Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Gqeberha

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Redirect|Port Elizabeth||Port Elizabeth (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Gqeberha
| official_name            = Gqeberha
| other_name               = {{ubl|Port Elizabeth|iBhayi}}
| settlement_type          = [[City]] 
| image_skyline            = City Hall Port Elizabeth-003.jpg
| image_caption            = City Hall, Market Square
| pushpin_map              = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa
| coordinates              = {{coord|33|57|29|S|25|36|00|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|South Africa}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|Eastern Cape}}
| subdivision_type2        = District
| subdivision_type3        = [[List of municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name3        = [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality|Nelson Mandela Bay]]
| subdivision_type4        = Main Place
| established_title        = Established
| established_date         = 1820
| leader_party             = National Alliance
| leader_title             = Mayor
| leader_name              = [[Gary van Niekerk]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bezuidenhout |first=Candice |title=We managed to get work done, says Nelson Mandela Bay mayor after first 33 days in office |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/we-managed-to-get-work-done-says-nelson-mandela-bay-mayor-after-first-33-days-in-office-20230704 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/299007 |title=wMain Place Port Elizabeth |work=Census 2011 |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411131953/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/299007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_total_km2           = 251.03
| area_metro_km2           = 1959
| population_footnotes     = <ref name="census2011" />{{dubious|How can the 2011 census be a source for 2020 population figures?|date=April 2023}}
| population_total         = 967677
| population_as_of         = 2020
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_metro         = 1152915
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=census2011 />
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1         = Racial makeup (2011)
| demographics1_footnotes  = <ref name="census2011" />
| demographics1_title1     = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]
| demographics1_info1      = 30.6%
| demographics1_title2     = [[Coloureds|Coloured]]
| demographics1_info2      = 27.0%
| demographics1_title3     = [[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]
| demographics1_info3      = 3.2%
| demographics1_title4     = [[White South African|White]]
| demographics1_info4      = 37.8%
| demographics1_title5     = Other
| demographics1_info5      = 1.4%
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2         = [[First language]]s (2011)
| demographics2_footnotes  = <ref name="census2011" />
| demographics2_title1     = [[Afrikaans]]
| demographics2_info1      = 40.2%
| demographics2_title2     = [[South African English|English]]
| demographics2_info2      = 33.2%
| demographics2_title3     = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]
| demographics2_info3      = 22.2%
| demographics2_title5     = Other
| demographics2_info5      = 4.3%
<!-- blank fields (section 2) -->
<!-- Other information -->| timezone1                = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset1              = +2
| postal_code_type         = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)
| postal_code              = 6001
| postal2_code_type        = [[Post-office box|PO box]]
| postal2_code             = 6000
| area_code_type           = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]
| area_code                = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|041]]
}}
{{Infobox South African
| zu   = iBhayi
| xh   = iBhayi
| af   = Port Elizabeth
| nso  = 
| ss   = 
| st   = Baye
| tn   = 
| ts   = 
| ve   = 
| nr   = 
| khoi = 
| naq  = 
| san  = 
}}

'''Gqeberha''' ({{IPA-xh|ᶢǃʱɛ̀ɓéːxà|lang}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|k|ɛ|ˈ|b|ɛər|x|ə}} {{respell|keb|AIR|khə}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gqeberha |title=Gqeberha |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>), previously named '''Port Elizabeth''', and colloquially referred to as '''P.E.''',{{efn|also known as '''iBhayi''' in [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]],<ref name="dsaeIbhayi">{{Cite web|title=Ibhayi – definition of Ibhayi in A Dictionary of South African English – DSAE|url=https://dsae.co.za/entry/ibhayi/e03153|access-date=2020-07-20|website=dsae.co.za|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603031935/https://dsae.co.za/entry/ibhayi/e03153|url-status=live}}</ref> and historically known as '''The Bay'''<ref name="Pettman">{{cite book|last=Pettman|first=Charles|title=Africanderisms; a glossary of South African colloquial words and phrases and of place and other names|year=1913|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|pages=51|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924026563795#page/n71/mode/2up}}</ref>}} is a major seaport and the most populous city in the [[Eastern Cape]] province of [[South Africa]]. It is the seat of the [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality]], South Africa's second-smallest metropolitan municipality by area.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/travel/article/get-to-know-south-africa-s-friendly-city-port-elizabeth|title=Get to Know South Africa's Friendly City – Port Elizabeth, EC (GL)|website=www.southafrica.net|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219200659/https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/travel/article/get-to-know-south-africa-s-friendly-city-port-elizabeth|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the sixth-most populous city in South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-south-africa.html|title=Biggest Cities In South Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=26 March 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427024023/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-south-africa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/ZA/largest-cities-in-south-africa.html|title=Biggest Cities South Africa|website=www.geonames.org|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219185008/https://www.geonames.org/ZA/largest-cities-in-south-africa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/southafrica/admin/eastern_cape/NMA__nelson_mandela_bay/|title=Nelson Mandela Bay (Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114232758/http://citypopulation.de/en/southafrica/admin/eastern_cape/NMA__nelson_mandela_bay/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the cultural, economic and financial hub of the Eastern Cape.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/move-over-cape-town-port-elizabeth-is-on-the-rise/90924|title=Move Over, Cape Town. Port Elizabeth Is on the Rise|last=Dall|first=Nick|date=2019-01-24|website=OZY|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219201240/https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/move-over-cape-town-port-elizabeth-is-on-the-rise/90924/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecdc.co.za/about-the-eastern-cape/economy/|title=About the Eastern Cape|website=www.ecdc.co.za|access-date=2020-02-19|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216185852/http://www.ecdc.co.za/about-the-eastern-cape/economy}}</ref>

Port Elizabeth was founded in 1820 by [[Rufane Shaw Donkin|Sir Rufane Donkin]], who was the governor of the Cape at the time. He named it after his late wife, Elizabeth, who had died in India. The [[Donkin Memorial]] in the CBD of the city bears testament to this. It was established by the government of the [[Cape Colony]] when 4,000 British colonists settled in [[Algoa Bay]] to strengthen the border region between the [[Cape Colony]] and the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]]. It is nicknamed "The Friendly City" or "The Windy City".<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/10-SA-city-nicknames-and-why-theyre-called-that-20150622|title=10 SA city nicknames, and why they're called that|date=2015-06-22|website=Traveller|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228211028/http://www.traveller24.com/Explore/10-SA-city-nicknames-and-why-theyre-called-that-20150622|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 SA city nicknames, and why they're called that |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/10-SA-city-nicknames-and-why-theyre-called-that-20150622 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=News24 |date=4 June 2015 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724201722/https://www.news24.com/News24/10-SA-city-nicknames-and-why-theyre-called-that-20150622 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee recommended that Port Elizabeth be renamed Gqeberha, after the Xhosa and Southern [[Khoe languages|Khoe]] name for the [[Baakens River]] that flows through the city. The city's name change was officially gazetted on 23 February 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-02-23-it-is-official-port-elizabeth-has-a-new-name-gqeberha/|title=It is official, Port Elizabeth has a new name — Gqeberha|website=TimesLIVE|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402104116/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-02-23-it-is-official-port-elizabeth-has-a-new-name-gqeberha/|url-status=live}}</ref> although the new name remains poorly used locally as of 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/amp/weekend-post/your-weekend/2022-02-12-the-name-of-port-elizabeth-refuses-to-die/ |title=The name of Port Elizabeth refuses to die |first1=Ntsikelelo |last1=Qoyo |date=12 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Herald (South Africa)]] }}</ref>

