Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Gabriel García Márquez

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Colombian writer and Nobel laureate (1927–2014)}}
{{Family name hatnote|García|Márquez|lang=Spanish}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| image            = Gabriel Garcia Marquez.jpg
| caption          = García Márquez in 2002
| birth_name       = Gabriel José García Márquez
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1927|3|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Aracataca]], Colombia
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2014|4|17|1927|3|6|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[Mexico City]], Mexico
| alma_mater       = [[National University of Colombia]]<br/>[[University of Cartagena]]
| genre            = {{Flatlist|
* Novels
* short stories
}}
| movement         = {{Flatlist|
* [[Latin American Boom]]
* [[magic realism]]
}}
| language         = Spanish
| notableworks     = {{Flatlist|class=nowraplinks|
* ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]''
* ''[[The Autumn of the Patriarch]]''
* ''[[Love in the Time of Cholera]]''
* ''[[Chronicle of a Death Foretold]]''
}}
| spouse           = {{Marriage|[[Mercedes Barcha]]|1958}}
| children         = 3, including [[Rodrigo García (director)|Rodrigo García]]
| awards           = {{indented plainlist|
* {{Awd|[[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]]|1972}}
* {{Awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1982}} <!-- do not add nobel image see [[:Template:Infobox writer]] -->
}}
| signature        = Gabriel Marquez Signature.svg
| image_upright    = .9
}}

'''Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez''' ({{IPA|es-419|ɡaˈβɾjel ɣaɾˈsi.a ˈmaɾ.kes|lang|Es-Gabriel Garcia Marquez.ogg}};{{efn|In isolation, ''García'' is pronounced {{IPA-es|ɡaɾˈsi.a|}}}} 6 March 1927 – 17 April 2014) was a Colombian novelist, [[short-story writer]], screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as '''Gabo''' ({{IPA-es|ˈɡaβo|}}) or '''Gabito''' ({{IPA-es|ɡaˈβito|}}) throughout Latin America. Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, particularly in the [[Hispanic literature|Spanish language]], he was awarded the 1972 [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]] and the [[1982 Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/ | title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 |website= NobelPrize.org|publisher= Nobel Media AB 2014|access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in leaving law school for a career in journalism. From early on he showed no inhibitions in his criticism of Colombian and foreign politics. In 1958, he married [[Mercedes Barcha Pardo]];<ref name=barcha>{{cite web |last1=Osorio |first1=Camila |title=Muere Mercedes Barcha, la mujer que hizo posible el éxito de García Márquez |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2020-08-15/muere-mercedes-barcha-el-apoyo-mas-grande-que-recibio-gabriel-garcia-marquez.html |website=EL PAÍS |publisher=El Pais |access-date=16 August 2020 |language=es |date=15 August 2020}}</ref> they had two sons, [[Rodrigo García (director)|Rodrigo]] and Gonzalo.<ref name="muerteBBC"/>

García Márquez started as a journalist and wrote many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories. He is best known for his novels, such as ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'' (1967) which sold over fifty million copies, ''[[Chronicle of a Death Foretold]]'' (1981), and ''[[Love in the Time of Cholera]]'' (1985). His works have achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success, most notably for popularizing a literary style known as [[magic realism]], which uses magical elements and events in otherwise ordinary and realistic situations. Some of his works are set in the fictional village of [[Macondo]] (mainly inspired by his birthplace, [[Aracataca]]), and most of them explore the theme of [[solitude]]. He is the most-translated Spanish-language author.<ref name="translate">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/27/marquez-overtakes-cervantes-as-most-translated-spanish-language-writer |title=Márquez overtakes Cervantes as most translated Spanish-language writer |last=Jones |first=Sam |lang=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2023-03-27 |accessdate=2023-03-27}}</ref>

Upon García Márquez's death in April 2014, [[Juan Manuel Santos]], the president of Colombia, called him "the greatest Colombian who ever lived."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/19/gabrielgarciamarquez-colombia |title=Gabriel García Márquez: 'The greatest Colombian who ever lived' &#124; Books |last=Vulliamy |first=Ed  |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

[[File:Aracataca1.jpg|thumb|right|García Márquez billboard in [[Aracataca]]: "I feel Latin American from whatever country, but I have never renounced the nostalgia of my homeland: Aracataca, to which I returned one day and discovered that between reality and nostalgia was the raw material for my work".—Gabriel García Márquez]]

Gabriel García Márquez was born on 6 March 1927{{efn|"On Sunday 6 March 1928, at 9am, in the midst of an unseasonal rainstorm, a baby boy, Gabriel José García Márquez, was born." ({{Harvnb|Martin|2008|p=27}})}} in the small town of [[Aracataca]], in the [[Caribbean region of Colombia]], to Gabriel Eligio García and Luisa Santiaga Márquez Iguarán.<ref>{{Harvnb|Martin|2008|p=27}}</ref> Soon after García Márquez was born, his father became a pharmacist and moved with his wife to the nearby large port city of [[Barranquilla]], leaving young Gabriel in Aracataca.<ref>{{Harvnb|Martin|2008|p=30}}</ref> He was raised by his maternal grandparents, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán and Colonel Nicolás Ricardo Márquez Mejía.<ref>{{Harvnb|García Márquez|2003|p=11}}</ref> In December 1936 his father took him and his brother to [[Sincé]] but when his grandfather died in March 1937, the family moved first (back) to Barranquilla and then on to [[Sucre, Sucre Department|Sucre]], where his father started a pharmacy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Martin|2008|pp=58–66}}</ref>

When his parents had fallen in love, their relationship was met with resistance from Luisa Santiaga Márquez's father, the Colonel. Gabriel Eligio García was not the man the Colonel had envisioned winning the heart of his daughter: Gabriel Eligio was a [[Colombian Conservative Party|Conservative]], and had the reputation of being a womanizer.<ref name = "fcyrqq">{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=82}}</ref><ref name=GM45>{{Harvnb|García Márquez|2003|p=45}}</ref> Gabriel Eligio wooed Luisa with violin serenades, love poems, countless letters, and even telephone messages after her father sent her away with the intention of separating the young couple. Her parents tried everything to get rid of the man, but he kept coming back, and it was obvious their daughter was committed to him.<ref name = "fcyrqq"/> Her family finally capitulated and gave her permission to marry him<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|pp=11–12}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=85}}</ref> (The tragicomic story of their courtship would later be adapted and recast as ''[[Love in the Time of Cholera]]''.)<ref name=GM45/><ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=83}}</ref>

Since García Márquez's parents were more or less strangers to him for the first few years of his life,<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=87}}</ref> his grandparents influenced his early development very strongly.<ref name = "mooaza">{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=102}}</ref><ref name = "Apuleyo96">{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p= 96}}</ref> His grandfather, whom he called "Papalelo",<ref name = "mooaza"/> was a [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]] veteran of the [[Thousand Days War]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=35}}</ref> The Colonel was considered a hero by Colombian Liberals and was highly respected.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=103}}</ref> He was well known for his refusal to remain silent about the [[banana massacre]]s that took place the year after García Márquez was born.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=105}}</ref> The Colonel, whom García Márquez described as his "umbilical cord with history and reality",<ref name="simons">{{cite news |last1=Simons |first1=Marlise |title=A Talk With Gabriel García Marquez |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marquez-talk.html |access-date=24 March 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=5 December 1982}}</ref> was also an excellent storyteller.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=106}}</ref> He taught García Márquez lessons from the dictionary, took him to the circus each year, and was the first to introduce his grandson to ice—a "miracle" found at the [[United Fruit Company]] store.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=104}}</ref> He would also occasionally tell his young grandson "You can't imagine how much a dead man weighs", reminding him that there was no greater burden than to have killed a man, a lesson that García Márquez would later integrate into his novels.<ref name = "lydaul">{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=107}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=13}}</ref>

García Márquez's grandmother, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes, played an influential role in his upbringing. He was inspired by the way she "treated the extraordinary as something perfectly natural."<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=12}}</ref> The house was filled with stories of ghosts and premonitions, omens and portents,<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=96}}</ref> all of which were studiously ignored by her husband.<ref name = "mooaza"/> According to García Márquez, she was "the source of the magical, superstitious and supernatural view of reality".<ref name="simons" /> He enjoyed his grandmother's unique way of telling stories. No matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. It was a deadpan style that, some thirty years later, heavily influenced her grandson's most popular novel, ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|pp=97–98}}</ref>

==== Education and adulthood ====

After arriving at [[Sucre (Colombia)|Sucre]], it was decided that García Márquez should start his formal education and he was sent to an internship in [[Barranquilla]], a port on the mouth of the [[Río Magdalena]]. There, he gained a reputation of being a timid boy who wrote humorous poems and drew humorous comic strips. Serious and little interested in athletic activities, he was called ''El Viejo'' by his classmates.<ref name="Martin 2008">{{Harvnb|Martin|2008}}</ref> 
After his graduation in 1947, García Márquez stayed in Bogotá to study law at the [[National University of Colombia|Universidad Nacional de Colombia]], but spent most of his spare time reading fiction. He was inspired by ''[[The Metamorphosis|La metamorfosis]]'' by [[Franz Kafka]], at the time incorrectly thought to have been translated by [[Jorge Luis Borges]].<ref name=PestanaC>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero11/verwandl.html |title=Cristina Pestaña: ¿Quién tradujo por primera vez La metamorfosis al castellano? -nº 11 Espéculo |website=Ucm.es |date=1999 |last=Pestaña Castro |first=Cristina |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> His first published work, "La tercera resignación", appeared in the 13 September 1947 edition of the newspaper ''El Espectador''.<ref name="Cambridge Chronology">{{cite book |last1=Swanson |first1=Philip |editor1-last=Barthas |editor1-first=Jérémie |title=The Cambridge Companion to Gabriel García Márquez |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=i–vi |chapter=Chronology}}</ref> From 1947 to 1955, he wrote a series of short stories that were later published under the title of "Eyes of a Blue Dog".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/eyes-blue-dog |title=Eyes of Blue Dog |website=www.encyclopedia.com / |access-date=2023-05-26}}</ref>

