Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Gettysburg Address

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|1863 speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox historical event
| title = Gettysburg Address
| image = Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg
| partof = the [[Eastern theater of the American Civil War]]
| caption = One of only two confirmed photos of [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Ultrarare photo of Abraham Lincoln discovered|url=http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/09/24/ultra-rare-photo-abraham-lincoln-discovered/|access-date=September 25, 2013|newspaper=Fox News|date=September 24, 2013|archive-date=September 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925100344/http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/09/24/ultra-rare-photo-abraham-lincoln-discovered/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lidz |first=Franz |date=October 2013 |title=Will the Real Abraham Lincoln Please Stand Up? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Will-the-Real-Abraham-Lincoln-Please-Stand-Up-224911272.html |magazine=Smithsonian |access-date=October 3, 2013 |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928041334/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Will-the-Real-Abraham-Lincoln-Please-Stand-Up-224911272.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Brian |first=Wolly |date=October 2013 |title=Interactive: Seeking Abraham Lincoln at the Gettysburg Address |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Interactive_Seeking_Abraham_Lincoln_at_the_Gettysburg_Address.html |magazine=Smithsonian |access-date=October 3, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929144857/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Interactive_Seeking_Abraham_Lincoln_at_the_Gettysburg_Address.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (center, facing camera) at [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Gettysburg]] taken about noon on November 19, 1863; Lincoln spoke some three hours later. To Lincoln's right is [[Ward Hill Lamon]], his bodyguard.
| date = {{Date and age|November 19, 1863}}
}}{{Abraham Lincoln series}}

The '''Gettysburg Address''' is a [[Public speaking|speech]] that [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered during the [[American Civil War]] at the dedication of the [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Soldiers' National Cemetery]], now known as Gettysburg National Cemetery, in [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]] on the afternoon of November 19, 1863, four and a half months after the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] armies defeated [[Confederate States of America|Confederate forces]] in the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the Civil War's deadliest battle. It remains one of the best-known speeches in [[history of the United States|American history]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Conant |first=Sean |date=2015 |title=The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=ix |isbn=978-0-19-022745-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Holsinger |first=M. Paul |date=1999 |title=War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4AOVHkJ9oC&pg=PA102 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=102 |isbn=978-0-313-29908-7}}</ref>

Lincoln's carefully crafted but brief address, which was not even scheduled as the day's primary speech, came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements on the American national purpose. In just 271 words, beginning with the now famous phrase "Four [[20 (number)|score]] and seven years ago"‍, referring to the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] 87 years earlier,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nicole Saidi|title=Gettysburg Address: 5 famous quotes explained|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/19/us/gettysburg-address-famous-quotes/index.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=CNN|date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Lincoln described the U.S. as a nation "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal", and represented the Civil War as a test that would determine whether such a nation could endure. Lincoln extolled the sacrifices of those who died at Gettysburg in defense of those principles, and then urged that the nation ensure:

{{blockquote|[...] that these dead shall not have [[died in vain]]—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom<ref name="america58">White Jr., Ronald C. ''The Words That Moved a Nation'' in: "[http://photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/49271/dwoa_122709/lincoln.pdf Abraham Lincoln: A Legacy of Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193718/http://photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/49271/dwoa_122709/lincoln.pdf |date=September 23, 2017 }}", Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State – Bureau of International Information Programs, p. 58.</ref>—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.<ref name="History20130222">{{cite web|title=The Gettysburg Address|url=http://www.history.com/topics/gettysburg-address|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]]|access-date=February 22, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206050226/http://www.history.com/topics/gettysburg-address|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Christopher Graham|title=A analysis of Abraham Lincoln's poetic Gettysburg Address|url=http://foxthepoet.blogspot.de/2008/09/poetical-analysis-of-abraham-lincolns.html|publisher=foxthepoet.blogspot.de|access-date=August 21, 2012|date=September 12, 2008}}</ref>}}

Despite the prominent place of the speech in the history and popular culture of the United States, its exact wording is disputed. The five known [[manuscript]]s of the Gettysburg Address in Lincoln's hand differ in a number of details, and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the speech. Nor is it precisely clear where, on the grounds of the Gettysburg cemetery, Lincoln delivered the address. Modern scholarship locates the speakers' platform at least {{convert|120|ft|m}} away from the traditional site in [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Soldiers' National Cemetery]] at the [[Soldiers' National Monument]], such that it stood entirely within the private, adjacent [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]]. A 2022 interpretation of photographs of the day, using [[3D modeling]] software, has argued for a slightly different location{{--}}straddling the current fence around Evergreen Cemetery.<ref name=Oakley>{{Cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=2022-11-18 |title=A Lingering Gettysburg Battle: Where Did Lincoln Stand? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/arts/lincoln-gettysburg-address-oakley.html |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Gettsyburginvitationpage2.jpg|thumb|right|The written invitation of [[David Wills (Gettysburg)|David Wills]], who led the establishment of [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Soldiers' National Cemetery]], inviting Lincoln to speak at Gettysburg]]
[[File:Battle of Gettysburg.jpg|thumb|''[[A Harvest of Death]]'' [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] soldiers dead at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]], photographed by [[Timothy H. O'Sullivan]], July 5–6, 1863]]

Following the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] on July 1–3, 1863, the removal of the fallen Union soldiers from the [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] graves and their reburial in graves at the National Cemetery at Gettysburg began on October 17, though on the day of the ceremony, interment was less than half complete.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dobbin House Inc. |date=1996–2006 |title=Gettysburg Address Information |url=http://www.gettysburg.com/bog/ga.htm |access-date=November 30, 2007 |archive-date=October 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024120504/http://www.gettysburg.com/bog/ga.htm |url-status=live }} at gettysburg.com.</ref>

In inviting President Lincoln to the ceremonies, [[David Wills (Gettysburg)|David Wills]], of the committee for the November 19 [[Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg]], wrote, "It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks."<ref name="wills">Wills, Garry. ''Lincoln at Gettysburg''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, pp. 24–25, 34–36.</ref>

On the train trip from Washington, D.C. to Gettysburg on November 18, Lincoln was accompanied by three members of his Cabinet, [[William H. Seward|William Seward]], [[John Palmer Usher|John Usher]], and [[Montgomery Blair]], several foreign officials, his secretary [[John Nicolay]], and his assistant secretary, [[John Hay]]. During the trip, Lincoln remarked to Hay that he felt weak; on the morning of November 19, Lincoln mentioned to Nicolay that he was dizzy. Hay noted during the speech that Lincoln's face had "a ghastly color" and that he was "sad, mournful, almost haggard". After the speech, when Lincoln boarded the 6:30pm train to return to Washington, D.C., he was feverish and weak with a severe headache. A protracted illness followed, which included a vesicular rash; it was diagnosed as a mild case of [[smallpox]]. It is highly likely that Lincoln was in the [[Prodrome|prodromal]] period of smallpox as he delivered the Gettysburg Address.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 17551612
| year = 2007
| last1 = Goldman
| first1 = A. S.
| title = Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg illness
| journal = Journal of Medical Biography
| volume = 15
| issue = 2
| pages = 104–110
| last2 = Schmalstieg
| first2 = F. C. Jr.
 | doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-14
| s2cid = 26513017
}}</ref>

After arriving in Gettysburg, which had become filled with large crowds, Lincoln spent the night in Wills's house.  A large crowd appeared at the house, singing and wanting Lincoln to make a speech.  Lincoln met the crowd, but did not have a speech prepared, and returned inside after saying a few extemporaneous words.  The crowd then continued to another house, where Secretary of State [[William Seward]] delivered a speech.  Later that night, Lincoln wrote and briefly met with Seward before going to bed at about midnight.{{sfn|LaFantasie|1995|pp=77{{endash}}78}}

==Program and Everett's "Gettysburg Oration"==
[[File:Edward Everett.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Edward Everett delivered a two-hour oration before Lincoln's short remarks.]]

The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee included:

{{blockquote|Music, by Birgfeld's Band<ref>Boritt, Gabor. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kioIFrPhTGcC&q=birgfeld The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows]''. [[Simon & Schuster]], 2008.</ref> ("Homage d'uns Heros" by Adolph Birgfeld)
Prayer, by Reverend [[Thomas H. Stockton|T. H. Stockton]], D.D.

Music, by the [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]] ("Old Hundred"), directed by [[Francesco Maria Scala|Francis Scala]]

Oration, by Hon. [[Edward Everett]] ("The Battles of Gettysburg")

Music, Hymn ("Consecration Chant") by B. B. French, Esq., music by Wilson G Horner, sung by Baltimore Glee Club

Dedicatory Remarks, by the President of the United States

Dirge ("Oh! It is Great for Our Country to Die", words by James G. Percival, music by Alfred Delaney), sung by Choir selected for the occasion

Benediction, by [[Henry Louis Baugher|Reverend H. L. Baugher, D.D.]]<ref name="wills" />}}

While it is Lincoln's short speech that has gone down in history as one of the finest examples of English public oratory, it was Everett's oration that was slated to be the "Gettysburg address" that day. His now seldom-read oration was 13,607 words long<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toHtEecTeFkC&pg=PA5 |title=Long Road to Gettysburg |page=5 |author=Murphy, Jim |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-618-05157-1 |access-date=December 10, 2007 |archive-date=July 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707000621/http://books.google.com/books?id=toHtEecTeFkC&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> and lasted two hours.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/edwardeverettuni00reid_0 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/edwardeverettuni00reid_0/page/192 192] |title=Edward Everett: Unionist Orator |others=Volume 7 |author=Reid, Ronald F. |year=1990 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |access-date=December 10, 2007 |isbn=978-0-313-26164-0}}</ref>

Lengthy dedication addresses like Everett's were common at cemeteries in this era. The tradition began in 1831 when Justice [[Joseph Story]] delivered the dedication address at [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. Those addresses often linked cemeteries to the mission of Union.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2304305] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122723/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2304305|date=May 3, 2021}} "These Great and Beautiful Republics of the Dead': Public Constitutionalism and the Antebellum Cemetery"</ref>

== Text ==

Shortly after Everett's well-received remarks, Lincoln spoke for only a few minutes.<ref>Murphy, Jim (1992). ''The Long Road to Gettysburg'', New York: Clarion Books. p. 105, "with a pronounced Kentucky accent".</ref> His speech was ten sentences long.{{Cn|date=February 2024}}

