Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:German-speaking Community of Belgium

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|One of three federal communities of Belgium}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = German-speaking Community
| native_name = <small>{{native name|de|Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft}}</small>
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[Communities of Belgium|Community of Belgium]]
| image_flag = Flag of the German Community in Belgium.svg
| flag_size = 125px
| image_shield = BE DG Belgien COA.svg
| image_map = Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft in Belgium.svg
| image_map1 = German-Speaking Community in Belgium and Europe.svg
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Belgium}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{flag|Wallonia}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1984
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Eupen]]
| leader_title = Executive
| leader_name = [[Government of the German-speaking Community]]
| leader_title1 = Governing parties {{small|(2019–2024)}}
| leader_name1 = [[ProDG (Belgium)|ProDG]], [[Parti Socialiste (Belgium)|SP]], [[Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt|PFF]]
| leader_title2 = [[Minister-President of the German-speaking Community|Minister-President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Oliver Paasch]] (ProDG)
| leader_title3 = Legislature
| leader_name3 = [[Parliament of the German-speaking Community]]
| leader_title4 = Speaker
| leader_name4 = [[Karl-Heinz Lambertz]] (PS)
| population_total = 77,949
| area_total_km2 = 854
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 1 January 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref name=StatBel>{{cite web |title=On 1 January 2020, Belgium had 11,492,641 inhabitants |work=[[Statistics Belgium]] |date=2020-05-26 |url=https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population |access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Day of the German-speaking Community of Belgium|Day of the German-speaking Community]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 15 November
| blank1_name_sec1 = Language
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[German language|German]] (with language facilities for [[French language|French]]-speakers)
| website = {{URL|http://www.dglive.be/}}
|coordinates      = {{coord|50|38|N|06|02|E|region:BE|display=inline}}
}}
[[File:German council eupen.jpg|thumb|The Executive (government) of the German-speaking Community meets in [[Eupen]].]]

The '''German-speaking Community''' ({{lang-de|Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft}}), also known as '''East Belgium''' ({{lang-de|links=no|Ostbelgien}}),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rankin |first1=Jennifer |title=Separatism fears grow in Belgium as German speakers assert themselves |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/02/belgium-german-speaking-community-ostbelgien |access-date=21 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref> is one of the three [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|federal communities]] of [[Belgium]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1263//2264_read-27181/ |title=The German-speaking Community |publisher=Dglive.be |access-date=2014-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504234715/http://www.dglive.be/en/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1263/2264_read-27181/ |archive-date=2014-05-04}}</ref> with an area of {{convert|854|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[Liège Province]] of [[Wallonia]], including nine of the eleven municipalities of [[Eupen-Malmedy]]. The primary language of the community is German, making this the third official language in Belgium. Traditionally the community and the wider area around it forms an intersection of various local languages and/or dialects, namely [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]], [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] and [[Moselle Franconian dialects|Moselle Franconian]] varieties. The community population numbers around 77,949 (1st January 2020){{snd}}about 7.0% of Liège Province and about 0.7% of the national total.<ref name=StatBel/>

Bordering the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]] and [[Luxembourg]], the area has its own parliament and government at [[Eupen]]. The German-speaking Community of Belgium was [[Treaty of Versailles#Territorial changes|annexed in 1920]] from Germany. There are also some other areas where German is spoken that belonged to Belgium before 1920, but are not part of the German-speaking Community: [[Bleiberg]]-[[Welkenraedt]]-[[Baelen]] in northeastern [[Liège (province)|province of Liège]] and [[Arelerland]] (the city of [[Arlon]] and some of its nearby villages in southeastern [[Luxembourg (Belgium)|province of Belgian Luxembourg]]), although German is declining in them due to the expansion of [[French language|French]].<ref>[[Society for Threatened Peoples]]: [http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/vielfalt-dt.html gfbv.it]</ref>

