Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Frederick Winslow Taylor

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|American mechanical engineer (1856–1915)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Frederick Winslow Taylor
| image              = Frederick Winslow Taylor (1).JPG
| image_size         =
| caption            = Taylor circa 1907
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = {{birth-date|March 20, 1856}}
| birth_place        = [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1915|3|21|1856|3|20}}
| death_place        = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
| resting_place      = [[West Laurel Hill Cemetery]]<br />[[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania|Bala Cynwyd]], Pennsylvania, U.S.
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| known_for          = Father of [[scientific management]], [[efficiency movement]] and [[industrial engineering]]
| education          = [[Phillips Exeter Academy]]
| alma_mater         = [[Stevens Institute of Technology|Stevens Institute of<br>Technology]] <small>([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])</small>
| employer           = 
| occupation         = Efficiency expert<br />[[Management consultant]]
| awards             = [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] (1902)
| party              = 
| boards             = 
| spouse             = Louise M. Spooner
| children           = 3
| relatives          = 
| signature          = 
}}

'''Frederick Winslow Taylor''' (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915) was an American [[mechanical engineer]]. He was widely known for his methods to improve [[industrial efficiency]].{{Sfn|''New York Times'', March 22,|1915|p=9}} He was one of the first [[management consulting|management consultants]].{{Sfn|''Wall Street Journal'', June 13,|1997|p=A17}} In 1909, Taylor summed up his efficiency techniques in his book ''[[The Principles of Scientific Management (monograph)|The Principles of Scientific Management]]'' which, in 2001, Fellows of the [[Academy of Management]] voted the most influential management book of the twentieth century.{{Sfn|Bedeian & Wren, Winter|2001|pp=221–225}} His pioneering work in applying engineering principles to the work done on the factory floor was instrumental in the creation and development of the branch of engineering that is now known as [[industrial engineering]]. Taylor made his name, and was most proud of his work, in scientific management; however, he made his fortune patenting steel-process improvements. As a result, [[scientific management]] is sometimes referred to as ''Taylorism''.{{Sfn|Epstein,|1996|pp=579–580}}

==Biography==
Taylor was born in 1856 to a [[Quaker]] family in [[Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]. Taylor's father, Franklin Taylor, a [[Princeton University|Princeton]]-educated lawyer, built his wealth on [[Mortgage loan|mortgages]].{{Sfn|Papesh, February 14,|1998|p=}} Taylor's mother, Emily Annette Taylor (née Winslow), was an ardent [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] and a coworker with [[Lucretia Mott]]. His father's ancestor, Samuel Taylor, settled in [[Burlington, New Jersey]], in 1677. His mother's ancestor, [[Edward Winslow]], was one of the fifteen original Mayflower Pilgrims who brought servants or children, and one of eight who had the honorable distinction of Mister. Winslow served for many years as the Governor of the Plymouth colony.

The Taylor family had inherited wealth and property, and the family's assets were maintained by Franklin's older brother, [[Caleb Newbold Taylor]].

Educated early by his mother, Taylor studied for two years in France and Germany and traveled Europe for 18 months.{{Sfn|Miami University,|2003}} In 1872, he entered [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] in [[Exeter, New Hampshire]], with the plan of eventually going to Harvard and becoming a lawyer like his father. In 1874, Taylor passed the Harvard entrance examinations with honors. However, due allegedly to rapidly deteriorating eyesight caused by night study, Taylor chose quite a different path.

Instead of attending [[Harvard University]], Taylor became an apprentice [[Patternmaker (engineering)|patternmaker]] and [[machinist]], gaining shop-floor experience at Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia (a pump-manufacturing company whose proprietors were friends of the Taylor family). During this time, his eyesight recovered. He left his apprenticeship for six months and represented a group of New England machine-tool manufacturers at Philadelphia's centennial exposition. Taylor finished his four-year apprenticeship and in 1878 became a [[machine-shop]] laborer at [[Midvale Steel|Midvale Steel Works]]. At Midvale, he was quickly promoted to time clerk, journeyman machinist, [[machine shop]] [[supervisor|foreman]], research director, and finally chief engineer of the works (while maintaining his position as machine shop foreman). Taylor's fast promotions reflected both his talent and his family's relationship with Edward Clark, part owner of Midvale Steel. (Edward Clark's son [[Clarence Clark (tennis)|Clarence Clark]], who was also a manager at Midvale Steel, married Taylor's sister.)

[[File:Midvale Steel Works Aerial View, 1879.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Midvale Steel]] Works Aerial View, 1879.]]
Early on at Midvale, working as a laborer and machinist, Taylor recognized that workmen were working their machines, or themselves, not nearly as hard as they could (a practice that at the time was called "[[wikt:soldier#Verb|soldiering]]") and that this resulted in high labor costs for the company. When he became a foreman he expected more output from the workmen. In order to determine how much work should properly be expected, he began to study and analyze the [[productivity]] of both the men and the machines (although the word "productivity" was not used at the time, and the applied science of productivity had not yet been developed). His focus on the human component of production Taylor labeled [[scientific management]].{{Sfn|Hughes,|1989|p=190}}

While Taylor worked at Midvale, he and [[Clarence Clark (tennis)|Clarence Clark]] won the first tennis doubles tournament in the [[1881 US National Championships (tennis)|1881 US National Championships]], the precursor of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].{{Sfn|''New York Times'', March 22,|1915|p=9}} Taylor became a student of [[Stevens Institute of Technology]], studying via correspondence{{Sfn|Kanigel,|1997|pp=182–183, 199}} and obtaining a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1883.{{Sfn|''New York Times'', June 15,|1883|p=8}} On May 3, 1884, he married Louise M. Spooner of Philadelphia.
[[File:Wrau-bethlehem-steel.jpg|upright=1.8|thumb|The [[Bethlehem Steel]] plant, 1896.]]
From 1890 until 1893 Taylor worked as a general manager and a consulting engineer to management for the Manufacturing Investment Company of Philadelphia, a company that operated large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin. He was a plant manager in Maine. In 1893, Taylor opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. His business card read "Consulting Engineer - Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty". Through these consulting experiences, Taylor perfected his management system. His first paper, ''A Piece Rate System'', was presented to the [[ASME|American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)]] in June 1895.{{Sfn|Copley,|1923|pp=396–397}}

In 1898 he joined [[Bethlehem Steel]] to solve an expensive [[machine-shop]] capacity problem. While at Bethlehem, he discovered the best known and most profitable of his many patents: between 1898 and 1900 Taylor and Maunsel White (''né'' Maunsel White III; 1856–1912; grandson of [[Maunsel White]]; 1783–1863) conducted comprehensive empirical tests, and concluded that [[high-speed steel|tungsten alloyed steel]] doubled or quadrupled cutting speeds. The inventors received {{US$|100000|1900|round=-5|about=yes}} for the English patents alone,{{Sfn|Drury,|1918|p=100}}{{Sfn|"F.W. Taylor Collection,"|2001}} although the U.S. patent was eventually nullified.{{Sfn|Roeber & Parmelee, March|1909|p=}}

Taylor was forced to leave Bethlehem Steel in 1901 after discord with other managers. Now a wealthy man, Taylor focused the remainder of his career promoting his management and machining methods through lecturing, writing, and consulting. From 1904 - 1914, Taylor lived in Philadelphia with his wife and three adopted children. In 1910, owing to the Eastern Rate Case, Frederick Winslow Taylor and his Scientific Management methodologies became famous worldwide. In 1911, Taylor introduced his The Principles of Scientific Management paper to the ASME, eight years after his Shop Management paper.

On October 19, 1906, Taylor was awarded an honorary degree of [[Doctor of Science]] by the [[University of Pennsylvania]].{{Sfn|Harrison Letter, October 8,|1906}} In the same year, he was elected president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Taylor was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Frederick+W.+Taylor&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> That same year, he gave testimony to a special committee of the US House of Representatives regarding his own and other systems of management. Taylor eventually became a professor at the [[Tuck School of Business]] at [[Dartmouth College]].{{Sfn|D'Aveni, Winter|2003|p=}} He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Frederick Winslow Taylor |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/frederick-winslow-taylor |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> In early spring of that year, Taylor caught pneumonia and died,{{Sfn|Frederick Taylor University}} one day after his fifty-ninth birthday, on March 21, 1915. He was buried in [[West Laurel Hill Cemetery]], in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]].

