Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Gérard Grisey

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|French composer}}
[[File:Gerardgrisey.jpg|thumb|Gérard Grisey]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}

'''Gérard Henri Grisey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɪ|z|i}}; {{IPA-fr|ɡʁizɛ|lang}}; 17 June 1946 – 11 November 1998) was a twentieth-century French composer of [[contemporary classical music]]. His work is often associated with the [[Spectral music|Spectralist Movement]] in music, of which he was a major pioneer.

==Biography==
Grisey was born in [[Belfort]], on 17 June 1946.{{sfn|Anderson|1998}} From a very young age, Grisey demonstrated enormous interest and talent in music composition and study, writing his first essay on music when he was 9 years old.{{sfn|Anon.|2019}} He studied at the {{ill|Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Trossingen|de|lt=conservatory}} in [[Trossingen]] in Germany from 1963 to 1965{{sfn|Anon.|n.d.}} before entering the [[Conservatoire national supérieur de musique]] where he studied with [[Olivier Messiaen]] from 1965 to 1967 and again from 1968 to 1972, while also working with [[Henri Dutilleux]] at the [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École normale de musique]] in 1968.{{sfn|Anderson|2001}} He won prizes for piano accompaniment, harmony, counterpoint, fugue, and composition at the Conservatoire under Messiaen's guidance.{{sfn|Anon.|n.d.}} He also studied electroacoustics with [[Jean-Étienne Marie]] in 1969, composition with [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], [[Iannis Xenakis]] and [[György Ligeti]] at the [[Darmstädter Ferienkurse]] in 1972, and acoustics with {{ill|Émile Leipp|fr}} at the Faculté des Sciences in 1974.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} Other studies were undertaken in the summer of 1969 at the [[Accademia Musicale Chigiana|Accademia Chigiana]] in [[Siena]].{{sfn|Anon.|n.d.}}

Grisey won the [[Prix de Rome]], enabling him to stay at the [[Villa Medici]] in Rome from 1972 to 1974.{{sfn|Anderson|1998}} While there he became friends with [[Tristan Murail]], with whom he founded the group [[Ensemble l'Itinéraire|L'Itinéraire]] in 1973 along with [[Roger Tessier]] and [[Michaël Lévinas]], later to be joined by [[Hugues Dufourt]]. In 1974–75, he studied acoustics with Émile Leipp at the [[Paris VI University]],{{sfn|Anderson|2001}}{{sfn|Anon.|n.d.}} and in 1980 became a trainee at the [[IRCAM]] (Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique) in the computer music course organized by David Wessel and [[Marc Battier]]. During the same year, Grisey went to Berlin as a guest of the [[DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program|D.A.A.D.]] (''Berliner Künstlerprogramm des DAAD'') program. He subsequently left for the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he was appointed professor of theory and composition for the years 1982 to 1985{{sfn|Anderson|1998}} or until 1986.{{sfn|Anderson|2001}} After returning to Europe, he took up the role of professor of orchestration and composition at the [[Conservatoire de Paris]] from 1987 until his death,{{sfn|Anderson|1998}}{{sfn|Anderson|2001}} while also holding numerous composition seminars in France (Centre Acanthes, Lyon, Paris) and abroad (Darmstadt, Freiburg, Milan, Reggio Emilia, Oslo, Helsinki, Malmö, Göteborg, Los Angeles, Stanford, London, Moscow, Madrid, etc.){{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} For notable pupils {{See LMST|Gérard|Grisey}}

Gérard Grisey died at the age of 52 in Paris on 11 November 1998 due to a ruptured [[aneurysm]].{{sfn|Anderson|2001}}

==Musical style==
Grisey's music is often considered to belong to the genre of [[spectral music]], which he is credited with founding along with fellow composer Tristan Murail, although he later disowned the label in interviews and writings. According to British journalist [[Tom Service]], "His achievement has often been reduced to yet another of new music's fetishistic labels, 'spectralism' – a category that Grisey had rejected by the end of his life."{{sfn|Service|2013}}

