Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Fritz Kreisler

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Austrian-American violinist and composer}}
{{About-distinguish|Austrian violinist and composer|Fritz Crisler}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fritz Kreisler
| image = Fritz Kreisler 1.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|2|2}}
| birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1962|1|29|1875|2|2}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| occupation = [[Composer]], [[violin]]ist
| years_active = 1903–1950
}}
{{ external media |audio1 = Listen to Fritz Kreisler performing ''[[Alt-Wiener Tanzweisen]]'' (''Liebesfreud'' – Love's Joy), ''Liebesleid'' (Love's Sorrow) and  ''Schön Rosmarin'' (Lovely Rosemary) in 1943 [https://archive.org/details/FRITZKREISLER-TheseAreMyFavorites-NEWTRANSFER/06.LaGitana.mp3 at archive.org]}}

'''Friedrich''' "'''Fritz'''" '''Kreisler''' (February 2, 1875 – January 29, 1962) was an Austrian-born American [[violin]]ist and [[composer]].<ref name="obit" /> One of the most noted violin masters of his day, and regarded as one of the greatest violinists of all time, he was known for his sweet [[Musical tone|tone]] and expressive [[Musical phrasing|phrasing]]. Like many great violinists of his generation, he produced a characteristic sound which was immediately recognizable as his own. Although it derived in many respects from the Franco-Belgian school, his style is nonetheless reminiscent of the ''[[gemütlich]]'' (cozy) lifestyle of pre-war [[Vienna]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Fritz Kreisler, Harold Bauer, Pablo Casals, and Walter Damrosch at Carnegie Hall on March 13, 1917.jpg|thumb|left|Kreisler, [[Harold Bauer]], [[Pablo Casals]], and [[Walter Damrosch]] at [[Carnegie Hall]] on March 13, 1917]]
Kreisler was born in [[Vienna]], the son of Anna (née Reches){{notetag|Her original Hebrew name, listed in her sons’ birth certificates was "Chaje Riwe" (rendered as "Chaje Ribe" in his brother Hugo's record).}} and Samuel Kreisler, a doctor.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvG8FTMhCyAC&pg=PA456|title=Jüdisches biographisches Lexikon: eine Sammlung von bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten jüdischer Herkunft ab 1800|first=Hans|last=Morgenstern|date=January 1, 2009|publisher=Lit|isbn=9783825805098|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEbX3O9cWaoC|title=Freud, Appraisals and Reappraisals: Contributions to Freud Studies|first=Paul E.|last=Stepansky|date=January 1, 1986|publisher=Analytic Press|isbn=978-0-88163-038-1|via=Google Books}}</ref> Of [[History of the Jews in Austria|Jewish]] descent, he was however [[Baptism|baptised]] at the age of 12. He studied at the [[University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna|Vienna Conservatory]] between 1882 and 1885 under [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Jakob Dont]] and [[Joseph Hellmesberger Jr.]], and in Paris Conservatory between 1885 and 1887, where his teachers included [[Léo Delibes]], [[Lambert Massart]] and [[Jules Massenet]]. He graduated from Paris Conservatory with a degree of "Premier Prix" gold medal at the age of 12, competing against 40 other players, all of whom were at least 20 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/inlibrary?query=Kreisler+Lochner|title=Lochner Louis,Fritz Kreisler – Biography, Macmillan Co. N.Y, 1950, Page: 23}}</ref>

He made his United States debut at the [[Steinway Hall]] in [[New York City]] on November 10, 1888, and his first tour of the United States in 1888–1889 with [[Moriz Rosenthal]]. He then returned to Austria and applied for a position in the [[Vienna Philharmonic]], but was turned down by the concertmaster [[Arnold Rosé]]. As a result, he left music to study medicine. He spent a brief time in the [[army]] before returning to the violin in 1899, when he gave a concert with the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Arthur Nikisch]]. It was this concert and a series of American tours from 1901 to 1903 that brought him real acclaim. Kreisler was also an excellent pianist, and his piano playing is preserved on [[Ampico]] reproducing [[piano rolls]].

During a concert tour of the United States in 1901, Kreisler met Harriet Lies, a New York-born divorcée who was a Vassar graduate and the daughter of a German American tobacco merchant. They fell in love immediately and were married a year later, though they repeated the ceremony three more times because of legal technicalities.  They had no children, and Harriet devoted her life to his career.  They were married for 60 years, until his death in 1962.