==Work==
{{over-quotation|section=y|date=December 2019}}
{{Quote box
 |quote  = Darwin, Marx, and Freud make up the trinity often cited as the "makers of the modern world." '''Marx would be taken out and replaced by Taylor if there were any justice'''... For hundreds of years there had been no increase in the ability of workers to turn out goods or to move goods... When Taylor started propounding his principles, nine out of every 10 working people did manual work, making or moving things, whether in manufacturing, farming, mining, or transportation... By 2010 it will constitute no more than one-tenth... The Productivity Revolution has become a victim of its own success. From now on what matters is the productivity of nonmanual workers. [bolding added]
  -- [[Peter Drucker]], ''The Rise of the Knowledge Society'' Wilson Quarterly (Spring 1993) p.63-65{{Sfn|Drucker, ''The Rise'', Spring|1993|pp=63–65}}
 |width  = 35%
 |align  = right
}}
{{Quote box
 |quote  = '''Taylor's crime''', in the eyes of the unions, was his assertion that there is no "skilled work." In manual operations there is only "work." All work can be analyzed the same way... The unions... were craft monopolies, and membership in them was largely restricted to sons or relatives of members. They required an apprenticeship of five to seven years but had no systematic training or work study. The unions allowed nothing to be written down. There were not even blueprints or any other drawings of the work to be done. Union members were sworn to secrecy and forbidden to discuss their work with nonmembers. [bolding added]
  -- [[Peter Drucker]], ''The Rise of the Knowledge Society'' Wilson Quarterly (Spring 1993) p.61-62{{Sfn|Drucker, ''The Rise'', Spring|1993|pp=61–62}}
 |width  = 35%
 |align  = right
}}Taylor was a mechanical engineer who sought to improve [[industrial efficiency]]. He is regarded as the father of [[scientific management]], and was one of the first [[management consulting|management consultants]] and director of a famous firm. In [[Peter Drucker]]'s description,

{{blockquote|Frederick W. Taylor was the first man in recorded history who deemed work deserving of systematic observation and study. On Taylor's 'scientific management' rests, above all, the tremendous surge of affluence in the last seventy-five years which has lifted the working masses in the developed countries well above any level recorded before, even for the well-to-do. Taylor, though the Isaac Newton (or perhaps the Archimedes) of the science of work, laid only first foundations, however. Not much has been added to them since—even though he has been dead all of sixty years.{{Sfn|Drucker,|1974|p=181}} }}

Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles:
#Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
#Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.
#Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task"{{Sfn|Montgomery,|1989|p=250}}
#Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.

Future [[US Supreme Court]] justice [[Louis Brandeis]] coined the term ''scientific management'' in the course of his argument for the [[Eastern Rate Case]] before the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] in 1910. Brandeis argued that railroads, when governed according to Taylor's principles, did not need to raise rates to increase wages. Taylor used Brandeis's term in the title of his monograph ''[[The Principles of Scientific Management]],'' published in 1911. The Eastern Rate Case propelled Taylor's ideas to the forefront of the management agenda. Taylor wrote to Brandeis, "I have rarely seen a new movement started with such great momentum as you have given this one." Taylor's approach is also often referred to as ''Taylor's Principles'', or, frequently disparagingly, as ''Taylorism''.

===Managers and workers===
{{Quote box
 |quote  = The idea, then, of.. training [a workman] under a competent teacher into new working habits until he continually and habitually works in accordance with scientific laws, which have been developed by some one else, is '''directly antagonistic to the old idea that each workman can best regulate his own way of doing the work'''... the philosophy of the old management puts the entire responsibility upon the workmen, while the philosophy of the new places a great part of it upon the management. [bolding added]
  -- [[FW Taylor]], ''The Principles of Scientific Management'' (1911) p.63{{Sfn|Taylor, ''Principles'',|1919|p=63}}
 |width  = 35%
 |align  = right
}}
Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system:

{{blockquote|It is only through ''enforced'' standardization of methods, ''enforced'' adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and ''enforced'' cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with the ''management'' alone.{{Sfn|Taylor, ''Principles'',|1919|p=83}}}}

Workers were to be selected appropriately for each task.
{{blockquote|One of the very first requirements for a man who is fit to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited to what would, for him, be the grinding monotony of work of this character.
{{Sfn|Taylor, ''Principles'',|1919|p=59}}}}

Taylor believed in transferring control from workers to management. He set out to increase the distinction between mental (planning work) and manual labor (executing work). Detailed plans, specifying the job and how it was to be done, were to be formulated by management and communicated to the workers.{{Sfn|Rinehart,|1975|p=44}}

The introduction of his system was often resented by workers and provoked numerous strikes. The strike at [[Watertown Arsenal]] led to the congressional investigation in 1912.
Taylor believed the laborer was worthy of his hire, and pay was linked to productivity. His workers were able to earn substantially more than those under conventional management,<ref name="Taylor1911p95">{{Harvnb|Taylor|1911|p=95}}.</ref> and this earned him enemies among the owners of factories where scientific management was not in use.

===Rhetorical techniques===
Taylor promised to reconcile labor and capital. {{blockquote|With the triumph of scientific management, unions would have nothing left to do, and they would have been cleansed of their most evil feature: the restriction of output. To underscore this idea, Taylor fashioned the myth that 'there has never been a strike of men working under scientific management', trying to give it credibility by constant repetition. In similar fashion he incessantly linked his proposals to shorter hours of work, without bothering to produce evidence of "Taylorized" firms that reduced working hours, and he revised his famous tale of [[Schmidt (worker)|Schmidt]] carrying pig iron at Bethlehem Steel at least three times, obscuring some aspects of his study and stressing others, so that each successive version made Schmidt's exertions more impressive, more voluntary and more rewarding to him than the last. Unlike [Harrington] Emerson, Taylor was not a charlatan, but his ideological message required the suppression of all evidence of worker's dissent, of coercion, or of any human motives or aspirations other than those his vision of progress could encompass.{{Sfn|Montgomery,|1989|p=254}}
For the stories about Schmidt Montgomery refers to [[Charles D. Wrege]] and Amadeo G. Perroni, "Taylor's Pig Tale: A Historical Analysis of Frederick W. Taylor's Pig-Iron experiments" in: ''Academy of Management Journal'', 17 (March 1974), 6-27}}

===Scholarly debate about increased efficiency moving pig iron at Bethlehem's Iron and Steel===
Debate about Taylor's Bethlehem study of workers, particularly the stereotypical laborer "[[Schmidt (worker)|Schmidt]]", continues to this day. One 2009 study supports assertions Taylor made about the quite substantial increase in productivity, for even the most basic task of picking up, carrying and dropping pigs of iron.{{Sfn|Hough & White, September–October|2001|p=}}{{Sfn|Baruch, March 1,|2009|p=}}

===Management theory===
Taylor thought that by analysing work, the "one best way" to do it would be found. He is most remembered for developing the stopwatch time study, which, combined with [[Frank Gilbreth]]'s motion study methods, later became the field of [[time and motion study]]. He broke a job into its component parts and measured each to the hundredth of a minute. One of his most famous studies involved shovels. He noticed that workers used the same shovel for all materials. He determined that the most effective load was 21½ pounds, and found or designed shovels that for each material would scoop up that amount. He was generally unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied, and was dismissed from [[Bethlehem Steel|Bethlehem Iron Company/Bethlehem Steel Company]]. Nevertheless, Taylor was able to convince workers who used shovels and whose compensation was tied to how much they produced to adopt his advice about the optimum way to shovel by breaking the movements down into their component elements and recommending better ways to perform these movements. It was largely through his disciples' efforts (most notably [[Henry Gantt]]'s) that industry came to implement his ideas. Moreover, the book he wrote after parting company with the Bethlehem company, ''Shop Management'', sold well.

===Relations with ASME===
Taylor's written works were designed for presentation to the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME). These include ''Notes on Belting'' (1894), ''A Piece-Rate System'' (1895), ''Shop Management'' (1903), ''Art of Cutting Metals'' (1906), and ''The Principles of Scientific Management'' (1911).