Though his passion was writing, he continued with law in 1948 to please his father. After the ''[[Bogotazo]]'' riots on 9 April following the assassination of a popular leader [[Jorge Eliécer Gaitán]], the university closed indefinitely and his boarding house was burned. García Márquez transferred to the [[University of Cartagena|Universidad de Cartagena]] and began working as a reporter of ''[[El Universal (Colombia)|El Universal]]''. In 1950, he ended his legal studies to focus on journalism and moved again to Barranquilla to work as a columnist and reporter in the newspaper ''[[El Heraldo (Barranquilla)|El Heraldo]]''. Universities, including [[Columbia University|Columbia University in the City of New York]], have given him an honorary doctorate in writing.<ref name="Martin 2008"/>

=== Journalism ===

García Márquez began his career as a journalist while studying law at the [[National University of Colombia]]. In 1948 and 1949, he wrote for ''[[El Universal (Cartagena)|El Universal]]'' in [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]. From 1950 until 1952, he wrote a "whimsical" column under the name of "''Septimus''" for the local paper ''[[El Heraldo (Barranquilla)|El Heraldo]]'' in [[Barranquilla]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell|1993|p=6}}</ref> García Márquez noted of his time at ''El Heraldo'', "I'd write a piece and they'd pay me three pesos for it, and maybe an editorial for another three."<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|2006|p= 84}}</ref> During this time he became an active member of the informal group of writers and journalists known as the [[Barranquilla Group]], an association that provided great motivation and inspiration for his literary career. He worked with inspirational figures such as Ramon Vinyes, whom García Márquez depicted as an Old Catalan who owns a bookstore in ''One Hundred Years of Solitude''.<ref name="pelayo5"/> At this time, García Márquez was also introduced to the works of writers such as [[Virginia Woolf]] and [[William Faulkner]]. Faulkner's narrative techniques, historical themes and use of rural locations influenced many Latin American authors.<ref name="Bell7">{{Harvnb|Bell|1993|p= 7}}</ref> From 1954 to 1955, García Márquez spent time in Bogotá and regularly wrote for Bogotá's ''[[El Espectador]]''.<ref name="HRC Texas">{{cite web |title=Gabriel García Márquez The Making of a Global Writer February 1, 2020 – January 2, 2022 |url=https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/2020/gabriel-garcia-marquez/#out-in-the-world |publisher=Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> From 1956, he spent two years in Europe, returning to marry [[Mercedes Barcha]] in Barranquilla in 1958, and to work on magazines in [[Caracas]], Venezuela.<ref name="HRC Texas"/>

=== Politics ===
[[File:Centro cultural Gabriel García Márquez y Catedral Primada de Bogotá.JPG|thumb|Gabriel García Márquez Cultural Center, in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]].]]
García Márquez was a "committed leftist" throughout his life, adhering to socialist beliefs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/04/gabriel-garcia-marquez-our-own-brand-of-socialism/|title="Our Own Brand of Socialism": An Interview with Gabriel García Márquez| website=Jacobinmag.com|date=22 April 2014|access-date=18 July 2017}} Gabriel García Márquez on Fidel Castro, the Soviet Union, and creating "a government which would make the poor happy".</ref> In 1991 he published ''Changing the History of Africa'', an admiring study of Cuban activities in the [[Angolan Civil War]] and the larger [[South African Border War]]. He maintained a close but "nuanced" friendship with [[Fidel Castro]], praising the achievements of the [[Cuban Revolution]] but criticizing aspects of governance and working to "soften [the] roughest edges" of the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=Whitney |first=Joel |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/19/gabriel-garcia-marquezfidelcastro.html |title=Gabriel García Márquez and Fidel Castro: A complex and nuanced comraderie |website= Al Jazeera America |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> García Márquez's political and ideological views were shaped by his grandfather's stories.<ref name = "lydaul"/> In an interview, García Márquez told his friend [[Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza]], "my grandfather the Colonel was a Liberal. My political ideas probably came from him to begin with because, instead of telling me fairy tales when I was young, he would regale me with horrifying accounts of the last civil war that free-thinkers and anti-clerics waged against the Conservative government."<ref name = "Apuleyo96"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=98}}</ref> This influenced his political views and his literary technique so that "in the same way that his writing career initially took shape in conscious opposition to the Colombian literary status quo, García Márquez's socialist and anti-imperialist views are in principled opposition to the global status quo dominated by the United States."<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|1990|p=63}}</ref>

==== ''The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor'' ====

{{Main|The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor}}

Ending in controversy, his last domestically written editorial for ''El Espectador'' was a series of 14 news articles<ref name="pelayo5">{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=5}}</ref><ref name="McMurray6">{{Harvnb|McMurray|1987|p=6}}</ref> in which he revealed the hidden story of how a Colombian Navy vessel's shipwreck "occurred because the boat contained a badly stowed cargo of contraband goods that broke loose on the deck."<ref name="McMurray7">{{Harvnb|McMurray|1987|p= 7}}</ref>
García Márquez compiled this story through interviews with a young sailor who survived the wreck.<ref name="McMurray6"/> In response to this controversy, ''El Espectador'' sent García Márquez away to Europe to be a foreign correspondent.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=6}}</ref> He wrote about his experiences for ''El Independiente'', a newspaper that briefly replaced ''El Espectador'' during the military government of General [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]]<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/lleralbe.htm|title=Lleras Camargo, Alberto|publisher=Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango|access-date=2 December 2008|language=es|archive-date=19 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019093045/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/lleralbe.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was later shut down by Colombian authorities.<ref name="Bell7"/> García Márquez's background in journalism provided a foundational base for his writing career. Literary critic Bell-Villada noted, "Owing to his hands-on experiences in journalism, García Márquez is, of all the great living authors, the one who is closest to everyday reality."<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|1990|p=62}}</ref>

=== QAP ===

García Márquez was one of the original founders of [[QAP (Colombia)|QAP]], a Colombian newscast that aired between 1992 and 1997. He was attracted to the project by the promise of editorial and journalistic independence.<ref name="El Tiempo 1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-711688 |title=LA ÚLTIMA EMISIÓN DE QAP – Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990 |website=El Tiempo |date=30 December 1997 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Marriage and family ===

García Márquez met Mercedes Barcha while she was at school; he was 12 and she was 9.<ref name=barcha /> When he was sent to Europe as a foreign correspondent, Mercedes waited for him to return to Barranquilla. Finally, they married in 1958.<ref name="saldívar372">{{Harvnb|Saldívar|1997|p=372}}</ref><ref name="pelayo7">{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=7}}</ref> The following year, their first son, [[Rodrigo García (director)|Rodrigo García]], now a television and film director, was born.<ref name="pelayo7"/> In 1961, the family traveled by [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] bus throughout the southern United States and eventually settled in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|2006|pp=xx–xxi}}</ref> García Márquez had always wanted to see the Southern United States because it inspired the writings of [[William Faulkner]].<ref name="pelayo8">{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=8}}</ref> Three years later, the couple's second son, Gonzalo García, was born in Mexico.<ref name=bell-villadaxxi>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|2006|p=xxi}}</ref> Gonzalo is currently a graphic designer in Mexico City.<ref name="pelayo8"/>

In January 2022, it was reported that García Márquez had a daughter, Indira Cato, from an extramarital affair with Mexican writer Susana Cato in the early 1990s. Indira is a documentary producer in Mexico City.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=17 January 2022|title=Colombian Author Gabriel Garcia Marquez Had Secret Mexican Daughter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/gabriel-garcia-marquez-secret-daughter-1235076349/|url-status=live|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220118182730/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/gabriel-garcia-marquez-secret-daughter-1235076349/|archive-date=18 January 2022|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

=== ''Leaf Storm'' ===

{{Main|Leaf Storm}}

''Leaf Storm'' (''La Hojarasca'') is García Márquez's first novella and took seven years to find a publisher, finally being published in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.penguingroup.com/static/rguides/us/of_love_and_other_demons.html |title=Of love and other demons |publisher=Penguin Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629091255/http://us.penguingroup.com/static/rguides/us/of_love_and_other_demons.html |archive-date=29 June 2008 }}</ref> García Márquez notes that "of all that he had written (as of 1973), ''Leaf Storm'' was his favorite because he felt that it was the most sincere and spontaneous."<ref>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=28}}</ref> All the events of the novella take place in one room, during a half-hour period on Wednesday 12 September 1928. It is the story of an old colonel (similar to García Márquez's own grandfather) who tries to give a proper Christian burial to an unpopular French doctor. The colonel is supported only by his daughter and grandson. The novella explores the child's first experience with death by following his stream of consciousness. The book reveals the perspective of Isabel, the Colonel's daughter, which provides a feminine point of view.<ref name="pelayo5"/>

=== ''In Evil Hour'' ===

{{Main|In Evil Hour}}

''In Evil Hour'' (''La mala hora''), García Márquez's second novel, was published in 1962. Its formal structure is based on novels such as [[Virginia Woolf]]'s ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]''. The narrative begins on the saint's day of St Francis of Assisi, but the murders that follow are far from the saint's message of peace. The story interweaves characters and details from García Márquez's other writings such as ''Artificial Roses'', and comments on literary genres such as whodunnit detective stories. Some of the characters and situations found in ''In Evil Hour'' re-appear in ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fiddian |first1=Robin |editor1-last=Barthas |editor1-first=Jérémie |title=The Cambridge Companion to Gabriel García Márquez |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=41–56 |chapter=Before One Hundred Years of Solitude: the early novels}}</ref>

=== ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' ===

{{Main|One Hundred Years of Solitude}}

From when he was 18, García Márquez had wanted to write a novel based on his grandparents' house where he grew up. However, he struggled with finding an appropriate tone and put off the idea until one day the answer hit him while driving his family to [[Acapulco]]. He turned the car around and the family returned home so he could begin writing. He sold his car so his family would have money to live on while he wrote. Writing the novel took far longer than he expected; he wrote every day for 18 months. His wife had to ask for food on credit from their butcher and baker as well as nine months of rent on credit from their landlord.<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|pp=74–75}}</ref> During the 18 months of writing, García Márquez met with two couples, Eran Carmen and [[Álvaro Mutis]], and [[María Luisa Elío]] and [[Jomí García Ascot]], every night and discussed the progress of the novel, trying out different versions.<ref name="Jaime (2014)">{{cite web |last=Jaime |first=Victor Nunez |title=María Luisa Elío, la destinataria de Cien años de soledad |url=http://blogs.elpais.com/periodista-en-serie/2014/04/mar%C3%ADa-luisa-el%C3%ADo-la-destinataria-de-cien-a%C3%B1os-de-soledad.html |website=[[El País]] |access-date=15 April 2015 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=es |date=21 April 2014}}</ref> When the book was published in 1967, it became his most commercially successful novel, ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' (''Cien años de soledad''; English translation by [[Gregory Rabassa]], 1970), selling over 50 million copies.<ref>{{cite web |title=100 years of Solitude |url=https://literary-arts.org/event/100-years-of-solitude/ |date=30 December 2021 |access-date=24 April 2014 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921132215/https://literary-arts.org/event/100-years-of-solitude/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The book was dedicated to Jomí García Ascot and María Luisa Elío.<ref name="Jaime (2014)" /> The story chronicles several generations of the Buendía family from the time they founded the fictional South American village of [[Macondo]], through their trials and tribulations, and instances of incest, births, and deaths. The history of Macondo is often generalized by critics to represent rural towns throughout Latin America or at least near García Márquez's native [[Aracataca]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=97}}</ref><ref name = "xqsoal">{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=72}}</ref>

The novel was widely popular and led to García Márquez's Nobel Prize as well as the [[Rómulo Gallegos Prize]] in 1972. [[William Kennedy (author)|William Kennedy]] has called it "the first piece of literature since the [[Book of Genesis]] that should be required reading for the entire human race,"<ref>{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/approachestoteac0000unse_g3b6|title=One Hundred Years of Solitude|author=García Márquez|year=1990|isbn=978-0-87352-535-0|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|url-access=registration}}</ref> and hundreds of articles and books of literary critique have been published in response to it. Despite the many accolades the book received, García Márquez tended to downplay its success. He once remarked: "Most critics don't realize that a novel like ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' is a bit of a joke, full of signals to close friends, and so, with some pre-ordained right to pontificate they take on the responsibility of decoding the book and risk making terrible fools of themselves."<ref name = "xqsoal"/>

=== Fame ===

[[File:Gabogarciamarquez1.png|thumb|right|upright|García Márquez signing a copy of ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'' in [[Havana]], Cuba]]

After writing ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' García Márquez returned to Europe, this time bringing along his family, to live in [[Barcelona]], Spain, for seven years.<ref name=bell-villadaxxi/> The international recognition García Márquez earned with the publication of the novel led to his ability to act as a facilitator in several negotiations between the [[Government of Colombia|Colombian government]] and the guerrillas, including the former [[19th of April Movement]] (M-19), and the current [[FARC]] and [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|ELN]] organizations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Vargas, Alejo| url=http://www.elcolombiano.com.co/BancoConocimiento/G/gabriel_garcia_marquez_y_la_paz_colombiana/gabriel_garcia_marquez_y_la_paz_colombiana.asp?CodSeccion=46|title=Gabriel García Márquez y la paz colombiana.| date=31 December 1899 |publisher=El Colombiano|access-date=5 February 2008|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6444000/6444281.stm|title=García Márquez media por la paz|publisher=BBC Mundo|date=13 March 2007|access-date=5 February 2008|language=es}}</ref> The popularity of his writing also led to friendships with powerful leaders, including one with former Cuban president [[Fidel Castro]], which has been analyzed in ''Gabo and Fidel: Portrait of a Friendship.''<ref>{{Harvnb|Esteban|Panichelli|2004}}</ref> It was during this time that he was punched in the face by [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] in what became one of the largest feuds in modern literature. In an interview with [[Claudia Dreifus]] in 1982 García Márquez noted his relationship with Castro was mostly based on literature: "Ours is an intellectual friendship. It may not be widely known that Fidel is a very cultured man. When we're together, we talk a great deal about literature."<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|2006|p=100}}</ref> This relationship was criticized by [[Cuban exile]] writer [[Reinaldo Arenas]], in his 1992 memoir ''Antes de que Anochezca'' (''[[Before Night Falls]]'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Arenas|1993|p=278}}</ref>

Due to his newfound fame and his outspoken views on [[American imperialism|US imperialism]], García Márquez was labeled as a subversive and for many years was denied visas by US immigration authorities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|1990|p=67}}</ref> After [[Bill Clinton]] was elected US president, he lifted the travel ban and cited ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' as his favorite novel.<ref name=bell-villadaxxii/>

=== ''Autumn of the Patriarch'' ===

{{Main|Autumn of the Patriarch}}

García Márquez was inspired to write a [[dictator novel]] when he witnessed the flight of Venezuelan dictator [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]]. He said, "it was the first time we had seen a dictator fall in Latin America."<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=81}}</ref> García Márquez began writing ''Autumn of the Patriarch'' (''El otoño del patriarca'') in 1968 and said it was finished in 1971; however, he continued to embellish the dictator novel until 1975 when it was published in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=William |title=A Stunning Portrait of a Monstrous Caribbean Tyrant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marque-autumn.html |access-date=24 March 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=31 October 1976}}</ref> According to García Márquez, the novel is a "poem on the solitude of power" as it follows the life of an eternal dictator known as the General. The novel is developed through a series of anecdotes related to the life of the General, which do not appear in chronological order.<ref name=williams112>{{Harvnb|Williams|1984|p= 112}}</ref> Although the exact location of the story is not pin-pointed in the novel, the imaginary country is situated somewhere in the Caribbean.<ref name=Williams111>{{Harvnb|Williams|1984|p=111}}</ref>

García Márquez gave his own explanation of the plot:

<blockquote>My intention was always to make a synthesis of all the Latin American dictators, but especially those from the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the personality of Juan Vicente Gomez [of Venezuela] was so strong, in addition to the fact that he exercised a special fascination over me, that undoubtedly the Patriarch has much more of him than anyone else.<ref name=Williams111/></blockquote>

After ''Autumn of the Patriarch'' was published García Márquez and his family moved from Barcelona to [[Mexico City]]<ref name=bell-villadaxxi/> and García Márquez pledged not to publish again until the Chilean Dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]] was deposed. All the same, he published ''Chronicle of a Death Foretold'' while Pinochet was still in power, as he "could not remain silent in the face of injustice and repression."<ref name="Maurya58">{{Harvnb|Maurya|1983|p=58}}</ref>

=== ''The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother'' ===

{{Main|The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother}}

''The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother'' ({{lang-es|La increíble y triste historia de la cándida Eréndira y de su abuela desalmada}}) presents the story of a young mulatto girl who dreams of freedom, but cannot escape the reach of her avaricious grandmother. Eréndira and her grandmother make an appearance in an earlier novel, ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shorter Marquez |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/16/archives/shorter-marquez.html |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=16 July 1978 |quote=One Hundred Years of Solitude ... The newly nubile Erendira lives with her grandmother}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Book Review: The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother |url=http://www.newyorker.com/printables/critics/051107crbo_books1 |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=New Yorker}}</ref>

''The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother'' was published in 1972. The novella was adapted to the [[1983 in film|1983]] art film ''[[Eréndira (film)|Eréndira]]'', directed by [[Ruy Guerra]].<ref name="AMG"/><ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>

=== ''Chronicle of a Death Foretold'' ===

{{Main|Chronicle of a Death Foretold}}

''Chronicle of a Death Foretold'' (''Crónica de una muerte anunciada''), which literary critic Ruben Pelayo called a combination of journalism, realism and detective story,<ref>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=115}}</ref> is inspired by a real-life murder that took place in [[Sucre, Colombia|Sucre]], Colombia, in 1951, but García Márquez maintained that nothing of the actual events remains beyond the point of departure and the structure.<ref>''An Interview with Gabriel García Márquez'', in Murray, Glen (ed.), ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 7, Winter 1981–82, pp. 6 & 7.</ref> The character of Santiago Nasar is based on a  good friend from García Márquez's childhood, Cayetano Gentile Chimento.<ref name="pelayo111">{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=111}}</ref>

The plot of the novel revolves around Santiago Nasar's murder. The narrator acts as a detective, uncovering the events of the murder as the novel proceeds.<ref name="pelayo112">{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=112}}</ref> Pelayo notes that the story "unfolds in an inverted fashion. Instead of moving forward... the plot moves backward."<ref>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=113}}</ref>

''Chronicle of a Death Foretold'' was published in 1981, the year before García Márquez was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature.<ref name="pelayo111"/> The novel was also adapted into a film by Italian director [[Francesco Rosi]] in 1987.<ref name="pelayo112"/>

=== ''Love in the Time of Cholera'' ===

{{Main|Love in the Time of Cholera}}

''Love in the Time of Cholera'' (''El amor en los tiempos del cólera'') was first published in 1985. It is considered a non-traditional love story as "lovers find love in their 'golden years'—in their seventies, when death is all around them".<ref>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=11}}</ref>

