games and special events since 1974, maintained by the spirit organization Talons since the 1980s. The ''[[Ramblin' Wreck]]'', a 1930 sport coupe, is the official mascot of the student body at the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and appears at sporting events and student body functions. [[Ala Kart (custom car)|''Ala Kart'']], a [[custom car|customized]] 1929 [[roadster pickup]] built by [[George Barris (auto customizer)|George Barris]], won two straight "[[America's Most Beautiful Roadster]]" awards at the [[Oakland Roadster Show]] before making numerous film and television appearances. Between October 1992 and December 1994, Hector Quevedo, along with his son Hugo, drove a 1928 Model A {{convert|22,000|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} from his home in [[Punta Arenas]], Chile to Ford headquarters in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]. The car required minimal service, including a flat tire and transmission work in Nicaragua, and is now housed in the [[The Henry Ford|Henry Ford Museum]].<ref>Cardinale, Anthony. "Chileans on a Roll in Vintage Car Trek Detroit-Bound Model A Ford Arrives Here After 21,700 Miles". ''Buffalo News''. Buffalo, N.Y.: November 30, 1994, p. A.1.</ref> A 1930 Model A, used by the gangster [[John Dillinger]] to escape federal agents in 1934, was sold at auction in 2010 for $165,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/01/24/autos/dillinger_car_auction/index.htm|title=Dillinger's getaway car sells for $165,000|date=January 24, 2010|website=CNN Money |access-date=2024-01-12|language=en}}</ref>

==Jenny Railcars==
[[File:Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad Jenny Railcar Ford Model A.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Road–rail vehicle|Jenny railcar]] is a Ford Model A automobile converted for rail use.]]
The West Side Lumber Company of California converted several Model As into [[Road–rail vehicle|railcars]] which could carry 12 people. A few still see regular service on the [[Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad]], also in California, alongside Shays Nos. 10 and 15.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad Bounces Back After Railroad Fire |url=https://www.kvpr.org/environment/2017-10-17/yosemite-mountain-sugar-pine-railroad-bounces-back-after-railroad-fire |access-date=20 November 2022 |work=KVPR Valley Public Radio |date=18 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:HFM Chile to Michigan 1928 Model A Ford.jpg|Hector Quevedo's 1928 Model A on display at the Henry Ford Museum
File:Ford Model A 1928 Wood Gas 01.jpg|1928 Model A Fordor with a 1941 Kaiser [[wood gas generator]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Daniel | first = Hagen | title = Der Ford Model A mit Holzvergaser | website = holzgas.ch | url = https://www.holzgas.ch/ford-model-a.shtml | access-date = October 12, 2021 }}</ref>
File:'28 Ford Model A Hotrod (Auto classique St. Lazare '10).jpg|1928 Model A [[hot rod]] with roll pan, [[Hot rod#Language|chopped top]], and late-model headlights and mirrors
File:1928-ford-archives.jpg|1928 Model A business coupe
File:1929 Ford Model A Gazogene.jpg|1929 Model A Gazogene on display at the [[Tampa Bay Automobile Museum]]. This car was modified in 1939 to use an alternative fuel in the form of wood or charcoal.
File:Ford Model A Town Car.jpg|1929 town car from the Museum of Automobiles in Arkansas
File:1929 Ford Model AA Truck DGO099.jpg|1929 Model AA heavy-duty truck variant of the Model A
File:Ford Model A Snow Flyer.jpg|1931. Ford Model A, Snow Flyer
File:'31 Ford Model A (Auto classique).JPG|Hot rod with 1931 roadster body and chassis,{{citation needed|date=October 2010}}<!--←Do we need a citation here? Yes: it's for the details. Is it a '31 body & chassis?--> [[Hot rod#Language|Deuce]] grille shell, chrome-hatted [[carburetor]]s,<!--is that four 97s?--> drilled [[I-beam]] dropped front axle, [[Fin (extended surface)|finned]] [[drum brake]]s<!--Buicks?-->, and [[Hot rod#Language|zoomie pipes]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Hounshell1984}}
* {{Sloan1964}}
* {{Sorensen1956}}
* Gauld, Graham. "The Ford Motor Company", in Northey, Tom, ed. ''World of Automobile'', Volume 6, pp.&nbsp;681–700. London: Phoebus, 1974.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Henry| first = Leslie R. | title = How to Restore the Model A Ford | publisher = Echo Point Books & Media, LLC | location = Vermont | year = 2013 | isbn =978-1626549418 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ford Model A (1928-1929)}}
* [http://www.motormayhem.net/model-a-ford-reference-page/trackback/ Model A Ford Reference Sheet, Owners Manual, and Help]
* Model A Ford Club of America - [http://www.mafca.com/]
* Model A Restorers Club - [http://www.modelarestorers.org]
* Ford Model AA Truck Club - [http://www.fmaatc.org/]
* A-Ford Club Nederland - [http://www.a-ford.nl]
* {{curlie|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Ford/Model_A/|Ford Model A}}
* [http://moes-garage.spaces.live.com/photos/cns!4FC3316B3CBDCA99!2649/ Follow Henry As We Tour The Long Beach Assembly Plant circa 1930]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150321060236/http://www.independenceharbor.com/History/History.html Ford Model A Assembly Plant in Edgewater NJ]
* [http://www.fordbarn.com/ Fordbarn, An active forum for discussion about the Model A Ford]
* [http://www.autoblog.com/2011/03/18/365-days-of-a-one-mans-quest-to-drive-a-ford-model-a-for-entir/ 365 Days of A, One man's quest to drive a Ford Model A for an entire year.]
* [http://www.classiccarcatalogue.com/FORD%20USA%201930.html 1930 Model A sales brochure]

{{Early Ford cars}}
{{Ford}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ford Model A (1927-1931)}}
[[Category:Ford vehicles|Model A]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1927]]
[[Category:1900s cars]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Full-size vehicles]]
[[Category:Pickup trucks]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Town cars]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Rail and road vehicle]]
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