Nonetheless, he spent much of his career exploring the spectrum of tone colour between harmonic overtones and noise. In addition, he was fascinated by musical processes which unfold slowly, and he made musical time a major element of many of his pieces. He expressed the opinion that: "We are musicians and our model is sound not literature, sound not mathematics, sound not theatre, visual arts, quantum physics, geology, astrology or acupuncture."{{sfn|Fineberg|2006|p=105}}

==Works (chronological)==

* Passacaglia ''Pour Madame Darrow'', for accordion (1966)
* ''Échanges'', for prepared piano and double bass (1968)
* ''Mégalithes'', for 15 brass players (1969)
* ''Charme'', for clarinet solo (1969)
* ''Perichoresis'', for 3 instrumental groups (1969–1970)
* ''Initiation'', for baritone, trombone, and double bass (1970)
* ''Vagues, chemins, le souffle'', for clarinet and orchestra (1970–72)
* ''D'eau et de pierre'', for 2 instrumental groups (1972)
* ''Dérives'', for 2 orchestral groups (1973–74)
* ''Les espaces acoustiques'' – II – ''Périodes'', for flute, clarinet, trombone, violin, viola, cello, and double bass (1974)
* ''Les espaces acoustiques'' – III – ''[[Partiels]]'', for 18 musicians (1975)
* ''Manifestations'', for youth orchestra (1976)
* ''Les espaces acoustiques'' – I – ''Prologue'', for viola and optional live electronics (1976)
* ''Les espaces acoustiques'' – IV – ''Modulations'', for orchestra (1976–77)
* ''Sortie vers la lumière du jour'', for electric organ and 14 musicians (1978)
* ''Jour, contre-jour'', for electric organ, 14 musicians, and tape (1978–79)
* ''Tempus ex machina'', for 6 percussionists (1979)
* ''Les espaces acoustiques'' – V – ''Transitoires'', for large orchestra (1980)
* ''Solo pour deux'', for clarinet and trombone (1981)
* ''Anubis-Nout'', for B♭ contrabass clarinet (1983) recorded by Ernesto Molinari,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-02 |title=GÉRARD GRISEY: Solo pour deux |url=https://www.kairos-music.com/cds/0012502kai |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=KAIROS |language=en}}</ref> Fie Schouten,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nut |url=https://www.trytone.org/inicio/85--nut.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=TryTone |language=en-GB}}</ref> Carl Rosman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grisey: Anubis, Nout {{!}} Ensemble Musikfabrik |url=https://www.musikfabrik.eu/en/label/work/grisey-anubis-nout/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Les chants de l'amour'', for 12 voices and tape (1982–1984)
* ''Les espaces acoustiques'' – VI – ''Epilogue'', for 4 solo horns and large orchestra (1985)
* ''Talea'', for violin, cello, flute, clarinet, and piano (1986)
* ''Le temps et l'écume'', for 4 percussionists, 2 synthesizers, and chamber orchestra (1988–89)
* ''Accords perdus: Cinq miniatures'', for 2 horns (1989)
* ''Le noir de l'étoile'', for 6 percussionists, tape, and live electronics (1989–90)
* ''Anubis et Nout'', for bass saxophone or baritone saxophone (1990)
* ''L'icône paradoxale (Hommage à Piero della Francesca)'', for 2 female voices and 2 orchestral groups (1992–94)
* ''Stèle'', for 2 percussionists (1995)
* ''Vortex temporum'', for piano, clarinet (bass, Bb and A), flute (bass, C and picc.), violin, viola and cello (1994–96)
* ''Quatre chants pour franchir le seuil'', for soprano and fifteen instruments (1997–98)

