Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Grand River land dispute

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Dispute over Indigenous land rights in Canada}}
[[File:Thomas Ridout map of Grand River Indian Lands, 1821.jpg|thumb|Thomas Ridout survey of 1821]]
{{Indigenous Peoples of Canada}}
The '''Grand River land dispute''', also known as the '''Caledonia land dispute''', is an ongoing dispute between the [[Six Nations of the Grand River]] and the [[Government of Canada]]. It is focused on land along the length of the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] in [[Ontario]] known as the [[Haldimand Proclamation|Haldimand Tract]], a {{Convert|385000|ha|acre|abbr=|adj=on}} tract that was granted to Indigenous allies of the British Crown in 1784 to make up for territorial losses suffered as a result of the [[American Revolutionary War]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071331/http://reclamation.kisikew.org/images/haldimand_tract_map.jpg Map of the 1784 Haldimand Tract], ''reclamation.kisikew.org'' (moved to reclamation.kisikew.org – site owner)</ref> The Six Nations were granted the land in perpetuity and allege that lands were improperly sold, leased or given away by various Canadian governments, leaving only 5 per cent of the original lands under Six Nations control. The Six Nations also allege that monies owed to the Six Nations from leases and loans on much of the tract have not been paid or were redirected into government coffers.

The dispute has been the subject of many formal negotiations under the [[aboriginal land claims|land claims]] process since the 1970s and several instances of [[direct action]] in the form of protests, blockades, and occupations. Formal negotiations have broken down, and the dispute is before the courts. The Government of Canada's policy to extinguish aboriginal title as a condition of settlement is considered unacceptable by the Six Nations. The Six Nations are seeking monies owing and ongoing payments for leased lands and the return of lands improperly transferred.

The dispute came to wide attention in Canada in 2006 when the Six Nations formally reactivated litigation initially brought in 1995 against Canada and Ontario.<ref name=":1" /> Protesters from the Six Nations of the Grand River demonstrated on a parcel of land in [[Caledonia, Ontario|Caledonia]], a community within the municipality of [[Haldimand County, Ontario|Haldimand County]], roughly 20&nbsp;kilometres (12 miles) southwest of [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]. Soon after this demonstration, the demonstrators took control of the disputed land, the planned site of a subdivision known as "Douglas Creek Estates". The land, along with all of Caledonia, is part of the "Haldimand Tract". The Government of Ontario compensated the developer and stopped the development, holding the land for planned negotiations.

In February and March 2020, the dispute once again entered public consciousness with Mohawk protesters blockading [[Highway 6 (Ontario)|Highway 6]] as part of the [[2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests]] in solidarity with the [[Wetʼsuwetʼen]], and later with the occupation of the site of another planned subdivision in Caledonia, "McKenzie Meadows". The protestors have called the area "1492 [[Land Back]] Lane". Calling themselves "land defenders", the protestors have refused to leave despite being ordered to by an Ontario court.

