Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Frances Arnold

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|American chemist, Nobel laureate (born 1956)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Frances Arnold
| image               = Frances Arnold at Caltech in 2021 x1.jpg
| office              = Co-Chair of the [[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology]]
| alongside           = [[Maria Zuber]] and [[Francis Collins]]
| president           = [[Joe Biden]]
| term_start          = January 20, 2021
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = Position established
| successor           = 
| birth_name          = Frances Hamilton Arnold
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1956|7|25}}
| birth_place         = {{nowrap|[[Edgewood, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Edgewood, Pennsylvania]], U.S.}}
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Jay Bailey]]||end=div}} (1987–1991)
| partner             = [[Andrew E. Lange]] (1994–2010)
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Princeton University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], PhD)
| awards              = {{Plainlist|
* [[Garvan–Olin Medal]] (2005)
* [[FASEB Excellence in Science Award]] (2007)
* [[Draper Prize]] (2011)
* [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] (2013)
* [[Millennium Technology Prize]] (2016)
* [[Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research|Sackler Prize in Convergence Research]] (2017)
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (2018)}}
| module              = {{Infobox scientist
|child             = yes
|fields            = [[Chemical engineering]]<br>[[Biological engineering|Bioengineering]]<br>[[Biochemistry]]
|workplaces        = [[California Institute of Technology]]
|thesis_title      = Design and Scale-Up of Affinity Separations
|thesis_url        = https://search.proquest.com/docview/303363741
|thesis_year       = 1985
|doctoral_advisor  = Harvey Blanch
|doctoral_students = {{plainlist|
* [[Christopher Voigt]]
* [[Huimin Zhao]]
}}
}}
}}

'''Frances Hamilton Arnold''' (born July 25, 1956)<ref>{{cite web |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Frances H. Arnold – Facts – 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/arnold/facts/ |work=NobelPrize.org |publisher=Nobel Media AB |accessdate=October 5, 2018}}</ref> is an American [[chemical engineer]] and [[Nobel Laureate]]. She is the [[Linus Pauling]] Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech). In 2018, she was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for pioneering the use of [[directed evolution]] to engineer [[enzyme]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/frances-arnold|title=The Nobel Prize {{!}} Women who changed science {{!}} Frances H. Arnold|website=www.nobelprize.org|language=en|access-date=February 7, 2020}}</ref> 

Since January 2021, she serves as an external co-chair of President [[Joe Biden]]'s [[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology|Council of Advisors on Science and Technology]] (PCAST).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/arnold-named-co-chair-of-president-elect-bidens-science-and-technology-advisory-council|title=Arnold Named Co-Chair of President-elect Biden's Science and Technology Advisory Council|date=January 15, 2021|work=Caltech|access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001brm6|publisher=[[BBC]]|website=bbc.co.uk|title=Frances Arnold: From taxi driver to Nobel Prize|quote= "Science is easy, people are really really hard"|year=2022|last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman (née Routheau) and nuclear physicist [[William Howard Arnold (physicist)|William Howard Arnold]], and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General [[William Howard Arnold (general)|William Howard Arnold]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/24773/chapter/4|title=Memorial Tributes|date=September 26, 2017|publisher=National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/24773|isbn=978-0-309-45928-0}}</ref> She has an older brother, Bill, and three younger brothers, Edward, David and Thomas. She grew up in the [[Pittsburgh]] suburb of [[Edgewood, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Edgewood]], and the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of [[Shadyside (Pittsburgh)|Shadyside]] and [[Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)|Squirrel Hill]], graduating from the city's [[Taylor Allderdice High School]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guarino |first1=Ben |title=She cut chemistry at Allderdice. Now Pittsburgh native Frances Arnold shares Nobel Prize in chemistry. |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/science/2018/10/03/Nobel-Prize-chemistry-scientists-frances-arnold-pittsburgh-evolution/stories/201810030120 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=October 3, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135057/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/science/2018/10/03/Nobel-Prize-chemistry-scientists-frances-arnold-pittsburgh-evolution/stories/201810030120 |archive-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref> As a high schooler, she hitchhiked to Washington, D.C., to protest the [[Vietnam War]] and lived on her own, working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kharif|first=Olga|title=Frances Arnold's Directed Evolution|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-15/frances-arnolds-directed-evolution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316232219/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-15/frances-arnolds-directed-evolution|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2012|access-date=September 1, 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=March 15, 2012}}</ref>

