Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:German torpedo boat Albatros

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|1927 torpedo boat}}
{{other ships|List of ships named Albatross}}
{{Coord|59|5|40|N|10|47|30|E|region:FR_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=nodab}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = SketchPlan&ElevationMöweClass.svg
| image alt = Schematic drawing of a ship, with top, side, aft, and bow views.
| Ship caption = Right elevation and plan of the Type 23
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Germany]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Weimar Republic|naval}} {{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
|Ship name=''Albatros''
|Ship namesake=[[Albatross]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder= [[Reichsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=105
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=5 October 1925
|Ship launched=15 July 1926
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed= 15 May 1927
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship fate=Beached, 10 April 1940
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as built)
|Ship class=[[Type 23 torpedo boat|Type 23]] [[torpedo boat]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|923|LT|t|lk=on}} ([[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard]])
* {{convert|1290|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship length={{convert|87.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|Ship beam= {{convert|8.25|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft= {{convert|3.65|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}
|Ship propulsion=*2 × shafts
* 2 × geared [[steam turbine]] sets
|Ship speed= {{convert|33|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range= {{cvt|1800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|17|kn}}
|Ship power=*3 × [[water-tube boilers]]
* {{convert|23000|shp|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=120
|Ship armament= *3 × single [[10.5 cm SK L/45|{{convert|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} guns]]
* 2 × triple {{convert|500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s
* 30 [[naval mine|mines]]
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''''Albatros''''' was the fourth of six [[Type 23 torpedo boat]]s built for the [[Reichsmarine|German Navy]] (initially called the ''Reichsmarine'' and renamed the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' in 1935). Completed in 1927, ''Albatros'' often served as a [[flagship]] of torpedo boat units. The ship made multiple [[Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War|non-intervention patrols]] during the [[German involvement in the Spanish Civil War|Spanish Civil War]] in the late 1930s. After [[Deutschland incident (1937)|an attack]] by aircraft of the [[Spanish Republican Air Force]] killed German sailors in 1937, she participated in the retaliatory [[bombardment of Almería]].

At the beginning of [[World War II]] in 1939, ''Albatros'' helped to lay [[Naval mine|minefields]] and made anti-shipping patrols before participating in [[Operation Weserübung]], the German invasion of [[Norway]] in April 1940. The ship fired the first shots of the campaign when she encountered and crippled a Norwegian [[patrol boat]]. She was lightly damaged during the [[Battle of Horten Harbour|Battle of Horten Harbor]]. ''Albatros'' then [[Ship grounding|ran aground]] and was wrecked.

==Design and armament==
{{Main|Type 23 torpedo boat}}
Derived from the [[World War I]]-era torpedo boat {{SMS|H145}},{{refn|"SMS" stands for "''[[Seiner Majestät Schiff]]''" ({{lang-de|link=no|His Majesty's Ship}}).|group=Note}} the Type 23 torpedo boat was slightly larger, but had a similar armament and speed.<ref name=g1>Gröner, p. 191</ref> The Type 23s had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|87.7|m|ftin|sp=us}} and were {{convert|85.7|m|ftin|sp=us}} [[Length at the waterline|long at the waterline]].<ref name="conways06 p237"/> The ships had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|8.25|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|3.65|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}. They displaced {{convert|923|LT|t|lk=on}} at [[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard load]] and {{convert|1290|LT|t}} at [[deep load]].<ref name=w2>Whitley 1991, p. 202</ref> ''Albatros'' was fitted with a pair of [[Schichau-Werke|Schichau]] geared [[steam turbine]] sets, each driving one [[propeller]], that were designed to produce {{convert|23000|shp|lk=on}} using steam from three [[water-tube boiler]]s, which propelled the ship at {{convert|33|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name="whit2000 p57">Whitley 2000, p. 57</ref> The torpedo boats carried enough [[fuel oil]] to give them an intended range of {{convert|3600|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|17|kn}},<ref name=g1/> but it proved to be only {{convert|1800|nmi|abbr=on}} at that speed in service. Their crew consisted of 4 officers and 116 sailors.<ref name=w2/>

