Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Frankokratia

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Period in Greek history after the Fourth Crusade}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{History of Greece}}

{{Use dmy dates|date= November 2015}}
{{Campaignbox Byzantine-Latin Wars}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:LatinEmpire2.png|thumb|250px|The beginning of ''Frankokratia'': the division of the [[Byzantine Empire]] after the [[Fourth Crusade]] ]]
[[File:Greece in 1210.svg|thumb|250px| Greek and Latin states in southern Greece, {{circa}} 1210]]
[[File:Eastern Mediterranean 1450 .svg|thumb|250px| The Eastern Mediterranean {{circa}} 1450 AD, showing the [[Ottoman Empire]], the surviving [[Byzantine empire]] (purple) and the various Latin possessions in Greece]]The '''''Frankokratia''''' ({{lang-el|Φραγκοκρατία}}, {{lang-la|Francocratia}}, sometimes [[Anglicization|anglicized]] as '''Francocracy''', {{lit|rule of the [[Franks]]}}), also known as '''''Latinokratia''''' ({{lang-el|Λατινοκρατία}}, {{lang-la|Latinocratia}}, "rule of the [[Latins (Middle Ages)|Latins]]") and, for the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] domains, '''''Venetokratia''''' or '''''Enetokratia''''' ({{lang-el|Βενετοκρατία or Ενετοκρατία}}, {{lang-la|Venetocratia}}, "rule of the Venetians"), was the period in [[Greek history]] after the [[Fourth Crusade]] (1204), when a number of primarily French and Italian states were established by the ''[[Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae]]'' on the territory of the dissolved [[Byzantine Empire]].

The terms Frankokratia and Latinokratia derive from the name given by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Greeks to the [[Latin Church|Western]] French and Italians who originated from territories that once belonged to the [[Francia|Frankish Empire]], as this was the political entity that ruled much of the former [[Western Roman Empire]] after the collapse of Roman authority and power. The span of the ''Frankokratia'' period differs by region: the political situation proved highly volatile, as the Frankish states fragmented and changed hands, and the Greek successor states re-conquered many areas.

With the exception of the [[Ionian Islands]] and some islands or forts which [[Stato da Màr|remained in Venetian hands]] until the turn of the 19th century, the end of the ''Frankokratia'' in most Greek lands came with the [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman conquest]], chiefly in the 14th to 17th centuries, which ushered in the period known as "''Tourkokratia''" ("rule of the Turks"; see [[Ottoman Greece]]).

==Latin states==
===Latin Empire===
The [[Latin Empire]] (1204–1261), centered in [[Constantinople]] and encompassing [[Thrace]] and [[Bithynia]], was created as the successor of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade, while also exercising nominal suzerainty over the other Crusader principalities. Its territories were gradually reduced to little more than the capital, which was eventually [[Reconquest of Constantinople |captured]] by the [[Empire of Nicaea]] in 1261.
* [[Duchy of Philippopolis]] (1204 – after 1230), fief of the Latin Empire in northern Thrace, until its capture by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarians]].
* [[Lemnos]] formed a fief of the Latin Empire under the Venetian Navigajoso family from 1207 until conquered by the Byzantines in 1278. Its rulers bore the title of ''[[megadux]]'' ("grand duke") of the Latin Empire.
* The [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]] (1205–1224), encompassing [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Thessaly]]. The brief existence of the Kingdom was almost continuously troubled by warfare with the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]; eventually, it was conquered by the [[Despotate of Epirus]].
* The [[County of Salona]] (1205–1410), centred at Salona (modern [[Amfissa]]), like Bodonitsa, was formed as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, and later came under the influence of Achaea. It came under Catalan and later Navarrese{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} rule in the 14th century, before being sold to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] in 1403. It was finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1410.
* The [[Marquisate of Bodonitsa]] (1204–1414), like Salona, was originally created as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, but later came under the influence of Achaea. In 1335, the Venetian Giorgi family took control, and ruled until the Ottoman conquest in 1414.
* The [[Principality of Achaea]] (1205–1432), encompassing the [[Morea]] or [[Peloponnese]] peninsula. It quickly emerged as the strongest state, and prospered even after the demise of the Latin Empire. Its main rival was the Byzantine [[Despotate of the Morea]], which eventually succeeded in conquering the Principality. It also exercised suzerainty over the [[Lordship of Argos and Nauplia]] (1205–1388).
* The [[Duchy of Athens]] (1205–1458), with its two capitals [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] and [[Athens]], and encompassing [[Attica]], [[Boeotia]], and parts of southern [[Thessaly]]. In 1311, the Duchy was [[Battle of Halmyros|conquered]] by the [[Catalan Company]], and in 1388, it passed into the hands of the [[Republic of Florence|Florentine]] Acciaiuoli family, which kept it until the Ottoman conquest in 1456.
* The [[Duchy of Naxos]] or of the Archipelago (1207–1579), founded by the [[Marco I Sanudo|Sanudo]] family, it encompassed most of the [[Cyclades]]. In 1383, it passed under the control of the Crispo family. The Duchy became an Ottoman vassal in 1537, and was finally annexed to the Ottoman Empire in 1579.
* The [[Triarchy of Negroponte]] (1205–1470), encompassing the island of Negroponte ([[Euboea]]), originally a vassal of Thessalonica, then of Achaea. It was fragmented into three baronies (''terzi'' or "triarchies") run each by two barons (the ''sestieri''). This fragmentation enabled [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] to gain influence acting as mediators. By 1390 Venice had established direct control of the entire island, which remained in Venetian hands until 1470, when it was [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–79)|captured]] by the Ottomans.