Taylor was [[List of ASME Presidents|president]] of the ASME from 1906 to 1907. While president, he tried to implement his system into the management of the ASME but met with much resistance. He was able to reorganize only the publications department and that only partially. He also forced out the ASME's longtime secretary, [[Morris Llewellyn Cooke]], and replaced him with [[Calvin W. Rice]]. His tenure as president was trouble-ridden and marked the beginning of a period of internal dissension within the ASME during the Progressive Age.{{Sfn|Jaffe,|1957|p=34}}

In 1911, Taylor collected a number of his articles into a book-length manuscript, which he submitted to the ASME for publication. The ASME formed an ad hoc committee to review the text. The committee included Taylor allies such as [[James Mapes Dodge]] and [[Henry R. Towne]]. The committee delegated the report to the editor of the ''[[American Machinist]]'', [[Leon P. Alford]]. Alford was a critic of the Taylor system and his report was negative. The committee modified the report slightly, but accepted Alford's recommendation not to publish Taylor's book. Taylor angrily withdrew the book and published ''Principles'' without ASME approval.{{Sfn|Jaffe,|1957|pp=36–40}}{{Sfn|Nelson,|1980|p=174}} Taylor published the trade book himself in 1912.

==Taylor's influence==

===United States===
[[File:Slide rule for turning work.png|thumb|upright=1.5|One of [[Carl G. Barth]]'s speed-and-feed slide rules.]]
[[File:GanttChartAnatomy.svg|thumb|A Gantt chart.]]
*[[Carl G. Barth]] helped Taylor to develop [[Speeds and feeds|speed-and-feed-calculating]] [[slide rule]]s to a previously unknown level of usefulness. Similar aids are still used in machine shops today. Barth became an early consultant on scientific management and later taught at Harvard.
*[[H. L. Gantt]] developed the [[Gantt chart]], a visual aid for scheduling tasks and displaying the flow of work.
*[[Harrington Emerson]] introduced scientific management to the [[railroad]] industry, and proposed the dichotomy of ''staff'' versus ''line'' employees, with the former advising the latter.
*[[Morris Cooke]] adapted scientific management to educational and municipal organizations.
*[[Hugo Münsterberg]] created [[industrial psychology]].
*[[Lillian Moller Gilbreth|Lillian Gilbreth]] introduced psychology to management studies.
*[[Frank Bunker Gilbreth|Frank Gilbreth]] (husband of Lillian) discovered scientific management while working in the construction industry, eventually developing motion studies independently of Taylor. These logically complemented Taylor's time studies, as time and motion are two sides of the efficiency improvement coin. The two fields eventually became [[time and motion study]].
*[[Harvard University]], one of the first American universities to offer a graduate degree in business management in 1908, based its first-year curriculum on Taylor's scientific management.{{Sfn|Lepore, October 12,|2009|p=114}}
*[[Harlow S. Person]], as [[Dean (education)|dean]] of [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]]'s [[Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance]], promoted the teaching of scientific management.
*[[James O. McKinsey]], professor of accounting at the [[University of Chicago]] and founder of the consulting firm bearing his name, advocated budgets as a means of assuring accountability and of measuring performance.

===France===
In [[France]], [[Henri Louis Le Chatelier|Le Chatelier]] translated Taylor's work and introduced scientific management throughout government owned plants during [[World War I]]. This influenced the French theorist [[Henri Fayol]], whose 1916 ''[[Administration Industrielle et Générale]]'' emphasized organizational structure in management. In the classic ''General and Industrial Management'', Fayol wrote that "Taylor's approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the 'bottom up.' He starts with the most elemental units of activity – the workers' actions – then studies the effects of their actions on productivity, devises new methods for making them more efficient, and applies what he learns at lower levels to the hierarchy {{nowrap| ... }}"{{Sfn|Fayol,|1988|p=43}} He suggests that Taylor has staff analysts and advisors working with individuals at lower levels of the organization to identify the ways to improve efficiency. According to Fayol, the approach results in a "negation of the principle of unity of command."{{Sfn|Fayol,|1988|p=44}} Fayol criticized Taylor's functional management in this way: In [[#Publications|''Shop Management'']],  Taylor said{{Sfn|Fayol,|1988|p=}} « ... the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each workman, instead of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only, ... receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses... these eight were (1) route clerks, (2) instruction card men, (3) cost and time clerks, (4) gang bosses, (5) speed bosses, (6) inspectors, (7) repair bosses, and the (8) shop disciplinarian. »{{Sfn|Fayol,|1949|p=68}} Fayol said that this was an unworkable situation and that Taylor must have reconciled the differences in some way not described in Taylor's works.

Around 1922 the journalist [[Paulette Bernège]] became interested in Taylor's theories, which were popular in France in the post-war period.{{Sfn|Dumont, September|2012|pp=36–40}}
Bernège became the faithful disciple of the Domestic Sciences Movement that [[Christine Frederick]] had launched earlier in the United States, which Bernège adapted to French homes.
Frederick had transferred the concepts of Taylorism from the factory to domestic work. These included suitable tools, rational study of movements and timing of tasks. Scientific standards for housework were derived from scientific standards for workshops, intended to streamline the work of a housewife.{{Sfn|Bernège & Ribeill,|1989|p=}}
The ''Comité national de l'organisation française'' (CNOF) was founded in 1925 by a group of journalists and consulting engineers who saw Taylorism as a way to expand their client base.
Founders included prominent engineers such as [[Henry Louis Le Châtelier]] and [[Léon Guillet]]. Bernège's Institute of Housekeeping Organization participated in various congresses on the scientific organization of work that led up to the founding of the CNOF, and in 1929 led to a section in CNOF on domestic economy.{{Sfn|Henry,|2003|p=5}}

===Great Britain===
Older historical accounts used to suggest that British industry had less interest in Taylor's teachings than in similarly sized countries.{{Sfn|Maier,|1970|p=}} More recent research has revealed that British engineers and managers were as interested as in other countries.{{Sfn|Whitston, Summer|1997|p=}} This disparity was largely due to what historians have been analysing: recent research has revealed that Taylor's practices diffused to Britain more through consultancies, in particular the [[Charles Bedaux|Bedaux consultancy]], than through institutions, as in Germany and to a lesser extent France, where a mixture was most effective.{{Sfn|Kipping, October|1997|p=}}{{Sfn|Wren, June 8,|2015|pp=309–327}}

Particularly enthusiastic were the [[Cadbury family]], [[Seebohm Rowntree]], [[Oliver Sheldon]] and [[Lyndall Urwick]]. In addition to establishing a consultancy to implement Taylor's system, [[Urwick, Orr & Partners]], Urwick was also a key historian of F.W. Taylor and scientific management, publishing ''The Making of Scientific Management'' trilogy in the 1940s and ''The Golden Book of Management'' in 1956.

===Switzerland===
In Switzerland, the American [[Edward Albert Filene]] established the [[International Institute for Management Development|International Management Institute]] to spread information about management techniques. [[Lyndall Urwick]] was its director until the IMI closed in 1933.{{Sfn|Wrege,|1987|p=}}[[Charles D. Wrege]], Ronald G. Greenwood, and Sakae Hata, 'The International Management Institute and Political Opposition to its Efforts in Europe, 1925-1934' ''Business and Economic History'' (1987)[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.392.2216&rep=rep1&type=pdf  PDF link]</ref>

===USSR===
In the [[Soviet Union]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] was very impressed by Taylorism, which he and other [[Bolshevik]] leaders tried to incorporate into Soviet manufacturing. When [[Joseph Stalin]] took power in the 1920s, he championed the theory of "[[Socialism in one country]]" which denied that the Soviet economy needed foreign help to develop, and open advocates of Western management techniques fell into disfavor. No longer celebrated by Soviet leadership, Taylorism and the mass production methods of [[Henry Ford]] remained silent influences during the [[industrialization of the Soviet Union]]. Nevertheless, "[...] Frederick Taylor's methods have never really taken root in the Soviet Union."{{Sfn|Atta, April|1986|p=335}} The voluntaristic approach of Stalin's [[Stakhanovite]] movement in the 1930s, fixated on setting individual records, was intrinsically opposed to Taylor's systematic approach and proved to be counter-productive.{{Sfn|Atta, April|1986|p=331}} The stop-and-go of the production process – workers having nothing to do at the beginning of a month and 'storming' during illegal extra shifts at the end of the month – which prevailed even in the 1980s had nothing to do with the successfully taylorized plants e.g., of [[Toyota]] which are characterized by ''continuous'' production processes ([[heijunka]]) which are ''continuously'' improved ([[kaizen]]).{{Sfn|Head,|2003|p=38–59}}

"The easy availability of replacement labor, which allowed Taylor to choose only 'first-class men,' was an important condition for his system's success."{{Sfn|Atta, April|1986|p=329}}  The situation in the Soviet Union was very different.  "Because work is so unrhythmic, the rational manager will hire more workers than he would need if supplies were even in order to have enough for storming. Because of the continuing labor shortage, managers are happy to pay needed workers more than the norm, either by issuing false job orders, assigning them to higher skill grades than they deserve on merit criteria, giving them 'loose' piece rates, or making what is supposed to be 'incentive' pay, premia for good work, effectively part of the normal wage. As Mary McAuley has suggested under these circumstances piece rates are not an incentive wage, but a way of justifying giving workers whatever they 'should' be getting, no matter what their pay is supposed to be according to the official norms."{{Sfn|Atta, April|1986|p=333}}

Taylor and his theories are also referenced (and put to practice) in the 1921 [[dystopia]]n novel ''[[We (novel)|We]]'' by [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]].