In 1910, Kreisler gave the premiere of Sir [[Violin Concerto (Elgar)|Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto]], a work commissioned by and dedicated to him. He served briefly in the Austrian Army in [[World War I]] before being honourably discharged after he was wounded. He arrived in [[New York City|New York]] on November 24, 1914,<ref>{{cite news |title=The world of music |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/420/mode/1up |newspaper=The Independent |date=December 14, 1914 |access-date=July 24, 2012}}</ref> and spent the remainder of the war in America. He returned to Europe in 1924, living first in Berlin, then moving to France in 1938.  Shortly thereafter, at the outbreak of [[World War II]], he settled once again in the United States, becoming a [[naturalized citizen]] in 1943. He lived there for the rest of his life, giving his last public concert in 1947, and broadcasting performances for a few years after that.

[[File:TIMEMagazine2Feb1925.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' cover, February 2, 1925]]

On April 26, 1941, he was involved in a serious traffic accident. Struck by a truck while crossing a street in New York, he suffered a fractured skull and was in a coma for over a week.<ref>''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', May 12, 1941 (pp. 32–33)</ref>

In his later years, he suffered from not only some hearing loss but also sight deterioration due to cataracts.<ref>Fritz Kreisler: Love's Sorrow, Love's Joy, by Amy Biancolli (Amadeus Press, 1998)</ref>

Kreisler died of a heart condition aggravated by old age in New York City in 1962.<ref name="obit">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/01/30/archives/fritz-kreisler-dies-here-at-86-violinist-composed-200-works-made.html |title=Fritz Kreisler Dies Here at 86; Violinist Composed 200 Works; Made His U.S. Concert Debut in 1888 at 13. Was Known for His Arrangements |newspaper=The New York Times|quote=Fritz Kreisler, the world-famous violinist and composer, died yesterday. He would have been 87 years old on Friday. |date=January 30, 1962 |access-date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> He was interred in a private mausoleum in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], [[the Bronx]], New York City.

== Legacy ==
Kreisler wrote a number of pieces for the violin, including solos for encores, such as "[[Liebesleid]]" and "[[Liebesfreud]]". Some of Kreisler's compositions were [[pastiche]]s ostensibly in the style of other composers.  They were originally ascribed to earlier composers, such as [[Gaetano Pugnani]], [[Giuseppe Tartini]] and [[Antonio Vivaldi]], and then,  in 1935, Kreisler revealed that it was he who wrote the pieces. When critics complained, Kreisler replied that they had already deemed the compositions worthy: "The name changes, the value remains", he said. He also wrote [[operetta]]s, including ''Apple Blossoms'' in 1919<ref>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011813210 Catalog Record for the vocal score of Apple Blossoms]</ref> and ''{{ill|Sissy (operetta)|de|3=Sissy (Operette)|lt=Sissy}}'' in 1932, a [[string quartet]], and [[cadenza]]s, including ones for [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms's]] [[Violin Concerto (Brahms)|Violin Concerto]], [[Niccolò Paganini|Paganini]]'s [[Violin Concerto No. 1 (Paganini)|D major Violin Concerto]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|Violin Concerto]]. His cadenzas for the Beethoven concerto are the ones most often played by violinists today.

He wrote the music for the 1936 movie ''[[The King Steps Out]]'' directed by [[Josef von Sternberg]], based on the early years of [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria]].

Kreisler performed and recorded his own version of the first movement of Paganini's D major Violin Concerto. The movement is rescored and in some places reharmonised, and the orchestral introduction is completely rewritten in some places. The overall effect is of a late-nineteenth-century work.