Located on the western portion of [[Algoa Bay]] along the southeastern coast of South Africa, the city lies 770{{nbsp}}km east of Cape Town. It is east of the [[Garden Route]] and faces the [[Indian Ocean]]. It covers 251 square kilometers of the Nelson Mandela Bay metropolitan area, and is administered by South Africa's sixth-largest metropolitan municipality.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-09-22|title=Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, August 2017|journal=Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (Ser. Q)|doi=10.18356/10124d34-en-fr|isbn=9789210600170|issn=1564-3794}}</ref> The city's warm [[oceanic climate]] ranks it among the top cities in the world for pleasant year-round weather.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitmore, Thomas.|title=Pleasant weather ratings : enjoy travel more and save money by planning for the weather|date=1996|publisher=Consumer Travel Publications|isbn=0-9645785-7-3|location=Lexington, Mass.|oclc=36269434}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antoniogarzon.com/2014/05/the-10-best-weather-places-in-the-world/|title=The 10 best weather places in the world{{!}} Antonio Garzón|website=www.antoniogarzon.com|date=12 May 2014|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219223456/https://www.antoniogarzon.com/2014/05/the-10-best-weather-places-in-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thebestclimateintheworld.com/sites/elmejorclimadelmundo/files/2017-01/study_by_the_university_of_syracuse_in_the_consumer_travel_publication.pdf |title=2014 scientific climate study |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219224325/http://www.thebestclimateintheworld.com/sites/elmejorclimadelmundo/files/2017-01/study_by_the_university_of_syracuse_in_the_consumer_travel_publication.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is known for many [[Blue Flag beach|blue-flag beaches]] along the city's urban coastline; its popularity as an international and local holiday destination; and its rich and diverse cultural heritage. It is a gateway city for the Eastern Cape's adventure, outdoor and African [[big five game]] safari tourism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afroventures.co.za/blog/post/port-elizabeth-your-gateway-to-the-garden-route/|title=Port Elizabeth – your gateway to the Garden Route – Afroventures Tours & Safaris|date=2018-06-07|website=www.afroventures.co.za|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216103324/https://www.afroventures.co.za/blog/post/port-elizabeth-your-gateway-to-the-garden-route/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villatuscanabymantis.co.za/tag/nelson-mandela-bay-tourism/|title=nelson mandela bay tourism Archives|website=Villa Tuscana by Mantis|language=en-ZA|access-date=2020-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216103319/https://villatuscanabymantis.co.za/tag/nelson-mandela-bay-tourism/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastcapetours.com/experience/port-elizabeth/|title=Port Elizabeth Experience|website=East Cape Tours & Safaris|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216103323/https://www.eastcapetours.com/experience/port-elizabeth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelbutlers.com/south-africa/eastern-cape/|title=The Eastern Cape {{!}} Big 5 Safari {{!}} Port Elizabeth {{!}} Addo {{!}} Shamwari|last=Campbell|first=Paul|website=Travel Butlers Ltd|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123184935/https://www.travelbutlers.com/south-africa/eastern-cape/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.visiteasterncape.co.za/experience-the-big-5-and-more-in-the-eastern-cape-game-reserves/|title=Experience the Big 5 and more in the Eastern Cape Game Reserves|date=2019-11-18|website=Visit Eastern Cape|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727045446/https://visiteasterncape.co.za/experience-the-big-5-and-more-in-the-eastern-cape-game-reserves/|url-status=live}}</ref>

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== Etymology ==
In 1820, the rising seaport of [[Algoa Bay]] was named "Port Elizabeth" in memory of Elizabeth Frances ''née'' Markham, the late wife of Sir [[Rufane Shaw Donkin]], acting Governor of the [[Cape Colony]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/capecarolsmiscel00selwuoft#page/21/mode/1up|title=The Port Elizabeth Pyramid|website=Internet Archive|year=1891 |access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> Colonists also called the settlement "The Bay".<ref name="Pettman"/> The settlement is also known by [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] speakers as "iBhayi" or "eBhayi", a Xhosa adaptation of the [[Afrikaans]] name "die Baai", meaning "the bay".<ref name="dsaeIbhayi"/>

Gqeberha, the city's official name since 23 February 2021, is a [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] word occasionally used to refer to the [[Baakens River|Baakens river]], which flows through the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbn.co.za/featured/new-port-elizabeth-name-announced/|title=New Port Elizabeth name announced|last=Meiring|first=Pieter|date=2019-11-10|website=Cape Business News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216162815/https://www.cbn.co.za/featured/new-port-elizabeth-name-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2021-02-23-breaking-it-is-official-port-elizabeth-has-a-new-name-gqeberha/|title=BREAKING &#124; It is official, Port Elizabeth has a new name — Gqeberha|website=DispatchLIVE|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223184643/https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2021-02-23-breaking-it-is-official-port-elizabeth-has-a-new-name-gqeberha/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Port Elizabeth}}

=== Prehistory ===
Cave sites in the area, such as Albany, Wilton and [[Howieson's Poort Shelter|Howieson's Poort]], have given their names to various archaeological cultures. The Howieson's Poort site has been of particular interest to interpretations about the origins of fully modern human behaviour. Dating to 65,000 to 62,000{{nbsp}}years ago, it has yielded extremely old evidence for bow-and-arrow hunting and shell-bead jewellery. Earlier and Middle Stone Age lithic material has been found in the Sundays River Valley, while at the important site of [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site|Amanzi Springs]], 40{{nbsp}}km north of the Port Elizabeth near Addo, Earlier Stone Age artefacts are found ''in situ'' with well-preserved plant and faunal remains within spring sediments (Deacon, 1970). There is Later Stone Age archaeological material preserved in caves and rock shelters, such as [[Melkhoutboom Cave]], in the Cape Fold Mountain Belt surrounding Port Elizabeth (see Deacon and Deacon, 1963; Deacon, 1976; Binneman, 1997) and large numbers of coastal shell middens have been reported at Humewood, [[St Georges Strand]] and the Coega River Mouth (Rudner, 1968). Most recently, Binneman and Webley (1997) reported thirteen shell middens and stone tool scatters about 500{{nbsp}}m east of the Coega River mouth in the archaeological assessment carried out for the development of maritime infrastructure for the [[Port of Ngqura]]. Importantly, some of this archaeological material was recorded in secondary context in the gravels from older river terraces along the banks of the Coega River.

=== Early history ===
Hunters and gatherers ancestral to the [[Bushmen|San]] first settled the area around what is now called Algoa Bay at least 10,000 years ago. Around 2,000 years ago, they were gradually assimilated by agriculturalist populations ancestral to the [[Xhosa people]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/san|title=The San|website=SA History|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043948/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/san|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== British settlement ===
The first Europeans to visit the area sailed with the Portuguese explorers [[Bartholomeu Dias]], who landed on St Croix Island in Algoa Bay in 1488,<ref name="brit11-algoa">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Algoa Bay|volume= 1|page= 655}}</ref> and [[Vasco da Gama]], who noted the nearby [[Bird Island, Algoa Bay|Bird Island]] in 1497. For centuries, the area appeared on European navigation charts marked simply as "a landing place with fresh water".<ref name="nbmt-hist">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmbt.co.za/historical_port_elizabeth.html|publisher= Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism|title= Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism – Historical information|access-date= 27 September 2015|archive-date= 28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928071432/http://www.nmbt.co.za/historical_port_elizabeth.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

The area later became part of the [[Cape Colony]]. This area had a turbulent [[History of Cape Colony|history]] between the settlement by the [[Dutch East India Company]] in 1652 and the formation of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=65-24E-2|title=Unit 2. Colonialism and Segregation: The Origins of Apartheid|website=South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid, Building Democracy|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211174249/http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=65-24E-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Port Elizabeth Fort Frederick.jpg|thumb|right|Fort Frederick]]

In 1799, at the time of the first British [[Invasion of the Cape Colony (1795)|occupation of the Colony]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], British troops built a stone fort named [[Fort Frederick, Eastern Cape|Fort Frederick]] after the [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Duke of York]]. This fort, aiming to deter a possible landing of French troops, was constructed to oversee the site of what later became Port Elizabeth. The fort is now preserved as a monument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nmbt.co.za/listing/fort_frederick.html|title=Fort Frederick|website=Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105504/https://www.nmbt.co.za/listing/fort_frederick.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1814 to 1821, the Strandfontein farm to the south of the Baakens River was owned by [[Piet Retief]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecasualobserver.co.za/port-elizabeth-yore-piet-retief-farmer-land-speculator/|title=Port Elizabeth of Yore: Piet Retief as Land Speculator|website=The Casual Observer|date=5 December 2016|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105406/http://thecasualobserver.co.za/port-elizabeth-yore-piet-retief-farmer-land-speculator/|url-status=live}}</ref> He later became a [[Voortrekker]] leader and was murdered in 1837 by Zulu king [[Dingane]] during negotiations about land. An estimated 500 men, woman and children of his party were massacred. Frederik Korsten, after whom the suburb of Korsten is named, owned the Strandfontein farm after Retief. This area was later developed as Summerstrand, a beachfront suburb.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/colonial-history-port-elizabeth|title=Colonial History of Port Elizabeth|website=SA History|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043925/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/colonial-history-port-elizabeth|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1820, a party of 4,000 [[1820 Settlers|British settlers]] arrived by sea, encouraged by the government of the Cape Colony to form a settlement to strengthen the border region between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa people. At this time the seaport town was founded by Sir [[Rufane Shaw Donkin]], the Acting [[Governor of the Cape Colony]] (in office from 1820 to 1821). 
Diplomat [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|Edmund Roberts]] visited Port Elizabeth in the early 1830s. Roberts noted that Port Elizabeth in the 1820s had "contained four houses, and now it has upward of one hundred houses, and its residents are rated at above twelve hundred persons".<ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book|last= Roberts|first= Edmund|title= Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year= 1837|publisher= Harper & Brothers|location= New York|page= 388|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/388/|access-date= 17 October 2013|archive-date= 17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017095918/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/388/|url-status= live}}</ref>

The British garrison of [[Port Elizabeth]] saw the arrival of a further 500 settlers in 1825, one of whom was Rev Francis McClelland, who in the same year was appointed Colonial Chaplain. The Roman Catholic Church established the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Cape of Good Hope, Eastern District|Apostolic Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope, Eastern District]] in the city in 1847. 

Port Elizabeth was granted the status of an autonomous municipality in 1861.