===Canada===
In the early 1920s, the Canadian textile industry was re-organized according to scientific management principles. In 1928, workers at Canada Cotton Ltd. in [[Hamilton, Ontario]] went on strike against newly introduced Taylorist work methods. Also, [[Henry Gantt]], who was a close associate of Taylor, re-organized the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]].{{Sfn|Rinehart,|1975|p=43}}

With the prevalence of US branch plants in Canada and close economic and cultural ties between the two countries, the sharing of business practices, including Taylorism, has been common.

===The Taylor Society and its legacy===
The [[Taylor Society]] was founded in 1912 by Taylor's allies to promote his values and influence.{{Sfn|Mee, Spring|1988|p=}} A decade after Taylor's death in 1915 the Taylor Society had 800 members, including many leading U.S. industrialists and managers.{{Sfn|Brown, May|1925|p=}} In 1936 the Society merged with the Society of Industrial Engineers, forming the [[Society for Advancement of Management]], which still exists today.{{Sfn|Society for Advancement of Management (link)}}

===Criticism of Taylor===
Many of the critiques of Taylor come from Marxists. The earliest was by [[Antonio Gramsci]], an Italian Communist, in his ''[[Prison Notebooks]]'' (1937). Gramsci argued that Taylorism subordinates the  workers to management. He also argued that the repetitive work produced by Taylorism might actually give rise to revolutionary thoughts in workers' minds.{{Sfn|Gramsci, ''Selections'',|1929–1931}}{{Sfn|Gramsci,|1929–1931}}

[[Harry Braverman]]'s work ''[[Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century]]'', published in 1974, was critical of [[scientific management]] and of Taylor in particular. This work pioneered the field of [[Labor Process Theory]] as well as contributing to the [[historiography]] of the workplace.

Management theorist [[Henry Mintzberg]] is highly critical of Taylor's methods. Mintzberg states that an obsession with efficiency allows measurable benefits to overshadow less quantifiable social benefits completely, and social values get left behind.{{Sfn|Mintzberg,|1989|p=333}}

Taylor's methods have also been challenged by [[socialism|socialists]]. Their arguments relate to progressive defanging of workers in the workplace and the subsequent degradation of work as management, powered by capital, uses Taylor's methods to render work repeatable and precise yet monotonous and skill-reducing.{{Sfn|Braverman,|1974|pp=43–52}} James W. Rinehart argued that Taylor's methods of transferring control over production from workers to management, and the division of labor into simple tasks, intensified the alienation of workers that had begun with the factory system of production around the period 1870 to 1890.{{Sfn|Rinehart,|1975|pp=43–52}}

Criticism of Taylor and the Japanese model, according to [[Kōnosuke Matsushita]]:

"We are going to win and the industrial west is going to lose out; ... the reasons for failure are within yourselves. Your firms are built on the Taylor model. Even worse, so are your heads. With your bosses doing the thinking while workers wield the screwdrivers, you're convinced deep down that it is the right way to run a business. For the essence of management is getting ideas out of the heads of the bosses and into the heads of labour. We are beyond your mindset. Business, we know, is now so complex and difficult, the survival of firms so hazardous in an environment increasingly unpredictable, competitive and fraught with danger, that their continued existence depends on the day-to-day mobilisation of every ounce of intelligence."{{Sfn|1990|Pascale,|1990|p=27}}

==Tennis and golf accomplishments==
Taylor was an accomplished [[tennis]] and [[golf]] player. He and [[Clarence Clark (tennis)|Clarence Clark]] won the inaugural [[United States National championship (tennis)|United States National tennis doubles championship]] at [[Newport Casino]] in 1881, defeating [[Alexander Van Rensselaer]] and Arthur Newbold (''né'' Arthur Emlen Newbold; 1859–1920) in straight sets.{{Sfn|''New York Times'', March 22,|1915|p=9}} In the [[1900 Summer Olympics]], Taylor finished [[Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|fourth]] in golf.

{| class="unsortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="width:5%"|Result
!style="width:5%"|Year
!style="width:20%"|Championship
!style="width:5%"|Surface
!style="width:25%"|Partner
!style="width:25%"|Opponents
!style="width:15%" class="unsortable"|Score
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win || 1881 || [[1881 U.S. National Championships – Doubles|U.S. Doubles Championships]] || [[Grass court|Grass]] ||style="text-align:left;"| {{hanging indent |text={{flagicon|USA|1881}} Frederick W. Taylor}}{{flagicon|USA|1881}} [[Clarence Clark (tennis)|Clarence Clark]] ||style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|USA|1881}} [[Alexander Van Rensselaer]]<br>{{flagicon|USA|1881}} Arthur Newbold || 6–5, 6–4, 6–5
|}

==Publications==
'''Books'''
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{hanging indent |text=1903, 1911.  {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Frederick Winslow |title=Shop Management |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/shopmanagement01tayl/page/n5/mode/2up |type=With an introduction by [[Henry R. Towne]] |location=New York, London |publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]] }}{{Sfn|Taylor, ''Shop'',|1903|pp=1337–1480}}}}
* {{hanging indent |text=1911. {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Frederick Winslow |date=1919 |orig-date=1911 |title=The Principles of Scientific Management |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofscie00taylrich/page/n5/mode/2up |publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]] |access-date= |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Prelinger Library]]) {{free access}} }} {{LCCN|11010339}}; {{OCLC|233134|show=all}}.}}<div style="margin-left:6em">{{cite book |title=The Principles of Scientific Management |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/6435 |via=[[Project Gutenberg]] {{free access}} }}</div>
* {{hanging indent |text=1911. {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Frederick Winslow |last2=Thompson |first2=Sanford Eleazer (1867–1949) |author-link2=Sanford E. Thompson |title=A Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced: Materials, Construction, and Design of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete |year=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseonconcre00tayluoft/page/n7/mode/2up |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[University of Toronto]]) {{free access}} }} {{OCLC|1722781|show=all}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text=1912. {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Frederick Winslow |last2=Thompson |first2=Sanford Eleazer (1867–1949) |author-link2=Sanford E. Thompson |title=Concrete Costs |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/concretecoststa01thomgoog/page/n4/mode/2up |type=1st ed.; 1st issue |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]) {{free access}} }} {{LCCN|12010295}}; {{OCLC|2272138|show=all}}.}}
{{div col end}}
'''Selected articles'''
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{hanging indent |text=1894. {{cite journal |title=Notes on Belting |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsof15amer#page/204/mode/2up |journal=Transactions |year=1880 |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |volume=15 |pages=204–259 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[University of Toronto]]) {{free access}} }} {{OCLC|1052127574|show=all}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text=1896. {{cite journal |date=June 1896 |title=A Piece-Rate System |url=https://archive.org/stream/adjustmentwages00taylgoog#page/n45/mode/2up |journal=Economic Studies |publisher=[[American Economic Association]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=89–129 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[University of Michigan]]) {{free access}} }} {{OCLC|1076000|show=all}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text=1903. {{cite journal |title=Shop Management |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsof24amer#page/1336/mode/2up |type=No. 1003 |journal=Transactions |year=1880 |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |volume=24 |pages=1337–1480 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[University of Toronto]]) {{free access}} }} {{OCLC|6077365|show=all}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text=1906. {{cite journal |title=On the Art of Cutting Metals |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsof28amer#page/30/mode/2up |type=No. 1119 |journal=Transactions |year=1880 |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |volume=28 |pages=31–350 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[University of Toronto]]) {{free access}} }} {{OCLC|9057615|show=all}}.}}
{{div col end}}

==Bibliography==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|22em}}

===References===
{{hanging indent |text='''Secondary sources – books, journals, magazines, and papers'''}}<!--The hanging indents help the appearance on mobile devices-->
<!--Ref system has been made consistent as Harvard referencing. Please continue to use Harvard ref system in this article to be consistent with what's already here. For more info on reference systems in Wikipedia, see [[WP:REF]].-->
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--A-->
*{{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Atta, April|1986|pp=327–337}} |last1=Atta |first1=Don Van, PhD |date=April 1986 |title=Why Is There No Taylorism in the Soviet Union? |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=18 |issue=33 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.2307/421614 |jstor=421614 }} {{doi|10.2307/421614}}; {{JSTOR|421614}}; {{ISSN|0010-4159}}; {{OCLC|5548842780|8313710703|13565305}}.