Despite the historical significance of Lincoln's speech, modern scholars disagree as to its exact wording, and contemporary transcriptions published in newspaper accounts of the event and even handwritten copies by Lincoln himself differ in their wording, punctuation, and structure.<ref name=Gopnik>{{cite news|author=Gopnik, Adam|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/28/070528fa_fact_gopnik|title=Angels and Ages: Lincoln's language and its legacy|date=May 28, 2007|access-date=November 23, 2007|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122548/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/28/angels-and-ages|url-status=live}} Gopnik notes, "Gabor Boritt, in his book ''The Gettysburg Gospel'', has a thirty-page appendix that compares what Lincoln (probably) read at the memorial with what people heard and reported. Most of the differences are small, and due to understandable confusions&nbsp;... A few disputes seem more significant."</ref><ref>Also note [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jala;view=text;rgn=main;idno=2629860.0024.203 Johnson's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122550/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jala&view=text&rgn=main&idno=2629860.0024.203 |date=May 3, 2021 }} reference that "In 1895 Congress had voted to place at Gettysburg a bronze tablet engraved with the address but had mandated a text that does not correspond to any in Lincoln's hand or to contemporary newspaper accounts. The statute is reprinted in [[Henry Sweetser Burrage]], Gettysburg and Lincoln: The Battle, the Cemetery, and the National Park (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), 211."</ref> Of these versions, the Bliss version, written well after the speech as a favor for a friend, is viewed by many as the standard text.<ref name=Borrit>Boritt, Gabor. ''The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows'', Appendix B p. 290: "This is the only copy that&nbsp;... Lincoln dignified with a title: 'Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg,' a rare full signature, and the date: 'November 19, 1863.' ... This final draft, generally considered the standard text, remained in the Bliss family until 1949."</ref> Its text differs, however, from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech. It is the only version to which Lincoln affixed his signature, and the last he is known to have written.<ref name=Borrit/> The Bliss version is as follows:

<!--THIS IS A DIRECT TRANSCRIPTION OF THE BLISS COPY OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS - PLEASE DO NOT ALTER SPELLINGS OR WORDING, E.G. "CANNOT" FOR "CAN NOT", OR "THAT NATION" FOR "THAT THAT NATION". THE BLISS COPY INCLUDES "UNDER GOD" AND DIRECT QUOTATIONS ARE NOT GIVEN WIKILINKS -->
{{Quote box|width = 50%|align = left|style = padding: 20px 30px 20px 30px|fontsize = 100%|border = 1px|source=—[[Abraham Lincoln]]|quote =
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives <!--"That that nation" is the historically correct version. Please do not modify it. It is also grammatically correct. Thank you!--> that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
|sign=}}

{{listen
| filename     = Gettysburg_by_Britton.ogg
| title        = {{center|Gettysburg Address<br>Read by Britton Rea 2006{{Efn|This reading replaces "far so" with "so far", in "...thus far so nobly advanced.", compared to the Bliss copy}}}}
| description  = {{center|Audio 00:01:50}}
| format       = [[Ogg]]
}}

{{clear}}

== Lincoln's sources ==
In ''Lincoln at Gettysburg'', [[Garry Wills]] notes the parallels between Lincoln's speech and [[Pericles' Funeral Oration|Pericles's Funeral Oration]] during the [[Peloponnesian War]] as described by [[Thucydides]]. Pericles' speech, like Lincoln's:

* Begins with an acknowledgment of revered predecessors: "I shall begin with our ancestors: it is both just and proper that they should have the honor of the first mention on an occasion like the present"
* Praises the uniqueness of the State's commitment to [[democracy]]: "If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences"
* Honors the sacrifice of the slain, "Thus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, they fled only from dishonor, but met danger face to face"
* Exhorts the living to continue the struggle: "You, their survivors, must determine to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier issue."<ref name="McPherson">{{cite magazine|author=McPherson, James M. |title=The Art of Abraham Lincoln|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2852|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005933/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1992/jul/16/the-art-of-abraham-lincoln/|archive-date=July 11, 2011|access-date=November 30, 2007|magazine=The New York Review of Books|volume=39|issue=13|date=July 16, 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Constitution Society|year=2007|work=Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics|title=Pericles' Funeral Oration from Thucydides: Peloponnesian War|url=http://www.constitution.org/gr/pericles_funeral_oration.htm|access-date=November 30, 2007|archive-date=October 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171544/http://constitution.org/gr/pericles_funeral_oration.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[James M. McPherson]] notes this connection in his review of Wills's book.<ref name=McPherson/> [[Gore Vidal]] also draws attention to this link in a [[BBC]] documentary about oration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yes We Can! The Lost Art Of Oratory|date=April 5, 2009|publisher=[[BBC Two]]}}</ref>

In contrast, writer [[Adam Gopnik]], in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', notes that while Everett's Oration was explicitly [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]], referring directly to [[Marathon]] and [[Pericles]], "Lincoln's rhetoric is, instead, deliberately Biblical. (It is difficult to find a single obviously classical reference in any of his speeches.) Lincoln had mastered the sound of the [[King James Bible]] so completely that he could recast abstract issues of constitutional law in Biblical terms, making the proposition that [[Texas]] and [[New Hampshire]] should be forever bound by a single post office sound like something right out of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]."<ref name="Gopnik" />

Wills also observed Lincoln's usage of the imagery of birth, life, and death in reference to a nation "brought forth", "conceived", and that shall not "perish".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vosmeier, Matthew Noah|journal=Lincoln Lore|title=Lincoln and the 'Central Idea of the Occasion': Garry Wills's Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America.|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jala;view=text;rgn=main;idno=2629860.0015.206|publisher=The Lincoln Museum|access-date=November 9, 2009|date=January–February 1992|volume=15|issue=2|archive-date=October 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002094813/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jala;view=text;rgn=main;idno=2629860.0015.206|url-status=live}}</ref> A 1959 thesis by William J. Wolf suggested that the address had a central image of baptism, although Glenn LaFantasie, writing for the ''[[Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association]]'', believes that Wolf's position was likely an overstatement. Philip B. Kunhardt Jr. suggests that Lincoln was inspired by the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]''.{{sfn|LaFantasie|1995|pp=74{{endash}}75}}

[[Allen C. Guelzo]], the director of Civil War Era studies at [[Gettysburg College]] in Pennsylvania,<ref>{{cite news|author=Guelzo, Allen C.|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009279|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214002123/http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009279|archive-date=February 14, 2009|title=When the Court lost its Conscience|access-date=November 26, 2006|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=November 21, 2006}}</ref> and others have suggested that Lincoln's formulation "four score and seven" was an allusion to the [[King James Version]] of the Bible's {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms |chapter=90|verse=10}}, in which man's lifespan is given as "threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years".<ref>{{cite web |author=McInerney, Daniel J. |title=Review of Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=4542 |access-date=November 30, 2007 |work=H-Pol, H-Net Reviews |date=September 2000 |archive-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122618/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=4542 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Allen C. |last=Guelzo |title=Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-8028-3872-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnre00guel }}</ref> LaFantasie also connected "four score and seven years" with Psalms 90:10, and referred to Lincoln's usage of the phrase "our fathers" as "mindful of the Lord's Prayer". He also refers to Garry Wills's tracing of spiritual language in the address to the [[Gospel of Luke]].{{sfn|LaFantasie|1995|p=74}}

==="Government of the people, by the people, for the people"===
[[File:Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-2.jpeg|thumb|Detail of [[Elihu Vedder]]'s [[mural]] ''Government'' (1896), in the [[Library of Congress]]. The title figure bears a tablet inscribed with Lincoln's famous phrase.]]Several theories have been advanced by Lincoln scholars to explain the provenance of Lincoln's famous phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people". Despite many claims, there is no evidence that a similar phrase appears in the Prologue to [[John Wycliffe]]'s 1384 English translation of the Bible.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haney|first1=John L.|title=Of the People, by the People, for the People|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=November 7, 1944|volume=88|issue=5|pages=359–367|url=http://libill.hartford.edu:2110/stable/985609|access-date=July 24, 2017|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164638/http://libill.hartford.edu:2110/stable/985609|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a discussion "A more probable origin of a famous Lincoln phrase",<ref>Shaw, Albert, ed. ''The American Monthly Review of Reviews''. Vol. XXIII, January–June 1901. New York: The Review of Reviews Company. p. 336.</ref> in a letter to ''The American Monthly Review of Reviews'', [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] minister [[John White Chadwick]] points to [[William Herndon (lawyer)|William Herndon]], Lincoln's law partner, who wrote in the 1888 work ''Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life'' that he had brought to Lincoln some of the sermons of [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] [[Theodore Parker]], of [[Massachusetts]], and that Lincoln was moved by Parker's use of this idea:

{{blockquote|I brought with me additional sermons and lectures of Theodore Parker, who was warm in his commendation of Lincoln. One of these was a lecture on "The Effect of Slavery on the American People"&nbsp;... which I gave to Lincoln, who read and returned it. He liked especially the following expression, which he marked with a pencil, and which he in substance afterwards used in his Gettysburg Address: "Democracy is direct self-government, over all the people, for all the people, by all the people."<ref>Herndon, William H. and Jesse W. Welk (1892). ''Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life'' New York: D. Appleton and Company. Vol II., p. 65.</ref>}}

Craig R. Smith, in "Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity", suggested Lincoln's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Daniel Webster]], the [[Webster-Hayne debate|"Second Reply to Hayne"]], in which Webster famously thundered "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"<ref>{{cite journal|author=Smith, Craig|journal=American Communication Journal|volume=4|issue=1|date=Fall 2000|title=Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity|url=http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss1/special/smith.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505141447/http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss1/special/smith.htm|archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=November 26, 2007 }}</ref> Specifically, in this speech on January 26, 1830, before the [[United States Senate]], Webster described the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] as: "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people", foreshadowing Lincoln's "government of the people, by the people, for the people".<ref name=Dartmouth>{{cite web |work=Daniel Webster: Dartmouth's Favorite Son |title=The Second Reply to Hayne (January 26–27, 1830) |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dwebster/speeches/hayne-speech.html |access-date=November 30, 2007 |publisher=Dartmouth |archive-date=December 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203094343/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dwebster/speeches/hayne-speech.html |url-status=dead }} Webster himself may have been relying on earlier use of similar language. For example, [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton]] had employed similar phraseology in 1819: "I am a man chosen for the people, by the people; and, if elected, I will do no other business than that of the people." See Broughton, John and Burdett, Francis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CrgHAAAAQAAJ&dq=by-the-people+for-the-people+government+%22of+the+people%22+date:1000-1825&pg=PA105 An Authentic Narrative of the Events of the Westminster Election, which Commenced on Saturday, February 13th, and Closed on Wednesday, March 3d, 1819] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503155530/https://books.google.com/books?id=CrgHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=by-the-people+for-the-people+government+%22of+the+people%22+date:1000-1825&lr=&num=100&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=pACCSe2EIqGayASV-7GxAQ |date=May 3, 2016 }}'' p. 105 (Published by R. Stodart, 1819).</ref> Webster also noted, "This government, Sir, is the independent offspring of the popular will. It is not the creature of State legislatures; nay, more, if the whole truth must be told, the people brought it into existence, established it, and have hitherto supported it, for the very purpose, amongst others, of imposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties."<ref name=Dartmouth/>