==Background==

===18th century===

* May 22, 1784 –  [[Frederick Haldimand]] purchases land along the Grand River from the [[Mississaugas|Mississauga nation]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=HALDIMAND, Sir FREDERICK|encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]|year=2003|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/haldimand_frederick_5E.html|first1=Stuart R. J.|access-date=August 12, 2020|last1=Sutherland|volume=5|orig-year=1983 (revision)|first2=Pierre|first3=Madeleine|last2=Tousignant|last3=Dionne-Tousignant}}</ref>
* October 25, 1784 – In return for military support provided by member states of the Six Nations during the [[American Revolution]], the British Crown provides these nations with territory to replace lands ceded south of the Great Lakes via the [[Haldimand Proclamation]]. A contingent of Haudenosaunee people led by Brant decides to settle at the Grand River. The nations' new, shared territory extends {{convert|6|mi|km}} from either side of the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]], from its source to its termination at [[Lake Erie]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=November 1, 2006|title=Caledonia land claim Historical Timeline|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/caledonia-landclaim/historical-timeline.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407132221/https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/caledonia-landclaim/historical-timeline.html|archive-date=April 7, 2019|access-date=August 12, 2020|website=CBC News}}</ref>
* 1791 – [[Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet|Sir John Johnson]], who had been placed in charge of managing the resettlement of the Haudenosaunee, notices an error regarding the northern boundary of the Haldimand Tract. He found that the headwaters of the Grand River did not fall within the land purchased from the Mississaugas in 1784. The Crown's surveyor [[Augustus Jones]] redefines the boundary of the Six Nations' parcel, establishing straight-lined boundaries, including Jones Baseline, which provided the northern boundary of the newly defined parcel, around the later location of [[Guelph]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Augustus Jones Determined Present Day County Boundaries|date=27 September 2018|url=https://www.wellingtonadvertiser.com/augustus-jones-determined-present-day-county-boundaries/|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Filice|first=Michelle|date=June 3, 2016|title=Haldimand Proclamation|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haldimand-proclamation|access-date=August 12, 2020|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>
* December 1792 – The Crown purchases the remainder of the land included in the Haldimand Grant (i.e., up to the actual headwaters of the Grand River) from the Mississaugas, but does not transfer it to Six Nations.<ref name=":1" />
* January 14, 1793 – Lieutenant-Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]] confirms the grant with a limited deed, known as the Simcoe Patent, or the Crown Grant to the Six Nations, or the Haldimand Tract, no. 4.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada|publisher=The Royal Canadian Geographical Society in conjunction with National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, Assembly of First Nations, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Métis National Council, and Indspire|year=2018|isbn=978-0-9867516-6-0|pages=54}}</ref> The Simcoe Patent limits the Haldimand Tract to {{Convert|111000|ha|acre|abbr=}} for the exclusive use of the Six Nations, leaving the rest of the land available to be leased, surrendered, or sold by the Haudenosaunee to the Crown. It does not address the issue of the territory around the headwaters. Brant and the other Six Nations chiefs reject the patent and claim that they are not bound by it.<ref name=":1" />
* 1796 – The Six Nations grant chief [[Joseph Brant]] the [[power of attorney]] to sell off some of the land and invest the proceeds to provide annuity for tribal members, who are struggling to survive in the new settlements. The Crown initially opposes the sales but eventually concedes.<ref name=":0" />
* c. 1794–6 – Joseph Brant begins selling land to private interests, having reached a deal with [[Peter Russell (politician)|Peter Russell]] that allowed him to sell and lease the land so long as it is offered first to the Crown.<ref name=":1" /> Ultimately, he sells {{convert|381480|acre|km2}},{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} an area comprising the northern half of the reserve, for £85,332.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} The interest on the annuity promises an income of £5,119 per year, far more than any other Iroquois people had received up until that point.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}
* February 5, 1798 – The land sold by Brant to the Crown is parcelled off into six blocks and sold to private land speculators. These blocks later developed into towns as follows:<ref name=":1" />
** Block No. 1 – Township of Dumfries (later [[North Dumfries]] and [[South Dumfries Township, Ontario|South Dumfries Township]], incorporated in 1819)
** Block No. 2 – [[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] Township (incorporated in 1816)
** Block No. 3 – Pilkington Township in [[Wellington County, Ontario|Wellington County]], and [[Woolwich, Ontario|Woolwich]] Township (incorporated in 1816)
** Block No. 4 – Nichol Township in Wellington County (opened for settlement in 1822)
** Block No. 5 – Moulton Township in [[Haldimand County]]
** Block No. 6 – Canborough Township in Haldimand County