===Minor Crusader principalities===
* The [[County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos]] (1185–1479). It encompassed the [[Ionian Islands]] of [[Cephalonia]], [[Zakynthos]], [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]], and, from around 1300, also [[Lefkas]] (Santa Maura). Created as a vassal to the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], it was ruled by the [[Orsini family]] from 1195 to 1335, and after a short interlude of [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] rule the county passed to the [[Tocco family]] in 1357. The county was split between Venice and the Ottomans in 1479.
* [[Rhodes]] [[Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes|became]] the headquarters of the military monastic order of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] of Saint John in 1310, and the Knights retained control of the island (and neighbouring islands of the [[Dodecanese]] island group) until [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|ousted by the Ottomans in 1522]].

===Genoese colonies===
[[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] attempts to occupy Corfu and Crete in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade were thwarted by the Venetians. It was only during the 14th century, exploiting the terminal decline of the [[Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty]], and often in agreement with the weakened Byzantine rulers, that various Genoese nobles established domains in the northeastern Aegean:
* The [[Gattilusi]] family established a number of fiefs, under nominal Byzantine suzerainty, over the island of [[Lesbos]] (1355–1462) and later also the islands of [[Lemnos]], [[Thasos]] (1414–1462) and [[Samothrace]] (1355–1457), as well as the [[Thrace|Thracian]] town of [[Enez|Ainos]] (1376–1456).
* The [[Lordship of Chios]] with the port of [[Foça|Phocaea]]. In 1304–1330 under the [[Zaccaria]] family, and, after a Byzantine interlude, from 1346 and until the Ottoman conquest in 1566 under the ''[[Maona di Chio e di Focea]]'' company.