== Five manuscripts ==
[[File:Gettysburg Address Amalgamated Text.jpg|thumb|left|The five extant versions of Lincoln's remarks, presented as a single annotated text{{Ref label|Nicolay|a|a}}{{Ref label|Hay|b|b}}{{Ref label|Everett|c|c}}{{Ref label|Bancroft|d|d}}{{Ref label|Bliss|e|e}}]]
Each of the five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address is named for the person who received it from Lincoln. Lincoln gave copies to his private secretaries, [[John Nicolay]] and [[John Hay]].<ref name="johnson">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Martin P. |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jala;view=text;rgn=main;idno=2629860.0024.203 |title=Who Stole the Gettysburg Address |journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=Summer 2003 |pages=1–19 |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122721/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jala&view=text&rgn=main&idno=2629860.0024.203 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both of these drafts were written around the time of his November 19 address, while the other three copies of the address, the Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss copies, were written by Lincoln for charitable purposes well after November 19.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rao, Maya|work=Cornell Daily Sun|date=April 6, 2005|url=http://cornellsun.com/2005/04/07/c-u-holds-gettysburg-address-manuscript/|title=C.U. Holds Gettysburg Address|access-date=November 23, 2007|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122551/https://cornellsun.com/2005/04/07/c-u-holds-gettysburg-address-manuscript/|url-status=live}}: "Several months after President Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg address, renowned historian George Bancroft attended a reception at the White House. There, he asked Lincoln for a hand-written copy of the address, and that manuscript is now the highlight of Cornell University Library's Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections." "[Visitors]&nbsp;... can also see the letter Lincoln enclosed when he mailed the copy to Bancroft, which is dated February 29, 1864."</ref><ref>White Jr., Ronald C. (2005). ''The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words.'' New York: Random House. {{ISBN|1-4000-6119-9}} Appendix 9, p. 390: "The Bliss copy&nbsp;... Lincoln made in March 1864&nbsp;... The Everett and Bancroft copies, both of which Lincoln made in February 1864."</ref> In part because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated the Bliss copy, it has become the standard text of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.<ref name="hand">{{cite news|author=Boritt, Gabor|title=In Lincoln's Hand|access-date=November 23, 2007|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009250|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213222142/http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009250|archive-date=February 13, 2009|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=November 16, 2006}}</ref>
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?64095-1/gettysburg-address Discussion with Garry Wills on the Nicolay and Hay manuscript copies held by the Library of Congress, December 12, 1994], [[C-SPAN]]}}
Nicolay and Hay were appointed custodians of Lincoln's papers by Lincoln's son [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] in 1874.<ref name="johnson" /> After appearing in [[facsimile]] in an article written by John Nicolay in 1894, the Nicolay copy was presumably among the papers passed to Hay by Nicolay's daughter Helen upon Nicolay's death in 1901. Robert Lincoln began a search for the original copy in 1908, which resulted in the discovery of a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address among the bound papers of John Hay—a copy now known as the "Hay copy" or "Hay draft".<ref name="johnson" />

The Hay draft differed from the version of the Gettysburg Address published by John Nicolay in 1894 in a number of significant ways: it was written on a different type of paper, had a different number of words per line and number of lines, and contained editorial revisions in Lincoln's hand.<ref name="johnson" />

Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are within the Library of Congress, encased in specially designed, temperature-controlled, sealed containers with [[argon]] gas in order to protect the documents from oxidation and continued deterioration.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Library of Congress|title=Preservation of the drafts of the Gettysburg Address at the Library of Congress|url=http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/GettysburgAddress/Pages/Preservation.aspx?sc_id=wikip|access-date=September 15, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309141534/http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/GettysburgAddress/Pages/Preservation.aspx?sc_id=wikip|archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

=== Nicolay copy ===
The Nicolay copy{{Ref label|Nicolay|a|a}} is often called the "first draft" because it is believed to be the earliest copy that exists.<ref name="nicolay">Nicolay, J. "Lincoln's Gettysburg Address", ''Century Magazine'' 47 (February 1894): 596–608, cited by Johnson, Martin P. "Who Stole the Gettysburg Address", ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association'' 24(2) (Summer 2003): 1–19.</ref><ref name="GA drafts">{{cite web|url=http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/exhibitionitems/ExhibitObjects/NicolayCopy.aspx?sc_id=wikip|title=The Gettysburg Address Nicolay draft|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=September 15, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309141549/http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/exhibitionitems/ExhibitObjects/NicolayCopy.aspx?sc_id=wikip|archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref> Scholars disagree over whether the Nicolay copy was actually the reading copy Lincoln held at Gettysburg on November 19. In an 1894 article that included a facsimile of this copy, Nicolay, who had become the custodian of Lincoln's papers, wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written in ink on [[White House|Executive Mansion]] stationery, and that he had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before the dedication on November 19.<ref name="nicolay"/> Matching folds are still evident on the two pages, suggesting it could be the copy that eyewitnesses say Lincoln took from his coat pocket and read at the ceremony.<ref name="GA drafts" /><ref>Sandburg, Carl (1939). "Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg". In: ''Abraham Lincoln: The War Years'' New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company. II, 452–457; cited by Prochnow, Victor Herbert. ed. (1944). ''Great Stories from Great Lives'' Freeport: Books for Libraries Press, {{ISBN|0-8369-2018-X}}, p. 13: "The ''Cincinnati Commercial'' reporter wrote 'The President rises slowly, draws from his pocket a paper&nbsp;... [and] reads the brief and pithy remarks.'"</ref> Others believe that the delivery text has been lost, because some of the words and phrases of the Nicolay copy do not match contemporary transcriptions of Lincoln's original speech.<ref>Wills, Garry. Appendix I: "this text does not have three important phrases that the joint newspaper accounts prove he actually spoke", and "there is no physical impossibility that this is the delivery text, but it is&nbsp;... unlikely that it is."</ref> The words "under God", for example, are missing in this copy from the phrase "that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom&nbsp;..." In order for the Nicolay draft to have been the reading copy, either the contemporary transcriptions were inaccurate, or Lincoln would have had to depart from his written text in several instances. This copy of the Gettysburg Address apparently remained in John Nicolay's possession until his death in 1901, when it passed to his friend and colleague John Hay.<ref name="johnson" /> It used to be on display as part of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr00.html Top Treasures.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122602/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr00.html |date=May 3, 2021 }} American Treasures of the Library of Congress. Retrieved on December 10, 2007.</ref>

=== Hay copy ===
[[File:Haycopy-1.jpg|right|thumb|The [[John Hay|Hay]] copy with Lincoln's handwritten corrections]]
The existence of the Hay copy{{Ref label|Hay|b|b}} was first announced to the public in 1906, after the search for the "original manuscript" of the Address among the papers of [[John Hay]] brought it to light.<ref name="johnson"/> Significantly, it differs somewhat from the manuscript of the Address described by John Nicolay in his article, and contains numerous omissions and inserts in Lincoln's own hand, including omissions critical to the basic meaning of the sentence, not simply words that would be added by Lincoln to strengthen or clarify their meaning.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} In this copy, as in the Nicolay copy, the words "under God" are not present.

This version has been described as "the most inexplicable" of the drafts and is sometimes referred to as the "second draft".<ref name="GA drafts"/><ref>David Mearns (1964). "Unknown at this Address", in ''Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address: Commemorative Papers'', ed. Allan Nevins. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 133; Mearns and Dunlap, caption describing the facsimile of the Hay text in ''Long Remembered''; both cited in Johnson, "Who Stole the Gettysburg Address".</ref> The "Hay copy" was made either on the morning of the delivery of the Address, or shortly after Lincoln's return to Washington. Those who believe that it was completed on the morning of his address point to the fact that it contains certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln. It is probable, they conclude, that, as stated in the explanatory note accompanying the original copies of the first and second drafts in the [[Library of Congress]], Lincoln held this second draft when he delivered the address.<ref name="gnmp">{{dead link|date=April 2021}} {{cite web|publisher=United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service|title=Gettysburg National Military Park|url=http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm|access-date=December 3, 2007|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120405/http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm|url-status=dead}}
Historical Handbook Number Nine 1954 (Revised 1962), at the Gettysburg National Military Park Historical Handbook website.</ref> Lincoln eventually gave this copy to Hay, whose descendants donated both it and the Nicolay copy to the Library of Congress in 1916.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/exhibitionitems/ExhibitObjects/HayDraft.aspx?sc_id=wikip |title=The Gettysburg Address Hay draft |access-date=September 15, 2010 |date=September 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309141609/http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/exhibitionitems/ExhibitObjects/HayDraft.aspx?sc_id=wikip |archive-date=March 9, 2012  }}</ref>

=== Everett copy ===
The Everett copy,{{Ref label|Everett|c|c}} also known as the "Everett-Keyes copy"{{why|date=April 2023}}, was sent by President Lincoln to [[Edward Everett]] in early 1864, at Everett's request.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peatman |first1=Jared |title=Writing the Gettysburg Address |journal=Civil War Book Review |date=2014 |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=3 |doi=10.31390/cwbr.16.2.10 |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2231&context=cwbr |access-date=22 February 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref> Everett was collecting the speeches at the Gettysburg dedication into one bound volume to sell for the benefit of stricken soldiers at New York's [[United States Sanitary Commission|Sanitary Commission Fair]]. The draft Lincoln sent became the third autograph copy, and is now in the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library in [[Springfield, Illinois]],<ref name="gnmp"/> where it is displayed in the Treasures Gallery of the [[Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum]].