<!--B-->
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Baruch, March 1,|2009|p=}} |last1=Baruch |first1=Yehuda, DSc |date=March 1, 2009 |title=Once Upon a Time There Was an Organization: Organizational Stories as Antitheses to Fairy Tales |journal=[[Journal of Management Inquiry]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |doi=10.1177/1056492606294522 |s2cid=144074635 }} {{ISSN|1056-4926}}, {{ISSN|1552-6542}}; {{doi|10.1177/1056492606294522}}; {{OCLC|439088502|5234861190}}; {{ProQuest|1928625238|203317764}} (ABI/Inform Collection).
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Bedeian & Wren, Winter|2001|pp=221–225}} |last1=Bedeian |first1= Arthur G. |author-link1=Arthur G. Bedeian |last2= Wren |first2= Daniel Alan, PhD |author-link2=Daniel A. Wren |date=Winter 2001 |title=Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century |journal= Organizational Dynamics |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=221–225 |doi=10.1016/S0090-2616(01)00022-5 |url=https://faculty.lsu.edu/bedeian/files/most-influential-management-books-of-the-20th-century.pdf |access-date= March 12, 2017 |via=[[Louisiana State University]] }} {{ISSN|0090-2616}}; {{doi|10.1016/S0090-2616(01)00022-5}}; {{OCLC|5198509376}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Bernège & Ribeill,|1989|p=}} |last1=Bernège |first1=Paulette (1896–1983) |author-link1=Paulette Bernège |date=1989 |title=Le Tuyau: ÉLément Essentiel de Civilisation |trans-title=The Pipe: Essential Element of Civilization |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/flux_1154-2721_1989_hos_5_1_910 |type=presented by Georges Ribeill |journal=Flux, Numéro Spécial |volume=5 |page=59 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Persée (web portal)|Persée]] }} {{doi|10.3406/flux.1989.910}}; {{ISSN|1154-2721}}; {{OCLC|8333955036|4648688853|732458564}}.
* {{cite book| ref={{SfnRef|Braverman,|1974|pp=43–52}} |last1=Braverman |first1=Harry (1920–1976) |author-link1=Harry Braverman |date=1974 |title=Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/labormonopolycap00harr/page/n3/mode/2up |type=see ''[[Labor and Monopoly Capital]]'' |url-access=registration |pages=43–52 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|74007785}}; {{ISBN|0-8534-5340-3}}; {{OCLC|13085658|show=all}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Brown, May|1925|p=}} |last1=Brown |first1=Percy Shiras (1883–1973) |author-link1=Percy S. Brown |date=May 1925 |title=The Works and Aims of the Taylor Society |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1015419 |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=119 |pages=134–139 |doi=10.1177/000271622511900121 |jstor=1015419 |s2cid=143498508 }} {{doi|10.1177/000271622511900121}}; {{JSTOR|1015419}}; {{ISSN|0002-7162}}; {{OCLC|5546400949|5723415222}}.

<!--C-->
*{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Copley,|1923|p=}} |last1=Copley |first1=Frank Barkley (1875–1941) |date=1923 |title=Frederick W. Taylor, Father of Scientific Management |publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]]}} (2 Vols.) {{LCCN|23017530}}; {{OCLC|807494|show=all}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''Vol. 1'' | year=1923 | publisher=Taylor Society |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009784839&view=1up&seq=9 |via=[[HathiTrust]] ([[University of Michigan Library]]) {{free access}} }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Vol. 2'' | year=1923 | publisher=Harper and Brothers |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b97219&view=1up&seq=11 |via=[[HathiTrust]] ([[University of California Libraries]]) {{free access}} }}</li></ol></ol>
<div style="margin-left:6em">
{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''pp. 396–397'' | year=1923 | publisher=Taylor Society |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009784839&view=1up&seq=452 }} → "The first statement of his management methods in general he reserved for his paper A Piece-Rate System read by him at the Detroit meeting of the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers|A.S.M.E.]] in June, 1895."}}</div>

<!--D-->
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|D'Aveni, Winter|2003|p=}} |last1=D'Aveni |first1=Richard Anthony |author-link1=Richard D'Aveni |date=Winter 2003 |title=On Changing the Conversation: Tuck and the Field of Strategy |url=http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/faculty/publications/voices_rad.html |type=alumni magazine of the [[Tuck School of Business]] at [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] |journal=Tuck Today |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire]] |access-date=November 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804050415/http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/faculty/publications/voices_rad.html |archive-date=August 4, 2007 |url-status=dead }} {{OCLC|18735559|show=all}}.
*{{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Drucker, ''The Rise'', Spring|1993|p=}} |last1=Drucker |first1=Peter F. |author-link1=Peter Drucker |date=Spring 1993 |title=The Rise of the Knowledge Society |url=http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL17_SP_1993_Article_02_1.pdf |journal=[[The Wilson Quarterly]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=52–71 }} {{OCLC|5234803341|4595414907|8658889301}} & {{OCLC search link|30828911}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Drucker,|1974|p=181}} |last1=Drucker |first1=Peter F. |author-link1=Peter Drucker |date=1974 |title=Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/managementtasksr00druc |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Harper & Row]]| location=New York |via=[[Internet Archive]]}} {{ISBN|978-1-4128-0627-5}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Dumont, September|2012|pp=36–40}} |last=Dumont |first=Marie-Jeanne |date=September 2012 |title=''Si Les Femmes Faisaient Les Maisons'', la Croisade de Paulette Bernège |trans-title=''If Women Made Houses'' – The Crusade of Paulette Bernège |url= |type=re: [[Paulette Bernège]]'s 1928 book, ''If Women Made Houses'' |language=fr |journal=[[:fr:Criticat|Criticat]] |volume=10 |pages=36–40 }}<div style="margin-left:6em">{{cite book |title=''Transcribed on Éditions'' D-Fiction ''(blog)'' |url=http://d-fiction.fr/2012/12/si-les-femmes-faisaient-les-maisons-la-croisade-de-paulette-bernege |access-date=June 5, 2015 |archive-date=May 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506180936/http://d-fiction.fr/2012/12/si-les-femmes-faisaient-les-maisons-la-croisade-de-paulette-bernege/|url-status=dead |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</div>
*{{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Drury,|1918|p=100}} |last1=Drury |first1=Horace Bookwalter |author-link1=Horace Bookwalter Drury |date=1918 |title=Scientific Management; A History and Criticism |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924002406647/page/n103/mode/2up?view=theater&q=%22one+hundred+patents%22 |type=this is a re-print of Drury's 1915 PhD dissertation at [[Columbia University|Columbia]] |journal=Studies in History, Economics and Public Law |publisher=Edited by the Faculty of Political Science of [[Columbia University]] |volume=65 |issue=1, whole no. 157 |page=100 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Cornell University Library]]) {{free access}} }} 
<div style="margin-left:6em">
"Mr. Taylor has taken out about one hundred patents, his greatest invention being the discovery between 1898 and 1900, jointly with Mr. Maunsel White, of the Taylor-White process of treating tungsten steel. This invention, according to the highest authorities, has revolutionized the machine shops of the world, enabling tools to cut metal at least three times as rapidly as before. The inventors received $100,000 [{{Inflation|US|100000|1905|fmt=eq|r=-3}}] for the English patents alone. Fame again came to Mr. Taylor upon his publication, in 1906, of the results of the extended researches of himself and others in the art of cutting metals – a work of genuine scientific character, and of the highest practical importance. Mr. Taylor, however, regarded as of far greater moment than all this other work his share in the discovery of the principles of scientific management."</div>

<!--E-->
*{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Epstein,|1996|pp=579–580}} |last1=Epstein |first1=Marc J. |chapter=Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1856–1915) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/histaccounting00chat/page/578/mode/2up |editor-last1=Chatfield |editor-first1=Michael |editor-link1=Michael Chatfield |editor-last2=Vangermeersch |editor-first2=Richard |editor-link2=Richard Vangermeersch |date=1996 |title=History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/histaccounting00chat/page/578/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |pages=579–580 |isbn=9780815308096 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}

