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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Arabic term for a military raider}}
{{hatnote|"Ghazw" redirects here; for related terms, see [[Razzia (disambiguation)]]. "Ghazis" redirects here; for other uses, see [[Ghazi (disambiguation)]]. "Gazi" redirects here; for other uses, see [[Gazi (disambiguation)]]. "Ghaza" redirects here; for the city in the [[Gaza Strip]], see [[Gaza City]].}}
[[File:Murad II and Władysław III of Poland.jpg|thumb|right|The "Ghazi Sultan" [[Murad II]] and [[Władysław III of Poland]].]]
{{Usul al-fiqh}}
A '''''ghazi''''' ({{lang-ar|غازي}}, {{IPA-ar|ɣaːziː}}, plural ''ġuzāt'') is an individual who participated in '''''ghazw''''' ({{lang|ar|غزو}}, ''[[wikt:ghazwa|{{transl|ar|DIN|ġazw}}]]''), meaning military expeditions or raiding. The latter term was applied in early Islamic literature to expeditions led by the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], and later taken up by Turkic military leaders to describe their wars of conquest.<ref>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5F-JEmNr9yUC ''Islamic Rulings on Warfare'']", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, {{ISBN|1-4289-1039-5}} pg. 6.</ref> 

In the context of the wars between Russia and the Muslim peoples of the [[Caucasus]], starting as early as the late 18th century's [[Sheikh Mansur]]'s resistance to Russian expansion, the word usually appears in the form ''gazavat'' ({{lang|ru|газават}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kullberg |first=Anssi |date=1 Oct 2003 |title=The Background of Chechen Independence Movement II: The Sufi Resistance |url=http://users.jyu.fi/~aphamala/pe/2003/tsets-2.htm |website=The Eurasian Politician}}</ref>

In English-language literature, the ''ghazw'' often appears as ''[[Razzia (military)|razzia]]'', a borrowing through French from [[Maghrebi Arabic]].

In modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]], ''gazi'' is used to refer to [[Veteran|veterans]], and also as a title for Turkic Muslim champions such as [[Ertuğrul]] and [[Osman I]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sozluk.gov.tr/|title=Gazi - Türk Dil Kurumu {{!}} Sözlük|website=sozluk.gov.tr|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arasindakifark.net/sehit-ve-gazi-farki-nedir-nasil/|title=Şehit ve Gazi farkı nedir|date=2014-11-19|website=Arasındaki Fark|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

== Ghazwa as raid—razzia ==
In pre-Islamic [[Bedouin]] culture, ghazw[a] was a form of limited warfare verging on [[brigandage]] that avoided head-on confrontations and instead emphasized raiding and looting, usually of livestock (see [[cattle raiding]]). The [[Umayyad]]-period Bedouin poet [[al-Kutami]] wrote the oft-quoted verses: "Our business is to make raids on the enemy, on our neighbor and our own brother, in the event we find none to raid but a brother."<ref name="Wheatley2001">{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|title=The places where men pray together: cities in Islamic lands, 7th through the 10th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tFvlaM1LmgC&pg=PA11|year=2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-89428-7|page=11}}</ref><ref name="Cameron1973">{{cite book|author1=A. J. Cameron|title=Abû Dharr al-Ghifârî: an examination of his image in the hagiography of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRuJf6TDOxYC&pg=PA9|year=1973|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society : [distributed] by Luzac|isbn=978-0-7189-0962-8|page=9}}</ref> [[William Montgomery Watt]] hypothesized that [[Muhammad]] found it useful to divert this continuous internecine warfare toward his enemies, making it the basis of his war strategy;<ref name="WattCachia1996">{{cite book|author1=William Montgomery Watt|author2=Pierre Cachia|title=A history of Islamic Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzWIgNm1NRYC&pg=PA6|year=1996|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0847-8|pages=6–7}}</ref> according to Watt, the celebrated [[battle of Badr]] started as one such [[Razzia (military)|razzia]].<ref name="LambtonLewis1978">{{cite book|editor1=Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton |editor2=Bernard Lewis |title=The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the first world war|chapter=Muhammad|author=William Montgomery Watt|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&pg=PA45|year=1978|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|page=45}}</ref> As a form of warfare, the ''[[razzia (military)|razzia]]'' was then mimicked by the Christian states of [[Iberia]] in their relations with the [[taifa]] states;<ref name="Nolan2006">{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBHJ1eK_tcoC&pg=PA724|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33734-5|page=724}}</ref> rough synonyms and similar tactics are the Iberian ''cavalgada'' and the Anglo-French ''[[chevauchée]]''.<ref name="Nolan2006b">{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBHJ1eK_tcoC&pg=PA718|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33734-5|page=718}}</ref>