Cape Colony Prime Minister [[John Molteno]] had formed the [[Cape Government Railways]] in 1872. Completion of the railway to [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] in 1873 was a major stimulus to trade and a rapid increase in population in the town. With the massive expansion of the Cape Colony's railway network to the interior over the following years, the harbour of Port Elizabeth became the focus for serving import and export needs of a large area of the Cape's hinterland. The rapid economic development around the port, which followed the railway construction, caused Port Elizabeth to be nicknamed "the [[Liverpool]] of South Africa", after the major British port. The town expanded as a diverse community, comprising Xhosa as well as European, [[Cape Malays|Cape Malay]], and other immigrants.<ref>Burman, Jose (1984). ''Early Railways at the Cape''. Cape Town. Human & Rousseau, p.66. {{ISBN|0-7981-1760-5}}</ref><ref name="infoplease">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0839779.html|publisher= Info Please|title= Info Please article|access-date= 29 December 2006|archive-date= 7 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007082704/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0839779.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/aloes-railway-station-port-elizabeth|title=Aloes Railway Station, Port Elizabeth &#124; South African History Online|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112132833/https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/aloes-railway-station-port-elizabeth|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Port Elizabeth Horse Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Horse Memorial]]]]
During the [[Second Boer War]] of 1899–1902, the port served as an important transit-point for British soldiers, horses, and materials headed by railway to the front. No armed conflict took place within the city, but it felt the effects of the war with the arrival of many [[refugee]]s who moved into the city. These included Boer women and children, whom the British [[internment|interned]] in a [[concentration camp]].

After the war, the British erected a monument to military horses that died during the war. "The unveiling of the monument commemorating the services of the [[Horse Memorial|horses]] which perished during the Anglo Boer War, 1899–1902, took place on Saturday afternoon, 11 February 1905, with the Mayor, Mr A Fettes, performing the ceremony."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stgeorgespark.nmmu.ac.za/content/thepark/displayarticle.asp?artid=thepark_010|title=The Horse Memorial|website=St George's Park|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206111148/http://www.stgeorgespark.nmmu.ac.za/content/thepark/displayarticle.asp?artid=thepark_010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Apartheid era===
Under [[apartheid]], the South African government established legal [[racial segregation]] and started programs to separate communities physically as well as by classification and custom. The forced relocation under the auspices of the [[Group Areas Act]] of the non-white population from mixed areas began in 1962, causing various [[Township (South Africa)|township]]s to be built for their use. Classification was sometimes arbitrary, and as in many other localities throughout the country, many citizens appearing to have mixed ancestry were at times subject to re-classification, which often had intrusive sociopolitical results. The non-white tenants of South End, and land owners in Fairview were forcibly relocated from 1965 through to 1975, as these areas were valued as prime real estate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southendmuseum.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=2%3E|title=History Of South End|website=South End Museum|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119075721/http://www.southendmuseum.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=2%3E|url-status=live}}</ref> The city-planning was viewed as the prototypical apartheid city.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

As [[Bantu peoples in South Africa|black South African]]s organized to try to achieve civil rights and social justice, government repression increased. In 1977 [[Steve Biko]], the black anti-apartheid activist, was interrogated and tortured by the security police in Port Elizabeth before being taken to [[Pretoria]], where he died.<ref name="biko">{{cite web|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-stevebiko.htm|publisher= about.com African History|title= Biography of Steve Biko|access-date= 28 August 2007|archive-date= 31 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831013740/http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-stevebiko.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> Other notable deaths in the city during this time included those of [[The Cradock Four]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Home.html|title=The Cradock Four|website=The Cradock Four|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618001331/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and of George Botha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/george-botha-jumped-a-railing....|title=George Botha jumped a railing....|website=SA History|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> a high-school teacher.

====1952 Defiance Campaign====
In 1952 the [[African National Congress]] and the [[South African Indian Congress]] (SAIC) called all South Africans to stand up against the apartheid government's unjust laws directed at the black African, Indian and [[Coloureds|coloured]] population. On 6 April, while most white [[South African people|South African]]s celebrated the tercentenary of [[Jan van Riebeeck]]'s arrival at the Cape in 1652, the [[ANC]] and [[South African Indian Congress|SAIC]] called on black [[South African people|South African]]s to observe the day as "A National Day of Pledge and Prayer". 15 000 people attended in [[Johannesburg]], 10 000 in [[Cape Town]], 10 000 in [[Durban]] and 20 000 in Port Elizabeth. The meeting in Port Elizabeth was led by Professor [[Z. K. Matthews]] and by [[Raymond Mhlaba]].

On 25 July 1952, a day before the official start of the [[Defiance Campaign]], 30 volunteers led by Raymond Mhlaba gathered at the New Brighton Civic Centre and prayed throughout the night. At 5{{nbsp}}am on 26 July, they left the Civic Centre and walked towards the [[New Brighton, Eastern Cape|New Brighton]] Railway Station. In ''Raymond Mhlaba's Personal Memoirs: Reminiscing from Rwanda and Uganda'', Mhlaba recalled:

<blockquote>
"I led the very first group and we entered the '[[Europe]]ans Only' section of the [[New Brighton, Eastern Cape|New Brighton]] station. By half past six we were already in police vans on our way to jail. It turned out that my party (group) was the very first to defy unjust laws in the whole of [[South Africa]]. Little did we know that we were making history."<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Mhlaba
| first1 = Raymond
| author-link1 = Raymond Mhlaba
| last2 = Mufamadi
| first2 = Thembeka
| chapter = Vulindlela (opening the way)
| title = Raymond Mhlaba's Personal Memoirs: Reminiscing from Rwanda and Uganda
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI-5R1Pf6pEC
| series = Robben Island memory series
| issue = 3
| location = Pretoria
| publisher = Human Sciences Research Council and Robben Island Museum
| date = 2001
| page = 84
| isbn = 9780796919748
| access-date = 2018-02-21
| quote = I led the very first group and we entered the '[[Europe]]ans Only' section of the New Brighton station. By half past six we were already in police vans on our way to jail. It turned out that my party was the very first to defy unjust laws in the whole of South Africa. Little did we know that we were making history.
}}
</ref>
</blockquote>

Mhlaba became the first man to be arrested during the campaign, while [[Florence Matomela]] was the first woman.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} 2 007 people were arrested in Port Elizabeth during the [[Defiance Campaign]] included [[Govan Mbeki|Oom Gov]] (Govan Mbeki) and [[Vuyisile Mini]]. Other volunteers who emerged as key role players during the campaign included [[Nosipho Dastile]], Nontuthuzelo Mabala, [[Lilian Diedricks]] and [[Veronica Sobukwe]].<ref name="SAHistoryOnline2">{{cite web | title= Oom Ray and The Power of Mass Action | publisher= South African History Online |url=http://sthp.saha.org.za/memorial/articles/oom_ray_and_the_power_of_mass_action.htm | access-date= 27 November 2017 | archive-date= 1 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043343/http://sthp.saha.org.za/memorial/articles/oom_ray_and_the_power_of_mass_action.htm | url-status= live }}</ref>

====1985 Consumer Boycotts====
After the formation of the [[ANC]]-affiliated [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|United Democratic Front]] in 1983, political consciousness in black townships grew.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} With numerous protests across the country and the massacre in [[Langa, Cape Town|Langa]] township near [[Uitenhage]], police presence had increased in South African townships. In the townships, black [[South African people|South African]]s demanded the integration of public institutions, the removal of troops from black townships, and the end of [[workplace discrimination]]. To launch an effective campaign to cripple the white-owned institutions of Port Elizabeth and to undermine the legitimacy of apartheid, several women suggested the idea of a consumer boycott to the [[Pebco Three|Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation]] (PEBCO) in May 1985. The economic boycott began on 15 July 1985, and received massive support in townships around Port Elizabeth. By September 1985, white business-owners became desperate and called on the government to meet the demands of black [[South African people|South African]]s. In November the boycott was still hurting white businesses in Port Elizabeth greatly. The white [[South African people|South African]] government reached an agreement with PEBCO which stated that the boycott would halt until March 1986 if business owners arranged for the release of black [[leader]]s.<ref name="SAHistoryOnline1">{{cite web | title= South African blacks boycott apartheid in Port Elizabeth, 1985–86 | publisher= Global Non-Violent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-african-blacks-boycott-apartheid-port-elizabeth-1985-86 | access-date= 27 November 2017 | archive-date= 1 December 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034652/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-african-blacks-boycott-apartheid-port-elizabeth-1985-86 | url-status= live }}</ref>

In 1986, as the deal was approaching its end, the boycotters imposed a deadline of March 31, stating that the boycott would resume if the initial demands were not met. On March 11, the government unexpectedly banned two leaders, one of whom was [[Mkhuseli Jack|Mkuseli Jack]]. However, on March 22, the ban was lifted by the decision of a Supreme Court Justice on the grounds that the government had given insufficient reasons. Jack ripped up the ban papers, and used the celebration as a way to represent the solidarity that the campaign required. As the demands of the boycotters were not met by March 31, the boycott was renewed on April 1. The boycott continued for nine weeks, but on 12 June 1986 another state of emergency was imposed by the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government. Security forces searched through the townships, arresting thousands and raiding the offices of black civics, trade unions, the [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|UDF]], the South African Council, and churches and also confiscating documents.<ref>{{cite web | title= South African blacks boycott apartheid in Port Elizabeth, 1985–86 | publisher= Global Non-Violent Action Database | url= https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-african-blacks-boycott-apartheid-port-elizabeth-1985-86 | access-date= 27 November 2017 | archive-date= 1 December 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034652/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-african-blacks-boycott-apartheid-port-elizabeth-1985-86 | url-status= live }}</ref>