==References==
{{reflist|15em}}

'''Sources'''
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFAnon.2019}}
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anderson|1998}}|reference=[[Julian Anderson|Anderson, Julian]]. 1998. "[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituaries-gerard-grisey-1186972.html Obituaries: Gerard Grisey]". ''[[The Independent]]'' (24 November). Retrieved 17 July 2018.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anderson|2001}}|reference=Anderson, Julian. 2001. "Grisey, Gérard". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{BrahmsOnline|author=Anon.|date=2019|IRCAM-name=gerard-grisey|title=Gérard Grisey}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|n.d.}}|reference=Anon. n.d. "[https://www.umpgclassical.com/en-GB/Composers/G/Grisey-Gerard.aspx Grisey, Gérard]". [[Universal Music Publishing]] Classical website (accessed 18 July 2018).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Fineberg|2006}}|reference=[[Joshua Fineberg|Fineberg, Joshua]]. 2006. ''Classical Music, Why Bother?: Hearing the World of Contemporary Culture Through a Composer's Ears''. New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-97174-8}}; {{ISBN|978-0-415-97174-4}}.}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Service|2013}}|reference=[[Tom Service|Service, Tom]]. 2013. "[https://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2013/mar/18/gerard-grisey-contemporary-music-guide A Guide to Gérard Grisey's Music]". ''[[The Guardian]]'' (18 March, accessed 18 July 2018).}}
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.chrisarrell.com/ Arrell, Chris]. 2002. [https://books.google.com/books/about/Pushing_the_Envelope.html?id=lzJ3GwAACAAJ "Pushing the Envelope: Art and Science in the Music of Gérard Grisey"]. Doctoral diss. Ithaca: Cornell University.
* Arrell, Chris. 2008. "The Music of Sound: An Analysis of Gérard Grisey's ''Partiels''". In ''Spectral World Musics: Proceedings of the Istanbul Spectral Music Conference'', edited by Robert Reigle and Paul Whitehead, (pp.&nbsp;318–332). Istanbul: Pan Yayincilik. {{ISBN|9944-396-27-3}}.
* Baillet, Jérôme. 2000. "Gérard Grisey, Fondements d'une écriture". Paris: L'Harmattan.
* Cagney, Liam. ''Gérard Grisey and Spectral Music'', Cambridge University Press, November 2023
* Cohen-Levinas, Danièle (ed). 2004. "Gérard Grisey ou la beauté des ombres sonores. Paris: L'Harmattan / L'itinéraire.
* Grisey, Gérard. 2008. "Écrits ou l'invention de la musique spectrale", edited by Guy Lelong and Anne-Marie Réby. Répercussions. Paris: Musica Falsa. {{ISBN|978-2-915794-31-1}}.
* Grisey, Gérard, and [[Tristan Murail]]. 1989. ''Entretemps'', No. 8.{{Full citation needed|date=July 2018|reason=Title of article and inclusive page numbers needed.}}.
* Hervé, Jean-Luc. 2001. "Dans le vertige de la durée (Vortex Temporum de Gérard Grisey)", Paris: L'Harmattan.
* Levy, Fabien. 2001. "Gérard Grisey, eine neue Grammatologie aus dem Phänomen des Klangs" [Gérard Grisey, a New Grammatology from the Phenomenon of Sound]. In ''20 Jahre Inventionen Berliner Festival Neuer Musik'', edited by I. Beirer/DAAD,{{Page needed|date=September 2014}}<!--Inclusive page numbers of Levy's chapter needed.--> Berlin: Pfau Verlag.{{Full citation needed|date=September 2014}}<!--ISBN needed, and a double-check: Pfau is usually in Saarbrücken, not Berlin.-->

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045215/http://www.ricordi.com/catalogue/composers/gerard-grisey/ Biography and list of compositions], [[Casa Ricordi]]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/music2/davidbundler/grisey.html Interview with Grisey]
* [http://www.musiquecontemporaine.fr/fr/search?disp=all&query=grisey&exp_inl=on&exp_aud=on&so=dd Excerpts from sound archives] of Grisey's works

{{Spectral music}}
{{Modernism (music)}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Classical music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grisey, Gerard}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Belfort]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:French classical composers]]
[[Category:French male classical composers]]
[[Category:Microtonal composers]]
[[Category:École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:Pupils of Henri Dutilleux]]
[[Category:Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
[[Category:20th-century French composers]]
[[Category:20th-century French male musicians]]
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