''Love in the Time of Cholera'' is based on the stories of two couples. The young love of Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza is based on the love affair of García Márquez's parents.<ref name=bell-villada156>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|2006|p=156}}</ref> But as García Márquez explained in an interview: "The only difference is [my parents] married. And as soon as they were married, they were no longer interesting as literary figures."<ref name=bell-villada156/> The love of old people is based on a newspaper story about the death of two Americans, who were almost 80 years old, who met every year in Acapulco. They were out in a boat one day and were murdered by the boatman with his oars. García Márquez notes, "Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them. They were each married to other people."<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|2006|p=157}}</ref>

=== ''News of a Kidnapping'' ===

{{Main|News of a Kidnapping}}

''News of a Kidnapping'' (''Noticia de un secuestro'') was first published in 1996. It examines a series of related [[kidnapping]]s and [[narcoterrorist]] actions committed in the early 1990s in Colombia by the [[Medellín Cartel]], a drug cartel founded and operated by [[Pablo Escobar]]. The text recounts the kidnapping, imprisonment, and eventual release of prominent figures in Colombia, including politicians and members of the press.
The original idea was proposed to García Márquez by the former minister for education [[Maruja Pachón Castro]] and Colombian diplomat [[Luis Alberto Villamizar Cárdenas]], both of whom were among the many victims of Pablo Escobar's attempt to pressure the government to stop his [[extradition]] by committing a series of kidnappings, murders and terrorist actions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.semana.com/enfoque/articulo/maruja-pachon-ex-ministra-educacion/103434-3|title=Maruja Pachón, ex ministra de Educación|work=Semana|date=23 May 2009}}</ref>

=== ''Living to Tell the Tale'' and ''Memories of My Melancholy Whores'' ===

In 2002 García Márquez published the memoir ''Vivir para contarla'', the first of a projected three-volume autobiography. [[Edith Grossman]]'s English translation, ''[[Living to Tell the Tale]]'', was published in November 2003.<ref>{{Harvnb|García Márquez|2003}}</ref> October 2004 brought the publication of a novel, ''[[Memories of My Melancholy Whores]]'' (''Memoria de mis putas tristes''), a love story that follows the romance of a 90-year-old man and a child forced into prostitution. ''Memories of My Melancholy Whores'' caused controversy in Iran, where it was banned after an initial 5,000 copies were printed and sold.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sarkouhi|first=Faraj|title=Iran: Book Censorship The Rule, Not The Exception|newspaper=Payvands' Iran News|date=26 November 2007|access-date=29 March 2008|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/nov/1244.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402055021/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/nov/1244.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ron |first=Jesus |title=Mayhem in Paris, author banned from Iran, Chavez at odds w/ Colombia & Spain |newspaper=Rutgers Observer |date=4 December 2007 |access-date=29 March 2008 |url=http://media.www.rutgersobserver.com/media/storage/paper822/news/2007/12/04/News/Mayhem.In.Paris.Author.Banned.From.Iran.Chavez.At.Odds.W.Colombia.Spain-3129071.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213145001/http://media.www.rutgersobserver.com/media/storage/paper822/news/2007/12/04/News/Mayhem.In.Paris.Author.Banned.From.Iran.Chavez.At.Odds.W.Colombia.Spain-3129071.shtml |archive-date=13 December 2007 }}</ref>

=== Film and opera ===

[[File:Gabriel Garcia Marquez (2009).jpg|thumb|García Márquez with the Colombian Culture Minister [[Paula Marcela Moreno Zapata|Paula Moreno]] (left) at the [[Guadalajara International Film Festival]], in Guadalajara, Mexico, in March 2009]]

Critics often describe the language that García Márquez's imagination produces as visual or graphic,<ref name="Stavans65">{{Harvnb|Stavans|1993|p= 65}}</ref> and he himself explains each of his stories is inspired by "a visual image,"<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=26}}</ref> so it comes as no surprise that he had a long and involved history with film. He was a film critic, he founded and served as executive director of the Film Institute in Havana,<ref name="Stavans65"/> was the head of the Latin American Film Foundation, and wrote several screenplays.<ref name="Bell7"/> For his first script he worked with [[Carlos Fuentes]] on Juan Rulfo's ''El gallo de oro''.<ref name="Stavans65"/> His other screenplays include the films ''[[A Time to Die (1985 film)|Tiempo de morir]]'' (1966), (1985) and ''[[Un señor muy viejo con unas alas enormes]]'' (1988), as well as the television series ''Amores difíciles'' (1991).<ref name="Stavans65"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Gonzales|1994|p=43}}</ref>

García Márquez originally wrote his ''Eréndira'' as a third screenplay, but this version was lost and replaced by the novella. Nonetheless, he worked on rewriting the script in collaboration with [[Ruy Guerra]], and the film was released in Mexico in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aufderheide|first= Patricia |title=Cross-cultural film guide |publisher=American University Library |url=http://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/erendira.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219053141/http://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/erendira.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 }}</ref>

Several of his stories have inspired other writers and directors. In 1987, the Italian director [[Francesco Rosi]] directed the movie ''[[Chronicle of a Death Foretold (film)|Cronaca di una morte annunciata]]'' based on ''Chronicle of a Death Foretold''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gonzales|1994|p=33}}</ref> Several film adaptations have been made in Mexico, including [[Miguel Littín]]'s ''La Viuda de Montiel'' (1979), Jaime Humberto Hermosillo's ''Maria de mi corazón'' (1979),<ref>{{Harvnb|Mraz|1994}}</ref> and Arturo Ripstein's ''El coronel no tiene quien le escriba'' (1998).<ref>{{Harvnb|de la Mora|Ripstein|1999|p=5}}</ref>

British director [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]] (''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'') filmed ''[[Love in the Time of Cholera (film)|Love in the Time of Cholera]]'' in [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], Colombia, with the screenplay written by Ronald Harwood (''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]''). The film was released in the U.S. on 16 November 2007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Douglas|first=Edward|title=Mike Newell on Love in the Time of Cholera|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/39181-mike-newell-on-love-in-the-time-of-cholera|website=ComingSoon|date=12 November 2007| access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>
<!--
His novel ''Of Love and Other Demons'' was adapted and directed by a Costa Rican filmmaker, Hilda Hidalgo, who is a graduate of the Film Institute at Havana where García Márquez would frequently impart screenplay workshops. Hidalgo's film was released in April 2010. The same novel was adapted by Hungarian composer [[Péter Eötvös]] to form the opera ''[[Love and Other Demons]]'', premiered in 2008 at [[Glyndebourne Festival]].-->

=== Later life and death ===

==== Declining health ====

In 1999 García Márquez was misdiagnosed with pneumonia instead of [[lymphatic cancer]].<ref name=bell-villadaxxii>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|2006| p= xxii}}</ref> Chemotherapy at a hospital in Los Angeles proved to be successful, and the illness went into remission.<ref name=bell-villadaxxii/><ref name="Forero">{{cite news |last1=Forero |first1=Juan |title=A Storyteller Tells His Own Story; García Márquez, Fighting Cancer, Issues Memoirs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/09/books/a-storyteller-tells-his-own-story-garcia-marquez-fighting-cancer-issues-memoirs.html |access-date=26 June 2022|work=The New York Times |date=9 October 2002}}</ref> This event prompted García Márquez to begin writing his memoirs: "I reduced relations with my friends to a minimum, disconnected the telephone, canceled the trips and all sorts of current and future plans", he told ''[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]'', the Colombian newspaper, "and locked myself in to write every day without interruption."<ref name="Forero"/> In 2002, three years later, he published ''[[Living to Tell the Tale]]'' (''Vivir para Contarla''), the first volume in a projected trilogy of memoirs.<ref name="Forero"/>

In 2000 his impending death was incorrectly reported by Peruvian daily newspaper ''[[La República (Peru)|La República]]''. The next day other newspapers republished his alleged farewell poem, "La Marioneta," but shortly afterward García Márquez denied being the author of the poem, which was determined to be the work of a Mexican ventriloquist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2000/06/01/cultura/959810408_850215.html|title=García Márquez: 'Lo que me puede matar es que alguien crea que escribí una cosa tan cursi.'|newspaper=El País|date= 31 May 2000|access-date=10 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/EDICIONESANTERIORES/2000/JUNIO/junio2/ESCENARIOS/escen3.html|title=García Márquez: "Lo que me mata es que crean que escribo así"|publisher=Elsalvador.com|access-date=26 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512085850/http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/EDICIONESANTERIORES/2000/JUNIO/junio2/ESCENARIOS/escen3.html|archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Boese|first=Alex|date=2002|url=http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/marquez.html|title=García Márquez Farewell Letter|publisher=Museum of Hoaxes|access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref>

He stated that 2005 "was the first [year] in my life in which I haven't written even a line. With my experience, I could write a new novel without any problems, but people would realise my heart wasn't in it."<ref name=worn_out/>

In May 2008 it was announced that García Márquez was finishing a new "novel of love" that had yet to be given a title, to be published by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Keeley |first=Graham| title= Magic triumphs over realism for García Márquez |newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=11 May 2008 |url= http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2278421,00.html}}</ref> However, in April 2009 his agent, [[Carmen Balcells]], told the Chilean newspaper ''[[La Tercera]]'' that García Márquez was unlikely to write again.<ref name=worn_out/> This was disputed by Random House Mondadori editor Cristobal Pera, who stated that García Márquez was completing a new novel called ''We'll Meet in August'' (''En agosto nos vemos'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yin|first= Maryann|title=Gabriel García Márquez Writing New Novel|publisher=Galleycat|date=29 October 2010|url=https://www.adweek.com/galleycat/gabriel-garcia-marquez-writing-new-novel/16484|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314202240/http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/gabriel-garcia-marquez-writing-new-novel_b15480|archive-date=14 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2023 it was announced that the novel, now titled ''Until August'' would be released posthumously in 2024.<ref name="eanv">{{Cite newspaper |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |lang=en-GB |date=28 April 2023 |accessdate=28 April 2023|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/apr/28/gabriel-garcia-marquez-unseen-novel-en-agosto-nos-vemos |title=Unseen Gabriel García Márquez novel to be published next year |last=Taylor |first=Luke}}</ref>

