Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Giresun

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{redirect|Pharnaceia|the town of ancient Phrygia|Pharnacia (Phrygia)}}
{{Tone|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = municipality
| name                 = Giresun
| other_name           = 
| image_skyline        = Giresun Turkey.jpg
| image_caption        = General view of eastern part of Giresun city
| image_logo           =
| coordinates          = {{coord|40|54|55|N|38|23|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| province             = Giresun
| district             = Giresun
| leader_party         = [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]]
| leader_name          = Aytekin Şenlikoğlu
| area_footnotes       = 
| area_total_km2       = 
| elevation_m          = 50
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 125682
| population_as_of     = 2022
| postal_code          = 28610
| area_code            = 0454
| website              = {{URL|https://www.giresun.bel.tr/}}
| blank1_name             = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info             = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
}}
'''Giresun''' ({{IPA-tr|ɟiˈɾesun|pron}}), formerly Cerasus ([[Ancient Greek]]: Κερασοῦς, [[Modern Greek|Greek]]: Κερασούντα), is a city in the [[Black Sea Region]] of northeastern Turkey, about {{convert|175|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of the city of [[Trabzon]]. It is the seat of [[Giresun Province]] and [[Giresun District]].<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> It has a population of 125,682 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=13 March 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Giresun was known to the ancient Greeks as ''Choerades'' or more prominently as '''Kerasous''' or '''Cerasus''' ({{lang-grc|Κερασοῦς}}), the origin of the modern name.

The name Kerasous consists of the Greek words κερασός (kerasós) "[[cherry]]" + -ουντ (a place marker).<ref name="Beekes2010">{{cite book|author=Robert S. P. Beekes|author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CltlewAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Brill|quote=As the improved cherry came from the Pontos area (cf. Κερασοῦς "rich in cherries", town on the Pontos), the name is probably Anatolian as well. Given its intervocalic σ, the form must be Anatolian or Pre-Greek. For the suffix, cf. ▶-θíασος, ▶-κάρπασος, which too are of foreign origin. Assyr. karšu has also been adduced. Cf. on ▶κράνον 'cornelian cherry'. Gr. κέρασος, -íα, κεράσιον were borrowed into many languages: Asiatic names of the cherry-tree and the cherry, like Arm. ker̄as, Kurd. ghilas, and in the West, Lat. cerasus, -ium, VLat. ★cerasia, ★ceresia, -ea; from Latin came the Romance and Germanic forms like MoFr. cerise, OHG chirsa > Kirsche. Lit.: Olck in PW 11: 509f. and Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 356.|isbn=978-90-04-17418-4}}</ref> Thus, the Greek root of the word "cherry", κερασός (kerasós), predates the name of the city,<ref name="Beekes2010" /> and the ultimate origin of the word cherry (and thus the name of the city) is probably from a [[Pre-Greek substrate]], likely of [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian origin]], given the intervocalic σ in Κερασοῦς and the apparent cognates of it found in other languages of the region.<ref name="Beekes2010" /> According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], the [[cherry]] was first exported from Cerasus to Europe in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times by [[Lucullus]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Pliny the Elder |title=[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] ''15.30'' |chapter=Olives, olive-oil and fruit-trees |quote=Before the victory of [[Lucullus|Lucius Lucullus]] in the war against Mithridates, that is down to 74 BC, there were no cherry-trees in Italy. Lucullus first imported them from Pontus... |author-link=Pliny the Elder |chapter-url=http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20XV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101063545/http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20XV |archive-date=2017-01-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another theory suggests that Kerasous comes from κέρας (keras) "horn" + -ουντ (a place marker), due to the prominent horn-shaped peninsula that the city is situated on (compare with the Greek name for the horn-shaped [[Golden Horn]] waterway in Istanbul, Κέρας (Keras) "Horn").<ref name="Öztürk2005">{{cite book|author=Özhan Öztürk|author-link=Özhan Öztürk|url=http://www.karalahana.com/english/ENCYCLOPEDIC%20DICTIONARY%20OF%20BLACKSEA.html|title=Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük|trans-title=Black Sea: Encyclopedic Dictionary|publisher=Heyamola Publishing|location=Istanbul|year=2005|isbn=975-6121-00-9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513094652/http://www.karalahana.com/english/ENCYCLOPEDIC%20DICTIONARY%20OF%20BLACKSEA.html|archive-date=2008-05-13}}</ref> The toponym would have later mutated into ''Kerasunt'' (sometimes written ''Kérasounde'' or ''Kerassunde''), and the word "cherry" (as well as its cognates found in other local languages) was derived from the name of the city itself, rather than the other way around.<ref name="Öztürk2005" />