===Modern history===
With the establishment of the [[Coega | Coega Industrial Development Zone]] (CIDZ), foreign direct and also national-level investment has improved in the greater region of Nelson Mandela Bay. The IDZ, under the stewardship of the Coega Development Corporation (CDC), since inception has managed to attract to investment account in excess of R140-billion into the economy of the Eastern Cape and has enabled the [[job creation|creation]] of over 45,000 jobs.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} This is significant for the area and the economy of the Eastern Cape.{{clarify|date=January 2023}}

In 2001, the [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality]] was formed as an administrative area covering Port Elizabeth, the neighbouring towns of [[Uitenhage]] and Despatch and the surrounding agricultural areas. The name honours former [[President of South Africa|President]] [[Nelson Mandela]]. The combined metropolitan area had a population estimated at around 1.3&nbsp;million in 2006.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

====2010 FIFA World Cup====
Overtaking its next door neighbouring city [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], it became a host city for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]. The [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]] hosted eight World Cup games: [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]] vs [[Greece national football team|Greece]], [[Ivory Coast national football team|Ivory Coast]] vs [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] vs [[Serbia national football team|Serbia]]; [[Chile national football team|Chile]] vs [[Switzerland national football team|Switzerland]], and [[Slovenia national football team|Slovenia]] vs [[England national football team|England]] in the Group Stage, then [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]], South Korea in the Round of 16. A quarter-final between [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]], [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] was hosted, then for the Third Place playoff, Uruguay and Germany were hosted at the stadium. The World Cup was played between 11 June 2010 and 11 July 2010. [[Spain national football team|Spain]] were the eventual champions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/index.html|title=Matches|website=FIFA|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703223439/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====2013 Africa Cup of Nations====
The city was also one of the five that hosted the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. The same stadium that was used in the 2010 World Cup hosted eight games: five matches in Group B—[[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] vs [[DR Congo national football team|DR Congo]], [[Mali national football team|Mali]] vs [[Niger national football team|Niger]], Ghana vs Mali; DR Congo vs Niger, and Ghana vs Niger; one match in Group A—[[Cape Verde national football team|Cape Verde]] vs [[Angola national football team|Angola]], the quarterfinal—Ghana vs Cape Verde, and the third place playoff—Ghana vs Mali. The Africa Cup of Nations took place between 19 January and 10 February 2013. [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] were eventual champions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium and training venues ready for AFCON|url=http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/News.aspx?objID=4&cmd=view&id=1753|publisher=Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality|date=2013-01-08|access-date=2013-01-19|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120095633/http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/News.aspx?objID=4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="espn 2013 afcon">{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/results/_/league/caf.nations/african-nations-cup?cc=5739 |title=2013 African Nations Cup Fixtures and Results |work=ESPN Soccernet |access-date=22 January 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203223127/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/results/_/league/caf.nations/african-nations-cup?cc=5739 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==

=== Topography ===
{{empty section|date=July 2022}}

===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Gqeberha
|18 |25 |36
|18 |25 |40
|17 |25 |54
|14 |23 |58
|12 |22 |59
|9  |20 |62
|9  |20 |47
|10 |20 |64
|11 |20 |62
|13 |21 |59
|15 |22 |49
|16 |24 |34
|float  = right
|clear  = right
|source = SAWS<ref name="saws-climstats" />
}}

Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], the city has an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb''), and under the [[Trewartha climate classification]], the city has a [[subtropical climate]]. The area lies between the winter rainfall, Mediterranean climate zones of the Western Cape and the summer rainfall regions of eastern South Africa. Winters are cool but mild and summers are warm but considerably less humid and hot than more northerly parts of South Africa's east coast.<ref name="Rainfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/SF/1/Port_Elizabeth.html|publisher=Falling Rain|title=Rainfall|access-date=27 January 2008|archive-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110114947/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/SF/1/Port_Elizabeth.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The climate is very even throughout the year with [[heat wave|extreme heat]] or moderate cold rare.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Gqeberha (1991–2020, extremes 1936–1990)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 39.0
|Feb record high C = 40.0
|Mar record high C = 40.7
|Apr record high C = 39.0
|May record high C = 35.4
|Jun record high C = 32.4
|Jul record high C = 33.1
|Aug record high C = 36.8
|Sep record high C = 39.7
|Oct record high C = 39.8
|Nov record high C = 40.2
|Dec record high C = 36.0
|year record high C = 40.7
|Jan high C = 25.7
|Feb high C = 26.1
|Mar high C = 25.0
|Apr high C = 23.3
|May high C = 22.1
|Jun high C = 20.6
|Jul high C = 20.2
|Aug high C = 20.0
|Sep high C = 20.4
|Oct high C = 21.4
|Nov high C = 22.7
|Dec high C = 24.4
|year high C = 22.6
|Jan mean C = 21.6
|Feb mean C = 21.9
|Mar mean C = 20.6
|Apr mean C = 18.5
|May mean C = 16.6
|Jun mean C = 14.5
|Jul mean C = 14.1
|Aug mean C = 14.6
|Sep mean C = 15.6
|Oct mean C = 17.1
|Nov mean C = 18.5
|Dec mean C = 20.2
|year mean C = 17.8
|Jan low C = 17.4
|Feb low C = 17.6
|Mar low C = 16.2
|Apr low C = 13.6
|May low C = 11.0
|Jun low C = 8.3
|Jul low C = 7.9
|Aug low C = 9.1
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 12.8
|Nov low C = 14.2
|Dec low C = 16.0
|year low C = 12.9
|Jan record low C = 7.4
|Feb record low C = 7.9
|Mar record low C = 7.0
|Apr record low C = 4.4
|May record low C = -0.3
|Jun record low C = -0.5
|Jul record low C = -0.5
|Aug record low C = -0.2
|Sep record low C = 1.5
|Oct record low C = 3.0
|Nov record low C = 5.6
|Dec record low C = 6.5
|year record low C = -0.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 33.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 39.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 46.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 48.5
|May precipitation mm = 46.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 51.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 51.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 72.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 47.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 56.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 56.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 42.2
|year precipitation mm = 591.5
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5.4
|Feb precipitation days = 5.3
|Mar precipitation days = 6.2
|Apr precipitation days = 5.5
|May precipitation days = 5.1
|Jun precipitation days = 5.4
|Jul precipitation days = 5.7
|Aug precipitation days = 6.6
|Sep precipitation days = 6.6
|Oct precipitation days = 6.4
|Nov precipitation days = 6.8
|Dec precipitation days = 6.0
|year precipitation days = 71.1
|Jan humidity = 77
|Feb humidity = 80
|Mar humidity = 81
|Apr humidity = 80
|May humidity = 76
|Jun humidity = 73
|Jul humidity = 74
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 77
|Oct humidity = 78
|Nov humidity = 78
|Dec humidity = 77
|year humidity = 77
|Jan sun = 259.3
|Feb sun = 221.2
|Mar sun = 231.4
|Apr sun = 216.9
|May sun = 215.9
|Jun sun = 208.4
|Jul sun = 224.4
|Aug sun = 234.4
|Sep sun = 228.9
|Oct sun = 231.4
|Nov sun = 242.4
|Dec sun = 257.7
|year sun = 2772.1
|source 1 = NOAA (temperature, precipitation/precipitation days and sunshine 1991–2020, humidity 1961-1990<ref name=NOAA9120r>{{cite web 
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/SouthAfrica/CSV/PortElizabethWO_68842.csv
|title = Port Elizabeth Climate Normals 1991-2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = 2024-02-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240203024528/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/SouthAfrica/CSV/PortElizabethWO_68842.csv
|archive-date = 2024-02-03}}</ref>)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/UA/68842.TXT
|title = Port Elizabeth Climate Normals 1961–1990
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = 16 March 2015
|archive-date = 17 February 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232756/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/UA/68842.TXT
|url-status = live
}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes)<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
|url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_688420_kt.pdf
|title = Klimatafel von Port Elizabeth (Flugh.), Prov. Eastern Cape / Südafrika
|work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
|publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
|language = de
|access-date = 7 February 2016
|archive-date = 20 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190920072208/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_688420_kt.pdf
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = South African Weather Service<ref name="saws-climstats">{{cite web 
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120304032350/http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/PortElizabethStats.jsp
|archive-date = 4 March 2012 
|url = http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/PortElizabethStats.jsp 
|title = Climate data for Port Elizabeth 
|access-date = 6 March 2010 
|publisher = South African Weather Service
|date = June 2011}}</ref>}}<br />

===Biodiversity===
The city represents a large percentage of South Africa's biological diversity is a confluence point five of the seven South African biomes, namely the Thicket, Grassland, Nama-Karoo, Fynbos and Forest Biomes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nmbt.co.za/port_elizabeth_5_biome_city.html|title=5 Biome City – Nelson Mandela Bay (Port Elizabeth)|website=Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803121647/https://www.nmbt.co.za/port_elizabeth_5_biome_city.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of municipal nature reserves have been included in, and can be visited along the "Outward Bound Route" of the city. A mosaic of these 5 Biomes could be experienced in these reserves. The outward bound route is an eco-outdoor adventure and sports route incorporating walking and wildlife experiences. The aim of this route is to spread tourism to similar attractions along the route, leading to increased foot traffic and related benefits to these sites.