=== Bancroft copy ===
The Bancroft copy{{Ref label|Bancroft|d|d}} of the Gettysburg Address was written out by President Lincoln in February 1864 at the request of [[George Bancroft]], the famed historian and former [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]], whose comprehensive ten-volume ''History of the United States'' later led him to be known as the "father of American History".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=George Bancroft|access-date=December 19, 2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51366/George-Bancroft|date=|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122629/https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Bancroft-American-historian|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>See also: {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553688/George_Bancroft.html |access-date=December 19, 2007 |title=George Bancroft |encyclopedia=Encarta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028222041/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553688/George_Bancroft.html |archive-date=October 28, 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Bancroft planned to include this copy in ''Autograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors'', which he planned to sell at a Soldiers' and Sailors' [[Sanitary Fair]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]]. As this fourth copy was written on both sides of the paper, it proved unusable for this purpose, and Bancroft was allowed to keep it. This manuscript is the only one accompanied both by a letter from Lincoln transmitting the manuscript and by the original envelope addressed and [[franking|franked]] by Lincoln.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/good_cause.htm|title=Gettysburg Address|publisher=Cornell University Library|access-date=December 19, 2007|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122626/https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/good_cause.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This copy remained in the Bancroft family for many years, was sold to various dealers and purchased by Nicholas and Marguerite Lilly Noyes,<ref>{{cite web|title=Founding Collections: Nicholas H. Noyes '06 and Marguerite Lilly Noyes|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/footsteps/exhibition/foundingcollections/foundingcollections_5.html|publisher=Cornell University Library|access-date=November 28, 2007|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122646/https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/footsteps/exhibition/foundingcollections/foundingcollections_5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who donated the manuscript to [[Cornell University]] in 1949. It is now held by the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in the Carl A. Kroch Library at Cornell.<ref name="gnmp" /> It is the only one of the five copies to be privately owned.<ref>{{cite web |work=The Cornell Daily Sun |title=C.U. Holds Gettysburg Address Manuscript |url=http://cornellsun.com/node/14486 |date=April 6, 2005 |access-date=December 18, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165322/http://cornellsun.com/node/14486 |archive-date=January 11, 2012  }}</ref>

=== Bliss copy ===
[[File:Gettysburg Address Bliss copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=2.0|The [[Alexander Bliss|Bliss]] copy on display in the [[Lincoln Room]] of the [[White House]]]]
Discovering that his fourth written copy could not be used, Lincoln then wrote a fifth draft, which was accepted for the purpose requested. The Bliss copy,{{Ref label|Bliss|e|e}} named for Colonel [[Alexander Bliss]], Bancroft's stepson and publisher of ''Autograph Leaves'', is the only draft to which Lincoln affixed his signature. Lincoln is not known to have made any further copies of the Gettysburg Address. Because of the apparent care in its preparation, and in part, because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated this copy, it has become the standard version of the address and the source for most facsimile reproductions of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. It is the version that is inscribed on the South wall of the [[Lincoln Memorial]].<ref name="hand"/>

This draft is now displayed in the [[Lincoln Room]] of the [[White House]], a gift of [[Oscar B. Cintas]], former [[Cuba]]n Ambassador to the United States.<ref name="gnmp" /> Cintas, a wealthy collector of art and manuscripts, purchased the Bliss copy at a public [[auction]] in 1949 for $54,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|54000|1949|r=-3}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}), at that time the highest price ever paid for a document at public auction.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Oscar B. Cintas|publisher=Oscar B. Cintas foundation|url=http://www.cintasfoundation.org/about|access-date=September 23, 2017|archive-date=September 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923150605/http://www.cintasfoundation.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref> Cintas' properties were claimed by the [[Fidel Castro|Castro government]] after the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, but Cintas, who died in 1957, willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people, provided it would be kept at the White House, where it was transferred in 1959.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boritt|first1=Gabor|author-link=Gabor Boritt|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=November 16, 2006|page=D6|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009250|title=Change of Address: The Gettysburg drafts|access-date=December 4, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213222142/http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009250|archive-date=February 13, 2009}}</ref>

Garry Wills concluded the Bliss copy "is stylistically preferable to others in one significant way: Lincoln removed 'here' from 'that cause for which they (here) gave&nbsp;...' The seventh 'here' is in all other versions of the speech." Wills noted the fact that Lincoln "was still making such improvements", suggesting Lincoln was more concerned with a perfected text than with an "original" one.<ref>Wills,  Appendix I.</ref>

From November 21, 2008, to January 1, 2009, the Albert H. Small Documents Gallery at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] [[National Museum of American History]] hosted a limited public viewing of the Bliss copy, with the support of then-[[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Laura Bush]]. The museum also launched an online exhibition and interactive gallery to enable visitors to look more closely at the document.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/documentsgallery/exhibitions/gettysburg_address_1.html|title=The Gettysburg Address|publisher=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution|access-date=April 4, 2012|archive-date=December 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083333/http://americanhistory.si.edu/documentsgallery/exhibitions/gettysburg_address_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Associated Press report ===
Another contemporary source of the text is the [[Associated Press]] dispatch, transcribed from the shorthand notes taken by reporter Joseph L. Gilbert. It also differs from the drafted text in a number of minor ways.<ref>Bryan, William Jennings, ed. (1906). ''The World's Famous Orations'' Vol. IX. America: II. (1818–1865). {{cite web |title=V. The Speech at Gettysburg by Abraham Lincoln |url=http://www.bartleby.com/268/9/26.html#txt2 |access-date=December 18, 2005 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013170813/http://bartleby.com/268/9/26.html#txt2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Associated Press.org|work=History/Archives: The Associated Press|title=1846–1900: The News Cooperative Takes Shape|url=http://www.ap.org/pages/about/history/history_first.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729010041/http://ap.org/pages/about/history/history_first.html|archive-date=July 29, 2011 |access-date=November 30, 2007 }}</ref>

== Contemporary sources and reaction ==
[[File:Gettysburg Address, New York Times.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[The New York Times]]'' article from November 20, 1863, indicates Lincoln's speech was interrupted five times by applause and was followed by "long continued applause".<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |work=The New York Times |date=November 20, 1863 |page=1 |title=The Heroes of July; A Solemn and Imposing Event. Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburgh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/11/20/archives/the-heroes-of-july-a-solemn-and-imposing-event-dedication-of-the.html |access-date=November 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210727/https://www.nytimes.com/1863/11/20/archives/the-heroes-of-july-a-solemn-and-imposing-event-dedication-of-the.html |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |url-status=live }}<!-- https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1863/11/20/80292637.pdf --></ref>]]

Eyewitness reports vary as to their view of Lincoln's performance. In 1931, the printed recollections of 87-year-old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers, who was 19 when she attended the ceremony, suggest a dignified silence followed Lincoln's speech: "I was close to the President and heard all of the Address, but it seemed short. Then there was an impressive silence like our Menallen [[Quaker|Friends Meeting]]. There was no applause when he stopped speaking."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Abraham Lincoln online|work=Recollections of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg|author=Hark, Ann|title=Mrs. John T. Myers Relives the Day She Met the Great Emancipator|url=http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/news/recollect.htm|access-date=November 30, 2007|archive-date=October 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007002311/http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/news/recollect.htm|url-status=live}} Citing the ''Philadelphia Public Ledger'' of February 7, 1932.</ref> According to historian [[Shelby Foote]], after Lincoln's presentation, the applause was delayed, scattered, and "barely polite".<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Shelby Foote |last=Foote |first=Shelby |title=The Civil War, A Narrative: Fredericksburg to Meridian |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1986 |orig-year=1958 |isbn=0-394-74621-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/civilwarnarrati000foot/page/832 832] |url=https://archive.org/details/civilwarnarrati000foot/page/832 }}</ref> In contrast, [[List of Governors of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Governor]] [[Andrew Gregg Curtin]] maintained, "He pronounced that speech in a voice that all the multitude heard. The crowd was hushed into silence because the President stood before them&nbsp;... It was so Impressive! It was the common remark of everybody. Such a speech, as they said it was!"<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Abraham Lincoln Online |year=2007 |work=Lincoln at Gettysburg Photo Tour |title=Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg Cemetery |url=http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/tours/gettycem2.htm |access-date=December 18, 2005 |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005182900/http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/tours/gettycem2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an oft-repeated legend, Lincoln is said to have turned to his bodyguard [[Ward Hill Lamon]] and remarked that his speech, like a bad plow, "won't scour". According to Garry Wills, this statement has no basis in fact and largely originates from the unreliable recollections of Lamon.<ref name="wills" /> In Garry Wills's view, "{{interpolation|Lincoln}} had done what he wanted to do {{interpolation|at Gettysburg}}".{{page needed|date=April 2021}}

In a letter to Lincoln written the following day, Everett praised the President for his eloquent and concise speech, saying, "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes."<ref name=Simon41>Simon, et al., eds. (1999). ''The Lincoln Forum: Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg, and the Civil War''. Mason City: Savas Publishing Company. {{ISBN|1-882810-37-6}}, p. 41.</ref> Lincoln replied that he was glad to know the speech was not a "total failure".<ref name=Simon41/>

Other public reaction to the speech was divided along partisan lines.<ref name="History20130222" /> The Democratic-leaning ''[[Chicago Times]]'' observed, "The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly, flat and dishwatery utterances of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fwmoAAAAIAAJ&q=cheek Sandburg, Carl (1954). ''Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years'', Harcourt, Brace & World,  p. 445.]</ref> In contrast, the Republican-leaning ''[[The New York Times]]'' was complimentary and printed the speech.<ref name="NYT" /> In Massachusetts, the ''[[The Republican (Springfield)|Springfield Republican]]'' also printed the entire speech, calling it "a perfect gem" that was "deep in feeling, compact in thought and expression, and tasteful and elegant in every word and comma". The ''Republican'' predicted that Lincoln's brief remarks would "repay further study as the model speech".<ref>Prochow, Herbert Victor (1944). ''Great Stories from Great Lives''. Harper & Brothers, p. 17.</ref> In 2013, on the sesquicentennial of the address, ''[[The Patriot-News]]'' of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, formerly the ''Patriot & Union'', retracted its original reaction ("silly remarks" deserving "the veil of oblivion") stating: "Seven score and ten years ago, the forefathers of this media institution brought forth to its audience a judgment so flawed, so tainted by hubris, so lacking in the perspective history would bring, that it cannot remain unaddressed in our archives.&nbsp;... the ''Patriot & Union'' failed to recognize [the speech's] momentous importance, timeless eloquence, and lasting significance. The ''Patriot-News'' regrets the error."<ref>{{cite news|title=Retraction for our 1863 editorial calling Gettysburg Address 'silly remarks': Editorial|url=https://www.pennlive.com/opinion/2013/11/a_patriot-news_editorial_retraction_the_gettysburg_address.html|access-date=November 19, 2013|newspaper=Patriot-News|date=November 14, 2013|author=''Patriot-News'' Editorial Board|archive-date=November 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118164600/http://www.pennlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2013/11/a_patriot-news_editorial_retraction_the_gettysburg_address.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/my-great-great-grandfather-hated-the-gettysburg-address-150-years-later-hes-famous-for-it-180947746/ |title=My Great-Great-Grandfather Hated the Gettysburg Address. 150 Years Later, He's Famous For It. |last=Stewart |first=Doug |date=November 18, 2013 |website=The Smithsonian's Past Imperfect |type=Blog |access-date=November 19, 2013 |archive-date=November 20, 2013 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131120173213/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2013/11/my%2Dgreat%2Dgreat%2Dgrandfather%2Dhated%2Dthe%2Dgettysburg%2Daddress%2D150%2Dyears%2Dlater%2Dhes%2Dfamous%2Dfor%2Dit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Foreign newspapers also criticized Lincoln's remarks. ''[[The Times]]'' of London commented: "The ceremony [at Gettysburg] was rendered ludicrous by some of the luckless sallies of that poor President Lincoln."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS151297412&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |title=The Civil War In America |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=December 4, 1863 |page=9 |url-access=subscription  |access-date=June 3, 2014}}</ref>