The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades. In spite of this, she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University, the alma mater of her father. She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Meet Frances Arnold, Teenage Rebel Turned Nobel Laureate {{!}} College of Chemistry|url=https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/meet-frances-arnold-teenage-rebel-turned-nobel-laureate|access-date=October 30, 2020|website=chemistry.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Arnold's motivation behind studying engineering, as stated in her Nobel Prize interview, was that "[mechanical engineering] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/arnold/interview/|access-date=October 30, 2020|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

Arnold graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]] and [[aerospace engineering]] from [[Princeton University]], where she focused on solar energy research.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2018/10/03/princeton-engineering-alumna-frances-arnold-wins-nobel-prize-chemistry|title=Princeton engineering alumna Frances Arnold wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry|work=Princeton University|access-date=October 4, 2018|language=en}}</ref> In addition to the courses required for her major, she took classes in economics, Russian, and Italian, and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO, even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/alternative_energy/2013/03/directed_evolution_frances_arnold_engineers_green_chemistry_molecules.html|title=The Director of Evolution|last=Ouellette|first=Jennifer|date=March 8, 2013|work=Slate|access-date=October 5, 2018|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made [[nuclear reactor]] parts, then returned to complete her studies.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/evolution-gets-assist|title=Evolution Gets an Assist|date=October 17, 2014|work=Princeton Alumni Weekly|access-date=October 5, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Back at Princeton, she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers, at the time led by [[Robert H. Socolow|Robert Socolow]], working to develop sustainable energy sources, a topic that would become a focus of her later work.<ref name=":6" />

After graduating from Princeton in 1979, Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorado's [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory|Solar Energy Research Institute]].<ref name=":6" /> At the Solar Energy Research Institute (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory), she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations (UN) [[position paper]]s.<ref name="auto1" />

She then enrolled at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she earned a PhD degree in [[chemical engineering]] in 1985<ref name="thesis-arnold-1985">{{cite thesis |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303363741/ |title=Design and Scale-Up of Affinity Separations) |date=1985 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |type=PhD |last=Arnold |first=Frances Hamilton |via=[[ProQuest]] |url-access=subscription  |oclc=910485566}}</ref> and became deeply interested in biochemistry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nae.edu/115564.aspx|title=Frances H. Arnold|website=NAE Website|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Her thesis work, carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch, investigated [[affinity chromatography]] techniques.<ref name="thesis-arnold-1985" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stage.cchem.berkeley.edu/~hwbgrp/alumni/a-to-g.html|title=A to G {{!}} Harvey W. Blanch|website=stage.cchem.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering. For the first year of her Ph.D. coursework, the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses.<ref name=":8" />

==Career==
After earning her Ph.D., Arnold completed postdoctoral research in [[biophysical chemistry]] at Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1376211/Interview_with_Frances_H__Arnold__Design_by_Evolution.html|title=Interview with Frances H. Arnold – Design by Evolution |website=www.chemistryviews.org|date=December 5, 2011 |language=en|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> In 1986, she joined the [[California Institute of Technology]] as a visiting associate. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986, associate professor in 1992, and full professor in 1996. She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and, her current position, the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.caltech.edu/news/frances-arnold-wins-2018-nobel-prize-chemistry-83926|title=Frances Arnold Wins 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry {{!}} Caltech|work=The California Institute of Technology|access-date=October 4, 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 2013, she was appointed director of Caltech's Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center.<ref name=":3" />

Arnold served on the Science Board for the [[Santa Fe Institute]] from 1995 to 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.santafe.edu/news-center/news/frances-arnold-wins-nobel-prize-chemistry|title=Frances Arnold Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry|website=Santa Fe Institute|date=October 16, 2018 |language=en|access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> She was a member of the Advisory Board of the [[Joint BioEnergy Institute]]. Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering. She served on the President's Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology ([[KAUST]]).  She served as a judge for [[The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering]] and worked with the [[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Science's]] [[Science & Entertainment Exchange]] to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaas.org/frances-arnolds-directed-evolution|title=Frances Arnold's directed evolution|website=American Association for the Advancement of Science|date=August 31, 2012 |language=en|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref>

In 2000 Arnold was elected a member of the [[National Academy of Engineering]] for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology, genetics, and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry.