The word ''[[Razzia (military)|razzia]]'' was used in French colonial context particularly for raids to plunder and capture slaves from among the people of [[West Africa|Western]] and [[Central Africa]], also known as ''rezzou'' when practiced by the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]. The word was adopted from ''ġaziya'' of [[Algerian Arabic]] vernacular and later became a figurative name for any act of pillage, with its verb form ''razzier''.<ref name="Sessions 2017 p. 227">{{cite book | last=Sessions | first=J.E. | title=By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria | publisher=Cornell University Press | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-8014-5446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtBqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT227 |page=227}}</ref>

==Historical development==
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2015}}
[[File:Mughal Troops Chase the Armies of Da'ud.jpg|thumb|Young [[Akbar]] assumed the title ''Badshah Ghazi'' after leading a [[Mughal Army]] of 70,000 during the ''Second Battle of Panipat'', against 30,000 mainly [[Hindu]] adversaries led by [[Hemu]].]]
[[File:1396-Battle of Nicopolis.jpg|thumb|Ottoman Ghazis defeat the [[Crusades|Crusaders]] during the [[Battle of Nicopolis]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lokman |url=http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm |title=Battle of Nicopolis (1396) |year=1588 |work=Hünernâme |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529094441/http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm |archive-date=2013-05-29 }}</ref>]]
''Ghazi'' ({{lang-ar|غازي}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ġāzī}}'') is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word, the [[active participle]] of the verb ''ġazā'', meaning 'to carry out a military expedition or raid'; the same verb can also mean 'to strive for' and ''Ghazi'' can thus share a similar meaning to [[Mujahid]] or "one who struggles". The [[verbal noun]] of ''ġazā'' is ''ġazw'' or ''ġazawān'', with the meaning 'raiding'. A derived [[singulative]] in ''ġazwah'' refers to a single battle or raid. The term ''ghāzī'' dates to at least the [[Samanid dynasty|Samanid period]], where he appears as a [[mercenary]] and frontier fighter in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Transoxiana]]. Later, up to 20,000 of them took part in the Indian campaigns of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].

''Ghāzī'' warriors depended upon plunder for their livelihood, and were prone to [[Outlaw|brigandage]] and [[sedition]] in times of peace. The corporations into which they organized themselves attracted adventurers, [[zealot]]s and religious and political dissidents of all ethnicities. In time, though, soldiers of [[Turkic peoples|Turk]]ic ethnicity predominated, mirroring the acquisition of Mamluks, Turkic slaves in the Mamluk retinues and guard corps of the caliphs and emirs and in the ranks of the ''ghazi'' corporation, some of whom would ultimately rise to military and later political dominance in various Muslim states.

In the west, Turkic ''ghāzīs'' made continual incursions along the [[al-'Awasim|Byzantine frontier zone]], finding in the [[akritai]] ([[akritoi]]) their Greek counterparts.  After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] these incursions intensified, and the region's people would see the ''ghāzī'' corporations coalesce into semi-[[chivalry|chivalric]] fraternities, with the white cap and the [[club (weapon)|club]] as their emblems. The height of the organizations would come during the Mongol conquest when many of them fled from Persia and Turkistan into Anatolia.

As organizations, the ''ghazi'' corporations were fluid, reflecting their popular character, and individual ''ghāzī'' warriors would jump between them depending upon the prestige and success of a particular [[emir]], rather like the mercenary bands around western [[condottiere]].  It was from these [[Anatolia]]n territories conquered during the ''ghazw'' that the Ottoman Empire emerged, and in its legendary traditions it is said that its founder, [[Osman I]], came forward as a ''ghāzī'' thanks to the inspiration of [[Sheikh|Shaikh]] Ede Bali.

In later periods of Islamic history the honorific title of ''ghāzī'' was assumed by those Muslim rulers who showed conspicuous success in extending the domains of Islam, and eventually the honorific became exclusive to them, much as the Roman title [[imperator]] became the exclusive property of the supreme ruler of the Roman state and his family.