=== 19th century ===

* 1801{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} – All of the land speculators have fallen behind in their payments due to being unable to sell farm-size lots to settlers fast enough to keep up.
* 1828 – Nearly two thirds of the Grand River territory has been sold, leased, or occupied by squatters.<ref name=":1" />
* 1835 – The Crown approaches the Six Nations about developing the Port Dover-Hamilton [[Plank road|Plank Road]] (now [[Highway 6 (Ontario)|Highway 6]]) and the surrounding area. The Six Nations agree to lease half a mile of land on each side for the road but did not surrender the land. Lieutenant-Governor [[John Colborne]] agrees to the lease but later, his successor, Sir [[Francis Bond Head]], does not.<ref name=":0" />
* 1840 – The government recommends that a reserve of approximately {{Convert|8093|ha|acre|abbr=}} be established on the south side of the Grand River and the rest sold or leased to the Crown in order to protect them from encroaching squatters.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* January 18, 1841 – According to the Crown, the Six Nations council agrees to surrender for sale all the lands outside those set aside for a reserve, on the agreement that the government would sell the land and invest the money for them.<ref name=":0" />
* February 4, 1841 – The Six Nations petition against the surrender of land, saying the chiefs had been intimidated and deceived and they had agreed only to lease the land.<ref name=":0" />
* July 7, 1841 – There is another petition against the surrender.
* 1843 – A further petition to the Crown says the Six Nations need a reserve of {{Convert|22000|ha|acre|abbr=}} and want to keep and lease a tier of lots on each side of Plank Road (Highway 6) and several other tracts of land within the territory laid out by the Haldimand Proclamation.<ref name=":0" />
*1843 – Plank Road is completed, which helps to "spur the growth of [[Caledonia, Ontario|Caledonia]] but also the sale of Six Nations lands."<ref name=":23">{{Cite news|last=Barrera|first=Jorge|date=November 25, 2020|title=Beyond the barricades|work=CBC News|url=https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/1492-land-back-lane-caledonia-six-nations-protest|access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>
* December 18, 1844 – A surrender is signed by 47 Six Nations chiefs that authorizes the sale of land to build Plank Road.<ref name=":0" />
* 1845 – Starting this year, despite the protests of Six Nations citizens, the Crown sells Plank Road and surrounding lands to third parties.<ref name=":0" />
* May 15, 1848 – The land that would later be the site of the development of Douglas Creek Estates is sold to George Marlot Ryckman for 57&nbsp;pounds and 10 shillings; a Crown deed of title is issued to him.<ref name=":0" />
* 1850 – The Crown passes a proclamation setting the extent of reserve lands to about {{Convert|19000|ha|acre|abbr=}}, which is agreed to by the Six Nations chiefs.<ref name=":0" />

=== 20th century ===

* 1924 – Under the ''[[Indian Act (Canada)|Indian Act]]'', the [[Government of Canada]] establishes an elected [[band government]] on the Six Nations reserve, known today as the [[Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council]].<ref name=":0" /> The establishment of a band council is characterised by some as a [[Coup d'état|coup]], not least of all due to the use of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] to ensure the transition of power at Six Nations.<ref name=":23" />
* 1931 – The [[Statute of Westminster, 1931|Statute of Westminster]] is put into effect; the [[parliament of the United Kingdom]] relinquishes the ability to legislate on behalf of Canada. All Canadian First Nations affairs are now fully within the jurisdiction of the [[Monarchy in Canada|Canadian Crown]].
* 1974 – The Six Nations Land Claims Research Office (SNLCRO) is created by Six Nations to pursue the terms laid out in the Haldimand Proclamation.
* 1974–1995 – SNLCRO submits 29 separate land claims to the Specific Claims Branch of [[Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada]].<ref name=":1" />
* 1995 – After only one of the 29 submitted land claims is resolved, the Government of Canada closes the rest (including those already validated for negotiation), because they receive notice of pending litigation from Six Nations.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=October 8, 2020|title=Ottawa's offer to negotiate Six Nations land issues prompted backlash from McKenzie Meadows developer|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/featured/ottawas-offer-to-negotiate-six-nations-land-issues-prompted-backlash-from-mckenzie-meadows-developer/|access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref>