<!--F-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Fayol,|1949|p=}} |last1=Fayol |first1=Henri |author-link1=Henri Fayol |date=1949 |title=General and Industrial Management |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13518/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=Internet Archive {{free access}} }}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Fayol,|1988|p=}} |last1=Fayol |first1=Henri |author-link1=Henri Fayol |date=1988 |editor-last1=Revised by Irwin Gray |title=General and Industrial Management: Henri Fayol's Classic |url=https://archive.org/details/generalindustria0000fayo_c5t2/page/n3/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=[[Belmont, California]] |publisher=[[Pitman Publishing]] |isbn=9780273029816 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Frederick Winslow Taylor, Memorial,|1920|p=}} |last1= |first1= |date=1920 |title=Frederick Winslow Taylor – A Memorial Volume, Being Addresses Delivered at the Funeral of Frederick Winslow Taylor, Cedron, Indian Queen Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa., March 24, 1915; At a Memorial Meeting Held Under the Auspices of the Society to Promote the Science of Management (Now Taylor Society) University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., October 22, 1915; And at Mr. Taylor's Home "Boxly," Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa., October 23, 1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/frederickwinslow00tayl/page/n7/mode/2up |publisher=[[Taylor Society]] |access-date=August 28, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Library of Congress]]) {{free access}}}} {{LCCN|21001438}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Frederick Taylor University |author-link1=Frederick Taylor University |title=''"About" → "Frederick Winslow Taylor, M.E., Sc.D."'' |url=http://ftu.edu/about/ |access-date=March 30, 2015 }}<div style="margin-left:6em">The "M.E." represents Taylor's 1883 Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from [[Stevens Institute of Technology]]; the "[[Sc.D.]]" was an honorary degree conferred by [[University of Pennsylvania|Penn]] in 1906.</div>
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"F.W. Taylor Collection,"|2001}} |date=2001 |title=F.W. Taylor Collection: Patents |url=http://www.lib.stevens-tech.edu/collections/fwtaylor/guide/part1/patents.html |publisher=Samuel C. Williams Library, [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] |access-date=May 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112144955/http://www.lib.stevens-tech.edu/collections/fwtaylor/guide/part1/patents.html |archive-date=November 12, 2007 |url-status=dead}}  ({{URL|https://web.stevens.edu/libraryexhibits/FindingAids/FWT_FindingAid.html|Series III of the Collection – "Patents and Correspondence Relating to Patents"}}) {{OCLC|123905137}}.

<!--H-->
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Harrison Letter, October 8,|1906}} |last1=Harrison |first1=Charles Custis (1844–1929) |author-link1=Charles Custis Harrison |date=October 8, 1906 |title=Letter to Taylor |url=https://stevensarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4100coll1/id/1382/ |type=item no. 053G001 |via=[[Stevens Institute of Technology]] Archives. Frederick Winslow Taylor Collection |access-date=May 5, 2008 }} {{OCLC|123905137}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Head,|2003|p=38–59}} |last1=Head |first1=Simon |date=2003 |title=The New Ruthless Economy – Work and Power in the Digital Age |url=https://archive.org/details/newruthlessecono00head/page/38/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516601-9 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Lexington Public Library]])}} {{OCLC|762723768|show=all}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Henry,|2003|p=5}} |last=Henry |first=Odile |date=2003 |title=Femmes & Taylorisme: La Rationalisation du Travail Domestique |trans-title=Women & Taylorism: The Rationalization of Domestic Work |url=http://revueagone.revues.org/402|language=fr |journal=[[:fr:Agone (revue)|Agone]] |issue=28 |page=5 |access-date=June 5, 2015}} {{doi|10.4000/revueagone.402}}; {{OCLC|4659970814}}.<div style="margin-left:6em">The article is also included in a compilation book → {{cite book |editor-last1=Vincent |editor-first1=Béatrice |date=2003 |title=Lutte des Sexes & Lutte des Classes |trans-title=Gender Struggle & Class Struggle |language=fr |location=[[Marseille]] |publisher=[[:fr:Éditions Agone|Éditions Agone]] }} {{ISBN|2-7489-0003-0|978-2-7489-0003-3}}; {{OCLC|491458578|show=all}}.</div>
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Hough & White, September–October|2001|p=}} |last1=Hough |first1=Jill Renee |last2=White |first2=Margaret Alice |date=September–October 2001 |title=Using Stories to Create Change: The Object Lesson of Frederick Taylor's 'Pig-Tale' |journal=[[Journal of Management]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=585–601 }} {{doi|10.1177/014920630102700505}}; {{ProQuest|197150631}} (ABI/Inform Collection); {{ISSN|0149-2063}}; {{OCLC|5568698486|4309090200}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hughes,|1989|p=190}} |last1=Hughes |first1=Thomas Parke |author-link1=Thomas P. Hughes |date=1989 |title=American Genesis – A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870–1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/americangenesisc0000hugh/page/190/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Viking Press]] / [[Penguin Books]] |page=190 |isbn=9780140097412 |access-date=August 29, 2022|via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Marygrove College]])}} {{LCCN|8939468}}; {{ISBN|0-1400-9741-4|978-0-1400-9741-2}}; {{OCLC|1016217167|show=all}}.

<!--J-->
*{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Jaffe,|1957|p=}} |last1=Jaffe |first1=William Julian (1910–2000) |date=1957 |title=L.P. Alford and the Evolution of Modern Industrial Management |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015023114401&view=1up&seq=9 |type="With an introduction by David B. Porter." See [[Leon Pratt Alford]] (1877–1942) |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |via=[[HathiTrust]] ([[University of Michigan]]) {{free access}} }} {{LCCN|57007915}}; {{OCLC|367967|show=all}}.

<!--K-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Kanigel,|1997|pp=182–183, 199}} |last=Kanigel |first=Robert |author-link1=Robert Kanigel |date=1997 |title=The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency |url=https://archive.org/details/onebestwayfreder00robe |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |isbn=9780670864027 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{ISBN|978-0-670-86402-7}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Kipping, October|1997|p=}} |last1=Kipping |first1=Matthias |date=October 1997 |title=Consultancies, Institutions and the Diffusion of Taylorism in Britain, Germany and France, 1920s to 1950s |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00076799700000146 |url-access=subscription |journal=Business History |volume=39 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]], [[Routledge]], [[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=67–83 |doi=10.1080/00076799700000146 }} {{doi|10.1080/00076799700000146}}; {{ISSN|0007-6791}}; {{OCLC|4893274429}}.<div style="margin-left:6em">Kipping is a professor at the [[Schulich School of Business]].</div>

<!--L-->
* {{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|Lepore, October 12,|2009|p=114}} |last1=Lepore |first1=Jill |author-link1=Jill Lepore |date=October 12, 2009 |title=Not So Fast – Scientific Management Started as a Way to Work. How Did It Become a Way of Life? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/10/12/not-so-fast |type=book review → ''The Management Myth – Why the 'Experts' Keep Getting It Wrong'', by [[Matthew Stewart (philosopher)|Matthew Stewart]] |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=85 |issue=32 |page=114 (1st page) |access-date=28 June 2017}} {{ProQuest|233147691}}; {{eISSN|0028-792X}}, {{ISSN|2163-3827}}; {{OCLC|5326941980}}.{{hanging indent |text=In 1908, [[Edwin Francis Gay|Edwin Gay]], a Harvard economics professor, visited Taylor in Philadelphia. Gay had been frustrated in his efforts to start a business school at Harvard: "I am constantly being told by businessmen that we cannot teach business." After meeting Taylor, Gay declared, "I am convinced that there is a scientific method involved in and underlying the art of business."}}