[[File:The Mausoleum of Fritz Kreisler in Woodlawn Cemetery.JPG|thumb|The mausoleum of Kreisler in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]]]]

{{ external media |audio1 = Listen to Fritz Kreisler performing [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61 with [[John Barbirolli]] conducting the [[London Philharmonic]] in 1936 [https://archive.org/details/BEETHOVENViolinConcerto-Kreisler-NEWTRANSFER/01.I.AllegroMaNonTroppo.mp3 at archive.org]}}

Kreisler owned several antique violins made by [[luthier]]s [[Antonio Stradivari]], [[Pietro Guarneri]], [[Giuseppe Guarneri]], and [[Carlo Bergonzi (luthier)|Carlo Bergonzi]], most of which eventually came to bear his name. He also owned a [[Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume]] violin of 1860, which he often used as his second violin,<ref>[http://www.maestronet.com/m_library/world_strings/fall80.pdf Second Fiddle by Philip Kass]</ref> and which he often loaned to the young prodigy [[Josef Hassid]]. In 1952 he donated his Giuseppe Guarneri to the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. where it remains in use for performances given in the library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200155594/|title=Violin by Giuseppe Guarneri, Cremona, ca. 1730, "Kreisler"|website=loc.gov}}</ref>

On recordings, Kreisler's style resembles that of his younger contemporary [[Mischa Elman]], with a tendency toward expansive [[Tempo|tempi]], a continuous and varied [[vibrato]], expressive [[Musical phrasing|phrasing]], and a melodic approach to passage-work. Kreisler makes considerable use of [[portamento]] and [[rubato]]{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}. The two violinists' approaches are less similar in big works of the standard repertoire, such as [[Felix Mendelssohn]]'s [[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]], than in smaller pieces.

A trip to a Kreisler concert is recounted in [[Siegfried Sassoon]]'s 1928 [[autobiographical novel]] ''[[Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man]]''.

The Australian manufacturer of electronics and consumer goods [[Kriesler]] (later a subsidiary of [[Philips]]) supposedly took its name after Fritz Kreisler but had intentionally misspelled the name as to avoid possible juristical actions from other parties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kriesler Radio Company; Newtown manufacturer in AUS, Model t|url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=7120|access-date=March 22, 2021|website=www.radiomuseum.org}}</ref>

== Work ==
=== Compositions ===
{{see|List of compositions by Fritz Kreisler|Musical hoax}}

===Forgeries===
Kreisler created a number of [[Musical hoax|musical forgeries]] throughout his career. These include 
** ''Sicilienne and Rigaudon'' by [[François Francœur]].<ref>Griffiths, M. 2012. Arnold Trowell: Violincellist, composer and pedagogue. Doctoral dissertation: The University of Waikato, New Zealand.</ref><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+mu003002) Library of Congress Fritz Kreisler Collection]</ref>
** ''Allegretto'' by "[[Luigi Boccherini]]"
** ''Andantino'' by "[[Giovanni Battista Martini]]"
** ''Aubade Provençale'' by "[[Louis Couperin]]"
** ''Chanson Louis XIII and Pavane'' by "[[Louis Couperin]]"
** ''La Chasse (Caprice)'' by "[[Jean Baptiste Cartier]]"
** ''Grave'' by "[[Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]]"
** ''Menuett'' by "[[Nicola Porpora]]"
** ''[[Praeludium and Allegro]]'' by "[[Gaetano Pugnani]]"
** ''La Précieuse'' by "[[Louis Couperin]]"
** ''Preghiera'' by "[[Giovanni Battista Martini]]"
** ''Scherzo'' by "[[Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf]]"
** ''Sicilienne and Rigaudon'' by "[[François Francoeur]]"
** ''Study on a Choral'' by "[[Johann Stamitz]]"
** ''Tempo di Minuetto'' by "[[Gaetano Pugnani]]"
** ''Variations on a Theme by Corelli'' by "[[Giuseppe Tartini]]"
** Violin Concerto in C major by "[[Antonio Vivaldi]]"