She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents.<ref name=":1" /> She co-founded [[Gevo, Inc]]., a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005.<ref name=":1" /> In 2013, she and two of her former students, Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho, cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to [[pesticide]]s for crop protection.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frances-arnold-directed-evolution-millennium-technology-prize_us_57486774e4b055bb1171f2eb|title=Meet The Woman Who Launched A New Field of Scientific Study|last=Freeman|first=David|date=May 31, 2016|work=Huffington Post|access-date=October 4, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johncumbers/2019/09/20/frances-arnold-the-nobelist-nudging-nature-to-make-your-world-greener-one-small-evolution-at-a-time/|title=Nobelist Frances Arnold Is Nudging Nature To Make Your World Greener, One Small Evolution At A Time|last=Cumbers|first=John|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> She has been on the corporate board of the [[genomics]] company [[Illumina (company)|Illumina Inc.]] since 2016.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/nobel-winner-overcame-personal-loss-cancer-being-woman-n916391|title=This Nobel winner lost a son and two husbands and survived cancer|work=NBC News|access-date=October 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.illumina.com/company/about-us/board-of-directors.html|title=Board of Directors|website=Illumina|language=en|access-date=October 8, 2018}}</ref>

In 2019 she was named to the board of [[Alphabet Inc.]], making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-09/alphabet-adds-nobel-prize-winning-chemist-arnold-to-board|title=Alphabet Adds Nobel-Prize Winning Chemist Arnold to Board|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=December 9, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019}}</ref>

In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's [[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology|Council of Advisors on Science and Technology]] (PCAST). She is working with Biden's transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration. She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST's additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group. She has stated: "We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking, in decision making across the government. We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science ... I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eric Lander will be Biden's science adviser, a cabinet-level position for the first time|url=https://cen.acs.org/policy/Eric-Lander-will-be-Biden-science-adviser-a-cabinet-level-position-for-the-first-time/99/i3|access-date=January 30, 2021|website=cen.acs.org}}</ref> 

===Research===
Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of [[directed evolution]] to create [[enzyme]]s (biochemical molecules—often proteins—that [[Catalysis|catalyze]], or speed up, chemical reactions) with improved and/or novel functions.<ref name="TNP">{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 |url=https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.87232604.535716584.1538560295-715396971.1538560295 |publisher=The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences |access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> The [[directed evolution]] strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful [[biological system]]s, including [[enzyme]]s, [[metabolic pathway]]s, [[genetic regulatory circuit]]s, and organisms. In nature, evolution by [[natural selection]] can lead to proteins (including enzymes) well-suited to carry out biological tasks, but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations (mutations) and typically occurs over long time periods.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Cirino|first1=Patrick C.|pages=215–243|publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|isbn=978-3-527-30423-3|last2=Arnold|first2=Frances H.|doi=10.1002/3527600647.ch10|title=Directed Molecular Evolution of Proteins|year=2002}}</ref> Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins; she then tests these mutations' effects. If a mutation improves the proteins' function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further. This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to design proteins for a wide variety of applications.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 3, 2018|title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018|url=https://old.nobelprize.org/che-sci.pdf?_ga=2.228216788.850160180.1538560699-1556534510.1538560699|journal=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}</ref> For example, she has used directed evolution to design enzymes that can be used to produce [[renewable fuels]] and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment.<ref name="TNP" />

One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random; instead, they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential, but not so random as to be inefficient. The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical, but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible, she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options, focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be, at best, neutral and at worst, detrimental (such as disrupting proper protein folding).<ref name="TNP" /> 

Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes (although not the first person to do so, see e.g. Barry Hall<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Barry G.|date=1978|title=Experimental Evolution of a New Enzymatic Function. II. Evolution of Multiple Functions for EBG Enzyme in E. coli|journal=Genetics|volume=89|issue=3|pages=453–465|doi=10.1093/genetics/89.3.453|pmid=97169|pmc=1213848}}</ref>). In<ref name="TNP" /> her seminal work, published in 1993, she used the method to engineer a version of [[subtilisin]] E that was active in the organic solvent [[Dimethylformamide|DMF]], a highly unnatural environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=K.|last2=Arnold|first2=F. H.|date=June 15, 1993|title=Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments: sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=90|issue=12|pages=5618–5622|doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5618|pmid=8516309|issn=0027-8424|pmc=46772|bibcode=1993PNAS...90.5618C|doi-access=free}}</ref> She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzyme's [[gene]], expressed by bacteria, through error-prone [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]. After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to [[Hydrolysis|hydrolyze]] the milk protein [[casein]] in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF. The bacteria secreted the enzyme and, if it were functional, it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo. She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis.<ref name="TNP" /> Using this method, she designed an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Fernholm|first=Ann|date=October 3, 2018|title=A (r)evolution in chemistry|url=https://old.nobelprize.org/che-popular.pdf|journal=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018: Popular Science Background}}</ref>

She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions. She showed that, whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range, enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures.<ref name="TNP" /> In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes, Arnold has designed enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed, such as when she evolved [[cytochrome P450]] to carry out [[cyclopropanation]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coelho|first1=Pedro S.|last2=Brustad|first2=Eric M.|last3=Kannan|first3=Arvind|last4=Arnold|first4=Frances H.|s2cid=43145662|date=January 18, 2013|title=Olefin cyclopropanation via carbene transfer catalyzed by engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes|journal=Science |volume=339|issue=6117|pages=307–310|doi=10.1126/science.1231434|issn=1095-9203|pmid=23258409|bibcode=2013Sci...339..307C|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/36827/7/Coelho.SM.pdf}}</ref> and [[carbene]] and [[nitrene]] transfer reactions.<ref name="TNP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prier|first1=Christopher K.|last2=Hyster|first2=Todd K.|last3=Farwell|first3=Christopher C.|last4=Huang|first4=Audrey|last5=Arnold|first5=Frances H.|date=April 4, 2016|title=Asymmetric Enzymatic Synthesis of Allylic Amines: A Sigmatropic Rearrangement Strategy|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English|volume=55|issue=15|pages=4711–4715|doi=10.1002/anie.201601056|issn=1521-3773|pmc=4818679|pmid=26970325}}</ref>

In addition to evolving individual molecules, she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways, such as those involved in the production of [[carotenoid]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schmidt-Dannert|first1=C.|last2=Umeno|first2=D.|last3=Arnold|first3=F. H.|s2cid=7705191|date=July 1, 2000|title=Molecular breeding of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=18|issue=7|pages=750–753|doi=10.1038/77319|issn=1087-0156|pmid=10888843}}</ref> and [[Methionine|L-methionine]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=May|first1=O.|last2=Nguyen|first2=P. T.|last3=Arnold|first3=F. H.|s2cid=20991257|date=March 1, 2000|title=Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of L-methionine|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=317–320|doi=10.1038/73773|issn=1087-0156|pmid=10700149}}</ref> in ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst).<ref name="TNP" /> She has applied these methods to [[biofuel]] production. For example, she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel [[isobutanol]]; it can be produced in ''E. coli'' bacteria, but the production pathway requires the [[Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]] [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate|NADPH]], whereas E. coli makes the cofactor [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide|NADH]]. To circumvent this problem, she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH, allowing for the production of isobutanol.<ref name="TNP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bastian|first1=Sabine|last2=Liu|first2=Xiang|last3=Meyerowitz|first3=Joseph T.|last4=Snow|first4=Christopher D.|last5=Chen|first5=Mike M. Y.|last6=Arnold|first6=Frances H.|date=May 2011|title=Engineered ketol-acid reductoisomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase enable anaerobic 2-methylpropan-1-ol production at theoretical yield in Escherichia coli|journal=Metabolic Engineering|volume=13|issue=3|pages=345–352|doi=10.1016/j.ymben.2011.02.004|issn=1096-7184|pmid=21515217|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/23812/2/supp..doc}}</ref>

Arnold has also used directed evolution to design highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures.<ref name="TNP" /> She, and others using her methods, have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly, with fewer by-products, and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous [[heavy metals]].<ref name=":0" /> 