The [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottomans]] were probably the first to adopt this practice, and in any case the institution of ''ghazw'' reaches back to the beginnings of their state:

: By early Ottoman times it had become a title of honor and a claim to leadership.  In an inscription of 1337 [concerning the building of the [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]] mosque], [[Orhan I|Orhan]], second ruler of the Ottoman line, describes himself as "Sultan, son of the Sultan of the Gazis, Gazi son of Gazi… frontier lord of the horizons."
Ottoman historian Ahmedi in his work explain the meaning of Ghazi:<ref>Paul Wittek, (2013), ''The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Studies in the History of Turkey, thirteenth–fifteenth Centuries Royal Asiatic Society Books'', p. 44</ref>

<blockquote>
A Ghazi is the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism. The Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the protector and the refuge of the believers. If he becomes a martyr in the ways of God, do not believe that he has died, he lives in beatitude with Allah, he has eternal life.
</blockquote>

The first nine Ottoman chiefs all used Ghazi as part of their full throne name (as with many other titles, the nomination was added even though it did not fit the office), and often afterwards. However, it never became a formal title within the ruler's formal style, unlike ''Sultan ul-Mujahidin'', used by Sultan Murad Khan II Khoja-Ghazi, 6th Sovereign of the House of Osman (1421–1451), styled 'Abu'l Hayrat, Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philippolis.

Because of the political legitimacy that would accrue to those bearing this title, Muslim rulers vied amongst themselves for preeminence in the ''ghāziya'', with the Ottoman Sultans generally acknowledged as excelling all others in this feat:

: For political reasons the Ottoman Sultans — also being the last dynasty of [[Caliph]]s — attached the greatest importance to safeguarding and strengthening the reputation which they enjoyed as ''ghāzīs'' in the Muslim world. When they won victories in the ''ghazā'' in the Balkans they used to send accounts of them (singular, ''feth-nāme'') as well as slaves and booty to eastern Muslim potentates. Christian knights captured by [[Bayezid I|Bāyezīd I]] at his victory over the Crusaders at [[Battle of Nicopolis|Nicopolis]] in 1396, and sent to Cairo, Baghdad and Tabriz were paraded through the streets, and occasioned great demonstrations in favour of the Ottomans. (''Cambridge History of Islam'', p. 290)

''Ghazi'' was also used as a title of honor in the Ottoman Empire, generally translated as the Victorious, for military officers of high rank, who distinguished themselves in the field against non-Moslem enemies; thus it was conferred on [[Osman Nuri Pasha|Osman Pasha]] after his famous defence of [[Pleven|Plevna]] in Bulgaria<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ghazi|volume=11|page=916}}</ref> and on Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later known as [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]) for leading the defense against the [[Gallipoli]] campaign.

Some Muslim rulers (in Afghanistan) personally used the subsidiary style [[Padshah-i-Ghazi]].

==Muhammad's Ghazwa==
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
{{Main article|List of battles of Muhammad}}
''Ghazwah'', which literally means "campaigns", is typically used by biographers to refer to all the Prophet's journeys from Medina, whether to make peace treaties and preach Islam to the tribes, to go on ''ʽumrah'', to pursue enemies who attacked Medina, or to engage in the nine battles.<ref>Ahmed Al-Dawoody (2011), ''The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations'', p. 22. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780230111608}}.</ref>

Muhammad participated in 27 Ghazwa. The first Ghazwa he participated in was the [[Invasion of Waddan]] in August 623,<ref name=autogeneratedy>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4|quote=GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=12|quote=In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan}}</ref> he ordered his followers to attack a Quraysh caravan.<ref name="autogeneratedy"/>

===Operationally===
When performed within the context of Islamic warfare, the ''ghazw'''s function was to weaken the enemy's defenses in preparation for his eventual conquest and subjugation. Because the typical ''ghazw'' raiding party often did not have the size or strength to seize military or territorial objectives, this usually meant sudden attacks on weakly defended targets (e.g. villages) with the intent of demoralizing the enemy and destroying material which could support their military forces. Though Islam's rules of warfare offered protection to non-combatants such as women, [[monasticism|monastics]] and [[peasant]]s in that they could not be slain, their property could still be looted or destroyed, and they themselves could be abducted and enslaved (''Cambridge History of Islam'', p.&nbsp;269):

:The only way of avoiding the onslaughts of the ''ghāzīs'' was to become subjects of the Islamic state.  Non-Muslims acquired the status of ''[[dhimmi|dhimmīs]]'', living under its protection. Most Christian sources confuse these two stages in the Ottoman conquests. The Ottomans, however, were careful to abide by these rules... Faced with the terrifying onslaught of the ''ghāzīs'', the population living outside the confines of the [[Byzantine Empire|empire]], in the '[[Dar al-Harb|abode of war]]', often renounced the ineffective protection of Christian states, and sought refuge in subjection to the Ottoman Empire. Peasants in open country in particular lost nothing by this change.
:''Cambridge History of Islam'', p. 285

A good source on the conduct of the traditional ''ghazw'' raid are the medieval Islamic jurists, whose discussions as to which conduct is allowed and which is forbidden in the course of warfare reveal some of the practices of this institution.  One such source is [[Averroes]]' ''Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa-Nihāyat al-Muqtasid'' (translated in Peters, ''Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader'', Chapter 4).