[[Pharnaces I of Pontus]] renamed the city '''Pharnacia''' after himself after he captured the city in 183 BC, and it was called by that name as late as the 2nd century AD. According to [[A. H. M. Jones]], the city officially reverted to its original name, Kerasous, in 64 AD.<ref>''Arrian: Periplus Ponti Euxini'', edited and translated by Aidan Liddle (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2003), p. 117</ref>

The Greek name Kerasous was Turkified into Giresun ({{lang-ota|گیره‌سون}}) after Turks gained permanent control of the region in the late 15th century.

==Geography==
[[File:Gedikkaya - Giresun.JPG|thumb|Northern end of Gedikkaya crag, located in the eastern part of Giresun city.]]
The surrounding region has rich agriculture, growing most of Turkey's hazelnuts as well as walnuts, cherries, leather and timber, and the port of Giresun has long handled these products. The harbor was enlarged in the 1960s, and the town is still a port and commercial center for the surrounding districts.

Like everywhere else on the [[Black Sea]] coast, it rains (and often snows in winter) and is very humid throughout the year, with a lack of extreme temperatures both in summer and winter. As a result, Giresun and the surrounding countryside are covered with luxuriant flora. Just beyond the city are hazelnut groves, and there are high pastures (''[[plateau|yayla]]'') further in the mountains.

== Climate ==
Giresun has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa or Cf) under both the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] and [[Trewartha climate classification]]s, with warm, humid summers and cool, damp winters. As a part of the very humid southern Black Sea coast, it experiences frequent precipitation throughout the year, with a small peak in rainfall days in spring and fall. Giresun is the cloudiest city in Turkey, as well as one of the cloudiest cities of the temperate latitudes; with annual sunshine of around 1,000 hours, it is more akin to far northwestern Europe.

[[Snow]]fall is somewhat common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, and it can be heavy once it snows.

The water temperature is cool in winter and warm in summer and fluctuates between 8&nbsp;°C (46&nbsp;°F) and 24&nbsp;°C (75&nbsp;°F) throughout the year.