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin Port Elizabeth-001.jpg|thumb|The cathedral of St Mary the Virgin]]
[[File:Main Library in Port Elizabeth (8714005954).jpg|thumb|The Main Library building was constructed in 1835 and used as a courthouse from 1854. The library was opened in 1902 and is an example of Victorian Gothic architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Elizabeth Main Library – Nelson Mandela Bay (Port Elizabeth) |url=https://www.nmbt.co.za/listing/port_elizabeth_library.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism |language=en}}</ref>]]
As a British colonial town, it had a strongly British character, and the central area retains that to this day.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Self-Guided Tour|pages=49–50|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8040-4030-3|doi=10.1353/chapter.316893|title=Devils & Islands|year=2007}}</ref> The colonial City Hall is a national monument. The main public library is an excellent example of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic architecture]]. Various memorials are situated throughout the city environs, and there are many tours available to familiarise visitors with especially the apartheid era. The city could be considered to be the country's leading centre of [[Art Deco]] style architecture due to its European heritage. Many buildings display the intricate stonework, wrought iron and stained glass of that era which are prominently visible in the Central Historical areas of the city. Combinations of Art Nouveau and Colonial styles are seen in residences along Cape Road. The area also boasts a collection of [[Cape Dutch architecture|Cape Dutch]] style architecture as well as the Victorian and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] styles, resulting from the arrival of the 1820 British settlers. Although influenced by Dutch architecture, the Cape Dutch style is unique to South Africa and examples can be seen all over the Eastern and Western Cape.

===Hydrology===
The city has a long marine coastline on its outskirts, particularly southwards. Beaches like Kings Beach, Hobie Beach, [[Bluewater Bay, Eastern Cape|Bluewater Bay]], Sardinia Bay (just outside the city near [[Schoenmakerskop]]), and the beaches along Marine Drive are abundant. Kings Beach is adjacent to the harbour, and the [[longshore drift]] from Cape Recife provides a plentiful supply of sea sand. On the north westerly coastline, the contours tends to be rockier than the area between Cape Recife, and the [[Port of Ngqura]]. There are a few rivers, of which the Baakens River is the most prominent. This river usually floods when a reasonable amount precipitation is observed, especially at low level crossings. North End Lake in [[North End, Port Elizabeth|North End]] is the largest natural [[freshwater]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/earths-freshwater/|title=Freshwater|website=National Geographic|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105930/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/earths-freshwater/|url-status=dead}}</ref> body in the city, but has experienced a form of [[contamination]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ccl/types-drinking-water-contaminants|title=Types of Drinking Water Contaminants|website=United States Environmental Protection Agency|date=23 June 2014|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322125956/https://www.epa.gov/ccl/types-drinking-water-contaminants|url-status=live}}</ref> from industry. (It is not recommended to [[ingest]] anything from this lake) Also, numerous smaller "lakes" are in the surrounding area, namely Lake Farm.

The Eastern Cape has been experiencing [[Eastern Cape drought|a devastating drought since 2015]],<ref name="Climate Dynamics-14Aug20">{{citation |title=Drought in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa and trends in rainfall characteristics |date=14 August 2020 |last1=Mahlalela |first1=P.T. |last2=Blamey |first2=R.C. |last3=Hart |first3=N.C.G. |issue=9–10 |pages=743–2759 |journal=[[Climate Dynamics]] |volume=55 |doi=10.1007/s00382-020-05413-0 |pmid=32836893 |pmc=7428292 |bibcode=2020ClDy...55.2743M }}</ref> and a disaster was declared in the region in October 2019.<ref name="Climate Dynamics-14Aug20"/> On 14 June 2022, a virtual special council meeting of [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality|Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Council]] approved an emergency intervention plan by the [[Department of Water and Sanitation|National Department of Water and Sanitation]].<ref name="washingtonpost-19Jun22">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/19/south-africa-water-day-zero/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=19 June 2022 |first1=Ryan Lenora |last1=Brown |title='Day Zero' water crisis looms on South Africa's eastern cape }}</ref><ref name="algoafm-14Jun22">{{cite news |url=https://www.algoafm.co.za/local/national-intervention-in-water-crisis-approved-by-nmb-council |title=National intervention in water crisis approved by NMB Council |date=14 June 2022 |first1=Atenkosi |last1=Plaaitjie |work=[[Algoa FM]] }}</ref> The plan includes: drilling more boreholes, pumping water from the east of the metropolitan area to the west of the area, and using floatation pumps to extract more water from some reservoirs.<ref name="algoafm-14Jun22"/> The meeting approved the appointment of Tlhologelo Mogoatlhe (a water and sanitation production engineer) as the interim infrastructure and engineering executive director.<ref name="algoafm-14Jun22"/> City officials asked residents to consume no more than {{convert|50|L|impgal}} of water per person per day.<ref name="washingtonpost-19Jun22"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/community-newspaper/pe-express/mayor-hits-streets-with-water-saving-message-20220718 |work=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |title=Nelson Mandela Bay Mayor hits streets with water-saving message |date=20 July 2022 |first1=Luvuyo |last1=Bangazi }}</ref> In mid-June 2022, Luvuyo Bangazi (spokesperson for the municipality's joint operations crisis committee) said that the city was losing about a third of its water because of leaks in pipes, and had a backlog of 3,000 leaks to fix.<ref name="washingtonpost-19Jun22"/> Joseph Tsatsire (Bay Water Distribution Director) said that Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality repaired 9,719 leaks over a three week period ending in mid-July 2022, leaving a backlog of 712 leaks reported.<ref name="mbda-19Jul22">{{cite news |url=https://www.mbda.co.za/Media/NewsChild?childId=130 |title=Millions of Litres Saved with 9719 Water Leaks Closed Since the End of June |date=19 July 2022 |first1=Luvuyo |last1=Bangazi |work=Mandela Bay Development Agency |quotation=We repaired 5499 leaks in the last week of June, with 1853 successfully repaired in the first week July across the Metro. A further 2367 were completed last week, bringing the total to 9719 since the renewed campaign}}</ref> Though some residents claimed that the taps only work a few hours a day, Bangazi said that water was only shut off when maintenance was being done.<ref name="washingtonpost-19Jun22"/> Water consumption for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality was as follows:
*Target: 230 megalitres per day
*Measured on 17 June 2022: 292 megalitres per day
*Measured on 19 July 2022: 261 megalitres per day.<ref name="mbda-19Jul22"/>

==Demographics==
[[File:Nelson Mandela Bay population density map.svg|thumb|Population density in the [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality|Nelson Mandela Metro]]
{{legend-col
|{{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}}
|{{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}}
|{{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}}
|{{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}}
|{{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}}
|{{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}}
|{{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}}
|{{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}}
|{{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}
}}]]
[[File:Nelson Mandela Bay dominant language map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of home languages in the [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality|Nelson Mandela Metro]]
{{legend-col
|{{legend|#8dd3c7|[[Afrikaans]]}}
|{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]]}}
|{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]}}
|{{legend|#d0d0d0|None dominant}}
}}]]

In the 2011 census, Port Elizabeth was the most populous city in the Eastern Cape. In 2011:<ref>[https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/299007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618204554/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/299007|date=18 June 2022}}, Census 2011 – Main Place "Port Elizabeth"</ref>
* Area: {{convert|251.03|sqkm}}
* Population: 312,392: {{convert|1244.44|PD/sqkm}}
* Households: 99,794: {{convert|397.54|/sqkm}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Gender
!Population
!%
|-
| Female
| 162,255	
| 51.94
|-
| Male
| 150,137
| 48.06
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Race
!Population
!%
|-
| [[White South African|White]]
| 118,220
| 37.4
|-
| [[Black people#Southern Africa|Black]]
| 95,589	
| 30.60
|-
| [[Coloured]]
| 84,419
| 27.02
|-
| [[Asian South African|Asian]]
| 9,847
| 3.15
|-
| Other
| 4,317
| 1.38
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
![[First language]]
!Population
!%
|-
| [[Zulu language|IsiZulu]]
| 1,541
| 0.51
|-
| [[Xhosa language|IsiXhosa]]
| 67,154
| 22.24
|-
| [[Afrikaans]]
| 121,344	
| 40.19
|-
| [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]]
| 472
| 0.16
|-
| [[Tswana language|Setswana]]
| 1,312
| 0.43
|-
| English
| 100,375
| 33.25
|-
| [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]
| 1,469
| 0.49
|-
| [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]]
| 291
| 0.10
|-
| [[Swazi language|SiSwati]]
| 171
| 0.06
|-
| [[Venda language|Tshivenda]]
| 390
| 0.13
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|IsiNdebele]]
| 1,183
| 0.39
|-
| [[Languages of South Africa|Other]]
| 10,469
| 3.35
|}