<!--M-->
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Maier,|1970|p=}} |last1=Maier |first1=Charles S. |author-link1=Charles S. Maier |date=1970 |title=Between Taylorism and Technocracy: European Ideologies and the Vision of Industrial Productivity in the 1920s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/259743 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=27–61 |doi=10.1177/002200947000500202 |jstor=259743 |s2cid=162139561 |access-date=August 29, 2022 }} {{JSTOR|259743}}; {{ISSN|0022-0094}}, {{OCLC|651663797|5548943793|5723522076}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Mee, Spring|1988|p=}} |last1=Mee |first1=John Franklin, PhD (1908–1985) |date=Spring 1988 |title=SAM – A Short History |url=http://samnational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/SAMHistory1912-1987b.pdf |type=re: [[Society for Advancement of Management]]. [[Diamond Anniversary]] issue |journal=SAM Advanced Management Journal |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=5–12 }} {{EBSCOhost|4613584}} (Business Premier database); {{ISSN|0749-7075}}; {{OCLC|8284291295}}.<div style="margin-left:6em">Mee wrote the article for SAM's [[Golden Anniversary]] issue → {{cite journal |last1=Mee |first1=John Franklin, PhD |date=September 1963 |title=SAM – A Short History |journal=Advanced Management Journal |volume=28 }} {{OCLC|311111459}}, {{OCLC|29085175|11028187}}.</div>
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Miami University,|2003}} |last1=Miami University |author-link1=Miami University |date=2003 |title=Frederick Winslow Taylor |url=http://www.units.muohio.edu/technologyandhumanities/taylor.htm |url-status=dead |type=biographical essay |location=[[Oxford, Ohio]] |access-date=May 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031124000924/http://www.units.muohio.edu/technologyandhumanities/taylor.htm |archive-date=November 24, 2003 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Mintzberg,|1989|p=}} |editor-last1=Mintzberg |editor-first1=Henry |editor-link1=Henry Mintzberg |date=1989 |title=Mintzberg on Management |url=https://archive.org/details/mintzbergonmanag0000mint/page/332/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=The Free Press |isbn=9780029213711 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{ISBN|978-1-4165-7319-7}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Montgomery,|1989|p=}} |last1=Montgomery |first1=David |author-link1=David Montgomery (historian) |date=1989 |title=The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925 |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofhouseoflab00mont/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521379823 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Boston Public Library]])}}<div style="margin-left:6em">For the stories about Schmidt, Montgomery refers to → {{cite journal |last1=Wrege |first1=Charles D. |author-link1=Charles D. Wrege |last2=Perroni |first2=Amadeo G. |date=March 1974 |title=Taylor's Pig-Tale: A Historical Analysis of Frederick W. Taylor's Pig-Iron Experiments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/254767 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Academy of Management Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=6–27|jstor=254767 }} {{doi|10.5465/254767}}; {{JSTOR|254767}}; {{ISSN|0001-4273}}; {{OCLC|5260887207|5790939267}}.</div>

<!--N-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Nelson,|1980|p=174}} |last1=Nelson |first1=Daniel Melvin, PhD (born 1941) |date=1980 |title=Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management |url={{GBurl|dWrbAAAAMAAJ|pg=}} |type=snippit view |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |via=[[Google Books]] }} {{LCCN|795411}}; {{ISBN|0-2990-8160-5|978-0-2990-8160-7}}; {{OCLC|6087867|show=all}}.

<!--P-->
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Papesh, February 14,|1998|p=}} |last1=Papesh |first1=Mary Ellen |date=February 14, 1998 |title=Frederick Winslow Taylor |url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~bbrown/courses/2004fall/puad502/GOVT351_FredTaylorBio%20by%20Papesh.pdf |type=student paper |location=[[Joliet, Illinois]] |publisher=[[University of St. Francis]] Business School |access-date=May 4, 2008}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|1990|Pascale,|1990|p=27}} |editor-last1=Pascale |editor-first1=Richard Tanner |editor-link1=Richard Pascale |date=1990 |title=Managing on the Edge: How Successful Companies Use Conflict for Competitive Advantage |url=https://archive.org/details/managingonedgehopas00pasc/page/26/mode/2up |url-access=registration |type=quoting [[Kōnosuke Matsushita]] |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |page=27 |isbn=9780671624422 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|89048997}}; {{OCLC|316016475|show=all}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Gramsci, ''Selections'',|1929–1931}} |last1=Gramsci |first1=Antonio (1891–1937) |author-link1=Antonio Gramsci |editor-last1=Hoare |editor-first1=Quintin |editor-link1=Quintin Hoare |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Geoffrey Nowell |date=1971 |orig-date=1929–1935 |title=Selections From the <u>Prison Notebooks</u> of Antonio Gramsci |url=https://archive.org/details/AntonioGramsciSelectionsFromThePrisonNotebooks/page/n1/mode/2up |type=11th printing |publisher=[[International Publishers]] |access-date=August 30, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] {{free access}} }} {{LCCN|71168985}} (1st ed.), {{LCCN|72175271}}; {{ISBN|0-7178-0397-X}}; {{OCLC|185485941|show=all}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Gramsci,|1929–1931}} |last1=Gramsci |first1=Antonio (1891–1937) |author-link1=Antonio Gramsci |date=1991–2011 |orig-date=1929–1935 |title=Prison Notebooks |trans-title=Quaderni del Carcere |type=translated eds. – 1991, 1992, 1996, 2007, 2008, 2011 – by [[Joseph Anthony Buttigieg II]]; 1947–2019. See ''[[Prison Notebooks]]'' |series=(3 volumes) |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]}} {{LCCN|91022910}}; {{ISBN|0-2311-5755-X|978-0-2311-5755-1}} (2011 ed.); {{OCLC|210400186|show=all}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''Vol. 1'' |url={{GBurl|89JZEfMtwAMC|pg=PR3}} |edition=1992 |via=[[Google Books]] (limited preview) }} {{ISBN|0-2310-6082-3|978-0-2310-6082-0}}.</li>
<li>  {{cite book |title=''Vol. 2 (not available online)'' |edition=1992 }} {{ISBN|0-2311-0592-4|978-0-2311-0592-7}}.</li>
<li>  {{cite book |title=''Vol. 3 (not available online)'' |edition=1992 }} {{ISBN|978-0-2311-3944-1}}.</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Vol. 3'' |year=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/prisonnotebooks0003gram/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |edition=2007 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Trent University]]) }} {{ISBN|978-0-2311-3944-1}}.</li></ol></ol>

<!--R-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Rinehart,|1975|p=44}} |last1=Rinehart |first1=James W. (born 1933) |date=1975 |title=The Tyranny of Work |url=https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofwork0000rine/page/44/mode/2up |url-access=registration |series=Canadian Social Problems Series |location=[[Don Mills]] |publisher=Academic Press Canada |page=44 |isbn=9780774730297 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|76355264}}; {{ISBN|0-7747-3029-3}}; {{OCLC|2090135|show=all}}.
* {{Cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Roeber & Parmelee, March|1909|p=}} |last1=Roeber |first1=Eugene Franz (1867–1917) |last2=Parmelee |first2=Howard Coon (1874–1928) |date=March 1909 |title=The High-Speed Tool-Steel Patent Decision |url={{GBurl|d5TmAAAAMAAJ |p=105 |dq="taylor"}} |journal=Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=105–107 |access-date=February 9, 2016 |via=[[Google Books]] ([[University of Michigan Library]]) {{free access}}}} {{hanging indent |text="The famous patent suit of the [[Bethlehem Steel]] company against the Niles-Bement-Pond Company for infringement of two fundamental patents of F. W. Taylor and M. White [Maunsel White III; 1856–1912] (668,369 and 668,270, both of Feb. 19, 1907,) has been decided in favor of the defendant {{nowrap| ... }}"}}{{hanging indent |text="The decision of the court emphasizes that there is no new composition of steel invented by Taylor and White."}}

<!--S-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Society for Advancement of Management (link)}} |title=''SAM – Society for Advancement of Management (link)'' |url=https://samnational.org/ }}

<!--W-->
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Whitston, Summer|1997|p=}} |last1=Whitston |first1=Kevin, PhD |date=Summer 1997 |title=The Reception of Scientific Management by British Engineers, 1890–1914 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/div-classtitlethe-reception-of-scientific-management-by-british-engineers-18901914div/5C7321EAC8074868E3E111EB7933F01F |url-access=subscription |journal=The Business History Review |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=207–229 |doi=10.2307/3116158 |jstor=3116158 |s2cid=145203181 }} {{OCLC|0007-6805}}; {{JSTOR|3116158}}; {{OCLC|5546532273|5235438781}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Wrege,|1987|p=}} |last1=Wrege |first1=Charles D. |author-link1=Charles D. Wrege |last2=Greenwood |first2=Ronald G. |last3=Hata |first3=Sakae |date=1987 |title=The International Management Institute and Political Opposition to its Efforts in Europe, 1925–1934 |journal=Business and Economic History |citeseerx=10.1.1.392.2216 }} {{JSTOR|23702641}}; {{ISSN|0894-6825}}; {{OCLC|5792788126}}.
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Wren, June 8,|2015|pp=309–327}} |last1=Wren |first1=Daniel Alan, PhD |author-link1=Daniel A. Wren |date=June 8, 2015 |title=Implementing the Gantt Chart in Europe and Britain: The Contributions of Wallace Clark |journal=Journal of Management History |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=309–327|doi=10.1108/JMH-09-2014-0163 }} {{doi|10.1108/JMH-09-2014-0163}}; {{ISSN|1751-1348}}; {{OCLC|5911249398|7054577907|1014430228}}. Online [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JMH-09-2014-0163 here].