[[United States House of Representatives|Congressman]] [[Joseph A. Goulden]], then an eighteen-year-old school teacher, was present and heard the speech. He served in the [[United States Marine Corps]] during the war, and later had a successful career in insurance in Pennsylvania and [[New York City]] before entering Congress as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. In his later life, Goulden was often asked about the speech, since the passage of time made him one of a dwindling number of individuals who had been present for it. He commented on the event and Lincoln's speech in favorable terms, naming Lincoln's address as one of the inspirations for him to enter military service. Goulden's recollections included remarks to the House of Representatives in 1914.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=United National Association of Post Office Clerks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uT02AQAAMAAJ&q=joseph+goulden+gettysburg+lincoln&pg=RA1-PA86 |title=The Post Office Clerk magazine |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610050429/https://books.google.com/books?id=uT02AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA86&dq=joseph+goulden+gettysburg+lincoln&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oiUNUpr_H7HK4AO_h4GwAg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=joseph%20goulden%20gettysburg%20lincoln&f=false |archivedate=June 10, 2016 |volume=13–14 |date=January 1914 |page=6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=United States House of Representatives |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egYqAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA97 |chapter=Memorial Addresses on Joseph A. Goulden |title=United States Congressional Serial Set |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212622/https://books.google.com/books?id=egYqAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA97&dq=joseph+goulden+gettysburg+lincoln&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oiUNUpr_H7HK4AO_h4GwAg&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=joseph%20goulden%20gettysburg%20lincoln&f=false |archivedate=June 10, 2016 |year=1917 |page=97}}</ref>

=== Audio recollections ===
[[William R. Rathvon]] is the only known eyewitness of both Lincoln's arrival at Gettysburg and the address itself to have left an audio recording of his recollections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1860-1865/2-sounds/2-historical/19380212_Gettysburg_Eyewitness_William_V_Rathvon.html|title=Gettysburg Eyewitness – Lost and Found Sound: The Boy Who Heard Lincoln|publisher=Historyonthenet.com|access-date=February 15, 2019|archive-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216040854/https://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1860-1865/2-sounds/2-historical/19380212_Gettysburg_Eyewitness_William_V_Rathvon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One year before his death in 1939, Rathvon's reminiscences were recorded on February 12, 1938, at the Boston studios of radio station WRUL, including his reading the address, itself, and a 78 RPM record was pressed. The title of the 78 record was "I Heard Lincoln That Day – William R. Rathvon, TR Productions". A copy wound up at [[National Public Radio]] (NPR) during a "Quest for Sound" project in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1045619|title=Gettysburg Eyewitness – Lost and Found Sound: The Boy Who Heard Lincoln|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=Historyonthenet.com|access-date=February 15, 2019|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402161827/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1045619|url-status=live}}</ref>

Like most people who came to Gettysburg, the Rathvon family was aware that Lincoln was going to make some remarks. The family went to the town square where the procession was to form to go out to the cemetery that had not been completed yet. At the head of the procession rode Lincoln on a gray horse preceded by a military band that was the first the young boy had ever seen. Rathvon describes Lincoln as so tall and with such long legs that they went almost to the ground; he also mentions the long eloquent speech given by [[Edward Everett]] of Massachusetts whom Rathvon accurately described as the "most finished orator of the day". Rathvon then goes on to describe how Lincoln stepped forward and "with a manner serious almost to sadness, gave his brief address".  During the delivery, along with some other boys, young Rathvon wiggled his way forward through the crowd until he stood within {{convert|15|ft|m}} of Lincoln and looked up into what he described as his "serious face". Rathvon recalls candidly that, although he listened "intently to every word the president uttered and heard it clearly", he explains, "boylike, I could not recall any of it afterwards". But he explains that if anyone said anything disparaging about "honest Abe", there would have been a "junior battle of Gettysburg". In the recording Rathvon speaks of Lincoln's speech allegorically "echoing through the hills".{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=== Photographs ===
The only known and confirmed photograph of Lincoln at Gettysburg,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/exhibitionitems/ExhibitObjects/LincolnOnPlatform.aspx?sc_id=wikip|title=The Only Known Photograph of President Lincoln at the dedication of the Civil War cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1863|access-date=September 15, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105105115/http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/exhibitionitems/ExhibitObjects/LincolnOnPlatform.aspx?sc_id=wikip|archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> taken by photographer [[David Bachrach]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Bachrach in the news|publisher=Bachrach photography|url=http://www.bachrachinc.com/html/in_the_news.html|access-date=December 3, 2007|archive-date=July 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707203611/http://www.bachrachinc.com/html/in_the_news.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> was identified in the [[Mathew Brady]] collection of photographic plates in the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] in 1952. While Lincoln's speech was short and may have precluded multiple pictures of him while speaking, he and the other dignitaries sat for hours during the rest of the program. Given the length of Everett's speech and the length of time it took for 19th-century photographers to get "set up" before taking a picture, it is quite plausible that the photographers were ill-prepared for the brevity of Lincoln's remarks.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

[[File:Crowd of citizens, soldiers, and etc. with Lincoln at Gettysburg. - NARA - 529085 -crop.jpg|thumb|340x340px|right|Cropped view of the [[David Bachrach|Bachrach]] photo with a red arrow indicating Lincoln]]

=== Usage of "under God" ===
The words "under God" do not appear in the Nicolay and Hay drafts but are included in the three later copies (Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss). Accordingly, some skeptics maintain that Lincoln did not utter the words "under God" at Gettysburg.<ref>{{cite web|editor-last=Walker|editor-first=Cliff|publisher=Positive Atheism|date=September 2002|title=Lincoln's Gettysburg 'Under God': Another case of 'retrofitting'? (reply)|url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/mail/eml8448.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108025927/http://www.positiveatheism.org/mail/eml8448.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2002|access-date=December 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Randi, James |publisher=James Randi Educational Foundation |date=October 10, 2003 |url=http://archive.randi.org/site/jr/101003.html |title=Lincoln Embellished |access-date=December 3, 2007 |author-link=James Randi |archive-date=December 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214202556/http://archive.randi.org/site/jr/101003.html |url-status=live }}: "The Gettysburg address&nbsp;... is often given as the source of the addition to the Pledge of Allegiance that we often hear, that phrase, 'under God.' Wrong."</ref> However, at least three reporters [[telegraph]]ed the text of Lincoln's speech on the day the Address was given with the words "under God" included. Historian William E. Barton argues that:<ref>Barton, pp. 138–139.</ref>

{{blockquote|Every stenographic report, good, bad and indifferent, says 'that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom.' There was no common source from which all the reporters could have obtained those words but from Lincoln's own lips at the time of delivery. It will not do to say that [Secretary of War] Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln's return to Washington, for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery.}}

The reporters present included Joseph Gilbert, from the [[Associated Press]]; [[Charles Hale]], from the ''Boston Advertiser'';<ref>Prochnow, p. 14.</ref> [[John Russell Young|John R. Young]] (who later became the [[Librarian of Congress]]), from the ''[[Philadelphia Press]]''; and reporters from the ''Cincinnati Commercial'',<ref>Prochnow, p. 13.</ref> ''New York Tribune'',<ref name=Prochnow15>Prochnow, p. 15.</ref> and ''The New York Times''.<ref name=Prochnow15/> Charles Hale "had notebook and pencil in hand, [and] took down the slow-spoken words of the President".<ref>Sandburg, Carl (1939). "Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg". In: ''Abraham Lincoln: The War Years''. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company. II, 452–457; cited by Prochnow, p. 14.</ref> "He took down what he declared was the exact language of Lincoln's address, and his declaration was as good as the oath of a court stenographer. His associates confirmed his testimony, which was received, as it deserved to be, at its face value."<ref>Barton, p. 81.</ref> One explanation is that Lincoln deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he spoke. Ronald C. White, visiting professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles and professor of American religious history emeritus at the San Francisco Theological Seminary, wrote in this context of Lincoln's insertion and usage of "under God":

<blockquote>It was an uncharacteristically spontaneous revision for a speaker who did not trust extemporaneous speech. Lincoln had added impromptu words in several earlier speeches, but always offered a subsequent apology for the change. In this instance, he did not. And Lincoln included "under God" in all three copies of the address he prepared at later dates. "Under God" pointed backward and forward: back to "this nation", which drew its breath from both political and religious sources, but also forward to a "new birth". Lincoln had come to see the Civil War as a ritual of purification. The old Union had to die. The old man had to die. Death became a transition to a new Union and a new humanity.<ref name="america58"/></blockquote>

The phrase "under God" was used frequently in works published before 1860, usually with the meaning "with God's help".<ref>{{cite web |author=Geoff Nunberg |title='(Next) Under God,' Phrasal Idiom |date=June 20, 2004 |work=Language Log |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001090.html |access-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref>

==Platform location==
{{Infobox designation list
| embed                   =
| designation1            = Pennsylvania Historical Marker
| designation1_offname    = Gettysburg Address
| designation1_type       = Roadside
| designation1_criteria   =
| designation1_date       = December 12, 1947<ref>{{cite web|title=Gettysburg Address|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/PHMCWebSearch/ViewMarker.aspx?markerId=784|website=PHMC Historical Markers|access-date=March 27, 2017|archive-date=March 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327173830/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/PHMCWebSearch/ViewMarker.aspx?markerId=784|url-status=live}}</ref>
| delisted1_date          =
| designation1_partof     =
| designation1_number     =
| designation1_free1name  = Location
| designation1_free1value = PA 134 (Taneytown Rd.) at entrance to National Cemetery<br>Baltimore St. (old US 140) & PA 134 at entrance to National Cemetery
}}
[[File:LincolnGett.JPG|right|thumb|The ''Lincoln Address Memorial'', designed by Louis Henrick, with bust of Lincoln by [[Henry Kirke Bush-Brown]]<!--appears to be by--><!-- rather than his uncle [[Henry Kirke Brown]]-->, erected at the Gettysburg National Cemetery in 1912.<ref>{{cite book|last=Einhorn|first=Lois|title=Abraham Lincoln, the orator: penetrating the Lincoln legend|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RB3AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Henry+Bush-Brown%22+lincoln|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1992|isbn=0-313-26168-7|access-date=April 20, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125173219/https://books.google.com/books?id=0RB3AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Henry+Bush-Brown%22+lincoln|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Outside of either entrance to the National Cemetery, twin historical markers read:

<blockquote>Nearby, Nov. 19, 1863, in dedicating the National Cemetery, Abraham Lincoln gave the address which he had written in Washington and revised after his arrival at Gettysburg the evening of November 18.<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Gettysburg Address Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=8025|access-date=June 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Gettysburg Address Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=15129|access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

Directly inside the Taneytown Road entrance are the ''Lincoln Address Memorial'' and [[Gettysburg Rostrum|Rostrum]], which has hosted speeches by five U.S. Presidents. Lincoln was not one of them, and a small metal sign near the speech memorial stirs controversy by stating:

<blockquote>The Address was delivered about 300 yards from this spot along the upper Cemetery drive. The site is now marked by the Soldiers' National Monument.<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Lincoln Speech Memorial Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=90763|access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

Holding title as the ''Traditional Site,'' the validity of the [[Soldiers' National Monument]] has been challenged by platform occupants (in the distant past) and by (relatively recent) photographic analyses. Based upon a pair of photographic analyses, the Gettysburg National Military Park (G.N.M.P.) has placed a marker (near [https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B049'11.9%22N+77%C2%B013'50.4%22W/@39.819983,-77.230667,436m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d39.819983!4d-77.230667?hl=en 39°49.199′N 77°13.840′W]) which states, "The location [of the platform] was never marked, but is believed to be in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]], on the other side of the iron fence."<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=A Few Appropriate Remarks Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=165776|access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref>

The observer of this newer marker stands facing the fence which separates the two adjacent cemeteries (one public and one private). Another heavy endorsement of the ''Traditional Site,'' this one in bronze and placed by Lincoln's native Commonwealth, stands nearby.<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=Kentucky Memorial Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=16865|access-date=June 11, 2012|archive-date=November 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110041015/http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=16865|url-status=live}}</ref>

Absent an original and enduring marker, the location of the platform is in the hands of rhetoricians and scholars. The Superintendent of Evergreen Cemetery, Brian Kennell, emphatically endorses the findings of William Frassanito's photographic analysis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennell |first1=Brian |title=Beyond the Gatehouse |date=2000 |publisher=The Evergreen Cemetery Association |location=Gettysburg, PA |isbn=0-9664772-0-0 |page=42}}</ref>

===Pre-modern===
[[File:Gettysburg address 1863-11-19 looking ne.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.8|Analysis of this photograph, taken by Alexander Gardner looking northeast on November 19, 1863, rules out the ''Traditional Site'' at Soldiers' National Monument as a possible location for the speaker's platform.]]
Colonel W. Yates Selleck was a marshal in the parade on [[Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg|Consecration Day]] and was seated on the platform when Lincoln made the address.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg; Told by Eye Witness|url=https://archive.org/download/lincolnsg00linc/lincolnsg00linc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013113259/http://archive.org/download/lincolnsg00linc/lincolnsg00linc.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-13 |url-status=live|access-date=June 13, 2012}}</ref> Selleck marked a map with the position of the platform and described it as "{{convert|350|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} almost due north of Soldiers' National Monument, {{convert|40|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} from a point in the outer circle of lots where [the] Michigan and New York [burial sections] are separated by a path".<ref>{{cite news|last=Lincoln National Life Insurance Company|title=Dispute Over Exact Location Where Lincoln's Speech Was Made of Great Interest To Many Gettysburg Visitors|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19691125&id=UE5AAAAAIBAJ&pg=1170,3493526|newspaper=Gettysburg Times|date=November 25, 1969|pages=7–9|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204145737/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19691125&id=UE5AAAAAIBAJ&pg=1170,3493526|url-status=live}}</ref> A location which approximates this description is [https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B049'14.6%22N+77%C2%B013'52.1%22W/@39.8202202,-77.2315577,168m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d39.8207167!4d-77.23115?hl=en 39°49.243′N, 77°13.869′W].

As pointed out in 1973 by retired park historian Frederick Tilberg, the ''Selleck Site'' is {{convert|25|ft|m}} lower than the crest of Cemetery Hill, and only the crest presents a panoramic view of the battlefield. A spectacular view from the location of the speech was noted by many eyewitnesses, is consistent with the ''Traditional Site'' at the [[Soldiers' National Monument]] (and other sites on the crest) but is inconsistent with the ''Selleck Site.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Pergus Project|title=Gettysburg Address|url=http://pergusproject.wordpress.com/tag/gettysburg-address/|access-date=June 11, 2012|archive-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418143406/https://pergusproject.wordpress.com/tag/gettysburg-address/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tilberg|first=Frederick|title=The Location of the Platform From Which Lincoln Delivered the Gettysburg Address|url=http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.ph/1141406190|work=Pennsylvania History, Vol XL, No. 2|publisher=The Pennsylvania Historical Association|access-date=June 13, 2012|pages=179–191}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The ''Kentucky Memorial'', erected in 1975, is directly adjacent to the [[Soldiers' National Monument]], and states, "Kentucky honors her son, Abraham Lincoln, who delivered his immortal address at the site now marked by the soldiers' monument." With its position at the center of the concentric rings of soldiers' graves and the continuing endorsement of Lincoln's native state the [[Soldiers' National Monument]] persists as a credible location for the speech.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Library of Congress |title=The 1869 Soldiers' National Monument at Gettysburg National Cemetery |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2019690792/ |publisher=United States of America |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Groundspeak |title=Soldiers' National Monument – Gettysburg, PA |url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEDK7_Soldiers_National_Monument_Gettysburg_PA |website=Waymarking |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Brian |title=Lincoln Address Memorial |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=90763 |website=The Historical Marker Database |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

Writing a physical description of the layout for the Gettysburg National Cemetery under construction in November 1863, the correspondent from the ''Cincinnati Daily Commercial'' described the dividing lines between the state grave plots as "the radii of a common center, where a flag pole is now raised, but where it is proposed to erect a national monument".<ref>{{cite web|last=Tilberg|first=Frederick|title=The Location of the Platform From Which Lincoln Delivered the Gettysburg Address|url=http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.ph/1141406190|work=Pennsylvania History, Vol XL, No. 2|publisher=The Pennsylvania Historical Association|access-date=June 13, 2012|pages=187}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> With the inclusion of this quotation Tilberg inadvertently verifies a central principle of future photographic analyses—a flagpole, rather than the speakers' platform, occupied the central point of the soldiers' graves. In fact, the precision of the photo-analyses relies upon the coincidence of position between this temporary flag pole and the future monument.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frassanito |first1=William |title=Early Photography at Gettysburg |date=1995 |publisher=Thomas Publications |location=Gettysburg, PA |isbn=978-1-57747-032-8 |page=166}}</ref>

Confusing to today's tourist, the ''Kentucky Memorial'' is contradicted by a newer marker which was erected nearby by the Gettysburg National Military Park and locates the speakers' platform inside [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=The Gettysburg Address Marker|url=http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=16869|access-date=June 11, 2012|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109190159/http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=16869|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, outdated National Park Service documents which pinpoint the location at the [[Soldiers' National Monument]] have not been systematically revised since the placement of the newer marker.<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |orig-year=1865–69 |title=Soldiers' National Monument |url=http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=516 |work=(structure ID MN288, LCS ID 009949) [[List of Classified Structures]]: GETT p. 21 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=June 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917141118/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=516 |archive-date=September 17, 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=National Park Service|title=FCIC: Gettysburg National Military Park|url=http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm|access-date=June 12, 2012|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120405/http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Miscellaneous web pages perpetuate the ''Traditional Site.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone Sentinels|title=Soldiers' National Monument|url=http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Other/Soldiers.php|access-date=June 19, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812130212/http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Other/Soldiers.php|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Waymarking|title=Soldiers' National Monument|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9NW1_Soldiers_National_Monument_Gettysburg_PA|access-date=June 19, 2012|archive-date=September 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923004346/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9NW1_Soldiers_National_Monument_Gettysburg_PA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Flickr/Jericho_54|title=Gettysburg: Soldiers' National Monument|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/jericho_54/2590179174/|access-date=June 19, 2012|date=June 7, 2008|archive-date=September 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904074822/https://www.flickr.com/photos/jericho_54/2590179174/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Photo analysis===
====2D and optical stereoscopy====
[[File:Gaddress location summary.jpg|thumb]]

In 1982, Senior Park Historian Kathleen Georg Harrison first analyzed photographs and proposed a location in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]] but has not published her analysis. Speaking for Harrison without revealing details, two sources characterize her proposed location as "on or near [the] Brown family vault" in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wills|first=Garry|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnatgettysb00will|url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-86742-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lincolnatgettysb00will/page/209 209–210]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=The Washington Times|title=Disproving Many Historical 'Facts'|website=[[The Washington Times]]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/apr/19/disproving-many-historical-facts/?page=1|access-date=June 17, 2013}}</ref>

William A. Frassanito, a former military intelligence analyst, documented a comprehensive photographic analysis in 1995, and it associates the location of the platform with the position of specific modern headstones in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]]. According to Frassanito, the extant graves of Israel Yount (died 1892)({{Coord|39|49.180|N|77|13.845|W| type:landmark_region:US-PA_dim:30|name=grave of Israel Yount (d. 1892)}}), John Koch (died 1913)({{Coord|39|49.184|N|77|13.847|W| type:landmark_region:US-PA_dim:30|name=grave of John Koch (d. 1913)}}), and George E. Kitzmiller (died 1874)({{Coord|39|49.182|N|77|13.841|W| type:landmark_region:US-PA_dim:30|name=grave of George E. Kitzmiller (d. 1874)}}) are among those which occupy the location of the 1863 speaker's stand.{{sfn|Frassanito|1995|p=160-167}}

====3D photo-rendering and -animation====

Over the course of many years, an Assistant Professor of New Media at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, Christopher Oakley, and his students have labored to produce and relentlessly perfect "a lifelike virtual 3-D re-creation of Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address" as part of the ''Virtual Lincoln Project.''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/will-the-real-abraham-lincoln-please-stand-up-3431/ | title = Will the Real Abraham Lincoln Please Stand Up? | last = Lidz | first = Frank | publisher = Smithsonian Magazine | access-date  = 22 November 2022}}</ref>  One result was revealed when “Placing the Platform: Using 3D Technology to Pinpoint Lincoln at Gettysburg” was presented on November 18, 2022, at the Lincoln Forum XXVII in Gettysburg.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?524210-2/2022-lincoln-forum-photo-lincoln-gettysburg |title=Photos of Lincoln at Gettysburg-Placing the Platform:Using 3D Technology to Pinpoint Lincoln at Gettysburg |last1=Oakley |first1=Christopher |date=November 18, 2022 |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] Video Library |location=Gettysburg, PA |conference=Lincoln Forum XXVII}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thelincolnforum.org/2022-symposium-schedule | title = Lincoln Forum XXVII: "Lincoln in the Civil War White House: The Politics and Personalities of a Union Divided" | publisher = The Lincoln Forum | access-date = 22 November 2022 | archive-date = November 22, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221122230821/https://www.thelincolnforum.org/2022-symposium-schedule | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As a starting point, the project modeled the topography around Cemetery Hill, the Gatehouse at Evergreen Cemetery and the documented positions of nonextant objects which appear in photographs (the poplar tree, the flag pole and the Duttera House among them) using 3-D animation software [[Autodesk Maya|Maya]]. Next, the platform and its occupants were modeled. Finally, the approximate positions of the cameras were placed into the 3-D environment, and the overall model was iteratively refined. By reproducing the appearance of the four known photographs, taken distantly from one another in 1863, Lincoln and the platform have been placed in virtual reality.