{{Historical populations
|align       = centre
|footnote    =<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-PortElizabeth.html#Stadt_alpha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231956/http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-PortElizabeth.html#Stadt_alpha |date=23 September 2015 }}, Nelson Mandela Bay: Metropolitan Municipality & Main Places – Statistics & Maps on City Population</ref>
|1985|272844
|1991|303353
|[[South African National Census of 2001|2001]]|237503
|[[South African National Census of 2011|2011]]|312392
|2020|967767
}}

==Economy==
The economy is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly, manufacturing and export industries, and the city is also a major South African and sub-Saharan African destination for investment. Foreign direct investments of $19,8&nbsp;billion has been secured over the past decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coega.co.za/NewsArticle.aspx?objID=8&id=730|title=Share this page|website=Coega Development Corporation|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803140031/https://www.coega.co.za/NewsArticle.aspx?objID=8&id=730|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coega.co.za/DocumentList.aspx?cmd=browse&catID=3&objID=26|title=Integrated Annual Report 2018/2019|date=October 2019|website=Coega Development Corporation|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803133919/https://www.coega.co.za/DocumentList.aspx?cmd=browse&catID=3&objID=26|url-status=live}}</ref> Several [[Fortune 500]] companies are present or have their African operations headquartered in the city.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/global500/2019/beijing-automotive-group|title=Beijing Automotive Group|website=Fortune|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214022254/https://fortune.com/global500/2019/beijing-automotive-group/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/mondelez-international|title=Mondelez International|website=Fortune|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214022248/https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/mondelez-international/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/ford-motor|title=Ford Motor|website=Fortune|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214022250/https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/ford-motor/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccbsaco.com/largest-african-coca-cola-bottler-unveils-brand-new-head-office-port-elizabeth/|title=Largest African Coca-Cola Bottler unveils brand new head office in Gqeberha|date=2018-04-12|website=CCBSA|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214022247/https://www.ccbsaco.com/largest-african-coca-cola-bottler-unveils-brand-new-head-office-port-elizabeth/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Trade and industry===
{{further|Port of Port Elizabeth}}
Historically, the majority of trade in the region came through Port Elizabeth. In the 1830s, at least five ships regularly transported goods to Europe.<ref name="Roberts1" /> It became a [[free port]] in 1832.<ref name="Roberts2">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|page=391|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/391/|access-date=17 October 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017112401/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/391/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1833, about 50 vessels had moved through the port. In 1828, 55,201 pounds, (25038&nbsp;kg), of goods were imported through the port, increasing by 1832 to 112,845 pounds, (51185&nbsp;kg), imported in that year. Port Elizabeth exported 41,290&nbsp;lbs, (18738&nbsp;kg), in 1828, with a large increase to 86,931&nbsp;lbs, (39431&nbsp;kg), goods exported in 1829. Exports included [[wine]], [[brandy]], [[vinegar]], [[ivory]], [[hide (skin)|hide]]s and [[Hide (skin)|skins]], [[leather]], [[tallow]], [[butter]], [[soap]], [[wool]], [[ostrich]] [[feather]]s, [[salted beef]], [[wheat]], [[candle]]s, [[aloe]], [[barley]], and more.<ref name="Roberts1" />

Home of South Africa's [[car|motor vehicle]] industry, the city boasts most vehicle assembly plants, [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Volkswagen]], [[List of Tire Companies|Continental Tyres]] and many other automotive companies. As of 2018, after GM's exit from South Africa, [[Isuzu]] took over their production plant in Struandale. In 2016, Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturer [[BAIC Group|BAIC]] and South Africa's Industrial Development Corporation announced a R11&nbsp;billion joint venture for the establishment of a semi knock down vehicle assembly plant in [[Coega]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2016-04-27-china-inks-in-r11-billion-deal-with-port-elizabeth/|title=China inks in R11-billion deal with Port Elizabeth|website=DispatchLIVE|language=en-ZA|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802154814/https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2016-04-27-china-inks-in-r11-billion-deal-with-port-elizabeth/|url-status=live}}</ref>  It is anticipated that the plant will go online in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/skd-production-set-to-start-at-baic-plant-ckd-to-follow-in-2020-says-idc-2019-08-26|title=SKD production set to start at BAIC plant, CKD to follow in 2020, says IDC|last=Venter|first=Irma|website=Engineering News|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128025806/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/skd-production-set-to-start-at-baic-plant-ckd-to-follow-in-2020-says-idc-2019-08-26|url-status=live}}</ref>  The [[FAW Group|FAW]] also have built a multi-billion rand plant in the region. Most other industries are geared towards the motor vehicle industry, providing parts such as [[wiring|wiring harness]]es, [[catalytic converter]]s, [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] and [[Tire|tyre]]s to the [[Automaker|vehicle manufacturer]]s.

The largest economic sectors in Nelson Mandela Bay Metro are manufacturing, finance, community services and transport. Community services, trade and manufacturing sectors are the sectors that create the most employment in the Metro. The city offers a wealth of tourism and recreation opportunity due to its biodiversity, beaches and open spaces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/datarepository/documents/nmbm-bepp-2018-19.pdf|title=Built Environment Performance Plan|date=2018|website=www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217215203/https://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/datarepository/documents/nmbm-bepp-2018-19.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>  Further still, Nelson Mandela Bay is a preferred region for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, flour, meat, frozen vegetables, soft drinks, chocolates, cheese, yoghurt, ice cream, paper and leather products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaoutlookmag.com/outlook-features/nelson-mandela-bay-municipality|title=Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality|website=Africa Outlook Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-02-17|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217220341/https://www.africaoutlookmag.com/outlook-features/nelson-mandela-bay-municipality|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city is also [[Port of Port Elizabeth|a major seaport]], with the most significant car loading facilities in the southern hemisphere. As part of the ongoing development, a new Industrial Development Zone with expanded port facilities has been built at [[Coega]].

===Tourism===
[[File:The Donkin Reserve, Port Elizabeth.jpg|thumbnail|upright|The Donkin Reserve, taken in September 2014. It portrays both the older and parts of the newer sections of the monument.]]
Located at the end of the picturesque [[Garden Route]] along the Cape coast, the city has beaches in and near it. The most popular swimming beaches include King's Beach and Hobie Beach.

Many local historic attractions are linked by the ''Donkin Heritage Trail''. These include the Campanile (bell tower), built in 1923 to commemorate the arrival of the [[1820 Settlers]] and offering a viewpoint over the city; the city hall (1862); the ''Donkin Reserve'' park and monument; and the old stone ''[[Fort Frederick, Eastern Cape|Fort Frederick]]'' itself (1799). The CBD also boasts the towering Eastern Cape post office headquarters.

Route 67 is a walking trail consisting of 67 public artworks, symbolising 67 years which Nelson Mandela dedicated to the freedom of South Africa. The artwork is a celebration of South African culture and history and is scattered along the route as it starts from the Campanile, up the stairs to the Vuysile Mini Market Square and to the large South African flag at the Donkin Reserve. The artworks were created by local Eastern Cape artists.<ref>{{cite web|title=67 Steps to take in Port Elizabeth|url=http://umoya-cottages.co.za/67-steps-to-take-in-port-elizabeth/|website=Umoya Cottages in Port Elizabeth|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708184903/http://umoya-cottages.co.za/67-steps-to-take-in-port-elizabeth/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other attractions include the gardens at [[St George's Park, Port Elizabeth|St George's Park]], the [[Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum]] (formerly known as the ''King George VI Art Gallery''), the museum and oceanography room at Humewood, and the new ''Boardwalk'' waterfront complex.

The wider area surrounding PE also features game viewing opportunities, including the [[Addo Elephant National Park]], {{convert|72|km}} to the north near the Zuurberg mountain range.

It is also a destination for [[whale watching]] with [[humpback whales]] sighted between June and August, and again between November and January, [[southern right whale]]s sighted between July and November, and [[Bryde's whale]]s sighted all year round. {{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

===Property development===
[[File:Coega Industrial Development Zone.jpg|thumb|[[Coega|Coega Industrial Development Zone (IDZ)]]]]

Nelson Mandela Bay has experienced a construction boom led by the Baywest Mall and Coega Development Corporation (CDC).