She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions. She developed computational methods, such as [[SCHEMA (bioinformatics)|SCHEMA]], to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure, so that the chimeras will fold properly, and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cheme.che.caltech.edu/groups/fha/Projects2.htm|title=Structure-guided protein recombination|website=The Frances H. Arnold Research Group|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meyer|first1=Michelle M.|last2=Hochrein|first2=Lisa|last3=Arnold|first3=Frances H.|date=November 6, 2006|title=Structure-guided SCHEMA recombination of distantly related β-lactamases|url=https://academic.oup.com/peds/article/19/12/563/1474520|journal=Protein Engineering, Design and Selection|language=en|volume=19|issue=12|pages=563–570|doi=10.1093/protein/gzl045|pmid=17090554|issn=1741-0134|doi-access=free}}</ref>

At Caltech, Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy, including the development of highly active enzymes (cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals.  A paper published in Science in 2019, with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia, has been retracted on January 2, 2020, as the results were found to be not reproducible.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nobel Prize-winning scientist retracts paper |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-50989423 |access-date=January 6, 2020 |work=BBC News |date=January 3, 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2021}}, Arnold has an [[h-index]] of 135 according to [[Google Scholar]].<ref>{{Google Scholar id}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Arnold lives in [[La Cañada Flintridge, California]]. She was married to [[Jay Bailey|James E. Bailey]] from 1987 to 1991, who died of cancer in 2001.<ref name=Clarke>D. S. Clarke (2002) ''Biotechnology and Bioengineering'' vol 79, no 5, page 483 "In Appreciation:James E. Bailey, 1944–2001"</ref><ref name=":5" /> The couple had James Howard Bailey (born in 1990). Her stepson [[Sean Bailey]] is an American film and television producer. He has been the president of [[Walt Disney Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production]] since his appointment in 2010. .<ref name="NYT"/> Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/03/business/la-fi-himi-arnold-20110703|title=Frances Arnold: Career path of a Caltech scientist|last=Hamilton|first=Walter|date=July 3, 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=October 5, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref>

Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist [[Andrew E. Lange]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Angier |first=Natalie |date=May 28, 2019 |title=Frances Arnold Turns Microbes Into Living Factories |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/science/frances-arnold-caltech-evolution.html |access-date=October 20, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> beginning in 1994, and they had two sons, William Andrew Lange (1995) and Joseph Inman Lange (1997).<ref name="PAW">{{cite web |title=Andrew E. Lange '80 |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/memorial/andrew-e-lange-80 |publisher=Princeton Alumni Weekly |access-date=October 3, 2018|date=January 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |title=Andrew Lange, Scholar of the Cosmos, Dies at 52 |journal=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/science/space/28lange.html |access-date=October 3, 2018|date=January 27, 2010 |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis }}</ref> Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons, William Lange-Arnold, died in an accident in 2016.<ref name=":5" /> Her father, [[William Howard Arnold (physicist)|William Howard Arnold]] died in 2015. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/arnold/biographical/|title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry|date=October 3, 2018}}</ref>

Her hobbies include traveling, scuba diving, skiing, dirt-bike riding, and hiking.<ref name=":7" />

==Honors and awards==
Arnold's work has been recognized by many awards, including the 2018 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], the 2011 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) [[Draper Prize]] (the first woman to receive it), and a 2011 [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]].<ref name=":3" /> She was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.<ref name=":3" /> She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the [[National Academy of Engineering]] (2000), the [[National Academy of Medicine]], formerly called the [[Institute of Medicine]] (2004), and the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] (2008).<ref name=":3" />

Arnold is a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[American Academy of Microbiology]], the [[American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering]] and an [[List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering|International Fellow]] of the UK's [[Royal Academy of Engineering]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arnoldlabreflections.caltech.edu/GuestOfHonor|title=Frances H. Arnold – Caltech Arnold Lab Reflections|website=arnoldlabreflections.caltech.edu|language=en|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/newfellows2018|title=50 engineering leaders become Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering|last=Pipa|first=Siobhan|date=September 18, 2018|work=Royal Academy of Engineering|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>