== History ==
The area known today as the [[Eupen-Malmedy|East Cantons]] consists of the German-speaking Community and the municipalities of [[Malmedy]] and [[Waimes]] ({{lang-de|links=no|Weismes}}), which belong to the [[French Community of Belgium]]. The East Cantons were part of the [[Rhine Province]] of [[Prussia]] in the [[German Empire]] until 1920 (as the counties (''{{lang|de|links=no|Landkreise}}'') of [[Eupen-Malmedy|Eupen and Malmedy]]), but were annexed by [[Belgium]] following Germany's defeat in World War I and the subsequent [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="DG history">{{cite web |url=http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1397//2268_read-27185/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626130648/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1397/2268_read-27185/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-26 |title=History of the German-speaking Community |publisher=Dglive.be |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref> Thus they also became known as the ''{{lang|fr|cantons rédimés}}'', "redeemed cantons". The peace treaty of Versailles demanded the "questioning" of the local population. People who were unwilling to become Belgians and wanted the region to remain a part of Germany were required to register themselves along with their full name and address with the Belgian military administration, headed by [[Herman Baltia]], and many feared reprisals or even expulsion for doing so.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

In the mid-1920s, there were secret negotiations between Germany and the kingdom of Belgium that seemed to be inclined to sell the region back to Germany as a way to improve Belgium's finances. A price of 200 million [[gold mark]]s has been mentioned.<ref name="DG history"/> At this point, the French government, fearing for the stability of the broader postwar order, intervened with Brussels and the Belgian-German talks were called off.

The new cantons had been part of Belgium for just 20 years when, in 1940, they were retaken by Germany in World War II. The majority of people of the east cantons welcomed this as they considered themselves German. Following the defeat of Germany in 1945, the cantons were once again annexed by Belgium, and as a result of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany an attempt was made to de-Germanize the local population by the Belgian and Walloon authorities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asbrock |first1=Frank |last2=Van Hiel |first2=Alain |date=21 November 2017 |title=An Insiders' Outside Perspective on the Flemish-Walloon Conflict: The Role of Identification and Disidentification for the German-Speaking Minority
|journal=Journal of the Belgian Association of Psychological Science |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=115–131 |doi=10.5334/pb.347 |pmid=30479796 |pmc=6194527 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Former German territories.svg|[[Eupen-Malmedy]] area and other German territories lost in both World Wars are shown in black, present-day Germany is marked dark grey on this 1914 map.
File:Eupen 1943-CP2a.jpg|1943 postcard; Nazi propaganda postmark reads ''{{lang|de|Heimkehr ins Großdeutsche Vaterland}}'' ("Return to the Great German Fatherland")
</gallery>

In the early 1960s, Belgium was divided into four linguistic areas, the [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-speaking [[Flanders|Flemish]] area, the [[French language|French]]-speaking area, the bilingual capital of [[Brussels]], and the German-speaking area of the east cantons. In 1973, three communities and three regions were established and granted internal autonomy. The legislative [[Parliament of the German-speaking Community]], ''{{lang|de|Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft}}'', was set up. Today the German-speaking Community has a fair degree of autonomy, especially in language and cultural matters, but it still remains part of the region of predominantly French-speaking [[Wallonia]]. There has been much argument in the past few years{{which|date=April 2023}} that the German-speaking Community should also become its own region, which is an ongoing process with the permanent transfer with the previous accord of some competences concerning social policy, conservation of sites and monuments, environment protection policy, transport, the financing of municipalities, among other things from the Walloon Region. One of the proponents of full regional autonomy for the German-speaking Community is [[Karl-Heinz Lambertz]], the minister-president from 1999 to 2014.<ref name="De Groene Amsterdammer">{{cite news |url=http://www.groene.nl/2008/33/de-triangelspeler-van-belgie |title=De triangelspeler van België: Duitstalig België |trans-title=The triangle player of Belgium: German-speaking Belgium |publisher=De Groene Amsterdammer |last1=De Vries |first1=J. |last2=Tielemans |first2=A. |date=2008-08-15 |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927135349/http://www.groene.nl/2008/33/de-triangelspeler-van-belgie |archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref> Especially regional autonomy for spatial planning, city building and housing should be considered, according to the government of the German-speaking Community.<ref name="De Groene Amsterdammer"/><ref name="De Morgen">{{cite news |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/5036/Wetstraat/article/detail/995456/2009/09/15/Duitstalige-Gemeenschap-wil-extra-bevoegdheden.dhtml |title=Duitstalige Gemeenschap wil extra bevoegdheden |trans-title=German-speaking Community wants extra powers |work=[[De Morgen]] |date=2009-09-15 |language=nl}}</ref>

== Geography ==
=== Location ===
{{Unreferencedsect|date=April 2023}}
The territory of the German-speaking Community is bounded on the north by the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands border [[tripoint]], on the east by Germany and on the south by Luxembourg, and on the west by the territory of the French-speaking Community of Belgium.