[[Baywest Mall]] which opened in May 2015 is the largest shopping centre in the [[Eastern Cape]] located on the western outskirts of the city and forms part of the Baywest City. Baywest City is a planned [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use development area]] and is striving to become a major development hub in the city's western suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-08|title=Baywest Mall|url=https://architizer.com/projects/baywest-mall/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Architizer|language=en-us|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717014304/https://architizer.com/projects/baywest-mall/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Baywest Mall Opens in Port Elizabeth – Property24|url=https://www.property24.com/articles/new-baywest-mall-opens-in-port-elizabeth/22067|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.property24.com|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717015955/https://www.property24.com/articles/new-baywest-mall-opens-in-port-elizabeth/22067|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=R1.2bn Baywest City development to commence|url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/567/142318.html|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.bizcommunity.com|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716222831/https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/567/142318.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Biggest Mall in the Eastern Cape – Review of Baywest Mall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g312559-d8355759-r281759839-Baywest_Mall-Port_Elizabeth_Eastern_Cape.html|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Tripadvisor|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717021802/https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g312559-d8355759-r281759839-Baywest_Mall-Port_Elizabeth_Eastern_Cape.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Coega]] located just outside of the city once an industrial development zone (IDZ) has now deemed the status of a [[special economic zone]] (SEZ). It also houses the second and the newest port of [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality|Nelson Mandela Bay]] and [[South Africa]], [[Port of Ngqura]]. This multi-billion rand project aims to drive local and foreign direct investments in export-oriented industries and position South Africa as the hub for [[Southern Africa]]n trade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Share this page|url=https://www.coega.co.za/Content2.aspx?objID=84|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Coega Development Corporation|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717045424/https://www.coega.co.za/Content2.aspx?objID=84|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
There is only one foreign cultural centre, the [[Alliance Française of Port Elizabeth]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pe.alliance.org.za/ |work=Alliance Française de Port Elizabeth |title=Home page |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104161642/https://pe.alliance.org.za/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a French language school and a francophone cultural centre.

=== Sports ===
[[File:Nelson Mandela Stadium in Port Elizabeth.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]] in 2009]]
It is the location of the [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]] cricket ground, which holds [[test cricket]] matches. St George's Park is the oldest cricket ground in South Africa, and was the venue for the first Test match played outside of [[Australia]] or [[England]], between [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] and [[England national cricket team|England]] on 12 and 13 March 1889. The [[Warriors cricket team|Warriors]], a franchise cricket team in [[South Africa]], is based in Port Elizabeth, as is the [[SA20]] franchise [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]]. The stadium is also known for its band that entertains fans at the Proteas games.

In December 2011, Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium became the new home of the [[South Africa Sevens]], the country's leg of the annual [[IRB Sevens World Series]] in [[rugby sevens]]. The event had previously been held in three other cities, most recently in [[George, Western Cape|George]] in the [[Western Cape]] from 2002 to 2010. As of 2015, is hosted annually in [[Cape Town]], in the Western Cape.

The headquarters of the [[Southern Spears]] rugby franchise was in Port Elizabeth. The long-standing [[Eastern Cape|Eastern Province]] Rugby Union, now commonly known as the [[Eastern Province Elephants]], formed the basis of the Spears franchise together with [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]]'s [[Border Bulldogs]]. The remnants of the Spears were later reconstituted into the [[Southern Kings]], also based in Port Elizabeth, which joined [[Super Rugby]] in 2013. The Southern Kings did not participate in Super Rugby in 2014 or 2015, and returned to Super Rugby in 2016, 2017, but were dropped for economical reasons by [[SARU]]. The team now competes in the Guinness [[Pro14]]. The Eastern Province Rugby Union play their home matches at [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]], built for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].

The biggest sporting events in the city, is the annual [[Ironman triathlon]] and the Herald Cycle tour. The Tuna classic deep-sea fishing competition attracts anglers from all over the world.

There are [[cricket]], [[rugby union]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[association football]], [[field hockey]] and many other sports facilities. Its coastal location also makes it a base for some watersports.

The city's main [[association football|football]] club is [[Chippa United F.C.|Chippa United]], they currently use the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium as their home ground. Previous clubs to play in the country's top tier were [[Bay United F.C.|Bay United]], [[Michau Warriors]], [[Port Elizabeth Blackpool]], Hotspur F.C., [[Port Elizabeth City F.C.|Port Elizabeth City]] and Westview Apollon.

The [[Algoa Bay Yacht Club]] operates out of the port.

==Government==
Port Elizabeth had its own municipality from 1843 to 2000.  Since then, it has formed part of the [[Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality]], and also serves as the seat for the surrounding [[Cacadu District Municipality]]. It has a [[Magistrates' Courts of South Africa|Magistrate's Court]], a local seat of the [[Eastern Cape Division]] of the [[High Court of South Africa|High Court]], and a branch of the [[Labour Court of South Africa|Labour Court]]. As a result of the presence of a High Court, several other related organs of state such as a Masters Office and a Director of Public Prosecutions are present in the city.
All Government (mostly provincial) departments maintain branches or other offices in the city.

===Coat of arms===
The Port Elizabeth municipality assumed a coat of arms on 9 January 1878.<ref name=pe>Western Cape Archives : Port Elizabeth Municipal Minutes (9 January 1878)</ref><ref name=eph>''Eastern Province Herald'' (11 January 1878)</ref>  The design, prepared by [[Bradbury Wilkinson and Company]] (of London), was a simplified version of the arms of Sir Rufane Donkin: ''Gules,  on a chevron Argent between two cinquefoils in chief and a bugle horn stringed in base Or, three buckles Sable;  a chief embattled Argent thereon an elephant statant proper.''  The crest was a sailing ship, and the motto ''In meliora spera''.

(In layman's terms: a red shield displaying, from top to bottom, an elephant on a silver horizontal strip whose lower edge is embattled, two gold cinquefoils, a silver chevron bearing three black buckles, and a gold bugle horn.)

Eighty years later, in 1958, the council made slight changes to the arms, and had them granted by the [[College of Arms]].  The changes consisted of adding two anchors to the chief of the shield, placing a red mural crown bearing three golden rings below the ship in the crest, and changing the motto to ''Tu meliora spera''.  The arms were registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1959,<ref name=og>Cape of Good Hope ''Official Gazette'' 2969 (1 May 1959)</ref> and at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1986.<ref name=boh>{{Cite web|url=http://www.national.archsrch.gov.za/sm300cv/smws/sm300dl|title=National Archives of South Africa (NASA) Database Selection|website=www.national.archsrch.gov.za|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-date=15 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415231258/http://www.national.archsrch.gov.za/sm300cv/smws/sm300dl|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
===Tertiary education===
The [[Nelson Mandela University]] was formed by the amalgamation of the [[University of Port Elizabeth]], Port Elizabeth Technikon, and the Port Elizabeth campus of [[Vista University]]. It is the largest university in the Eastern and Southern Cape, with around 29,000 students in seven faculties spread over seven campuses.

===Secondary education===
The city has a number of top government-funded and private schools, including Alexander Road High School,<ref name="TimesLive2009Top">{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article155340.ece|title=SA's Top Schools 17 Oct 2009|accessdate=11 September 2022|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816140142/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article155340.ece/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Collegiate Girls' High School, [[Grey High School]], Otto du Plessis High School,<ref name="TimesLive2009Top" /><ref>[http://www.africaalmanac.com/top20highschools.html "The 100 best high schools in Africa, 2003."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114052056/http://www.africaalmanac.com/top20highschools.html |date=14 January 2007 }} Africa Almanac. Retrieved 21 November 2009.</ref> Pearson High School,<ref name="TimesLive2009Top" />  [[Victoria Park High School]], Westering High School, Woodridge College, Linkside High School, Andrew Rabie High School, [[Lawson Brown High School]], and Morningside High School. [[Substance use disorder|Substance abuse]] appears to be a prevailing problem in some schools due to [[Substance abuse prevention|a lack of drug prevention training]] on [[Education sector responses to substance abuse|the part of the educational system]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2018/03/17/cocaine-scandal-rocks-top-school/|title=Cocaine scandal rocks top school|website=Herald Live|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043954/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2018/03/17/cocaine-scandal-rocks-top-school/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Top-school-in-drug-scandal-20040902|title=Top school in drug scandal|website=News24|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043952/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Top-school-in-drug-scandal-20040902|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/cocaine-teacher-found-guilty/|title='Cocaine teacher' found guilty|website=The New Age|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105452/http://www.thenewage.co.za/cocaine-teacher-found-guilty/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/PE-Express/drugs-among-biggest-problems-facing-pe-schools-20170116|title=Drugs among biggest problems facing PE schools|website=News24|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320044037/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/PE-Express/drugs-among-biggest-problems-facing-pe-schools-20170116|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accsa.co.za/single-post/2017/08/06/Substance-Abuse-Education-for-Teachers|title=Substance Abuse Education for Teachers|website=www.accsa.co.za|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320044308/https://www.accsa.co.za/single-post/2017/08/06/Substance-Abuse-Education-for-Teachers|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2021}}

=== Roads ===
Port Elizabeth lies on the [[N2 (South Africa)|N2 road]]. To the west the road travels the [[Garden Route]] to [[George, South Africa|George]] and [[Cape Town]]; to the east, the road runs through the Border Country through [[Makhanda, Eastern Cape|Grahamstown]], to [[East London, South Africa|East London]] then on to [[Durban]], terminating in [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]] in [[Mpumalanga]]. The [[R75 (South Africa)|R75]] connects the city to [[Despatch, Eastern Cape|Despatch]], [[Uitenhage]] and the [[Karoo]]. The major routes within the city are numbered as [[Metropolitan Routes in Port Elizabeth|metropolitan or M routes]].

