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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Species of domestic cattle}}
{{distinguish|Ghayal (disambiguation){{!}}Ghayal}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Gayal
| image = B4 darjeling para-5.jpg
| image_caption = A gayal bull in Bandarban, Bangladesh, 2007
| status = DOM
| taxon = Bos frontalis
| authority = [[Aylmer Bourke Lambert|Lambert]], 1804
| range_map = 
| synonyms = * Species Level:
**''Bibos frontalis''
* Subspecies Level:
**''Bos gaurus frontalis''
**''Bibos gaurus frontalis''
| range_map_captio n = 
}}

The '''gayal''' ('''''Bos frontalis'''''), also known as the '''Drung ox'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scherf |first=Beate |date=2000 |title=World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity |url=https://www.fao.org/3/x8750e/x8750e.pdf |journal=World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity |publisher=FAO |pages=651}}</ref> or '''mithun''', is a large domestic [[bos|cattle]] distributed in [[Northeast India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] and in [[Yunnan]], [[China]].<ref name=Simoons1984>Simoons, F. J. (1984). ''Gayal or mithan''. In: Mason, I. L. (ed.) ''Evolution of Domesticated Animals''. Longman, London. Pages 34–38.</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
In his first description of 1804, [[Aylmer Bourke Lambert]] applied the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]] ''Bos frontalis'' to a domestic specimen probably from [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ellerman |first1=J. R. |last2=Morrison-Scott |first2=T. C. S. |year=1966 |url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/380/mode/2up |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |edition=Second |location=London |publisher=British Museum of Natural History |page=380 }}</ref>

In 2003, the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] fixed the first available [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] based on a wild population that the name for this wild species is valid by virtue of its being antedated by a name based on a domestic form. Most authors have adopted the binomial ''Bos frontalis'' for the domestic species as valid for the [[taxon]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gentry |first1=A. |last2=Clutton-Brock |first2=J. |last3=Groves |first3=C. P. |year=2004 |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/J%20Arch%20Sci.pdf |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue= 5|pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408044739/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/J%20Arch%20Sci.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-08 }}</ref>

[[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic analysis]] corroborates the taxonomic assessment that the gayal is an independent ''Bos'' species originating [[Matrilineality|matrilineally]] from [[gaur]], [[zebu]] and [[cattle]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guolong |first1=M. |last2=Hong |first2=C. |last3=Shiping |first3=L. |last4=Hongyu |first4=C. |last5=Dejun |first5=J. |last6=Rongqing |first6=G. |last7=Chunfang |first7=C. |last8=Yonghong |first8=L. |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships and Status Quo of Colonies for Gayal Based on Analysis of Cytochrome b Gene Partial Sequences |journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1016/S1673-8527(07)60045-9 |pmid=17560527 }}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The gayal differs in several important particulars from the [[gaur]]:<ref name=Lydekker1888>Lydekker, R. (1888–1890). [https://archive.org/stream/newnatuhist02lyderich#page/178/mode/2up ''The new natural history'' Volume 2]. Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Pages 179–181.</ref>
* It is somewhat smaller, with proportionately shorter limbs, and stands much lower at the [[withers]].
* The ridge on the back is less developed, and bulls have a larger [[dewlap]] on the throat.
* The head is shorter and broader, with a perfectly flat forehead and a straight line between the bases of the [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]].
* The thick and massive horns are less flattened and much less curved than in the gaur, extending almost directly outwards from the sides of the head, and curving somewhat upwards at the tips, but without any inward inclination. Their extremities are thus much farther apart than in the gaur.
* The female gayal is much smaller than the bull, and has scarcely any dewlap on the throat.
* The skin colour of the head and body is blackish-brown in both sexes, and the lower portion of the limbs are white or yellowish.
* The horns are of uniform blackish tint from base to tip.
Some domesticated gayals are parti-coloured, while others are completely white.{{cn|date=June 2019}}

There are two major hypotheses on the origin of the gayal:
* It was domesticated from wild [[gaur]];<ref name=Simoons1984 />
* It is a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] descendant from crossing of wild gaur and domestic cattle, either ''[[Zebu|Bos indicus]]'' or ''[[Cattle|Bos taurus]]''.<ref name=Payne1970>{{cite book |last1=Payne |first1=W. J. A. |year=1970 |chapter=Breeds and Breeding VI |title=Cattle Production in the Tropics: General introduction and breeds |location=London |publisher=Longman Group Ltd. }}</ref>

In 2020, Ranganathan Kamalakkannan et Al. found "phylogenetic analysis using complete mitochondrial genome sequences unambiguously suggested that gaur is the maternal ancestor of domestic mithun."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamalakkannan |first1=Ranganathan |title=The complete mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur, Bos gaurus and its phylogenetic implications |journal=Sci Rep |date=20 July 2020 |volume=10 |issue=11936 |page=11936 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68724-6 |pmid=32686769 |pmc=7371690 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uzzaman |first1=M. R. |last2=Bhuiyan |first2=M. S. A. |last3=Edea |first3=Z. |last4=Kim |first4=K.-S. |date=2014 |title=Semi-domesticated and Irreplaceable Genetic Resource Gayal (''Bos frontalis'') Needs Effective Genetic Conservation in Bangladesh: A Review |journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1368–1372 |doi=10.5713/ajas.2014.14159 |pmid=25178382 |pmc=4150205 |issn=1011-2367}}</ref>