As built, the Type 23s mounted three [[10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun|{{convert|10.5|cm|in|sp=us|adj=on}} SK L/45]]{{refn|In [[Imperial German Navy]] gun nomenclature, "SK" (''Schnelladekanone'') denotes that the gun is [[List of British ordnance terms#QF|quick firing]], while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 [[Caliber (artillery)|caliber]], meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in diameter.<ref>Friedman, pp. 130–131</ref>|group=Note}} guns, one forward and two aft of the [[superstructure]]; the aft [[superfiring]] gun was on an open mount while the others were protected by [[gun shield]]s.<ref>Whitley 1991, p. 45</ref> They carried six rotating {{convert|500|mm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s in two triple mounts [[amidships]] and could also carry up to 30 [[naval mine|mines]].<ref name="conways06 p237">Sieche, p. 237</ref> After 1931, the torpedo tubes were replaced by {{convert|533|mm|in|sp=us|0|adj=on}} tubes and a pair of [[2 cm FlaK 30/38/Flakvierling|{{convert|2|cm|1|adj=on|sp=us}} C/30]]{{refn|In ''Kriegsmarine'' gun nomenclature, SK stands for ''Schiffskanone'' (ship's gun), C/30 stands for ''Constructionjahr'' (construction year) 1930.<ref>Campbell, p. 219</ref>|group=Note}} [[anti-aircraft gun|antiaircraft gun]]s were added.<ref name=g1/><ref name=w2/> At least some of the ships were fitted with depth charges, but details are lacking.<ref>Haarr 2009, p. 377</ref>

==Construction and career==
''Albatros'' was [[laid down]] at the {{lang|de|[[Reichsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven]]}} ([[Wilhelmshaven]] Navy Yard) on 5&nbsp;October 1925<ref name="whit2000 p57"/> as [[yard number]] 105, [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 15 July 1926 and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 15 May 1927.<ref>Gröner, p. 192</ref> After [[Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)#W|working up]], ''Albatros'' became the flagship of the 4th Torpedo Boat Half-Flotilla, which also consisted of her [[sister ship]]s {{ship|German torpedo boat|Falke||2}}, {{ship|German torpedo boat|Greif||2}} and {{ship|German torpedo boat|Möwe||2}}. The half-flotilla was under the command of ''[[Korvettenkapitän]]'' [[Karl Dönitz]], who later became [[grand admiral]] of the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' of [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="two"/>

In the spring of 1929, ''Albatros'' was departing Wilhelmshaven to take part in a fleet cruise in Spanish waters, and collided with ''Möwe'' at the exit from the harbor. Both ships followed the fleet four days later after repairs. In 1931, the 4th Torpedo Boat Half-Flotilla and the [[light cruiser]] {{ship|German cruiser|Königsberg||2}} were present during the celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the [[Latvian Navy]] in [[Liepāja|Libau]]. The following year, ''Albatros'', again with her sisters and ''Königsberg'', represented Germany at the celebration of the betrothal of [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten]] of Sweden, the oldest son of the then crown prince of Sweden, to the German princess [[Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. On 7&nbsp;December 1932, ''Albatros'' was decommissioned and replaced by ''Greif'' as flagship of the 4th Half-Flotilla.<ref name="two">Hildebrand, Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 86</ref>

On 5 October 1933, ''Albatros'', commanded by ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' ([[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]]) [[Werner Hartmann]], was put back into service, replacing the pre-war boat [[SMS V151|''T151'']] in the 2nd Torpedo Boat Half-Flotilla based at [[Świnoujście|Swinemünde]] (now Świnoujście, Poland). ''Albatros'' became the flagship of the 2nd Half-Flotilla, which consisted of ''Möwe'' and the two [[Type 24 torpedo boat]]s {{Ship|German torpedo boat|Jaguar||2}} and {{Ship|German torpedo boat|Leopard||2}}, on 1 October 1934.<ref name="two"/>

===Spanish Civil War===
{{See also|German involvement in the Spanish Civil War}}
From July 1936 to October 1937, ''Albatros'' carried out three non-intervention patrols in Spanish waters which were intended to prevent men and material from reaching the participants of the [[Spanish Civil War]]. On the first mission from 28 July to 27 August 1936, the four ships of the 2nd Half-Flotilla escorted the light cruiser {{Ship|German cruiser|Köln||2}} and the [[heavy cruiser]]s {{Ship|German cruiser|Deutschland||2}} and {{Ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} to the north Spanish coast where they evacuated Germans and other refugees to France. The warships not only transported refugees, but also escorted the many merchant ships that were chartered by Germany for the repatriation of their citizens. The half-flotilla returned to Spain with ''Albatros'' from 28 September to 29 November.<ref name="two"/> Her sister {{ship|German torpedo boat|Seeadler||2}} ran aground while leaving [[Cadiz]] harbor that same month and had to return to Germany on one turbine, escorted by ''Albatros''.<ref name=w9/>