Within Belgium, the German-speaking Community exercises its political powers on the German-speaking territory, which comprises nine municipalities. Eupen is the seat of the government, the parliament and the administrative centre.

The municipalities of Malmedy and Weismes belong to the territorial community of the French Community of Belgium. The German minority has its own rights there. Occasionally, the nine German-speaking communities, together with the communities of Malmedy and Weismes, are historically called East Belgium or East Cantons because of their common political past, formerly also as Eupen-Malmedy-St. Vith.

In March 2017, the government of the German-speaking community decided to market the area as East Belgium. Analogous to South Tyrol (officially: Autonomous Region of Bolzano – South Tyrol), the name of the German-speaking Community of Belgium will continue to be used on official documents, on the external presentation, on the Internet and on the official posters of the ministry, the government and the parliament.

== Government ==
[[File:63023-CLT-0063-01 Regierung der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens (2).jpg|thumb|The seat of the Executive and Council of the German-speaking Community in Eupen]]

The German-speaking Community has [[government of the German-speaking Community|its own government]], which is appointed for five years by [[Parliament of the German-speaking Community|its own parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1403//2258_read-28095/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233324/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1403/2258_read-28095/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-28 |title=German-speaking Community: The jurisdiction of the Government |publisher=Dglive.be |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref> The Government is headed by a [[Minister-President]], who acts as the "[[prime minister]]" of the Community, and is assisted by the Ministry of the German-speaking Community. The 2014–2019 government is formed by four Ministers:
* [[Oliver Paasch]] ([[ProDG (Belgium)|ProDG]]), Minister-President and Minister for Local Government
* [[Isabelle Weykmans]] ([[Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt|PFF]]), Minister for Culture, Media and Tourism
* [[Lydia Klinkenberg]] ([[ProDG (Belgium)|ProDG]]), Minister for Education
* [[Antonios Antoniadis]] ([[Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)|SP]]), Vice-Minister-President and Minister of Health and Social Affairs, Regional Planning and Housing <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antoniadis.be/cms/ |title=Antonios Antoniadis — Vize-Ministerpräsident &#124; Minister für Gesundheit und Soziales, Raumordnung und Wohnungswesen |language=de |trans-title=Antonios Antoniadis — Vice Prime Minister &#124; Minister for Health and Social Affairs, Regional Planning and Housing}}</ref>

=== Municipalities ===
[[File:Duitstalige GemeenschapGemeenten.png|thumb|right|500px|Map of the municipalities of the German-speaking Community.]]

The German-speaking Community consists of nine municipalities, listed in the table below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgstat.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2569/4686_read-32765 |title=Bevölkerungsstruktur |language=de |trans-title=Population structure}}</ref> Numbers on the map to the right correspond to the "Map #" column in the table below.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:500px;"
|-
! Map # !! Municipality !! [[Cantons of Belgium|Canton]] !! Population<br />(2020)<ref name="Bevölkerung">{{cite web|title=Bevölkerungsstruktur |trans-title=Population structure |periodical=Ostbelgienstatistik.be |publisher=Ministerium der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens |url=http://www.ostbelgienstatistik.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2569/4686_read-32765/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |date=2020-07-01 |language=de}}</ref> !! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) !! Area<br />(sq mi)
|-
| 5 || [[Amel]] || [[Belgian Eifel|Sankt Vith]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}5,486 || {{convert|125.15|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 6 || [[Büllingen]] || [[Belgian Eifel|Sankt Vith]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{decrease}}5,456 || {{convert|150.49|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 7 || [[Burg-Reuland]] || [[Belgian Eifel|Sankt Vith]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}3,974 || {{convert|108.96|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 8 || [[Bütgenbach]] || [[Belgian Eifel|Sankt Vith]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}5,629 || {{convert|97.31|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 1 || [[Eupen]] || [[Land of Eupen|Eupen]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}19,762 || {{convert|103.74|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 2 || [[Kelmis]] || [[Land of Eupen|Eupen]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}11,212 || {{convert|18.12|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 3 || [[Lontzen]] || [[Land of Eupen|Eupen]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}5,833 || {{convert|28.73|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 4 || [[Raeren]] || [[Land of Eupen|Eupen]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}10,818 || {{convert|74.21|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| 9 || [[St. Vith]] || [[Belgian Eifel|Sankt Vith]] || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}9,779 || {{convert|146.93|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| colspan=3 | Total || style="text-align:right;" | {{increase}}77,949 || {{convert|853.64|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen}}
|}
[[File:Karte Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Gemeinden und Orte gesamt.jpg|thumb|The Yellow municipalities are the German-Speaking community of Belgium, while the two grey municipalities (Malmedy and Weismes) were annexed from Germany after World War I as well, but natively speak French.]]
({{growth}}{{decrease}} = comparable to previous year).