Analysis of the [[genome]] of the gayal was published in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Y.-P. |last2=Wu|first2=D.-D. |last3=Dong |first3=Y. |last4=Wang |first4=W. |last5=Yang |first5=M.-M. |last6=Yan |first6=S.-Q. |last7=Qu |first7=K.-X. |last8=Wang|first8=S. |last9=Xiong|first9=Z.-J. |date=2017 |title=Draft genome of the gayal, ''Bos frontalis'' |journal=GigaScience |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1093/gigascience/gix094 |pmc=5710521 |pmid=29048483}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Mithun, Glao Lake.jpg|thumb|A gayal cow and calf, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India]]
Gayals are essentially inhabitants of hill-forests. In India, semi-domesticated gayals are kept by several [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] living in the hills of [[Tripura]], [[Mizoram]], [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]]. They also occur in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<ref name=Lydekker1888/> In northern Burma, they occur in the [[Kachin State]], and in adjacent Yunnan are found only in the Trung ({{zh|s=独龙河}}) and [[Salween River]] basins.<ref name=Simoons1984/>

The role of the mithun is central to the lives of many residents of these areas, including [[transhumance|transhumant]] ones who pair mithun management with [[sago palm]] harvesting:{{quote|Although livestock is highly characteristic of the high Himalayan way of life in general, with yaks and sheep being predominant species until recently, the mithun, or gayal (''Bos frontalis'') is the most prominent animal exploited by Eastern Himalayan groups ... The mithun is a semi-domesticate, managed in fenced tracts of forests rather than being kept in or near villages. Outside North East India, mithun are primarily imported for the purpose of cross- breeding with other bovids, for example in Bhutan. It is very common among Eastern Himalayan languages to find lexical sets denoting fauna in which the mithun is lexicalized as a “prototypical” meat animal, with all other terms being derived ... Terms for ‘mithun’ in other languages of Arunachal Pradesh are typically cognate with Aka fu (e.g. Miji ʃu, Koro sù, Puroik ʧa and Proto-Tani *ɕo), suggesting that this is probably not a case of semantic shift from a wild species. The implication is that the semi-wild mithun was seen as the core species, and the true domesticates such as cattle, which arrived subsequently, as marginal to the system.<ref>{{cite book |author=Blench, R. and M. W. Post |editor1-last=Owen-Smith |editor1-first=T. |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=N. |title=Trans-Himalayan Linguistics Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area |date=2013 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-031083-2|pages=71–104|chapter=Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of North East Indian languages: Blench, R. and M. W. Post}}</ref>}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2017}}
In Nagaland, the animals are kept semi-wild, and live in herds, being watched over by special caretakers assigned by the villages or the owner of the herd. They respond to a horn kept specially for the individual caretaker or actual owner to call them. From birth until the time of butchering or market, the Mithun remain in the herd, and roam mostly freely throughout the forests.

== In culture ==
[[File:Mithun.jpg|thumb|left|An albino akin mithun in [[Thrissur Zoo]]]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2017}}
To the Idu Mishmi, Nyishi people or [[Adi people]]  (Bangni-Booker [[Lhoba]]s incl pasi, padam, minyong, Galong now Galo), the possession of gayal is the traditional measure of a family's wealth. Gayal are not milked or put to work but given supplementary care while grazing in the woods, until they are ritually slaughtered or killed for local consumption. Mithuns are wild and each family has a very indigenous marking as a cut on the ear.

The gayal is the state animal of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Nagaland]]. Gayals play an important role in the social life of the people in Arunachal Pradesh. Marriages are not fixed until the bridegroom's family gives at least one gayal to the bride's household.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Gayals are left in the forest, where they usually stay within a small perimeter. Females are usually aggressive when with calves, and there are instances known when people have been severely injured after being gored by one. Males are usually more docile.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

In Mizoram and [[Manipur]], it is called Sial, Siel, Se/Sia amongst the tribes of the [[Chin-Kuki-Mizo]]. It is the most essential and valuable commodity; the wealth of a person is often counted by the number of gayals. It is the sole animal used for sacrificial purposes and feast of merit. The tribes regard a human to be honourable if and when he holds a community feast of one or more gayal on one or more occasions.
{{Clear left}}

== National Research Centre on Mithun ==
The [[National Research Centre on Mithun]] was established at [[Medziphema]] in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] under the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]].

The mandate of the institute was redefined in 1997 and 2006. Currently, the [[National Research Centre on Mithun]] is functioning for developing the scientific and sustainable mithun rearing system and for catering the needs of mithun farmers with the following mandates:
* Identification, evaluation and characterization of mithun [[germplasm]] available in the country.
* Conservation and improvement of mithun for meat and milk.
* Act as a repository of germplasm and information centre on mithun.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Gayal|''Gayal''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Gayal|''Gayal''}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.4}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q45079}}

[[Category:Bos]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1804]]
[[Category:Domesticated animals]]
[[Category:Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Symbols of Nagaland]]
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