=== Recordings ===
Kreisler recorded extensively for [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor]]/[[RCA Red Seal|RCA Victor]] and [[HMV]]. His recordings have been reasonably well represented on both LP and CD reissues. His final recordings were made in 1950.
*[[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] [[Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)|Concerto for Two Violins]] in D minor, [[BWV]] 1043, with [[Efrem Zimbalist]] (second violin), and a string quartet. rec. January 4, 1915;
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] [[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|Violin Concerto]] in D major, Op. 61, with [[Leo Blech]], Berlin State Opera Orchestra. rec. December 15, 1926;
*Beethoven Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61, with [[John Barbirolli]], London Philharmonic Orchestra. rec. June 16, 1936;
*Beethoven [[Violin Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)|Sonata No. 8]] in G major, Op. 30, No. 3, with [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], pF. rec. March 22, 1928;
*Beethoven [[Violin Sonata No. 9 (Beethoven)|Sonata No. 9]] in A major, Op. 47, with [[Franz Rupp]], pf. rec. June 17–19, 1936;
*[[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] [[Violin Concerto (Brahms)|Violin Concerto]] in D major, Op. 77 with Leo Blech, Berlin State Opera Orchestra, rec. November 21, 1927;
*[[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] [[Violin Concerto (Brahms)|Violin Concerto]] in D major, Op. 77 with John Barbirolli, London Symphony Orchestra, rec. June 18, 1936;
*[[Edvard Grieg|Grieg]] [[Violin Sonatas (Grieg)|Sonata No. 3]] in C minor, Op. 45, with Sergei Rachmaninoff, pf. rec. December 14–15, 1928;
*[[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]] [[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]] in E minor, Op. 64, with Leo Blech, Berlin State Opera Orchestra. rec. December 9, 1926;
*Mendelssohn Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64, with [[Landon Ronald]], London Symphony Orch. rec. April 8, 1935;
*[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] [[Violin Concerto No. 4 (Mozart)|Violin Concerto in D major]], K. 218, with Landon Ronald, London Symphony Orchestra, rec. December 1, 1924;
*[[Niccolò Paganini|Paganini]] [[Violin Concerto No. 1 (Paganini)|Violin Concerto in D major]], Op. 6 (recomposed by Kreisler), with [[Eugene Ormandy]], Philadelphia Orchestra, rec. December 13, 1936;
*[[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] [[Violin Sonata in A major, D 574 (Schubert)|Sonata No. 5 in A major]], D. 574, with Sergei Rachmaninoff, pf. rec. December 20, 1928;
*attrib. [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]], RV Anh. 62 (composed by Kreisler) Violin Concerto in C major, with Donald Voorhees, RCA Victor Orchestra, rec. May 2, 1945.

=== Broadway ===
{{Listen|type=music|filename=Violinist CARRIE REHKOPF-KREISLER-LA GITANA.oga|title=La Gitana|description=Composed in 1917 after an 18th century Arabo-Spanish Romani song. Performed by Carrie Rehkopf (2:54)}}
*''[[Apple Blossoms]]'' (1919) – [[operetta]] – co-composer;
*''Continental Varieties'' (1934) – [[revue]] – featured composer for "Caprice Viennois" and "La Gitana";
*''Reunion in New York'' (1940) – [[revue]] – featured composer for "Stars in Your Eyes";
*''[[Rhapsody (operetta)|Rhapsody]]'' (1944) – [[operetta]] – composer.

=== Autobiography ===
*{{cite book | last=Kreisler | first=Fritz | title=Four Weeks in the Trenches | url=http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/memoir/Kreisler/Kreisler.htm | location=Boston, New York | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=1915 | oclc=1161448 }}

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further sources ==
*{{cite news| newspaper = The Houston Post| date = December 5, 1915| page = 29| title =John McCormack, Great Irish Tenor, in Houston Thursday|via = [[Newspapers.com]]| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2501334/more_biographical_information_of_john/}}{{Open access}}

== External links ==
{{Archival records|title=Fritz Kreisler collection, 1845–1969|location= [[Music Division, Library of Congress]]|description_URL=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu003002}}
{{Commons|Fritz Kreisler}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171006223744/http://www.carlfischer.com/composer/kreisler-fritz/ Fritz Kreisler's page at Carl Fischer]
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=q3447}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=3773| name=Fritz Kreisler}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Fritz Kreisler}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5362}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Kreisler, Fritz}}
* [http://hdl.handle.net/1802/5482 An assembled edition of original pieces and arrangements for violin and piano] by Fritz Kreisler. From Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
* [http://www.editionsilvertrust.com/kreisler-string-quartet.htm Fritz Kreisler String Quartet in a minor Soundbites & discussion of work]
* [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/103033 Fritz Kreisler recordings] at the [[Discography of American Historical Recordings]].
* [https://www.loc.gov/jukebox/artists/detail/id/1122 Recordings of Fritz Kreisler] on the [[Library of Congress]] jukebox
* [http://www.fritzkreisler.com/index.php?lang=en The International Fritz Kreisler Violin Competition]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/010414}}

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{{Gramophone Hall of Fame}}

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