==Use in the modern era==
{{Further information|Caucasian War}}
In the 19th century, Muslim fighters in [[North Caucasus]] who were resisting the Russian military operations declared a ''gazawat'' (understood as holy war) against the Russian Orthodox invasion. Although it is not known for certain, it is believed that [[Dagestan]]i Islamic scholar [[Muhammad Yaragskii|Muhammad al-Yaraghi]] was the ideologist of this holy war. In 1825, a congress of [[ulema]] in the village of [[Yarag]] declared ''gazawat'' against the Russians. Its first leader was [[Ghazi Muhammad]]; after his death, [[Imam Shamil]] would eventually continue it.<ref name="Yemelianova2002">{{cite book|author=Galina M. Yemelianova|title=Russia and Islam: a historical survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92NRaeiYdnAC&pg=PA50|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-68354-5|page=50}}</ref>

After the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|terrorist attacks on Paris in November 2015]], the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] group is said to have referred to its actions as "ghazwa".<ref>{{cite news | last=Ibrahim | first=Ayman S. | title=4 ways ISIS grounds its actions in religion, and why it should matter (COMMENTARY) | newspaper=Washington Post | date=16 November 2015 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/4-ways-isis-grounds-its-actions-in-religion-and-why-it-should-matter-commentary/2015/11/16/d7e31278-8ca0-11e5-934c-a369c80822c2_story.html | access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

In modern Turkey, gazi is used to refer to veterans.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://sozluk.gov.tr/|title=Gazi - Türk Dil Kurumu {{!}} Sözlük|website=sozluk.gov.tr|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref> 19 September is celebrated as Veterans Day in Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-commemorates-veterans-on-veterans-day-146712|title = Turkey commemorates veterans on Veterans Day - Turkey News| date=19 September 2019 }}</ref>

==Notable examples==
* [[Abdallah al-Battal|Battal Ghazi]], 8th century, Arab military commander
* [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], 16th century general and Imam of the [[Adal Sultanate]]
* [[Belek Ghazi]], Bey of the [[Artuqids]]
* [[Gazi Gümüshtigin]], second ruler of the [[Danishmendids]]
* [[Danishmend Gazi]] 12th century, founder of the [[Danishmendids]]
* [[Ertuğrul|Ertuğrul Gazi]] (13th century), leader of the [[Kayı tribe]], father of [[Osman I]]
* [[Osman I|Osman Gazi]] (1299–1326), founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]]
* [[Orhan|Orhan Gazi]] (1281–1362), second Ottoman Sultan
* [[Murad II|Gazavat-i Sultan Murad]], sixth Ottoman Sultan 
* [[Mehmet II|Gazavat-i Sultan Mehmed]], [[Fall of Constantinople|conqueror of]] [[Istanbul |Constantinople]]
* [[Gazi Chelebi]] (14th century), pirate and ruler of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]], Turkey
* [[Gazi Evrenos]] (1288–1417), Ottoman military commander
* [[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]], a military commander during the 1303 [[Conquest of Sylhet]]
* [[Haydar Ghazi]], second wazir of Sylhet who fought in the 1303 [[Conquest of Sylhet]]
* [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]], 14th-century Sultan of [[Sonargaon]]
* [[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Shahzada Danyal Dulal Ghazi]], Prince of Bengal who fought in the 1498 [[Conquest of Kamata]] 
* [[Gazi-Husrev Beg]], an Ottoman bey of [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] origin (1480–1541)
* [[Ghazi Khan]], 15th century Baloch Chief from Dera Ghazi Khan, India
* [[Ğazı I Giray]], 16th century Crimean Tatar khan
* [[Osman Nuri Pasha|Gazi Osman Pasha]] (1832–1897), Ottoman field marshal
* [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]] (1014–1034), Ghaznavid military commander
* [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu]] (early 11th century), Ghaznavid military commander
* [[Ghazi Mustafa Kemal]] (1881–1938), Turkish field marshal, first president of [[Turkey]]
* [[Amanullah Khan|Ghazi Amanullah Khan]], [[Barakzai dynasty|King]] who launched [[emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence war]] in 1919, resulting in the first independence of a country from [[British Empire|Britain]] since the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution of 1776]]
* [[Umra Khan|Ghazi Umara Khan of Jandol]], ''"Afghan Napoleon"'' who led the famous [[Chitral Expedition|rebellion from Chitral]] against the [[British Empire]]
* [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Ghazi Wazir Akbar Khan]], Afghan Royal General who led battle against the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Khalsa Regime]] at [[battle of Jamrud|Jamrud]] and fought to Victory against the [[British Raj|British Empire]] in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]]
* [[Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan]], Victor of the [[Battle of Maiwand]]
* [[Nasir I of Kalat]], 18th-century King of [[Balochistan]] with surname ''Ghazi-e-Din''
* [[Abdul Rashid Ghazi]], [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] and [[Vice-chancellor|Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Faridia|Faridia University]]. 