The 2nd Half-Flotilla returned to Spain for the third time from May to June 1937. On 24 May, [[Spanish Republican Air Force|Republican]] aircraft attacked the town and harbor of [[Palma de Mallorca]] causing ''Deutschland'' to depart for [[Ibiza]], although ''Albatros''{{'}}s [[captain (nautical)|captain]] chose to remain in port. During subsequent attacks later that day, several bombs fell near the ship and she steamed to join the cruiser in Ibiza. Five days later, another [[Deutschland incident (1937)|attack was carried out]] on ''Deutschland'' which killed several dozen crewmen. As retaliation, [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered ''Admiral Scheer'' to [[bombardment of Almería|bombard the Republican-held city]] of [[Almería]]. The four boats of the 2nd Half-Flotilla<ref name=w9>Whitley 1991, p. 79</ref> escorted the ship as she did so on 31 May, targeting Republican coastal artillery, naval buildings and ships in the harbor, which killed 19 people.<ref>Haarr 2013, pp. 32–33</ref> On 24 June ''Albatros'' was replaced by ''Möwe'', and returned to Germany escorting the light cruisers ''Köln'' and {{Ship|German cruiser|Leipzig||2}}.<ref name="two"/>

===Interwar===
In fall 1937, the 2nd Half-Flotilla was disbanded, and ''Albatros'' served as a [[training ship]] until she was decommissioned on 16 February 1938. The boat was placed back into service on 1&nbsp;July 1938 and was assigned to the [[6th Torpedo Boat Flotilla (Germany)|6th Torpedo Boat Flotilla]]. She was transferred four months later to the [[5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla (Germany)|5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla]], which included her sisters ''Greif'', ''Möwe'', {{ship|German torpedo boat|Kondor||2}}, and ''Falke''.<ref name="two"/>

===Second World War===
[[File:Blücher in Oslofjord.svg|thumb|Map of operations in the [[Oslofjord]] on the night of 8/9 April, showing how far the Germans had progressed at various times as well as their movements|alt=Map of operations in the [[Oslofjord]] on the night of 8/9 April, showing how far the Germans had progressed at various times as well as their movements]]

{{Main|Action in the Oslofjord|Battle of Horten Harbour}}

At the start of [[World War II]], ''Albatros'' was used in the defensive mining operations in the North Sea that began on 3&nbsp;September 1939 that were intended to prevent the British [[Royal Navy]] from entering the [[German Bight]]. From 3&nbsp;to 5&nbsp;October ''Albatros'', together with three [[destroyer]]s and her sisters ''Greif'' and ''Falke'', was tasked with anti-shipping patrols in the [[Kattegat]] and [[Skaggerak]] that captured four ships.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 2, 6; Whitley 1991, p. 84</ref>

During Operation Weserübung, ''Albatros'' was assigned to Group 5 under ''Konteradmiral'' [[Oskar Kummetz]] on the heavy cruiser {{Ship|German cruiser|Blücher||2}}, tasked to capture [[Oslo]]. ''Albatros'' transported about 100 men of the invasion force and was one of the cruiser's escorts through the Baltic and Kattegat. While passing [[Skagen]], Denmark, on 8&nbsp;April 1940, the British [[submarine]] {{HMS|Triton|N15|6}} unsuccessfully attacked the cruisers of the group with torpedoes. ''Albatros'' spotted their tracks and unsuccessfully [[depth charge]]d the submarine. Later that night the group encountered the Norwegian patrol boat {{HNoMS|Pol III}} in heavy fog at 23:00. After firing a warning shot and realizing that ''Albatros'' would not turn away, and was going to violate Norwegian [[Neutral country|neutrality]], ''Pol III'' fired flares to alert Norwegian [[Artillery battery|coastal batteries]] and rammed ''Albatros'' in the side. From ''Albatros'' it was clear that the guns on ''Pol III'' were manned, and that the Norwegians intended to fight. Despite clear orders from Kummetz to fire only if fired upon, the torpedo boat's captain, ''Kapitänleutnant'' [[Siegfried Strelow]], opened fire, hitting ''Pol III'' with at least two 10.5&nbsp;cm shells and [[Raking fire|raking]] her with machine guns, thus firing the opening shots of the campaign. The Norwegian ship's crew attempted to abandon ship in the only intact boat remaining, but it [[capsized]] and they were taken aboard ''Albatros''. ''Albatros''{{'}}s crew set the patrol boat on fire and abandoned it, proceeding up the foggy [[Oslofjord]] independently. The torpedo boat was finally able to get a bearing from her sister ''Kondor'' and followed her towards the naval base at [[Karljohansvern]], in the town of [[Horten]]. En route, she was spotted by the lightly armed Norwegian [[minesweeper]] {{HNoMS|Otra|1939|2}} which [[wikt:sheer#Verb|sheered]] off after radioing a report at 04:03 on 9&nbsp;April.<ref name=Harr83>Haarr 2009, pp. 83–84, 119–123, 129</ref>