===Venetian colonies===
The [[Republic of Venice]] accumulated several possessions in Greece, which formed part of its ''[[Stato da Màr]]''. Some of them survived until the [[Fall of the Republic of Venice|fall of the Republic]] itself in 1797:
* [[Kingdom of Candia|Crete]], also known as Candia, (1211–1669),<ref name="maltezou105">Maltezou, ''Crete during the Period of Venetian Rule'', p. 105</ref> one of the Republic's most important overseas possessions, despite frequent revolts by the Greek population, it was retained until captured by the Ottomans in the [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Cretan War]].<ref name="maltezou157">Maltezou, ''Crete during the Period of Venetian Rule'', p. 157</ref>
* [[Corfu]] (1207–1214 and 1386–1797), was captured by Venice from its Genoese ruler shortly after the [[Fourth Crusade]]. The island was soon retaken by the [[Despotate of Epirus]], but captured in 1258 by the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. The island remained under Angevin rule until 1386, when Venice reimposed its control, which would last until the end of the Republic itself.
* [[Lefkas]] (1684–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, it came under Ottoman rule in 1479, and was conquered by the Venetians in 1684, during the [[Morean War]].
* [[Zakynthos]] (1479–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, it fell to Venice in 1479
* [[Cephalonia]] and [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]] (1500–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, they came under Ottoman rule in 1479, and were [[Siege of the Castle of St. George|conquered]] by the Venetians in December 1500.{{sfn|Setton|1978|pp=98, 290, 522–523}}
* [[Tinos]] and [[Mykonos]], bequeathed to Venice in 1390.{{sfn|Miller|1908|p=365}}
* various coastal fortresses in the [[Peloponnese]] and mainland Greece: 
** Modon ([[Methoni, Messenia|Methoni]]) and Coron ([[Koroni]]), occupied in 1207, confirmed by the [[Treaty of Sapienza]],{{sfn|Bon|1969|p=66}} and held until [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)|taken]] by the Ottomans in August 1500.{{sfn|Setton|1978|pp=515–522}}
** [[Nauplia]] (Italian Napoli di Romania), acquired through the purchase of the lordship of [[Argos and Nauplia]] in 1388,{{sfn|Topping|1975|pp=153–155}} held until captured by the Ottomans in 1540.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=568}}
** [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], acquired through the purchase of the lordship of [[Argos and Nauplia]] but seized by the [[Despotate of the Morea]] and not handed over to Venice until June 1394,{{sfn|Topping|1975|pp=153–155}} held until captured by the Ottomans in 1462.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=567}}
** [[Athens]], acquired in 1394 from the heirs of [[Nerio I Acciaioli]], but lost to the latter's bastard son [[Antonio I Acciaioli|Antonio]] in 1402–03, a fact recognized by the Republic in a treaty in 1405.{{sfn|Miller|1908|pp=354–362}}
** [[Parga]], port town on the coast of Epirus, acquired in 1401. It was governed as a dependency of Corfu, and remained so even after the end of the Venetian Republic in 1797, finally being ceded by the British to [[Ali Pasha of Ioannina|Ali Pasha]] in 1819.{{sfn|Miller|1908|p=365}}
** Lepanto ([[Naupaktos]]), port in [[Aetolia]], briefly seized by a Venetian captain in 1390, in 1394 its inhabitants offered to hand it over to Venice, but were rebuffed. Finally sold to Venice in 1407 by its Albanian ruler, [[Paul Spata]],{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=356, 544}}{{sfn|Miller|1908|p=363}} lost to the Ottomans in 1540.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=568}}
** [[Patras]], held in 1408–13 and 1417–19 in lease, for 1,000 ducats per year, from the [[Latin Archbishop of Patras]], who thus hoped to thwart a Turkish or Byzantine takeover of the city.{{sfn|Topping|1975|pp=161–163}}{{sfn|Miller|1908|pp=353–364}}
** The [[Northern Sporades]] ([[Skiathos]], [[Skopelos]], and [[Alonissos]]), were Byzantine possessions that came under Venetian rule after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. They were captured by the Ottomans under [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] in 1538.
** [[Monemvasia]] (Malvasia), a Byzantine outpost left unconquered by the Ottomans in 1460, it accepted Venetian rule, until captured by the Ottomans in 1540.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=567–568}}
** [[Vonitsa]] on the coast of Epirus, captured in 1684 and held as a mainland exclave of the Ionian Islands until the end of the Republic.
** [[Preveza]] on the coast of Epirus, occupied during the [[Morean War]] (1684–99), recaptured in 1717 and held as a mainland exclave of the Ionian Islands until the end of the Republic.
* The whole of the Peloponnese or [[Morea]] peninsula was conquered during the [[Morean War]] in the 1680s and became a colony as the "[[Kingdom of the Morea]]", but it was [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–18)|lost]] again to the Ottomans in 1715.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Bonfils, Félix (1831-1885) - Athens - Propylaia 1868-1875.jpg|The [[Frankish Tower (Acropolis of Athens)|Frankish tower]] on the [[Acropolis of Athens]], demolished in 1874