In December 2008 García Márquez told fans at the Guadalajara book fair that writing had worn him out.<ref name=worn_out>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Hamilos|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/02/columbia-gabriel-garcia-marquez-books|title=Gabriel García Márquez, literary giant, lays down his pen|access-date=2 April 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 April 2009}}</ref> In 2009, responding to claims by both his literary agent and his biographer that his writing career was over, he told Colombian newspaper ''El Tiempo'': "Not only is it not true, but the only thing I do is write".<ref name=worn_out/><ref>{{cite news|first=Alison|last=Flood|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/06/gabriel-garcia-marquez-still-writing|title=Gabriel García Márquez: I'm still writing|access-date=6 April 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 April 2009}}</ref>

In 2012 his brother Jaime announced that García Márquez was suffering from [[dementia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Harriet|title=Gabriel Garcia Marquez suffering from dementia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/9383928/Gabriel-Garcia-Marquez-suffering-from-dementia.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/9383928/Gabriel-Garcia-Marquez-suffering-from-dementia.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=7 June 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In April 2014, García Márquez was hospitalized in Mexico. He had infections in his lungs and his urinary tract, and was suffering from [[dehydration]]. He was responding well to antibiotics. Mexican president [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] wrote on Twitter, "I wish him a speedy recovery". Colombian president [[Juan Manuel Santos]] said his country was thinking of the author and said in a tweet: "All of Colombia wishes a speedy recovery to the greatest of all time: Gabriel García Márquez."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/03/showbiz/gabriel-garcia-marquez-hospitalized/index.html |title=Literary giant Gabriel García Márquez hospitalized|first=Elwyn|last=Lopez|publisher=CNN |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

==== Death ====

García Márquez died of pneumonia at the age of 87 on 17 April 2014, in Mexico City.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latintimes.com/gabriel-garcia-marquez-dies-famed-colombian-author-and-nobel-laureate-dead-87-pneumonia-166280 | title=Gabriel García Márquez Dies: Famed Colombian Author And Nobel Laureate Dead At 87 From Pneumonia | newspaper=Latin Times | date=17 April 2014 | access-date=17 April 2014 | last1=Torres| first1=Paloma |last2=Valdez|first2=Maria G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= https://apnews.com/8492afdd426f4229be41fae9816bca27 |title=Garcia Marquez, Nobel Laureate, Dies at 87 |work=Associated Press |date=17 April 2014 |access-date=2 April 2020|last1=Castillo |first1=E. Eduardo |last2=Bajak |first2=Frank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011740/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/L/LT_OBIT_GARCIA_MARQUEZ?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2014-04-17-17-38-00 |archive-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> His death was confirmed by Fernanda Familiar on Twitter,<ref name="muerteBBC">{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27073911|title= Author Gabriel Garcia Marquez dies|date= 18 April 2014|work= BBC News|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref> and by his former editor Cristóbal Pera.<ref name="muerteNYT">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/books/gabriel-garcia-marquez-literary-pioneer-dies-at-87.html?_r=0|title= Gabriel García Márquez, Literary Pioneer, Dies at 87|last=Kandell| first=Jonathan |date= 17 April 2014|newspaper= The New York Times|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>

The Colombian president [[Juan Manuel Santos]] mentioned: "One Hundred Years of Solitude and sadness for the death of the greatest Colombian of all time".<ref name="muerteBBC"/> The former Colombian president [[Álvaro Uribe Vélez]] said: "Master García Márquez, thanks forever, millions of people in the planet fell in love with our nation fascinated with your lines."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1683084-el-adios-a-gabriel-garcia-marquez-en-twitter|title= El adiós a Gabriel García Márquez en Twitter|trans-title= The goodbye to García Márquez on Twitter|language= es|date= 17 April 2014|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 17 April 2014|archive-date= 18 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140418001015/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1683084-el-adios-a-gabriel-garcia-marquez-en-twitter|url-status= dead}}</ref> At the time of his death, García Márquez had a wife and two sons.<ref name="muerteNYT"/>

García Márquez was cremated at a private family ceremony in Mexico City. On 22 April the presidents of Colombia and Mexico attended a formal ceremony in Mexico City, where García Márquez had lived for more than three decades. A funeral cortege took the urn containing his ashes from his house to the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]], where the memorial ceremony was held. Earlier, residents in his home town of Aracataca in Colombia's Caribbean region held a symbolic funeral.<ref>{{cite web|first=Will |last=Grant |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-27103052 |title=BBC News – Mexico and Colombia hold Gabriel Garcia Marquez memorials |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= 22 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> In February 2015, the heirs of Gabriel García Márquez deposited a legacy of the writer in his Memoriam in the Caja de las Letras of the [[Instituto Cervantes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/creadores/garcia_marquez_gabriel.htm|title=Gabriel García Márquez|publisher=Departamento de Bibliotecas y Documentación del Instituto Cervantes| date=October 2015| website=www.cervantes.es}}</ref>

==Style==
[[File:Gabriel Garcia Marquez 1984.jpg|thumb|upright|"Gabo" wearing a "''[[sombrero vueltiao]]''" hat, typical of the [[Caribbean Region of Colombia|Colombian Caribbean region]]. Most of the stories by García Márquez revolve around the idiosyncrasy of this region.]]

<blockquote>In every book I try to make a different path ... . One doesn't choose the style. You can investigate and try to discover what the best style would be for a theme. But the style is determined by the subject, by the mood of the times. If you try to use something that is not suitable, it just won't work. Then the critics build theories around that and they see things I hadn't seen. I only respond to our way of life, the life of the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite news|last= Simons |first= Marlise |title= Gabriel Márquez on Love, Plagues and Politics |newspaper= The New York Times |date= 21 February 1988 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/21/books/gabriel-marquez-on-love-plagues-and-politics.html |access-date= 30 July 2008 }}</ref></blockquote>

García Márquez was noted for leaving out seemingly important details and events so the reader is forced into a more participatory role in the story development. For example, in ''[[No One Writes to the Colonel]]'', the main characters are not given names. This practice is influenced by Greek tragedies, such as ''[[Antigone (Sophocles)|Antigone]]'' and ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'', in which important events occur off-stage and are left to the audience's imagination.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell-Villada|1990|p= 75}}</ref>

=== Realism and magical realism ===

Reality is an important theme in all of García Márquez's works. He said of his early works (with the exception of ''Leaf Storm''), "''Nobody Writes to the Colonel'', ''In Evil Hour'', and ''Big Mama's Funeral'' all reflect the reality of life in Colombia and this theme determines the rational structure of the books. I don't regret having written them, but they belong to a kind of premeditated literature that offers too static and exclusive a vision of reality."<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=56}}</ref>

In his other works he experimented more with less traditional approaches to reality, so that "the most frightful, the most unusual things are told with the deadpan expression".<ref>{{Harvnb|McMurray|1987|p=18}}</ref> A commonly cited example is the physical and spiritual ascending into heaven of a character while she is hanging the laundry out to dry in ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]].'' The style of these works fits in the "marvellous realm" described by the Cuban writer [[Alejo Carpentier]] and was labeled as [[magical realism]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Maurya|1983|p=57}}</ref> Literary critic Michael Bell proposes an alternative understanding for García Márquez's style, as the category magic realism is criticized for being dichotomizing and exoticizing, "what is really at stake is a psychological suppleness which is able to inhabit unsentimentally the daytime world while remaining open to the promptings of those domains which modern culture has, by its own inner logic, necessarily marginalised or repressed."<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell|1993|p=49}}</ref> García Márquez and his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza discuss his work in a similar way,<ref name="Mendoza 1983"/>

<blockquote>The way you treat reality in your books ... has been called magical realism. I have the feeling your European readers are usually aware of the magic of your stories but fail to see the reality behind it .... This is surely because their rationalism prevents them seeing that reality isn't limited to the price of tomatoes and eggs.<ref name="Mendoza 1983">{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=35}}</ref></blockquote>

==Themes==
===Solitude===
The theme of solitude runs through much of García Márquez's works. As Pelayo notes, "''Love in the Time of Cholera'', like all of Gabriel García Márquez's work, explores the solitude of the individual and of humankind...portrayed through the solitude of love and of being in love".<ref>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=136}}</ref>

In response to Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza's question, "If solitude is the theme of all your books, where should we look for the roots of this over-riding emotion?  In your childhood perhaps?" García Márquez replied, "I think it's a problem everybody has. Everyone has his own way and means of expressing it. The feeling pervades the work of so many writers, although some of them may express it unconsciously."<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza|García Márquez|1983|p=54}}</ref>

In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, ''[[Solitude of Latin America]]'', he relates this theme of solitude to the Latin American experience, "The interpretation of our reality through patterns not our own, serves only to make us ever more unknown, ever less free, ever more solitary."<ref>{{Harvnb|García Márquez|1982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HJCK |title="La soledad de América Latina", por Gabriel García Márquez |url=https://www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co/resources/3611942/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co |language=es}}</ref>