{{Weather box 
|metric first = Yes 
|single line = Yes 
|location = Giresun (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020)
|Jan record high C = 29.1
|Feb record high C = 29.5
|Mar record high C = 34.9
|Apr record high C = 36.0
|May record high C = 35.4
|Jun record high C = 36.2
|Jul record high C = 35.3
|Aug record high C = 35.2
|Sep record high C = 32.9
|Oct record high C = 37.3
|Nov record high C = 32.8
|Dec record high C = 28.0
|year record high C = 37.3
|Jan high C = 10.6
|Feb high C = 10.7
|Mar high C = 12.4
|Apr high C = 15.3
|May high C = 19.2
|Jun high C = 23.9
|Jul high C = 26.8
|Aug high C = 27.4
|Sep high C = 24.2
|Oct high C = 20.3
|Nov high C = 16.0
|Dec high C = 12.7
|year high C = 18.3
|Jan mean C = 7.6
|Feb mean C = 7.4
|Mar mean C = 8.8
|Apr mean C = 11.6
|May mean C = 16.0
|Jun mean C = 20.8
|Jul mean C = 23.7
|Aug mean C = 24.3
|Sep mean C = 21.0
|Oct mean C = 17.2
|Nov mean C = 12.8
|Dec mean C = 9.7
|year mean C = 15.1
|Jan low C = 5.3
|Feb low C = 4.8
|Mar low C = 6.1
|Apr low C = 8.9
|May low C = 13.6
|Jun low C = 18.1
|Jul low C = 21.0
|Aug low C = 21.7
|Sep low C = 18.4
|Oct low C = 14.7
|Nov low C = 10.3
|Dec low C = 7.3
|year low C = 12.5
|Jan record low C = -6.2
|Feb record low C = -9.8
|Mar record low C = -5.8
|Apr record low C = -1.4
|May record low C = 4.0
|Jun record low C = 6.8
|Jul record low C = 12.1
|Aug record low C = 12.1
|Sep record low C = 4.8
|Oct record low C = 4.2
|Nov record low C = -1.6
|Dec record low C = -2.4
|year record low C = -9.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 127.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 92.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 98.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 72.8
|May precipitation mm = 73.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 83.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 82.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 81.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 133.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 175.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 158.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 129.0
|year precipitation mm = 1308.4
|Jan precipitation days = 14.57
|Feb precipitation days = 13.67
|Mar precipitation days = 16.33
|Apr precipitation days = 15.07
|May precipitation days = 14.57
|Jun precipitation days = 12.57
|Jul precipitation days = 10.63
|Aug precipitation days = 11.43
|Sep precipitation days = 12.73
|Oct precipitation days = 15.40
|Nov precipitation days = 12.67
|Dec precipitation days = 14.67
|year precipitation days = 164.3
|humidity colour = green
| Jan humidity    =66.7
| Feb humidity    =67.3
| Mar humidity    =69.8
| Apr humidity    =73.8
| May humidity    =76.1
| Jun humidity    =73.8
| Jul humidity    =73
| Aug humidity    =72.5
| Sep humidity    =72.7
| Oct humidity    =73.1
| Nov humidity    =67
| Dec humidity    =65.1
| year humidity   =
|Jan sun = 52.7
|Feb sun = 70.6
|Mar sun = 65.1
|Apr sun = 87.0
|May sun = 108.5
|Jun sun = 141.0
|Jul sun = 124.0
|Aug sun = 108.5
|Sep sun = 87.0
|Oct sun = 62.0
|Nov sun = 75.0
|Dec sun = 49.6
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 1.7
|Febd sun = 2.5
|Mard sun = 2.1
|Aprd sun = 2.9
|Mayd sun = 3.5
|Jund sun = 4.7
|Juld sun = 4.0
|Augd sun = 3.5
|Sepd sun = 2.9
|Octd sun = 2.0
|Novd sun = 2.5
|Decd sun = 1.6
|yeard sun = 2.8
|source 1 = [[Turkish State Meteorological Service]] (sun 1929–2020)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=GIRESUN
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 24 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=GIRESUN
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 24 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1349806634302918658|user=yturker|title=1⃣ Yaptığım incelemelere göre, 12...|date=14 January 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA NCEI(Humidity)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Giresun_17034.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Turkiye-Giresun |access-date=2023-12-29 |publisher=NOAA |format=CSV}}</ref>
|date=September 2016
}}

== History ==
[[Image:Kerasunta1.jpg|thumb|left|Giresun city at the beginning of the 20th century]]
[[File:KATOLİK (KAPUSEN) KİLİSESİ.jpg|thumb|Greek Catholic Church in Giresun, later converted into a children's library.]]
[[File:Yunanlılar Karadeniz Giresun Kerasounta.JPG|left|thumb|Pontian Greek athletics team from Giresun (formerly Kerasounta) early 20th century.]]
[[File:GİRESUN ESKİ HÜKÜMET KONAĞI (REKTÖRLÜK).jpg|thumb|Old Municipality Building in Giresun]]

Giresun was founded circa 180 BC by [[Pharnaces I of Pontus]], who sent Greek citizens from Kotyora (modern [[Ordu]]) to colonize the area.<ref>''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:id=pharnakeia-kerasous The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites]'', PHARNAKEIA KERASOUS (Giresun) Pontus, Turkey</ref> The name of the city was first cited in the book [[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]] by [[Xenophon]] as Kerasus. Historic records reveal that the city was dominated by the [[Milet]]ians, [[Persian Empire|Persians]], [[Roman Empire|Romans]], [[Byzantine]]s and the [[Empire of Trebizond]]. The older parts of the city lie on a peninsula crowned by a ruined Byzantine fortress, sheltering the small natural harbor. Nearby is [[Giresun Island]], called ''Aretias'' in ancient times, which is the only major [[Black Sea]] island in Turkish territory. According to legend, the island was sacred to the [[Amazons]], who had dedicated a temple to the war god [[Ares]] here. Even today, fertility rites are performed there every May, usually involving the famed boulder named the [[Hamza Stone]] on the east side of the island, now shrouded as a popular practice but in reality a 4,000-year-old celebration.