In 2016 she became the first woman to win the [[Millennium Technology Prize]], which she won for pioneering [[directed evolution]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36344155 |title=Evolutionary engineer Frances Arnold wins €1m tech prize – BBC News |journal=BBC News |date= May 24, 2016|access-date=May 25, 2016|last1=Webb |first1=Jonathan }}</ref> In 2017, Arnold was awarded the [[Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research]] by the [[National Academy of Sciences]], which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2017/Arnold.html|title=2017 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research|publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref>

In 2018 she was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for her work in directed evolution, making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence, and the first American woman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/03/653915709/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-honors-the-power-of-evolution|title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work That Demonstrates 'The Power of Evolution'|work=NPR.org|access-date=October 4, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frances-arnold-nobel-prize-chemistry_us_5bb4d3d7e4b0876eda9a34ad|title=Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry|last=Golgowski|first=Nina|date=October 3, 2018|work=Huffington Post|access-date=October 4, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> She received a one-half share of the award, with the other half jointly awarded to [[George Smith (chemist)|George Smith]] and [[Greg Winter|Gregory Winter]] "for the [[phage display]] of [[peptide]]s and [[Antibody|antibodies]]."<ref name="TNP" /> She is the first female graduate of [[Princeton University|Princeton]] to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton (male or female) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories (chemistry, physics, and physiology or medicine).<ref name="auto" /> In November 2018, she was listed as one of [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037|title=BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?|date=November 19, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=July 23, 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> On October 24, 2019, [[Pope Francis]] named her a member of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = October 25, 2019 | date= October 24, 2019 | url = http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/10/24/191024a.html | publisher = [[Holy See Press Office]] | title = Resignations and Appointments, 24.10.2019 }}</ref> In 2022 she was the guest in an episode of ''The Life Scientific'' on [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref name="Arnold_F_2022">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific, Frances Arnold: From taxi driver to Nobel Prize|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001brm6|access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref> 