===Macondo===

Another important theme in many of García Márquez's work is the setting of the village he calls [[Macondo]]. He uses his home town of Aracataca, Colombia as a cultural, historical and geographical reference to create this imaginary town, but the representation of the village is not limited to this specific area. García Márquez shares, "Macondo is not so much a place as a state of mind, which allows you to see what you want, and how you want to see it."<ref>{{Harvnb|Apuleyo Mendoza| García Márquez|1983|p=77}}</ref> Even when his stories do not take place in Macondo, there is often still a consistent lack of specificity to the location. So while they are often set with "a Caribbean coastline and an Andean hinterland... [the settings are] otherwise unspecified, in accordance with García Márquez's evident attempt to capture a more general regional myth rather than give a specific political analysis."<ref>{{Harvnb|Bell|1993|p=70}}</ref> This fictional town has become well known in the literary world. As Stavans notes of Macondo, "its geography and inhabitants constantly invoked by teachers, politicians, and tourist agents..." makes it  "...hard to believe it is a sheer fabrication."<ref>{{Harvnb|Stavans|1993|p= 58}}</ref> In ''Leaf Storm'' García Márquez depicts the realities of the ''Banana Boom'' in Macondo, which include a period of great wealth during the presence of the US companies and a period of depression upon the departure of the American banana companies.<ref>{{Harvnb|McMurray|1987|p=15}}</ref> ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' takes place in Macondo and tells the complete history of the fictional town from its founding to its doom.<ref>{{Harvnb|McMurray|1987|p= 17}}</ref> The account of Macondo in Constance Pedoto, in "[[The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World]]" has been compared to tales from Alaska which combine the real and the surreal, deriving from an upbringing which combined superstitious beliefs and a harsh environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pedoto |first=Constance A. |title=The Alaskan connection: the World of Macondo in Eskimo tales |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics]] |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |year=2003 |pages=53–58 |url=https://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/CONSTANCE-A-PEDOTO-THE-ALASKAN-CONNECTION-THE-WORLD-OF-MACONDO-IN-ESKIMO-TALES.pdf}}</ref>

In his autobiography, García Márquez explains his fascination with the word and concept Macondo. He describes a trip he made with his mother back to Aracataca as a young man:<ref name="Marquez 2003 p19"/>

<blockquote>The train stopped at a station that had no town, and a short while later it passed the only banana plantation along the route that had its name written over the gate: ''Macondo''. This word had attracted my attention ever since the first trips I had made with my grandfather, but I discovered only as an adult that I liked its poetic resonance. I never heard anyone say it and did not even ask myself what it meant...I happened to read in an encyclopedia that it is a tropical tree resembling the [[Ceiba]].<ref name="Marquez 2003 p19">{{Harvnb|García Márquez|2003|p=19}}</ref></blockquote>

===La Violencia===
In several of García Márquez's works, including ''No One Writes to the Colonel'', ''In Evil Hour'', and ''Leaf Storm'', he referenced ''[[La Violencia]]'' (the violence), "a brutal civil war between conservatives and liberals that lasted into the 1960s, causing the deaths of several hundred thousand Colombians".<ref name="McMurray6"/><ref name=pelayo43>{{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=43}}</ref> Throughout all of his novels there are subtle references to ''la violencia''. For example, characters live under various unjust situations like curfew, press censorship, and underground newspapers.<ref name="McMurray16">{{Harvnb|McMurray|1987|p=16}}</ref> ''In Evil Hour'', while not one of García Márquez's most famous novels, is notable for its portrayal of ''la violencia'' with its "fragmented portrayal of social disintegration provoked by ''la violencia''".<ref>{{Harvnb|McMurray|1987|p=25}}</ref> Although García Márquez did portray the corrupt nature and the injustices of times like ''la violencia'', he refused to use his work as a platform for political propaganda. "For him, the duty of the revolutionary writer is to write well, and the ideal novel is one that moves its reader by its political and social content, and, at the same time, by its power to penetrate reality and expose its other side.<ref name="McMurray16"/>
[[File:Adonias Filho, Jorge Amado, Gabriel Garcia Marquez.jpg|thumb|Gabriel García Márquez (center) with [[Jorge Amado]] (to his left) and [[Adonias Filho]] (to his right)]]

==Legacy==
{{blockquote|Whether in fiction or nonfiction, in the epic novel or the concentrated story, Márquez is now recognized in the words of [[Carlos Fuentes]] as "the most popular and perhaps the best writer in Spanish since [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]]". He is one of those very rare artists who succeed in chronicling not only a nation's life, culture and history, but also those of an entire continent, and a master storyteller who, as ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' once said, "forces upon us at every page the wonder and extravagance of life."<ref name = "PSinsights">''One Hundred years of Solitude'', by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 2003, Harper Collins: New York, {{ISBN|978-0-06-088328-7}}, post-script section entitled: 'P.S. Insights, Interviews & More' pgs 2–12</ref>}}

García Márquez's work is an important part of the [[Latin American Boom]] of literature, often defined around his works, and those of [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], and [[Mario Vargas Llosa]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bacon|2001|p= 833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Alexandra |title=Entre letras y corresponsalías, una radiografía de Gabo |url=https://www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co/resources/3632739/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co |language=es}}</ref> His work has challenged critics of Colombian literature to step out of the conservative criticism that had been dominant before the success of ''One Hundred Years of Solitude''. In a review of literary criticism Robert Sims notes,<ref name="Sims 1994 p224"/>

{{blockquote|text=García Márquez continues to cast a lengthy shadow in Colombia, Latin America, and the United States.  Critical works on the 1982 Nobel laureate have reached industrial proportion and show no signs of abating. Moreover, García Márquez has galvanized Colombian literature in an unprecedented way by giving a tremendous impetus to Colombian literature.  Indeed, he has become a touchstone for literature and criticism throughout the Americas as his work has created a certain attraction-repulsion among critics and writers while readers continue to devour new publications.  No one can deny that García Márquez has helped rejuvenate, reformulate, and recontextualize literature and criticism in Colombia and the rest of Latin America.<ref name="Sims 1994 p224">{{Harvnb|Sims|1994|p=224}}</ref>}}

Following his death, García Márquez's family made the decision to deposit his papers and some of his personal effects at The University of Texas at Austin's [[Harry Ransom Center]], a humanities research library and museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/press/releases/2015/gabriel-garcia-marquez-archive.html |title=Gabriel García Márquez Archive Opens for Research on October 21 |website=www.hrc.utexas.edu |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer |title=Gabriel García Márquez's Archive Freely Available Online |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 April 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/arts/gabriel-garcia-marquez-archive-online.html|issn=0362-4331 }}</ref>

In 2023, García Márquez surpassed [[Miguel de Cervantes]] as the most translated Spanish-language writer according to the World Translation Map. The ranking is based on works translated into 10 languages, including English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Swedish. García Márquez is also the most translated Spanish-language author between 2000–2021 ahead of [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], [[Isabel Allende]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Carlos Ruiz Zafon]], [[Roberto Bolaño]], Cervantes and more.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Sam |title=Márquez overtakes Cervantes as most translated Spanish-language writer |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 March 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/27/marquez-overtakes-cervantes-as-most-translated-spanish-language-writer}}</ref>

===Nobel Prize===
{{Main|1982 Nobel Prize in Literature}}

García Márquez received the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] on 10 December 1982 "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts".  His acceptance speech was entitled  "[[The Solitude of Latin America]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|García Márquez|1982}}, see {{Harvnb|Pelayo|2001|p=11}}</ref> García Márquez was the first Colombian and fourth Latin American to win a Nobel Prize for Literature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Maurya|1983|p=53}}</ref> After becoming a Nobel laureate, García Márquez stated to a correspondent: "I have the impression that in giving me the prize, they have taken into account the literature of the sub-continent and have awarded me as a way of awarding all of this literature".<ref name="Maurya58"/>

== García Márquez in fiction ==

A year after his death, García Márquez appears as a notable character in [[Claudia Amengual]]'s novel ''[[Cartagena (novel)|Cartagena]]'', set in Uruguay and Colombia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dema |first1=Veronica |title=Cartagena, un homenaje literario a Gabriel García Márquez |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/cartagena-un-homenaje-literario-a-gabriel-garcia-marquez-nid1932824/ |website=La Nacion |access-date=29 August 2023 |date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

In [[Giannina Braschi]]'s [[Empire of Dreams (poetry collection)|''Empire of Dreams'']], the protagonist Mariquita Samper shoots the narrator of the Latin American Boom, presumed by critics to be the figure of García Marquez; in Braschi's [[Spanglish]] novel [[Yo-Yo Boing!]] characters debate the importance of García Márquez and [[Isabel Allende]] during a heated dinner party scene.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arellano, Jerónimo. Magical Realism and the History of the Emotions in Latin America. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2015. Print. 211 pp.|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39r0x1rq|access-date=7 August 2020|journal=Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World|year=2016|doi=10.5070/T462033564|last1=Rogers|first1=Charlotte|volume=6|issue=2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Poets, Philosophers, Lovers|url=https://upittpress.org/books/9780822946182/|access-date=7 August 2020|website=University of Pittsburgh Press}}</ref>

==List of works==
{{main article|Gabriel García Márquez bibliography}}

===Novels===

* ''[[In Evil Hour]]'' (1962)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'' (1967)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[The Autumn of the Patriarch]]'' (1975)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[Love in the Time of Cholera]]'' (1985)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[The General in His Labyrinth]]'' (1989)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[Of Love and Other Demons]]'' (1993)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[Until August]]'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=March 2024 is publication date for Márquez's 'lost' novel, Until August |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/march-2024-is-publication-date-for-marquezs-lost-novel-until-august |website=[[The Bookseller]] |access-date=20 October 2023 |date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Novellas ===

* ''[[Leaf Storm]]'' (1955)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[No One Writes to the Colonel]]'' (1958)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[Chronicle of a Death Foretold]]'' (1981)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>
* ''[[Memories of My Melancholy Whores]]'' (2004)<ref name="Cambridge Chronology"/>

===Short stories===
* ''[[The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World]]'' (1968)

* ''[[A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings]]'' (1968)

* ''[[The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother]]'' (1972)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonoro |first=Señal Memoria Archivo |title=La increíble y triste historia de la cándida Eréndira y de su abuela desalmada |url=https://www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co/resources/3611225/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co |language=es}}</ref>