File:Castello Chlemoutsi.jpg|[[Chlemoutsi]] castle
File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 20v-21r.jpg|[[Rhodes (city)]], around 1490
File:Rhodes old town Greece 6.jpg|[[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes]]
File:Church of the Virgin of the Burgh 2010.jpg|Church of Virgin, [[Rhodes (city)]]
File:Fortress of Mytilini, Lesvos 2.jpg|Genoese [[Castle of Mytilene]]
File:GR-platamonas-festung.jpg|[[Platamon Castle]]
</gallery>
'''Venetian possessions (till 1797)''':
<gallery class="center">
File:Venezianische Kolonien.png|[[Stato da Màr]] of the [[Republic of Venice]]
File:Venetiancrete.jpg|Map of the [[Kingdom of Candia]]
File:Negroponte by Giacomo Franco.jpg|Venetian map of Negroponte ([[Chalkis]])
File:Lepanto naupactus venecian fortress.JPG|Fortress of [[Nafpaktos]]
File:Old Fortress Contrafossa and Bridge.jpg|[[Old Fortress, Corfu]]
File:Palamidi castle - Agios Andreas Bastion.jpg|[[Palamidi]], [[Nafplion]]
File:Kreta - Iraklion - Alter Hafen2.jpg|[[Koules Fortress|Rocca a Mare]] fortress in [[Heraklion]]
File:File by Alexander Baranov - . (7366673008).jpg|The Morosini fountain, [[Lions Square]], [[Heraklion]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Latin Church in the Middle East]]
* [[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)]]
* [[Kingdom of Cyprus]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book | last = Bintliff | first = John | title =The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2012 | chapter = The Archaeology of Frankish-Crusader Society in Greece | pages = 416–435 | isbn = 978-1405154192 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GU3JilJGwjgC&pg=PA416 }}
* {{La Morée franque}}
* {{The Late Medieval Balkans}}
* {{Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West}}
* {{New Cambridge Medieval History | volume=5 | chapter = The Latin empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece | last = Jacobi | first = David | pages = 525–542}}
* {{Setton-A History of the Crusades | volume = 2 | chapter = The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311 | pages = 234–275 | last = Longnon | first = Jean | chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusThree.i0021&id=History.CrusTwo }} 
* {{cite book| last=Maltezou | first=Chrysa A. | chapter= Η Κρήτη στη Διάρκεια της Περίοδου της Βενετοκρατίας ("Crete during the Period of Venetian Rule (1211–1669)") | pages=105–162 |editor-first=Nikolaos M. |editor-last=Panagiotakis | title=Crete, History and Civilization| volume=II | publisher=Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities |year= 1988|language=el}}
* {{Latins in the Levant}}
* {{Essays on the Latin Orient}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|author-link=Donald M. Nicol|title=The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages|year=1984|orig-year=1957|edition=2. expanded|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521261906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC}}
* {{The Last Centuries of Byzantium|edition=Second}}
* {{The Papacy and the Levant|volume=1}}
* {{The Papacy and the Levant|volume=2}}
* {{Setton-A History of the Crusades | volume = 3 | chapter = The Morea, 1311–1364 | pages = 104–140 | last = Topping | first = Peter | chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusThree.i0015&id=History.CrusThree&isize=M |ref={{harvid|Topping1975a}}}}
* {{Setton-A History of the Crusades | volume = 3 | chapter = The Morea, 1364–1460 | pages = 141–166 | last = Topping | first = Peter | chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusThree.i0016&id=History.CrusThree&isize=M |ref={{harvid|Topping1975b}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zečević|first=Nada|title=The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries)|year=2014|location=Belgrade|publisher=Makart|isbn=9788691944100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcqfAQAACAAJ}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107105119/http://www2.fhw.gr/chronos/projects/fragokratia/en/webpages/frago.html ''The Latin Occupation in the Greek Lands'', from the Foundation of the Hellenic World]

{{Frankish and Latin Greece}}
{{Stato da Mar}}
{{Latin Church footer}}

{{coord missing|Greece}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Frankokratia| ]]
[[Category:History of colonialism]]
[[Category:France–Greece relations]]
[[Category:Greece–Italy relations]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]