*[[Perkin Medal]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://sci-america.org/awards/#perkin|title=Awards. SCI America|date=July 14, 2022 |publisher=SCI America|access-date= September 17, 2023}}</ref>
*[[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/Frances-Arnold-25407/|title=Frances Arnold|publisher=Royal Society|access-date= September 19, 2020}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate, [[Technical University of Denmark]] (2019)<ref name="DTU">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtu.dk/english/news/2019/05/crown-prince-and-princess-attend-dtus-commemoration-day-2019|title=Crown Prince and Princess attend DTU's Commemoration Day 2019|website=www.dtu.dk|language=en|access-date=August 5, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (2018)
*Elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Frances+H.+Arnold&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
* Elected an International Fellow of the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]] (2018)<ref name="NF2018">{{cite web|title=50 engineering leaders become Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/newfellows2018|access-date=September 21, 2018}}</ref>
*[[Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research]] (2017)
* Spiegelman Lecture, [[University of Illinois]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spiegelman |first1=Sol |title=Enduring Legacy of Sol Spiegelman |url=https://spiegelman2017.igb.illinois.edu/node/2 |website=Spiegelman Lecture |publisher=University of Illinois Dept of Microbiology |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Society of Women Engineers]]' 2017 Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.caltech.edu/news/pioneer-directed-evolution-wins-lifetime-achievement-award-79416|title=Pioneer of "Directed Evolution" Wins Lifetime Achievement Award {{!}} Caltech|work=The California Institute of Technology|access-date=August 31, 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from [[Dartmouth College]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2017/06/frances-arnold-doctor-science |title= Frances Arnold (Doctor of Science) | access-date=June 11, 2017 |date=June 11, 2017|work=Dartmouth College}}</ref>
*Honorary doctorate, [[University of Chicago]] (2016)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbe.caltech.edu/people/frances-h-arnold|title=Frances H. Arnold: The Division of Biology and Biological Engineering|website=www.bbe.caltech.edu|language=en|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>
*[[Millennium Technology Prize]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36344155 |title= Evolutionary engineer Francis Arnold wins €1m tech prize |journal= BBC News |access-date=May 25, 2016 |date=May 25, 2016|last1= Webb |first1= Jonathan }}</ref>
* Honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the [[ETH Zurich]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethz.ch/de/news-und-veranstaltungen/eth-news/news/2015/11/mm-eth-tag-2015.html |title=Doing the right things |access-date=November 23, 2015 |date=November 21, 2015|work=ETH Zurich}}</ref>
*Elmer Gaden Award, Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2015)<ref name=":4" />
*Inducted into the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] (2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=490 |title=Spotlight &#124; National Inventors Hall of Fame |publisher=Invent.org |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=May 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814020935/http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=490 |archive-date=August 14, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Golden Plate Award, [[American Academy of Achievement]] (2014)<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web|title= Frances H. Arnold, Ph.D. Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/achiever/frances-h-arnold-ph-d/#biography}}</ref>
*[[Emanuel Merck Lectureship]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Views |first1=Chem |title=Frances Arnold Awarded Emanuel Merck Lectureship 2013 |url=https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/4742671/Frances_Arnold_Awarded_Emanuel_Merck_Lectureship_2013.html |website=Chemistry Views Magazine |date=May 27, 2013 |publisher=ChemPubSoc Europe |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
*[[ENI award|ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy]] (2013)<ref name="ENI">{{cite web |title=Eni Award 2013 Edition |url=https://www.eni.com/enipedia/en_IT/business-model/awards-recognition/eni-award-2013-edition.page |publisher=Eni |access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref>
* Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the [[Stockholm University]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.su.se/english/about/ceremonies/honorary-doctorates-1994-2016-1.21553 |title=Honorary doctorates 1994–2016, Stockholm University |access-date=October 7, 2018 |date=October 7, 2018|work=Stockholm University}}</ref>
*[[Charles Stark Draper Prize]] (2011)<ref name="CSDP">{{cite web |title=Recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering |url=https://www.nae.edu/default.aspx?id=55291&listsortby=CmsPerson.GenericText10&listsortdir=ascending |website=nae.edu |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref>
*[[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]]<ref name="whitehouse1">{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/21/president-obama-honors-nation-s-top-scientists-and-innovators|title=President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators|date=December 21, 2012|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=May 25, 2016}}</ref> (2011)
*[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (2011)<ref name=":4" />
*Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from [[Stockholm University]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.su.se/english/about/ceremonies/honorary-doctorates-1994-2016-1.21553 |title=Honorary doctorates 1994–2017, Stockholm University |access-date=October 7, 2018 |work=Stockholm University}}</ref>
*Elected fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (2010)<ref name=":4" />
*Elected fellow of the [[American Society for Microbiology|American Academy of Microbiology]] (2009)<ref name=":4" />
*Elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (2008)<ref name=":4" />
*[[Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology|FASEB]] Excellence in Science Award (2007)<ref name=":4" />
*Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and [[Genencor]] (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engconf.org/past-conferences/2007-conference-calendar/9763-2/|title=Frances H. Arnold, Enzyme Engineering Award for 2007|website=www.engconf.org|language=en-US|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111952/http://www.engconf.org/past-conferences/2007-conference-calendar/9763-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Garvan–Olin Medal|Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin Medal]], [[American Chemical Society]] (2005)<ref name=":4" />
*Elected fellow of [[American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering]] (2001)<ref name=":4" />
*[[National Academy of Engineering]] (2000)<ref name=":4" />

== Appearances in popular media ==
She portrayed herself in the 18th episode "The Laureate Accumulation" of the 12th season of the TV series ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Laureate Accumulation|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6674724/|access-date=February 7, 2020}}</ref> In September 2021 in the 10th anniversary of PME UChicago she jokingly claimed that this appearance was the greatest accolade of her life. She also appeared in a brief interview in the [[Nova (American TV program)|NOVA]] episode ''Beyond the Elements: Life''. She was interviewed by [[Jim Al-Khalili]] on the BBC's [[The Life Scientific]] on September 6, 2022.<ref name="Arnold_F_2022">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific, Frances Arnold: From taxi driver to Nobel Prize|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001brm6|access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of women in science]]
* [[List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frances Arnold}}
{{Scholia|author}}
* [http://www.che.caltech.edu/faculty/arnold_f/index.html Chemical Eng, Caltech Faculty Page]
* [http://fhalab.caltech.edu/ Arnold Research Group]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JZzSDANMOA Video of Arnold talking about her work], from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2018 ''Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life''

{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry}}
{{2018 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Charles Stark Draper Prize}}
{{FRS 2020}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnold, Frances}}
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