==Related terms==
* ''[[Akinji|Akıncı]]'': (Turkish) "raider", a later replacement for ''ghāzī''
* ''[[al-'Awasim|al-'Awāsim]]'': the Syrio-[[Anatolia]]n frontier area between the Byzantine and various caliphal empires
* ''[[ribat|ribāt]]'': fortified convent used by a militant religious order; most commonly used in North Africa
* ''[[thughur|thughūr]]'': an advanced/frontier fortress
* ''uc'': Turkish term for frontier; ''uc [[bey|beği]]'' (frontier lord) was a title assumed by early Ottoman rulers; later replaced by ''serhadd'' (frontier)
* ''[[Mujahideen]]''

==See also==
* [[Gaza Thesis]]
* [[Jihad]]([[Jihadism|ism]])
* [[Fedayeen]]
* [[Janissary]]
* [[Spread of Islam]]
* [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]]
* [[Battle of Hamra al-Asad]]
* [[Anatolian Beyliks]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam | edition=CD-ROM v. 1.0 | year=1999 | article=Ghazw | publisher=Brill}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam | edition=CD-ROM v. 1.0 | year=1999 | article=Ghāzī |   publisher=Brill}}
* {{cite book | author=[[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]] | title=The Political Language of Islam  | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1991 | isbn=0-226-47693-6}}, p.&nbsp;74
* {{cite book | author=Firestone, Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origins of Holy War in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1999 | isbn=0-19-512580-0}}, p.&nbsp;34
* {{cite book | author=Peters, Rudolph | title=Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader | publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers | year=1996 | isbn=1-55876-109-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/jihadinclassical00pete }}
** [[Averroes]], ''Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa-Nihāyat al-Muqtasid''
* {{cite book | author-link=Paul Wittek |author=Wittek, Paul |translator=Heywood, Colin | title=The Rise of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=Curzon Press | year=2002 | isbn=0-7007-1500-2}}
* {{cite book | editor=Holt, Peter M. | title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1, The Central Islamic Lands | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1970 | isbn=0-521-07567-X}}
* {{cite book | author=Robinson, Chase | title=Islamic Historiography | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | isbn=0-521-62936-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Rid |first1= Thomas |doi= 10.1080/09546550903153449 |title= Razzia: A Turning Point in Modern Strategy |journal= Terrorism and Political Violence |year= 2009 |volume= 21 |pages= 617–635 |issue= 4 |s2cid= 143516589 }}
* Kaziev, Shapi. [http://www.kaziev.ru/index/imam_shamil/0-44 Imam Shamil. "Molodaya Gvardiya" publishers. Moscow, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2010.] {{ISBN|978-5-235-03332-0}}
* Kaziev, Shapi. [[Siege of Akhoulgo|Akhoulgo]]. [[Caucasian War|Caucasian War of 19th century]]. [http://www.kaziev.ru/index/ahulgo/0-42 The historical novel. "Epoch", Publishing house. Makhachkala, 2008.] {{ISBN|978-5-98390-047-9}}
* {{cite book|editor=[[Dawn Chatty]]|title=Nomadic societies in the Middle East and North Africa: entering the 21st century|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14792-8|author=Mohammed Bamyeh|chapter=The Nomands of Pre-Islamic Arabia|pages=33–49}}

[[Category:Battles of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Conversion to Islam]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Jihad]]
[[Category:Military history of Islam]]
[[Category:Warriors]]
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