The city's main bus station is in Market Square. The public bus service is run by the [[Algoa Bus Company]].  Between 1881 and 1948, there was a [[Trams in Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth tramway network]], powered initially by horses, and later by electricity.

The city is in the process of building a [[bus rapid transit]] system which was intended for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]. This has been a massive failure as local taxi associations have prevented the implementation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keim |first=M |date=2009-02-03 |title=2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup: an opportunity to raise awareness of challenges to social transformation and peace building in South Africa – a coordinated approach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v14i4.24813 |journal=African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance |volume=14 |issue=4 |doi=10.4314/ajpherd.v14i4.24813 |issn=1117-4315}}</ref> The city lacks a proper public transport system which has had a negative impact on the poorer residents of the city who are dependent on public transport.<ref>{{Citation |title=Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa |date=2014-11-20 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315771885-23 |work=Comprehensive Internationalization |pages=203–214 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315771885-23 |isbn=978-1-315-77188-5 |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref> Construction of the bus rapid transit network has been suspended due to mismanagement which led to the project missing its May 2010 deadline. Calls for the project, which has left many parts of the city in a permanent state of construction, have been made recently, and it is expected that the government will make a decision on the matter soon.{{When|date=October 2017}}

===Railway===
[[Port Elizabeth railway station]] is served by South Africa's rail network. Local commuter services are operated by [[Metrorail Eastern Cape|Metrorail]], while the [[Shosholoza Meyl]] long-distance passenger service links PE with [[Johannesburg]] via [[Bloemfontein]] where it is possible to connect with other long-distance routes.<ref name="spoornet">{{cite web|url=http://www.spoornet.co.za/ShosholozaMeyl/index.jsp|publisher=Spoornet|title=Shosholoza Meyl|access-date=27 August 2007|archive-date=23 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823222855/http://www.spoornet.co.za/ShosholozaMeyl/index.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Apple Express]]'' [[narrow-gauge]] tourist train to [[Avontuur]] operated from the separate station in [[Humewood Road railway station|Humewood Road]] near King's Beach. It departed regularly for [[Thornhill, Kouga|Thornhill Village]] via [[Van Stadens Bridge]], the highest narrow-gauge rail bridge in the world. The Apple Express was launched to provide a service to transport fresh produce and wood from the farms along the line to Avontuur. The line was completed in 1914 and the train delivered produce directly from the farms to ships in the Port Elizabeth Harbour. Due to modern transport methods such as containerisation, and refrigerated containers and trucks, the Apple Express and its services became redundant. Service has now ceased.

In preparation for the 2010 World Cup Soccer event the Humerail Station was extensively upgraded. Several disused narrow gauge goods wagons were scrapped and removed from the site, several buildings in the area have also been renovated and revamped.

===Air===
[[Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code]] '''PLZ''', [[ICAO airport code]] '''FAPE''') serves the city for both passenger and cargo traffic. It is the fourth busiest airport in South Africa after [[O.R. Tambo International Airport]], [[King Shaka International Airport]] in Durban, and [[Cape Town International Airport]].

International visitors to the city must currently fly to either [[Johannesburg]], [[Cape Town]] or [[Durban]], and then take a domestic flight to Port Elizabeth. An upgrade to the terminal building, completed in 2004, created the necessary facilities to handle international flights<ref name="acsa-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.airports.co.za/home.asp?pid=1183|publisher=Airports Company of South Africa|title=Introduction and History of Port Elizabeth Airport|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923154007/http://www.airports.co.za/home.asp?pid=1183|archive-date=23 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> although none are scheduled as yet.

===Sea===
{{Main|Algoa Bay}}
The city has a harbour in Algoa Bay, and the construction of an additional international harbour at [[Coega]] has supported an increase in the size of the city's industries and the addition of new industries.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Municipal==
===Water sources===
One of the water sources from which the city gets its water is via a series of canals, tunnels and rain basin transfer schemas that starts in the [[Free State (province)|Free State]] at [[Gariep Dam#Orange-Fish River Project|Gariep Dam – Transfer Scheme]] ([[Gariep Dam#External links|Additional Documentaries Resource]]), about 5{{nbsp}}hours away at 462&nbsp;km.
The water from [[Gariep Dam#Orange-Fish River Project|Gariep Dam]] is transferred via the [[Orange–Fish River Tunnel|Orange-Fish River Project (Tunnel)]] into the [[Fish-Sundays River Canal Scheme|Great Fish River Valley]], then again into the [[Sundays River|Sundays River Valley]] ([[Sundays River#Fish-Sundays River Canal Scheme|Canals and Tunnels Scheme]]) North-West of the city. Since 1992 the water from the [[Sundays River#Fish-Sundays River Canal Scheme|Sundays River Valley]] has been supplied to the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Map Illustration – Further details |url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm |website=Department of Water – Fish-Sundays |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817190145/http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm|title=Fish-Sundays|website=www.dwa.gov.za|accessdate=11 September 2022|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817190145/http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Gariep Dam#Orange-Fish River Project|Gariep Dam]] water is also used for electricity generation by [[Eskom]] [[Eskom#Renewable and nuclear power stations|hydro-electric power station]], remotely controlled from [[Gauteng]]. Therefore, it must be managed carefully by balancing the supply-and-demand of this water resource usage for its derivatives of electricity generation, irrigation, and municipal drinking water. Other nearby dams include [[Kouga Dam]], [[Kromme Dam]], [[Groendal Dam]], [[Impofu Dam]], and Lourie Dam.

==Health care==
The city has government-funded and private hospitals,<ref>[[List of hospitals in South Africa]]</ref> including:

{{div col|colwidth=30em}} 
*Aurora Rehabilitation Hospital
*Dora Nginza Hospital
*Elizabeth Donkin Hospital, ([[Psychiatric hospitals|State Mental Asylum]])
*Empilweni Hospital
*Hunterscraig Private Hospital ([[Psychiatric hospitals|Private Mental Asylum]])
*Jose Pearson TB Hospital
*Livingstone Hospital
*Mercantile Private Hospital
*Netcare Greenacres Hospital
*Nightingale Subacute Hospital
*Oasim Private Hospital
*Port Elizabeth Provincial Hospital
*St George's Hospital
*Westways Private Hospital
{{div col end}}

== Media ==

===Radio===
The city is served by a few [[radio]] stations,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradiomap.com/za/port-elizabeth|title=Radio Stations in Port Elizabeth|website=World Radio Map|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170034/http://worldradiomap.com/za/port-elizabeth|url-status=live}}</ref> namely [[Algoa FM]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algoafm.co.za/|title=AlgoaFM|website=AlgoaFM|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043652/https://www.algoafm.co.za/|url-status=live}}</ref> (regional radio broadcasting to the entire Eastern Cape, Garden Route, and globally via internet) and [[Umhlobo Wenene FM]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Newspapers===
''[[The Herald (South Africa)|The Herald]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/|title=Herald Live|website=Herald Live|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318111002/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/|url-status=live}}</ref> serves English readers in terms of [[newspapers]], on a daily basis. ''[[Die Burger]]'' serves the [[Afrikaans]]-speaking communities with a well established readership base.

===Television===
The [[SABC]] has a regional office in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/sabc/|title=SABC|website=South African Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721124815/http://www.sabc.co.za/sabc/|url-status=live}}</ref>  Bay TV is a free-to-air station established by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality that broadcasts 24-hours a day, seven-days a week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2019-04-26-r2m-revamp-for-local-station-bay-tv/|title=R2m revamp for Bay TV station|website=HeraldLIVE|language=en-ZA|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427130101/https://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2019-04-26-r2m-revamp-for-local-station-bay-tv/|url-status=live}}</ref> The station focusses on African story-telling and creating platforms for local content creators, and receives funding from local government and corporate donors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dstv.co.za/whats-on/news/articles/bay-tv-gets-upgraded-state-of-the-art-studio/|title=Bay TV gets upgraded, state-of-the-art studio|website=www.dstv.co.za|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725023501/https://www.dstv.co.za/whats-on/news/articles/bay-tv-gets-upgraded-state-of-the-art-studio/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
* {{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], Mozambique
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Gothenburg]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jacksonville]], United States
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ningbo]], China

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Port Elizabeth}}

== See also ==
* [[Anglican Diocese of Port Elizabeth]]
* [[Bloemendal]]
* [[Donkin Heritage Trail]]
* [[List of heritage sites in Port Elizabeth]]
* [[National Monument]]
* [[Red Location Museum]]
* [[Victorian era]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Port Elizabeth}}
{{wikivoyage|Port Elizabeth}}
{{EB1911 poster|Port Elizabeth}}
* {{official website|http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/}}
* [http://thecasualobserver.co.za/port-elizabeth-yore-defiance-campaign-1952/ Port Elizabeth of Yore: The Defiance Campaign of 1952]

{{Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality}}
{{Eastern Cape province}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Port Elizabeth]]
[[Category:Cities in South Africa]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Port cities in South Africa]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in South Africa]]
[[Category:Populated places in Nelson Mandela Bay]]
[[Category:1820 establishments in the Cape Colony]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1820]]
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