Cerasus in late antiquity became a Christian bishopric, and the names of several of its bishops are preserved in the acts of church councils: Gregorius at the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431, Gratianus at the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451, Theophylactus at the [[Third Council of Constantinople]] in 680, Narses at the [[Trullan Council]] in 692, Ioannes at the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] in 787, and Simeon at the [[Photius|Photian]] [[Council of Constantinople (879)|Council of Constantinople]] in 879. An episcopal seal records a Leo of the 9th century, and a Michael was transferred from here to the see of [[Ancyra]] at the time of [[Michael Caerularius]].<ref>Michel Lequien, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0agp0mJFG_sC ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus''], Paris 1740, Vol. I, coll. 513-516</ref><ref>Raymond Janin, ''v. Cérasonte'',  in [https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairedhis12baud#page/80/mode/2up ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 154-155</ref><ref>Pius Bonifacius Gams, [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1 ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae''], Leipzig 1931, p.&nbsp;442</ref> It was the seat of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan until 1703, when the city was placed under the metropolitan of [[Trabzon|Trebizond]].<ref>Speros Vryonis Jr., ''The Decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century'', (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 449 n. 13</ref> Accordingly, it is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a [[titular see]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 866</ref> The [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] also considers Cerasus (Kerasous), together with Chaldia and Cheriana, as a titular metropolitanate in Turkey.

During the medieval period, Kerasunt was part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] and later the second city of the [[Empire of Trebizond]] ruled by the Komnenian dynasty. Alexios II Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond, defeated the Turkmen "Koustoganes" at Kerasunt in September 1302; to secure his victory, Alexios II built a fortress which overlooks the sea.<ref>[[William Miller (historian)|William Miller]], ''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 33</ref> From 1244 onwards the [[Seljuk Turks]] moved into the area, pursued at times by the [[Mongol]] hordes until in 1461, subsequent to the [[Fall of Constantinople]], the whole of this coast was brought within the [[Ottoman Empire]] by Sultan [[Mehmed II]]. It was briefly occupied by Emirate of Hacıemiroğlu (Emirate of [[Chalybia]]) between 1398 and 1400. Local traditions claim that Kerasunt held out for many months after the fall of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizon]] in 1461, then surrendered on terms that the Christian inhabitants could remain and retain their arms, but were required to maintain a boat for the use of the Turks on a nearby river.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', p. 107</ref>

4.2&nbsp;km east-northeast of Kerasus is a fortified island called Ares (Αρητιας νήσος or Αρεώνησος). According to the poetic account of [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], it was here that the Argonauts encountered both the Amazons and a flock of vicious birds. The Greeks of the island held out against the Ottomans for 7 years after the fall of Trebizond (modern [[Empire of Trebizond|Trabzon]]) in 1461.

Kerasounta became known by its Turkish name Giresun after 1923.

== Demographics ==
In 1913, Kerasounta had 30,000 inhabitants: 17,000 Greek Orthodox, 3,000 Armenians, 7,000 Turks and 3,000 others.<ref name=vgm>{{Cite web |title=Kaza Giresun / Kerasounta - Κερασούντα |url=https://virtual-genocide-memorial.de/region/the-black-sea-marmara-and-aegean-littorals-eastern-thrace-and-central-anatolia/trabzon-trapezounta-trebizond-vilayet-province/sancak-trabzon-trapezunta-%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1/kaza-giresun-kerasounta/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Virtual Genocide Memorial |language=en-US}}</ref> Armenians were killed during the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref name=vgm/> Greeks were deported or fled to other areas under the persecutions of [[Topal Osman]] during the [[Greek genocide]].<ref name=vgm/> Surviving Greeks fled to Greece after the 1923 [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Population Exchange]] founding villages such as Nea Kerasounta in [[Preveza (regional unit)|Preveza]], [[Greece]].