=== Short story collections ===

* ''Big Mama's Funeral'' (1962, reprinted 2005)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marquez |first1=Gabriel Garcia |title=Early Short Stories by Garcia Marquez: Big Mama's Funeral |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1176328358 |website=WorldCat |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
* ''Innocent Eréndira, and other stories'' (1978)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marquez |first1=Gabriel Garcia |title=Innocent Eréndira, and other stories |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/3711235 |website=WorldCat |access-date=29 August 2023 |quote=Harper & Row 1978}}</ref>
* ''Collected Stories'' (1984)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marquez |first1=Gabriel Garcia |title=Collected Stories |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/797363668 |website=WorldCat |access-date=29 August 2023 |quote=HarperPerennial, 1984}}</ref>
* ''[[Strange Pilgrims]]'' (1993)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marquez |first1=Gabriel Garcia |title=Strange Pilgrims: Twelve Stories |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/30035136 |website=WorldCat |access-date=29 August 2023 |quote=Cape, 1993}}</ref>

=== Non-fiction ===

* ''[[The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor]]'' (1970)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Memba |first1=Javier |title=LUIS A. VELASCO – El náufrago de García Márquez |url=http://www.elmundo.es/2000/08/04/opinion/04N0036.html |website=El Mundo |access-date=29 August 2023 |language=Spanish |date=4 August 2000 |archive-date=19 January 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010119002800/http://www.elmundo.es/2000/08/04/opinion/04N0036.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* ''[[The Solitude of Latin America]]'' (1982){{sfn|García Márquez|1982}}
* ''[[The Fragrance of Guava]]'' (1982, with Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mendoza |first1=Plinio Apuleyo |last2=Marquez |first2=Gabriel Garcia |title=The Fragrance of Guava |date=1983 |publisher=Verso |isbn=9780860910657}}</ref>
* ''[[Clandestine in Chile: The Adventures of Miguel Littin|Clandestine in Chile]]'' (1986)<ref>{{cite book |last=Márquez |first=Gabriel García |title=Clandestine in Chile |publisher=Henry Holt |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-8050-0322-2 |page=}}</ref>
* '' [[Changing the History of Africa: Angola and Namibia]]'' (1991, with David Deutschmann)<ref>{{cite book | last1=Deutschmann | first1=David |last2=Marquez |first2=Gabriel Garcia |title=Changing the History of Africa | publisher=Ocean Press (AU) | date=1989 | isbn=978-1-875284-00-9 }}</ref>
* ''[[News of a Kidnapping]]'' (1997)<ref>{{cite book | last=Márquez | first=Gabriel García | title=News of a Kidnapping | publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | date=1997 | isbn=978-0-375-40051-3 }}</ref>
* ''[[A Country for Children]]'' (1998)<ref>{{cite book | last=Márquez | first=Gabriel García | title=A Country for Children | date=1998 | isbn=978-958-9393-28-4 }}</ref>
* ''[[Living to Tell the Tale]]'' (2002)<ref>{{cite book |author=García Márquez, Gabriel |title=Living to Tell the Tale |publisher=Vintage International |year=2004 |editor=Edith Grossman |isbn=1-4000-3454-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Gabriel García |title=El 9 de abril : vivir para contarla |url=https://www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co/resources/3290747/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co |language=es}}</ref>
* ''The Scandal of the Century: Selected Journalistic Writings, 1950–1984'' (2019)<ref>{{cite book | last=Márquez | first=Gabriel García | title=The Scandal of the Century | publisher=Knopf | date=2019 | isbn=978-0-525-65642-5 | page=}}</ref>

=== Films ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Film
! colspan="6"|Credited as
|-
! width=65 |[[Film director|Director]]
! width=65 |[[Screenwriter|Writer]]
|-
| 1954
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[The Blue Lobster]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}<ref name="MUBI screenplay">{{cite web |title=Gabriel García Márquez: Screenwriter |url=https://mubi.com/en/cast/gabriel-garcia-marquez/films/screenplay |website=MUBI |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1964
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[The Golden Cockerel (film)|The Golden Cockerel]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG">{{amg name |id=101365}}</ref><ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1965
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Love, Love, Love (1965 film)|Love, Love, Love]]'' (''Lola de mi vida'' segment)
|
|{{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Amor amor amor |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film238134.html |website=Film Affinity |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1966
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Time to Die (1966 film)|Time to Die]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/><ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1967
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Juego peligroso|Dangerous Game]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1968
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[4 contra el crimen]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="Mubi Marquez-Sanchez">{{cite web |title=Movies with Gabriel García Márquez & Blanca Sánchez credited together |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/names-together.php?name-ids=[392067364,298633424] |website=Film Affinity |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1974
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Presage (film)|Presage]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/>
|-
| 1979
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Mary my Dearest]]''<!--Maria de mi corazon-->
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/><ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1979
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[El Año de la Peste|The Year of the Plague]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Eréndira (film)|Eréndira]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/><ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Time to Die (1985 film)|(A) Time to Die]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/><ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings (film)|A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/>
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Fable of the Beautiful Pigeon Fancier]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/>
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[A Happy Sunday]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/>
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Letters from the Park]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/>
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Miracle in Rome]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/>
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Don't Fool with Love: The Two Way Mirror]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="Mubi Marquez-Sanchez"/>
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[La María]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Maria en el audiovisual |url=https://www.valledelcauca.gov.co/jorge_isaacs/publicaciones/64550/maria-en-el-audiovisual/ |website=Valle del Cauca.gov.co |access-date=29 August 2023 |quote=MARÍA  (Colombia – 1991 – 6 horas – Video – Color – Ficción)  Dirección: Lisandro Duque Naranjo.  Guión: Gabriel García Márquez. Con la colaboración de Eliseo Alberto Diego y Manuel Arias.}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Me alquilo para soñar]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Crónicas de una generación trágica]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Crónicas de una generación trágica |url=https://www.rtvcplay.co/series-ficcion/cronicas-de-una-generacion-tragica |website=RTVC Play |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Oedipus Mayor]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="AMG"/>
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Saturday Night Thief]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Saturday Night Thief |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71826608 |website=WorldCat |oclc=71826608 |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[The Invisible Children]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmakers offer fresh perspectives |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2003-03-22-0303210424-story.html |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=Sun Sentinel |date=22 March 2003 |quote=directed by Lisandro Duque and written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[ZA 05. Lo viejo y lo nuevo]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Gabriel García Márquez |url=https://en.kinorium.com/name/231580/ |website=Kinorium |access-date=29 August 2023 |quote=Argentina, Cuba • Fernando Birri}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Love in the Time of Cholera (film)|Love in the Time of Cholera]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref name="Ebert 2007">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Lost at the Time of Translation |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/love-in-the-time-of-cholera-2007 |publisher=Roger Ebert |access-date=29 August 2023 |date=15 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Lessons for a Kiss]]''
|
|{{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haigh |first1=Phil |title=Gabriel Garcia Marquez books and quotes of the Colombian novelist celebrated in today's Google Doodle |url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/03/06/gabriel-garcia-marquez-books-quotes-colombian-novelist-celebrated-todays-google-doodle-7365008/ |website=Metro |access-date=29 August 2023 |date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|}

===Adaptations based on his works===

* ''[[There Are No Thieves in This Village]]'' (1965, [[Alberto Isaac]]; also as actor)<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[Patsy, My Love]]'' (1969, [[Manuel Michel]], based on a non-published story)<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[The Widow of Montiel]]'' (1979, [[Miguel Littín]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film941323.html |title=The Widow of Montiel |work=Film Affinity |accessdate=12 September 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[The Sea of Lost Time]]'' (1980, [[Solveig Hoogesteijn]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rist |first1=Peter H. |title=Historical Dictionary of South American Cinema |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780810880368 |page=319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrOMAwAAQBAJ&dq=Gabriel+Garc%C3%ADa+M%C3%A1rquez+%22the+sea+of+lost+time%22+solveig+hoogesteijn&pg=PA319}}</ref>
* ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude (film)|One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'' (1981, [[Shūji Terayama]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Castillo |first1=Gabriela |title=The Strange Japanese Adaptation of 'One Hundred Years of Solitude' |url=https://culturacolectiva.com/en/entertainment/movies/saraba-hakobune-farewell-to-the-ark-one-hundred-years-of-solitude/ |website=Cultura Colectiva |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Farewell to the Ark]]'' (1984, [[Shūji Terayama]])<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%95%E3%82%89%E3%81%B0%E7%AE%B1%E8%88%9F-711546|script-title= ja:さらば箱舟とは|access-date= 26 January 2021|language= Japanese|publisher= kotobank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Farewell to the Ark|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/calendar/farewell-to-the-ark-2017-11|access-date=12 January 2022|website=Harvard Film Archive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Terayama|first=Shûji|title=Saraba hakobune|date=8 September 1984|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088041/|type=Fantasy, Mystery, Romance|publisher=Art Theatre Guild (ATG), Gekidan Himawari, Jinriki Hikoki Sha|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref>
* ''[[Time to Die (TV series)|Time to Die]]'' (1984, [[Jorge Alí Triana]])<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[Chronicle of a Death Foretold (film)|Chronicle of a Death Foretold]]'' (1987, [[Francesco Rosi]])<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[The Summer of Miss Forbes]]'' (1989, [[Jaime Humberto Hermosillo]])<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[I'm the One You're Looking For]]'' (1989, [[Jaime Chávarri]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Garcia Marquez: Words Into Film |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/13/movies/garcia-marquez-words-into-film.html |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=13 August 1989}}</ref>
* ''[[Only Death Is Bound to Come]]'' (1992, [[Marina Tsurtsumia]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Only Death is Bound to Come |url=https://mubi.com/en/gb/films/only-death-is-bound-to-come |website=MUBI |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Bloody Morning]]'' (1993, [[Shaohong Li]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloody Morning |url=https://mubi.com/en/gb/films/bloody-morning |website=MUBI |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[No One Writes to the Colonel (film)|No One Writes to the Colonel]]'' (1999, [[Arturo Ripstein]])<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[In Evil Hour (film)|In Evil Hour]]'' (2005, [[Ruy Guerra]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holland |first1=Jonathan |title=In Evil Hour |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/in-evil-hour-1200521122/ |website=Variety |access-date=29 August 2023 |date=12 October 2005}}</ref>
* ''[[Love in the Time of Cholera (film)|Love in the Time of Cholera]]'' (2007, [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]])<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[Of Love and Other Demons (film)|Of Love and Other Demons]]'' (2009, [[Hilda Hidalgo]])<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>
* ''[[Memories of My Melancholy Whores (film)|Memories of My Melancholy Whores]]'' (2011, [[Henning Carlsen]])<ref name="MUBI screenplay"/>