The population figures are those on 1 January 2020 (compare to a total of 73,675 on 1 January 2007). The municipalities are grouped into two [[Cantons of Belgium|cantons]], namely the [[Land of Eupen|Canton of Eupen]] in the north and the [[Belgian Eifel|Canton of Sankt Vith]] in the south. The wider region is included in the [[Arrondissement of Verviers]].

== Demographics ==
{{Update section|reason='''uses 2007 data, while overall population, in infobox at top of article, is January 2020'''|date=February 2021}}
In 2007, 73,675 inhabitants (86.3 inhabitants / km<sup>2</sup>) lived in the area of the German-speaking community. However, the population density in the canton of Eupen (north) and the canton of St. Vith (south) is very different:

*District of Eupen: 44 159 inhabitants – 196,4 inhabitants / km<sup>2</sup>.
*District of St. Vith: 29 516 inhabitants – 46,9 inhabitants / km<sup>2</sup>
The North-South demographic gap is particularly evident when comparing the North and South of the community:

*The most densely populated municipality is Kelmis (577.9 inhabitants / km<sup>2</sup>);
*The least densely populated municipality is Büllingen (36.2 inhabitants / km<sup>2</sup>).
By comparison, the population density is 346,7 in [[Belgium]], 204,0 in Wallonia and 452,4 in Flanders. Men represent 49.72% with a slightly lower proportion of the total population of the German-speaking community, women are in the majority with 50.28%.

As of 2020 over 21% of the community is foreign-born, with Germans representing the overwhelming majority of that group.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Belgium|Germany}}
* [[Parliament of the German-speaking Community]] and [[Government of the German-speaking Community]]
* [[Minister-President of the German-speaking Community]]
* [[German-speaking electoral college]] (European Parliament constituency)
* [[German-speaking Europe]]
* [[German diaspora]]
* {{lang|de|[[Belgischer Rundfunk]]}}
* [[Lists of protected heritage sites in the German-speaking Community of Belgium]]
* [[Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|German-speaking Community of Belgium}}
{{Wikisource|German-speaking Community of Belgium}}
* {{lang|de|[http://www.dglive.be/ Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft]}}, the official site of the German-speaking Community in Belgium.
* [http://www.dgregierung.be/ Government website]
* [http://www.dgparlament.be/ Parliament website]
* {{cite journal |last1=Kokaisl |first1=Petr |last2=Kokaislova |first2=Pavla |title=Belgian Germans or East-Belgians? |journal=Journal of Social Research & Policy |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=July 2015 |pages=31–43 |url=http://www.jsrp.ro/site/jrspone/content/Vol6_Iss1_Kokaisil}}
* [https://timestrata.be/en Prospecting an In-Between, East Belgium 1920–2020]

{{Subdivisions of Belgium}}
{{SaarLorLux}}
{{Germans}}
{{Ethnic groups in Belgium}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:German-speaking Community of Belgium| ]]
[[Category:Communities of Belgium]]
[[Category:Society of Belgium]]
[[Category:German diaspora in Europe|Belgium]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Belgium]]
[[Category:Geography of Liège Province]]
[[Category:Regions of Wallonia]]
[[Category:Politics of Wallonia]]
[[Category:Liège Province]]
[[Category:Wallonia]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where German is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1984]]
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