==Economy==
[[Image:Giresunticaretlisesi.JPG|thumb|Giresun Commerce High School]]
Historically, Giresun was known for producing [[hazelnut]]. As of 1920, hazelnuts covered 460 square miles of the area.
<ref name=Prothero61>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=61|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/61/}}</ref> [[Manganese]] mines were also in the area, producing 470 tons as of 1901.<ref name=Prothero73>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=73|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/73/}}</ref>

==Sports==
The city owns a football team [[Giresunspor]] and a football stadium Çotanak Sport Complex.

Alperen Şengün (25 July 2002) a professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) was born in Giresun.

==Places of interest==
* The well preserved [[Giresun Castle]] in the city center
* [[Giresun Island]] 
* Museum, Children's Library, Hacı Hüseyin Mosque, Kale Mosque, Seyyid-i Vakkas Tomb, Mausoleum of Topal Osman
* Giresun Archaeological Museum (the former Gorgora church)
* Old Ottoman houses of Zeytinlik district
* [[Kırkharman Church|Kırkharman Kilisesi]], a former Greek church
* Highlands ([[Kümbet Yaylası|Kümbet]], [[Bektaş, Giresun|Bektaş]], Kulakkaya, Çakrak, Tohumluk, Kurtbeli, Kazıkbeli, Ayıbeli, Beytarla, Buları, Kırkharman)
* Kuzalan Falls and Blue Lake
* [[Duroğlu]]

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" widths="124" heights="124" caption="Giresun places of interest">
File:Zeytinlik Mevkii.jpg|Old Ottoman houses in Zeytinlik neighbourhood
File:Kerassunde - Belltower of St. Nicholas church.jpg|Belltower of St. Nicholas church, Kerasus (Giresun)
File:Giresun Arkeoloji Müzesi.jpg|Giresun Archaeological Museum, formerly known as Gogora church
File:Insel von Giresun.jpg|Giresun and its island
Image:Giresun_Ada.jpg|left|The island of Giresun
</gallery>

== Notable people ==
* [[Ashot Zorian]] (1905–1970), Turkish-born Egyptian painter and educator, of Armenian ethnicity<ref name="AMS">{{Cite web |last=Yan |first=Nair |date=2016-10-27 |title=Ashod Zorian Paintings Donated to the Armenian National Gallery |url=https://mirrorspectator.com/2016/10/27/ashod-zorian-paintings-donated-to-the-armenian-national-gallery/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=[[The Armenian Mirror-Spectator]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Alperen Şengün]] (2002), Turkish basketball player

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}

===Twin towns - sister cities===
Giresun is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Kardeş Şehirler|url=https://giresun.bel.tr/profil/kardes-sehirler|website=giresun.bel.tr|publisher=Giresun|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alba, Piedmont|Alba]], Italy
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Bátonyterenye]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[La Louvière]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|MNG}} [[Ölgii (city)|Ölgii]], Mongolia
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sagae, Yamagata|Sagae]], Japan
*{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Shaki]], Azerbaijan
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Urmia]], Iran
<!--Kalmar, Taganrog - twinning ended-->
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos'' by A. Bryer and D. Winfield
*''The Encyclopaedia of Pontian Hellenism''.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.giresun.gov.tr }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080611152026/http://www.karalahana.com/english.html Giresun culture and travel info]
*[http://www.giresun.com.tr Giresun.com.tr (in Turkish)]
*[http://www.giresunkulturturizm.gov.tr Giresun culture and travel info (in Turkish)]
*[https://charlvarchive.org/Site/50  Photographic survey and partial plan of Giresun Fortress] 
*[http://www.canakcihaber.com Çanakçı photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201122717/http://www.canakcihaber.com/ |date=2009-02-01 }}
*[http://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/regions/162-kerasus-giresun Kerasus (Giresun)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010756/http://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/regions/162-kerasus-giresun |date=2014-05-02 }}

{{Giresun District}}
{{Pontic colonies}}
{{Former settlements in Turkey}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Giresun| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Giresun District]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 2nd century BC]]
[[Category:Black Sea port cities and towns in Turkey]]
[[Category:Greek colonies in Pontus]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Turkey]]
[[Category:Members of the Delian League]]
[[Category:Sinopean colonies]]
[[Category:Provincial municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Former Greek communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Former Armenian communities in Turkey]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]