Oakley's model shows the platform straddling the iron fence between the Soldiers' National Cemetery and Evergreen Cemetery. It increases the size of the platform and changes its shape from rectangular, as previous researchers have maintained, to trapezoidal. Most significantly, the speaker's position occupies a portion of the platform over the grounds of the Soldiers' National Cemetery.<ref name=Oakley />

William Frassanito's analysis is based upon two of the four photographic perspectives which were employed by Oakley to validate his 3D model. Frassanito assesses one of his sources by stating, "This view [by Weaver] was probably not taken from the second-story window of the gatehouse itself."{{sfn|Frassanito|1995|p=160}} Via enlargement of a Gardner photograph (taken from the opposite direction), John J. Richter may have identified a photographer with a camera in this exact window, thereby weakening the contribution of the Weaver photograph to Frassanito's conclusions.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://abrahamlincolnatgettysburg.wordpress.com/finding-other-photographers-at-the-gettysburg-soldiers-cemetery-dedication-on-november-19-1863/| title = Abraham Lincoln At Gettysburg: Finding Photographers and their Equipment in Gettysburg Soldiers' Cemetery Photos| last = Heberton IV| first = Craig
| date = November 17, 2013| publisher = WordPress| access-date = 22 November 2022}}</ref> Oakley's proprietary 3D model utilizes the position of Weaver's camera as suggested by Richter.

===Resolution===
[[File:gaddress frassanito.jpg|right|upright=2|thumb|Frassanito's analysis places the dedicatory platform at the graves of George Kitzmiller, Israel Yount, and John Koch. Erroneous indicators are identified in the distant background.]]
The GNMP marker, Wills's interpretation of Harrison's analysis, the Frassanito analysis, and the Oakley analysis concur that the platform was located entirely or mostly in private [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]], rather than public [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Soldiers' National Cemetery]]. The National Park Service's ''National Cemetery Walking Tour'' brochure is one NPS document which agrees:
<blockquote>The Soldiers' National Monument, long misidentified as the spot from which Lincoln spoke, honors the fallen soldiers. [The location of the speech] was actually on the crown of this hill, a short distance on the other side of the iron fence and inside the [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]], where President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address to a crowd of some 15,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|last=National Park Service|title=National Cemetery Walking Tour|url=http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/upload/National%20Cemetery%20brochure-2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215210613/http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/upload/National%20Cemetery%20brochure-2.pdf |archive-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

The locations determined by the Harrison/Wills, Frassanito, and Oakley analyses differ by approximately 40 yards. Frassanito has documented 1) his own conclusion, 2) his own methods and 3) a refutation of the Harrison site,{{sfn|Frassanito|1995|p=167}} but neither the GNMP nor Harrison has provided any documentation. Oakley's interpretation was only made public in 2022 and is still under review.<ref name=Oakley /> Each of the four points to a location in Evergreen Cemetery, as do modern NPS publications.

Although Lincoln dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery, the monument at the Cemetery's center actually has nothing to do with Lincoln or his famous speech. Intended to symbolize Columbia paying tribute to her fallen sons, its appreciation has been commandeered by the thirst for a tidy home for the speech.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pfanz|first=Harry W.|title=Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill|year=1993|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=0-8078-2118-7|page=375}}</ref> Freeing the Cemetery and Monument to serve their original purpose, honoring of Union departed, is as unlikely as a resolution to the location controversy and the erection of a public monument to the speech in the exclusively private [[Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)|Evergreen Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gettysburg Discussion Group|title=Afterwards and Afterthoughts|url=http://www.gdg.org/Research/BattlefieldHistories/encafter.html|access-date=June 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231903/http://www.gdg.org/Research/BattlefieldHistories/encafter.html|archive-date=December 2, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Lincoln_Speech_Inscription.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|The words of the Gettysburg Address inside the [[Lincoln Memorial]].]]

The importance of the Gettysburg Address in the history of the United States is underscored by its enduring presence in American culture. In addition to its prominent place carved into a stone [[cella]] on the south wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the Gettysburg Address is frequently referred to in works of popular culture, with the implicit expectation that contemporary audiences will be familiar with Lincoln's words.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In the many generations that have passed since the Address, it has remained among the most famous speeches in American history<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|title=Outline of U.S. History|page=73|url=http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/April/20080407120920eaifas0.4535639.html|access-date=January 3, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020070127/http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/April/20080407120920eaifas0.4535639.html|archive-date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> and is often taught in classes about history or civics.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dry | first1 = M. | title = Review of National Standards for Civics and Government | journal = PS: Political Science and Politics | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–53 | year = 1996 | doi = 10.2307/420193| jstor = 420193 | s2cid = 154778877 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is itself referenced in another of those famed orations, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.<ref>{{cite web|title=King: the March, the Man, the Dream|url=http://www.davidgarrow.com/File/DJG%202003%20AmHistMLKMOWAug.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923150611/http://www.davidgarrow.com/File/DJG%202003%20AmHistMLKMOWAug.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-23 |url-status=live|access-date=September 23, 2017|last=Garrow|first=David J.|work=American History|date=August 2003|pages=26–35|quote=[F]our days before the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March]] [King] told Al Duckett, a black journalist&nbsp;... that his August 28 oration needed to be "sort of a Gettysburg Address".}}</ref> Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in August 1963, King began with a reference, by the style of his opening phrase, to President Lincoln and his enduring words: "Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice."

Phrases from the Address are often used or referenced in other works. The current [[Constitution of France]] states that the principle of the [[French Republic]] is "''gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple''{{-"}} ("government of the people, by the people, and for the people"), a literal translation of Lincoln's words.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution du 4 octobre 1958|url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank_mm/anglais/constiution_anglais_oct2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415061524/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank_mm/anglais/constiution_anglais_oct2009.pdf |archive-date=2010-04-15 |url-status=live|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> [[Sun Yat-Sen]]'s "[[Three Principles of the People]]" as well as the preamble for the 1947 [[Constitution of Japan]] were also inspired from that phrase.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Sharman| first1 = Lyon| title = Sun Yat-sen: His life and its meaning, a critical biography | year = 1968 | publisher = Stanford University Press | page = 271 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=World Constitutions – A Comparative Study|last1=Bhagwan|first1=Vishnoo|last2=Bhushan|first2=Vidya|publisher=Sterling|year=2004|location=New Delhi|page=445}}</ref> The aircraft carrier {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72|6}} has as its ship's motto the phrase "shall not perish".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg9/Pages/AboutUs.aspx|publisher=Carrier Strike Group NINE|work=United States Navy|title=USS Abraham Lincoln|quote=Aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) adopted Lincoln's phrase "Shall not perish" as her motto.|access-date=October 14, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313004023/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg9/Pages/AboutUs.aspx|archive-date=March 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite DANFS|title=Abraham Lincoln|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/abraham-lincoln-cvn-72-ii.html|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref>

U.S. Senator [[Charles Sumner]] of Massachusetts wrote of the address and its enduring presence in American culture after Lincoln's assassination in April 1865: "That speech, uttered at the field of Gettysburg&nbsp;... and now sanctified by the martyrdom of its author, is a monumental act. In the modesty of his nature he said 'the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here.' He was mistaken. The world at once noted what he said, and will never cease to remember it."<ref name="History20130222" />

In January 1961 [[John F. Kennedy]] tasked his speech writer [[Ted Sorensen]] to study the Gettysburg Address in order to help him with his own [[Inauguration of John F. Kennedy#Inaugural address|inaugural address]]. Sorensen drew many lessons from the Gettysburg Address which according to Sorensen included rhetoric devices used by many speech writers like [[alliteration]]s, [[rhyme]]s, repetitions as well as contrast and balance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education/Teachers/Curricular-Resources/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Analyzing%20the%20Inaugural%20Address.pdf |title=Analyzing the Inaugural Address |access-date=January 21, 2011 |author=JFK Library |author-link=JFK Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325164035/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education/Teachers/Curricular-Resources/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Analyzing%20the%20Inaugural%20Address.pdf|archive-date= March 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Ted Sorensen|Theodore C. Sorensen]] |title=Ted Sorensen on Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Words |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ted-sorensen-on-abraham-lincoln-a-man-of-his-words-12048177/ |access-date=February 13, 2022 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |date=October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213183111/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ted-sorensen-on-abraham-lincoln-a-man-of-his-words-12048177/ |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |quote=Abraham Lincoln, the greatest American president, was also in my view the best of all presidential speechwriters. As a youngster in Lincoln, Nebraska, I stood before the statue of the president gracing the west side of the towering state capitol and soaked up the words of his Gettysburg Address, inscribed on a granite slab behind the statue. Two decades later, in January 1961, President-elect John F. Kennedy asked me to study those words again, in preparing to help him write his inaugural address. He also asked me to read all previous 20th-century inaugural addresses. I did not learn much from those speeches (except for FDR's first inaugural), but I learned a great deal from Lincoln's ten sentences.}}</ref>

U.S. President John F. Kennedy stated in July 1963 about the battle and Lincoln's speech: "Five score years ago the ground on which we here stand shuddered under the clash of arms and was consecrated for all time by the blood of American manhood. Abraham Lincoln, in dedicating this great battlefield, has expressed, in words too eloquent for paraphrase or summary, why this sacrifice was necessary."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations.aspx |title="Message from the President on the Occasion of Field Mass at Gettysburg, June 29, 1963, delivered by John S. Gleason, Jr." Box 10, President's Outgoing Executive Correspondence, White House Central Chronological Files, Papers of John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. |access-date=August 23, 2013 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307234227/https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation compiled ''Gettysburg Replies: The World Responds to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address''.  The work challenges leaders to craft 272 word responses to celebrate Lincoln, the Gettysburg Address, or a related topic.<ref>{{Cite book
|title= Gettysburg Replies: The World Responds to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address|publisher = Lyons Press|date=2015|isbn = 978-1493009121}}</ref>
One of the replies was by astrophysicist [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing, in the same year of the Gettysburg Address, the [[National Academy of Sciences]], which had the longterm effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish from this Earth".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq3UlgKjbZ8 Neil deGrasse Tyson's Gettysburg Reply – "The Seedbed"]</ref>

===Envelope and other myths===
A common American myth about the Gettysburg Address is that Lincoln quickly wrote the speech on the back of an envelope while on the train.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lincoln/exhibition/gettysburg/|title=The Myths of Gettysburg}}</ref> This widely held misunderstanding may have originated with a popular book, ''The Perfect Tribute'', by [[Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews]] (1906), which was assigned reading for generations of schoolchildren, sold 600,000 copies when published as a standalone volume,<ref>{{cite news | title=Mary S. Andrews, Author, is Dead | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 3, 1936 | page=15}}</ref> and was twice adapted for film.