==See also==
* [[Latin American Boom]]
* [[Latin American Literature]]
* [[McOndo]]
* [[Vallenato]]
* [[Biblioteca Gabriel García Márquez]], library in Barcelona, declared world best library in 2023.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
<!-- please copy/paste the following templates for use in this section:
Book citation template:
* {{citation|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|authorlink=|title=|location=|publisher=|year=|isbn=}}
Journal citation template:
* {{citation}}
-->

* {{citation|last=Allen|first=James Sloan|title=Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life|location=Savannah, Ga.|publisher=Frederic C. Beil|year=2008|isbn=978-1-929490-35-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldlywisdomgre0000alle}}
* {{citation|last1=Apuleyo Mendoza|first1= Plinio|first2=Gabriel|last2= García Márquez|title=[[The Fragrance of Guava]]|place=London|publisher= Verso|year= 1983|isbn= 978-0-86091-765-6}}.
* {{citation|last=Arenas|first=Reinaldo|title=Before Night Falls|location=New York|publisher=Viking|year=1993|isbn=978-0-670-84078-6}}.
* {{citation| last =Bacon| first =Susan| title= Review of Conversations with Latin American Writers: Gabriel Garcia Marquez| journal =Hispania| volume =84| issue =4|date= December 2001  | page =833| publisher =American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese| doi =10.2307/3657872| jstor =3657872}}.
* {{citation|last=Bell|first= Michael|title=Gabriel García Márquez: Solitude and Solidarity|place= Hampshire|publisher= Macmillan|year= 1993|isbn= 978-0-333-53765-7}}.
* {{citation|last=Bell-Villada|first= Gene H.|title=García Márquez: The Man and His Work|place=North Carolina|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year= 1990|isbn= 978-0-8078-1875-6}}.
* {{citation|editor-last=Bell-Villada|editor-first= Gene H.|title=Conversations with Gabriel García Márquez|place=Jackson|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year= 2006|isbn= 978-1-57806-784-8}}.
* {{citation|editor-last=Bhalla|editor-first= Alok|title=García Márquez and Latin America|place= New Delhi|publisher= Sterling Publishers Private Limited|year=1987}}.
* {{citation|editor-last=Bloom|editor-first= Harold|title=Gabriel García Márquez|place= New York|publisher= Chelsea House|year= 2007|isbn= 978-0-7910-9312-2}}.
* {{citation|last=Cebrian|first= Juan Luis|title=Retrato de Gabriel García Márquez|place= Gutenberg|publisher=Círculo de Lectores|year=1997|isbn=978-84-226-5572-5}}.
* {{citation|last1=Esteban|first1= Angel|first2=Stephanie|last2=Panichelli|title=Gabo Y Fidel: el paisaje de una amistad|publisher=Planeta Publishing|year=2004}}.
* {{citation|last=García Márquez| first=Gabriel| editor-last=Frängsmyr| editor-first=Tore|chapter=The solitude of Latin America|title=Nobel Lectures, Literature 1981–1990|location=Singapore|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co.|year=1982|publication-date=1993|chapter-url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/marquez-lecture.html| editor2-last=Allen| editor2-first=Sture}}.
* {{citation|last=García Márquez|first=Gabriel|title= [[No One Writes to the Colonel]]|publisher=Harper & Row| edition=1st|year=1968|isbn=978-0-06-011417-6}}.
* {{citation|last= García Márquez|first= Gabriel|title= Living to tell the tale|location= New York|publisher= Alfred A. Knopf|year= 2003|isbn= 978-1-4000-4134-3|url= https://archive.org/details/livingtotelltale00garc}}.
* {{citation|last=Gonzales|first=Nelly|title=Bibliographic Guide to Gabriel García Márquez, 1986–1992|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographicgui0000gonz|location=Oxford|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1994|isbn=978-0-313-28832-6|url-access=registration}}.
* [[Consuelo Hernández|Hernández, Consuelo]]. "''El Amor en los tiempos del cólera'' es una novela popular." Diario la Prensa: New York, 4 October. 1987.
* {{citation|last=Martin |first=Gerald |title= Gabriel García Márquez: A Life |place= London |publisher= Penguin|year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-14-317182-9}}.
* {{citation| last =Maurya| first =Vibha| title =Gabriel García Márquez| journal =Social Scientist| volume =11| issue =1|date= January 1983 | pages =53–58| doi =10.2307/3516870| issn =0970-0293| jstor =3516870}}.
* {{citation|last= McMurray|first= George R.|title= Critical Essays on Gabriel García Márquez|place= Boston|publisher= G.K. Hall & Co.|year= 1987|isbn= 978-0-8161-8834-5|url= https://archive.org/details/criticalessayson00mcmu}}.
* {{citation| last1 = de la Mora| first1 = Sergio| first2 = Arturo|last2= Ripstein| title = A Career in Perspective: An Interview with Arturo Ripstein| journal = Film Quarterly| volume = 52| issue = 4| date = Summer 1999 | pages = 2–11| publisher = University of California Press| doi = 10.1525/fq.1999.52.4.04a00020| issn = 0015-1386| jstor=1213770}}.
* {{citation|last=Mraz| first=John|title=Review of ''Cinema of Solitude: A Critical Study of Mexican Film, 1972–1983'', by Charles Ramirez Berg|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television| date= August 1994| volume=14|issue = 3| issn= 0143-9685 }}.
* {{citation|last=Oberhelman|first=Harley D.|title= García Márquez and Cuba: A Study of its Presence in his Fiction, Journalism, and Cinema|place= Fredericton|publisher= York Press Ltd.|year=1995|isbn= 978-0-919966-95-6}}.
* {{citation|last=Pelayo|first=Ruben|title=Gabriel García Márquez: A Critical Companion|place=Westport|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-313-31260-1|url=https://archive.org/details/gabrielgarciamar00pela}}.
* {{citation|last=Saldívar|first=Dasso|title=García Márquez: El viaje a la semilla: la biografía|location=Madrid|publisher=Alfaguara|year=1997|isbn=978-84-204-8250-7|url=https://archive.org/details/garciamarquezelv00sald}}.
* {{citation| last =Sims| first =Robert| title =Review: Dominant, Residual, and Emergent: Revent Criticism on Colombian Literature and Gabriel Garcia Marquez| journal =Latin American Research Review| volume =29| issue =2| year =1994| pages =223–234| publisher =Latin American Studies Association| doi =10.1017/S0023879100024201| jstor =2503601| s2cid =252741000| doi-access =free}}.
* {{citation|last=Stavans|first=Ilan|title=Gabo in Decline|journal=Transition|volume=62|issue=62|year=1993|pages=58–78|publisher=Indiana University Press|doi=10.2307/2935203|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2935203}}.
* {{citation|last=Streitfeld|first=David|title=The Intricate Solitude of Gabriel Garcia Marquez|newspaper= The Washington Post|year= 1994| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/10/the-intricate-solitude-of-gabriel-garcia-marquez/4b20cf31-5ac5-4726-89e5-de30f8c7c70a/}}.
* {{citation|last= Williams|first= Raymond L.|title= Gabriel García Márquez|place= Boston|publisher= Twayne Publishers|year= 1984|isbn= 978-0-8057-6597-7|url= https://archive.org/details/gabrielgarcam00will}}.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Garcia |first=Rodrigo |author-link=Rodrigo García (director) |year=2021 |title=A Farewell to Gabo and Mercedes: A Son's Memoir of Gabriel García Márquez and Mercedes Barcha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpMfEAAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=HarperVia |isbn=9780063158337 |oclc=1243908337}}
* {{cite book | last = Martin | first = Gerald | title = Gabriel García Márquez: A Life |location = London |publisher= Bloomsbury | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0747594765 | ref = none}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|c=category:Gabriel García Márquez|s=no|d=Q5878|m=no|mw=no|species=no|wikt=no}}
*{{Curlie|Arts/Literature/Authors/G/García_Márquez%2C_Gabriel}}

{{Gabriel García Márquez|state=expanded}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{1982 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Neustadt International Prize for Literature}}
{{Rómulo Gallegos Prize winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garcia Marquez, Gabriel}}
[[Category:Gabriel García Márquez| ]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Colombian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Colombian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Colombian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Colombian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Colombian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Colombian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century memoirists]]
[[Category:21st-century screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century short story writers]]
[[Category:Colombian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Colombian essayists]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriates in Mexico]]
[[Category:Colombian literature]]
[[Category:Colombian male novelists]]
[[Category:Colombian male poets]]
[[Category:Colombian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Colombian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Colombian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Colombian political writers]]
[[Category:Colombian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Colombian socialists]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Mexico]]
[[Category:Fabulists]]
[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:Colombian memoirists]]
[[Category:Mestizo writers]]
[[Category:National University of Colombia alumni]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:People from Magdalena Department]]
[[Category:People with Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Postmodern writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Speechwriters]]
[[Category:Surrealist writers]]
[[Category:Urban fantasy writers]]
[[Category:Weird fiction writers]]
[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]
[[Category:Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]