The German force tasked to occupy Karljohansvern was scheduled to do so at dawn on 9&nbsp;April, but ''Kondor''{{'}}s captain, the commander of the force, decided to assault the harbor directly since the Norwegians had already been alerted. About 140 soldiers were transferred to the small [[R boat|motor minesweepers]] ''R17'' and ''R21'' and the former was in the lead as they steamed through the harbor entrance at 04:35 at high speed, slowly followed by ''Albatros'', while ''Kondor'' was transferring her embarked troops to another ship. The [[minelayer]] {{HNoMS|Olav Tryggvason}} engaged ''R17'' ten minutes later and set her on fire, but not before she unloaded her troops. The minelayer was only able to get a few shots off at ''R21'' before she steamed behind an island in the harbor. About this time, ''Albatros'' was approaching the harbor mouth and exchanged fire with ''Olav Tryggvason'' without effect. Strelow, with only a single gun able to bear on the minelayer, withdrew behind one of the outer islands and started blindly bombarding the harbor. The minelayer was occasionally struck by shrapnel, but she hit the torpedo boat with one shell at 06:30, killing two and wounding another pair of sailors. ''Albatros'' withdrew not long afterward {{refn|Naval historian [[Vincent O'Hara]] says that the boat's forward gun malfunctioned after firing eight rounds, but this is not mentioned by naval historian Geir Haarr.<ref>O'Hara, p. 28</ref>|group=Note}} and the German troops that had made it ashore bluffed the Norwegians into surrendering at 07:35.<ref>Haarr 2009, pp. 147–151</ref>

Later that morning, ''Kondor'' and ''Albatros'' were ordered to land their troops at [[Son, Norway|Son]] and then, reinforced by ''R21'', she was ordered to secure the submarine base at [[Teie]]. On the morning of 10 April, ''Kondor'' and ''Albatros'' were engaged by coastal batteries on the island of [[Bolærne]] and forced to turn away. Later that day, ''Albatros'' was escorting the merchant ship {{SS|Curityba}} while also landing men on the island of [[Rauøy]]; Strelow decided to steam east of the island to avoid any further attention from the guns on Bolærne. Unbeknownst to him, sea ice had removed the marker for the Gyren [[shoal]] a few weeks earlier and ''Albatros'' struck it at a speed of {{convert|20|kn}}. The impact ripped open at least one fuel tank and holed the turbine and [[Fire room|boiler rooms]]. The ship settled with a pronounced [[list (watercraft)|list]] to [[Port and starboard|port]] and her stern in the air. She quickly lost all electrical power and several fires were ignited that caused several small explosions; ''Albatros'' was declared a total loss. The crew were rescued by the ''[[Vorpostenboot]]'' {{ship|German trawler|V707 Arthur Dunker||2}} and was later assigned to {{HNoMS|Olav Tryggvason||2}} after the Norwegian surrender. The minelayer was initially renamed ''Albatros II'' and then became ''Brummer''.<ref>Haarr 2009, pp. 153, 155, 163, 380, fn. 11, p. 458</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Naval Weapons of World War Two |last=Campbell |first=John |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=1985 |isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory|publisher= Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84832-100-7 |author-link=Norman Friedman}}
*{{Cite book |last=Gröner|first=Erich|title=German Warships 1815&ndash;1945|year=1990 |location=Annapolis, Maryland|volume=1: Major Surface Warships|publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-790-9|author-link=Erich Gröner}}
* {{cite book|last=Haarr|first=Geirr H.|title=The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940|year=2009 |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-310-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/germaninvasionof00geir}}
* {{cite book|last=Haarr|first=Geirr H.|title=The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 – April 1940|year=2013|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis |isbn=978-1-59114-331-4}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Hildebrand| first1 = Hans H.| last2 = Röhr| first2 = Albert| last3 = Steinmetz| first3 = Hans-Otto| year = 1993| title = Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe (Volume 1)| publisher = Mundus Verlag| location = Ratingen| isbn = 978-3-78220-237-4| language = German|name-list-style=amp|trans-title=Warships of Germany}}
* {{cite book|last1=O'Hara|first1=Vincent|author-link=Vincent P. O'Hara|title=The German Fleet at War, 1939–1945|date=2004|publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-59114-651-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005 |edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 |year=1980|publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London|isbn=0-85177-146-7 |name-list-style=amp|chapter=Germany|author1-last=Sieche |author1-first=Erwin}}
*{{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia |year=2000|publisher=Cassell & Co.|location=London|isbn=1-85409-521-8|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=German Destroyers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1991|isbn=1-55750-302-8|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

{{Type 23 torpedo boat}}
{{April 1940 shipwrecks}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Albatros, German torpedo boat}}
[[Category:Type 23 torpedo boats]]
[[Category:1926 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Wilhelmshaven]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Nazi Germany in the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in April 1940]]
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