Other lesser-known claims include [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s assertion that Lincoln had composed the address "in only a few moments", and that of industrialist [[Andrew Carnegie]], who claimed to have personally supplied Lincoln with a pen.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0025.205/--more-perfect-tribute?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title=A More Perfect Tribute |access-date=January 30, 2017 |author=Kent Gramm |journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=Summer 2004 |pages=50–58}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
''[[A Lincoln Portrait]]'' is a classical orchestral work written by the American composer [[Aaron Copland]] in which the closing phrases of the Gettysburg address are intoned at the conclusion of the narrated Lincoln quotations which lead to the orchestral closing [[crescendo]]. The work involves a full orchestra, with particular emphasis on the brass section at climactic moments. The work is narrated with the reading of excerpts of Abraham Lincoln's great documents, including the Gettysburg Address. The intoned reading from the Address uses only the last two sentences starting with the words, "That from these honored dead&nbsp;...".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taubman |first1=Howard |author-link1=Howard Taubman |title=Music: Magical Impact; Copland's 'Lincoln Portrait' Makes Vivid Impression at Fete in Caracas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/30/archives/music-magical-impact-coplands-lincoln-portrait-makes-vivid.html |access-date=September 22, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 30, 1957 |page=12}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg]]

== References ==
'''Informational notes'''
{{refbegin}}
:{{note label|Nicolay|a|a}} [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gettysburg-address/exhibitionitems/Assets/Nicolay1_enlarge.jpg The Gettysburg Address: Nicolay copy, page 1] (jpg), [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gettysburg-address/exhibitionitems/Assets/Nicolay2_enlarge.jpg page 2] (jpg). The Library of Congress.
: {{note label|Hay|b|b}} [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gettysburg-address/exhibitionitems/Assets/Hay1_enlarge.jpg The Gettysburg Address: Hay copy, page 1] (jpg), [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gettysburg-address/exhibitionitems/Assets/Hay2_enlarge.jpg page 2] (jpg). The Library of Congress.
: {{note label|Everett|c|c}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013718/http://www.virtualgettysburg.com/exhibit/lincoln/images/everettZ.jpg Everett copy] (jpg). virtualgettsyburg.com. Retrieved from internet archive 2007-06-14 version on 2007-12-10.
: {{note label|Bancroft|d|d}} [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/good_cause/letter_pic.htm Bancroft copy cover letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607080711/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/good_cause/letter_pic.htm |date=June 7, 2007 }} (pic), [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/good_cause/address_pic_p1_legible.htm Bancroft copy, page 1] (pic), [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/good_cause/address_pic_p2_legible.htm page 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312043405/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/good_cause/address_pic_p2_legible.htm |date=March 12, 2005 }} (pic). Cornell University Library. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.
: {{note label|Bliss|e|e}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126050458/http://papersofabrahamlincoln.org/documentimages/GABliss1.jpg Bliss copy, page 1] (jpg), [https://web.archive.org/web/20130825043549/http://www.papersofabrahamlincoln.org/documentimages/GABliss2.jpg page 2] (jpg), [https://web.archive.org/web/20130825043604/http://www.papersofabrahamlincoln.org/documentimages/GABliss3.jpg page 3] (jpg). Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.
{{refend}}

''' Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

''' Bibliography '''
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?195790-1/after-words-gabor-boritt ''After Words'' interview with Gabor Boritt, January 13, 2007], [[C-SPAN]]}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=William Eleazar|year=1950|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: What He Intended to Say; What He Said; What He Was Reported to Have Said; What He Wished He Had Said|place=New York|publisher=Peter Smith}}
* [[Gabor Boritt|Boritt, Gabor]] (2006). ''The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows''. Simon & Schuster. 432 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-7432-8820-3}}.
* Busey, John W., and Martin, David G. (2005). ''Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg'', 4th ed. Longstreet House, {{ISBN|0-944413-67-6}}.
* Frassanito, William A. (1995). ''Early Photography at Gettysburg''. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-57747-032-8}}.
* Gramm, Kent (2001). ''November: Lincoln's Elegy at Gettysburg''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-253-34032-2}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Herndon|first1=William H.|author-link1=William Herndon (lawyer)|last2=Welk|first2=Jesse W.|year=1892|title=Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life|volume=2|place=New York|publisher=D. Appleton and Company}}
* {{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Martin P.|year=2013|title=Writing the Gettysburg Address|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0700621125}}
* Kunhardt, Philip B. Jr. (1983). ''A New Birth of Freedom: Lincoln at Gettysburg.'' Little Brown & Co. 263 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-316-50600-1}}.
* {{cite journal |last=LaFantasie |first=Glenn |title=Lincoln and the Gettysburg Awakening |journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association |date=1995 |volume=16 |issue= |pages=73–89 |issn=0898-4212}}
* {{cite book|last1=McPherson|first1=James M.|author-link=James M. McPherson|year=1988|title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era|place=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-503863-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=McPherson|first1=James M.|author-link=James M. McPherson|year=1996|title=Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-509679-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Murphy|first1=Jim|author-link=Jim Murphy (author)|year=1992|title=[[The Long Road to Gettysburg]]|place=New York|publisher=Clarion Books|isbn=0-395-55965-0}}
* {{cite book|editor=Herbert Victor Prochnow|editor-link=Herbert V. Prochnow|year=1944|title=Great Stories from Great Lives|place=Freeport|publisher=Books for Libraries Press|isbn=0-8369-2018-X}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rawley|first1=James A.|author-link=James A. Rawley|year=1966|title=Turning Points of the Civil War|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-8935-9}}
* Reid, Ronald F. "Newspaper Responses to the Gettysburg Addresses". ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 1967 53(1): 50–60. {{Issn|0033-5630}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Sandburg|first1=Carl|author-link=Carl Sandburg|year=1939|chapter=Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg|title=Abraham Lincoln: The War Years|place=New York|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Company|volume=2|pages=452–457|asin=B000BPD8GC}}
* Sauers, Richard A. (2000). "Battle of Gettysburg". In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History''. Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds. W.W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|0-393-04758-X}}.
* [[Diana Schaub|Schaub, Diana]] (2021). ''His Greatest Speeches: How Lincoln Moved the Nation''. New York: St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN| 978-1250763457}}.
* Schwartz, Barry. "The new Gettysburg Address: fusing history and memory". ''Poetics'' 33.1 (2005): 63–79. [http://www.barryschwartzonline.com/new%20gettysburg%20address.pdf online]
* Schwartz, Barry. "Rereading the Gettysburg address: Social change and collective memory". ''Qualitative Sociology'' 19.3 (1996): 395–422. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry-Schwartz-2/publication/226707182_Rereading_the_Gettysburg_Address_Social_Change_and_Collective_Memory/links/575f63fe08ae9a9c955fbd8e/Rereading-the-Gettysburg-Address-Social-Change-and-Collective-Memory.pdf online]
* {{cite journal|last1=Selzer|first1=Linda|title=Historicizing Lincoln: Garry Wills and the Canonization of the 'Gettysburg Address'|journal=Rhetoric Review|volume=16|number=1|year=1997|pages=120–137|doi=10.1080/07350199709389084}}
* {{cite book|last1=Simon|first1=John Y.|author-link1=John Y. Simon|last2=Holzer|first2=Harold|author-link2=Harold Holzer|last3=Pederson|first3=William D.|year=1999|title=The Lincoln Forum: Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg, and the Civil War|place=Mason City|publisher=Savas Publishing Company|isbn=1-882810-37-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=White|first1=Ronald C. Jr.|author-link=Ronald C. White|year=2005|title=The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words|place=New York|publisher=Random House|isbn=1-4000-6119-9}}
* Wieck, Carl F. (2002). ''Lincoln's Quest for Equality: The Road to Gettysburg.'' Northern Illinois University Press. 224 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-87580-299-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wills|first1=Garry|author-link=Garry Wills|year=1992|title=[[Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America]]|place=New York|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0-671-76956-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Douglas L.|author-link=Douglas L. Wilson|year=2006|title=Lincoln's Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words|publisher=Knopf|isbn=1-4000-4039-6}}

===Primary sources===
* Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation, ed. (2015). ''Gettysburg Replies: The World Responds to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address'', {{ISBN|1493009125}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|Gettysburg Oration}}
{{wikisource}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324084323/http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/Pages/default.aspx?sc_id=wikip Library of Congress, Gettysburg Address exhibit]
* Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) [http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm Gettysburg Historical Handbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120405/http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/g2.htm |date=March 6, 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210000843/http://abrahamlincoln200.org/for-kids/lincoln-coloring-book.aspx Online Lincoln Coloring Book for Teachers and Students]
* Cornell University Library exhibit on [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/gettysburg/ideas_more/reactions_p1.htm#chicago_tribune Contemporary newspaper reactions.]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMMzY1KJVeo Gettysburg Address read by Sam Waterston, Matthew Broderick, Ken Burns, David McCullough, Stephen Lang, Paul W. Bucha, etc. Music by John Williams.]
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gettysburgaddress.htm Gettysburg Address audio performances by Jeff Daniels, Jim Getty, Johnny Cash, Colin Powell, Sam Waterston, and W. F. Hooley] from AmericanRhetoric.com
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/documentsgallery/exhibitions/gettysburg_address_1.html The Gettysburg Address] An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
* {{librivox book | title=Gettysburg Address | author=Abraham Lincoln}}

{{Abraham Lincoln}}
{{Pennsylvania in the Civil War}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1863 in American politics]]
[[Category:1863 in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1863 speeches]]
[[Category:American Civil War documents]]
[[Category:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:November 1863 events]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Politics of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln]]
[[Category:Speeches by Abraham Lincoln]]
[[Category:United States documents]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]