{{refend}}

{{hanging indent |text='''Secondary sources – news media'''}}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--N-->
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', June 15,|1883|p=8}} |last1=''New York Times'' (''The'') |author-link1=The New York Times |date=June 15, 1883 |title=Stevens Institute Graduates – A Special Department of Applied Electricity to Be Established |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/06/15/102944947.html?pageNumber=8 |url-access=subscription |volume=32 |issue=9914 |page=8 |access-date=August 30, 2022 |via=[[TimesMachine]] }}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', March 22,|1915|p=9}} |last1=''New York Times'' (''The'') |author-link1=The New York Times |date=March 22, 1915 |title=F.W. Taylor, Expert in Efficiency, Dies |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/03/22/100146755.html |volume=64 |issue=20876 |page=9 (col. 5) |access-date=March 14, 2008 |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
Also accessible via:
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''TimesMachine permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3CDh4Wq |url-access=subscription }}</li>
<li> Online reprint by the ''New York Times'' Leaning Network (online education blog) → {{cite book |date=March 20, 2018 |title=''"On This Day"'' |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0320.html |type=''Times'' archive}}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Newspapers.com'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/20525610/?terms=%22F.%20W.%20Taylor%22&match=1 |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol></ol>
<div style="margin-left:6em">"Frederick Winslow Taylor, originator of the modern scientific management movement {{nowrap| ... }}"</div>
<!--W-->
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Wall Street Journal'', June 13,|1997|p=A17}} |last1=''Wall Street Journal'' (''The'') |author-link1=The Wall Street journal |date=June 13, 1997 |title=Frederick Taylor, Early Century Management Consultant |url=http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/TRIVIABITS/FredWTaylor.html |page=A17  |access-date=May 4, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514135125/http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/TRIVIABITS/FredWTaylor.html |archive-date=May 14, 2008 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}

{{refend}}

{{hanging indent |text='''Primary sources'''}}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Taylor, ''Principles'',|1919|p=63}} |last1=Taylor |first1=Frederick Winslow |date=1919 |orig-date=1911 |title=The Principles of Scientific Management |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofscie00taylrich/page/n5/mode/2up |publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]] |access-date= |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Prelinger Library]]) {{free access}} }} {{LCCN|11010339}}; {{OCLC|233134|show=all}}.<div style="margin-left:6em">{{cite book |title=The Principles of Scientific Management |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/6435 |via=[[Project Gutenberg]] {{free access}} }}</div>
*{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Taylor, ''Shop'',|1903|p=}} |last1=Taylor |first1=Frederick Winslow |date=1903 |title=Shop Management |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Am4I-N4XN2QC/page/n7/mode/2up?q=began |location= New York |page= |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Stanford University Libraries]]) {{free access}} }} {{OCLC|2365572|show=all}}.<div style="margin-left:6em">{{cite book |title=Shop Management |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/6464 |via=[[Project Gutenberg]] {{free access}} }}<br />''Shop Management'' began as an address by Taylor to a meeting of the ASME, which published it in pamphlet form. The linked publication is a 1912 re-print.</div>
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Taylor,|1947|p=}} |last1=Taylor |first1=Frederick Winslow |date=1947 |title=Scientific Management – Comprising <u>Shop Management</u> ''[1903]'', <u>The Principles of Scientific Management</u> ''[1911]'', ''"Testimony Before the Special House Committee" [1912]'' |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.19671/page/n5/mode/2up |series=With introduction by [[Harlow Stafford Person]] (1875–1955) |type=A Harper International Student Reprint |location=New York, [[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], London |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] }} {{LCCN|47011978}}; {{OCLC|560540|show=all}}.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |last1=Aitken |first1=Hugh George Jeffrey (1922–1994) |date=1960 |title=Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal – Scientific Management in Action, 1908–1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/taylorismatwater0000aitk/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |type=see [[Watertown Arsenal]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}} }}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book| last1=Braverman |first1=Harry (1920–1976) |author-link1=Harry Braverman |date=1974 |title=Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/labormonopolycap00harr/page/n3/mode/2up |type=see ''[[Labor and Monopoly Capital]]'' |url-access=registration |pages=43–52 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|74007785}}; {{ISBN|0-8534-5340-3}}; {{OCLC|13085658|show=all}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |last1=Boddy|first1=David |date=2002 |title=Management: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/managementintrod0000bodd_q5q1/page/n3/mode/2up |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Printice Hall |location=New York |isbn=9780273655183 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{ISBN|978-0-273-65518-3}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |last1=Kakar |first1=Sudhir |author-link1=Sudhir Kakar |date=1970 |title=Frederick Taylor: A Study in Personality and Innovation |url=https://archive.org/details/fredericktaylors0000kaka/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262110396 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|79122260}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |last1=Kanigel |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Kanigel |date=1997 |title=The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency |location=London |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] }} {{LCCN|9637213}}; {{ISBN|0-6708-6402-1|978-0-6708-6402-7}}; {{OCLC|35814788|show=all}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book|last1=Nelson |first1=Daniel Melvin, PhD (born 1941) |date=1970 |title=Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] }} {{ISBN|978-0-299-08160-7}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |editor-last1=Nelson |editor-first1=Daniel Melvin, PhD (born 1941) |date=1992 |title=A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management Since Taylor |url={{GBurl|93ydxDfb-RAC|pg=PR3}} |type=limited preview |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |via=[[Google Books]]}} {{LCCN|91033381}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8142-0567-9}}; {{OCLC|24667484|show=all}}.}}
* {{hanging indent |text={{cite book|last1=Weisbord |first1=Marvin Ross |date=2004 |title=Productive Workplaces Revisited. ''Chapter 2: "Scientific Management Revisited: A Tale of Two Taylors." Chapter 3: "The Consulting Engineer: Taylor Invents a New Profession" '' |url=https://archive.org/details/productiveworkpl0000weis_d0v4/page/26/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Jossey-Bass]] |isbn=9780787971175 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|2003024760}}; {{ISBN|978-0-7879-7117-5}}.}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[C. Bertrand Thompson]]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2055| name=Frederick Winslow Taylor}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederick Winslow Taylor |sopt=t}}
* {{cite book |title=''Special Collections: Frederick Winslow Taylor'' |url=https://stevensarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4100coll1/search |publisher=The Samuel C. Williams Library at the [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] has an extensive collection}} {{OCLC|123905137}}.
* {{cite book |title=''"Frederick W. Taylor, 1856–1915"'' |url=http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/people/7941/ |publisher=Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, Harvard University }} {{OCLC|77066758}}.
* {{cite book |title=''Charles D. Wrege Research Papers; Collection Number: 6395'' |url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL06395.html |type=see [[Charles D. Wrege]]; 1924–2014  |publisher=Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, [[Cornell University Library]] }} {{OCLC|826068268}}<div style="margin-left:6em">Series III: Frederick W. Taylor{{hanging indent |text=Series X: Boxly: Frederick Taylor's Residence – Includes the 1921 Hawthorne Film, a video tour of Boxly (Frederick W. Taylor's house), and videos on management history and historical research. }}</div>

{{Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers}}
{{US National Championships Men's doubles champions}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Frederick Winslow}}
[[Category:American industrial engineers]]
[[Category:American mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:American steel industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:American business theorists]]
[[Category:American management consultants]]
[[Category:Bethlehem Steel people]]
[[Category:American organizational theorists]]
[[Category:Patternmakers (industrial)]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
[[Category:Public administration scholars]]
[[Category:Quality experts]]
[[Category:Amateur golfers]]
[[Category:American male golfers]]
[[Category:American male tennis players]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery]]
[[Category:Germantown Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Golfers at the 1900 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Golfers from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Olympic golfers for the United States]]
[[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Stevens Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Tennis players from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Time and motion study]]
[[Category:Tuck School of Business faculty]]
[[Category:United States National champions (tennis)]]
[[Category:19th-century male tennis players]]
[[Category:19th-century American engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century American engineers]]
[[Category:19th-century American writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:19th-century American sportsmen]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]