== Canadian National Railway Settlement ==
In 1980, the Six Nations Council, along with SNLCRO, submitted a claim to Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada against [[Canadian National Railway]]'s unauthorized use of reserve land for a stretch of rail that runs along the eastern end of the reserve (near the site of the later Douglas Creek Estates dispute). The First Nation eventually accepted a settlement in 1987 that consisted of $610,000 in the form of three parcels of land added to the reserve, which added approximately {{Convert|104883|ha|acre|abbr=}}. The council also retained the right to purchase said railway lands if they were not used for railway purposes and were re-acquired by Canada.<ref name=":1" />

== Douglas Creek Estates (Kanonhstaton) ==
{{Infobox civil conflict|place=Canada|title=Douglas Creek Estates occupation|partof=[[indigenous specific land claims in Canada]]|image=Occupied House.jpg|date=February 28 – August 27, 2006|caption=An occupied house on the Douglas Creek Estates|causes=Development of Douglas Creek Estates subdivision near [[Caledonia, Ontario]] and [[Six Nations of the Grand River]]|result=Blockades removed, development halted and land bought by Ontario, protesters allowed to stay, class action lawsuits filed by Caledonia citizens against OPP and provincial government|side1='''Indigenous protesters and allies'''
{{bulleted list|[[Six Nations of the Grand River]]|[[Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte]]|[[Iroquois|Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council]]}}|side2='''Canadian government and police'''
{{bulleted list|[[Haldimand County]]|[[Ontario Provincial Police]]|[[Government of Ontario]]}}|leadfigures1={{plainlist|
*David General
*Allen McNaughton (Tekarihoken)
}}|side3={{nowrap|'''Counter-protestors'''}}{{bulleted list|Local activists and vigilantes}}|leadfigures2={{plainlist|
*[[Marie Trainer]]
*[[Dalton McGuinty]]
*[[David Peterson]]
}}|leadfigures3={{plainlist|
*Gary McHale
}}|injuries=Several, notably Sam Gualtieri|arrests=Several}}
In 1992, Henco Industries Ltd. purchased {{Convert|40|ha|acre|abbr=}} of land for what it would later call the Douglas Creek Estates.<ref name=":0" /> The proposed subdivision was set to be located southeast of Caledonia, between Argyle Street South, 6th Line, the [[Canadian National Railway|CN]] rail line, and the houses along Thistlemoor Drive.<ref name="Morden 2015">{{Cite thesis|last=Morden|first=Michael|title="With a Vow to Defend": Indigenous Direct Mobilization in Canada|date=2015|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Toronto|s2cid=157268121}}</ref>{{Sup|:192}} That land was part of an existing land claim submitted by the [[Six Nations Elected Council]]; the claim had been closed by 1995. In March of that year, the Six Nations sued the federal and provincial governments in the [[Ontario Superior Court of Justice]] over the developers' purchase of the land.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2006|title=BACKGROUNDER ON THE CLAIMS OF THE SIX NATIONS OF THE GRAND RIVER BAND OF INDIANS|url=http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/nr/prs/j-a2006/snjsbk_e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214080258/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/nr/prs/j-a2006/snjsbk_e.html|archive-date=February 14, 2007|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada}}</ref> The lawsuit is an accounting claim for "all assets which were not received but ought to have been received, managed or held by the Crown for the benefit of the Six Nations."<ref name=":0" /> The case was openly litigated until 2004, when it was paused for "exploratory" negotiated settlement talks with the federal government. These talks were never pursued, due to the Douglas Creek Estates conflict in 2006.<ref name=":19" />

Regarding their right to purchase the land, Henco argued that the Six Nations had surrendered their rights to the land in 1841 and Henco had purchased it from the [[Government of Canada]]. The Six Nations, however, maintained that their title to the land was never relinquished, as their chiefs protested the 1841 surrender and sent a petition to the government arguing against the terms.

In July 2005, the subdivision plan for Douglas Creek Estates was registered, with title to the property guaranteed by the province of Ontario.<ref name=":0" />

Starting in February 2006, community members from Six Nations occupied the site of the proposed development, which they named in [[Mohawk language|Mohawk]] "Kanonhstaton" ({{IPA-all|ganũ'sdaːdũ}}, {{Lang-en|"the protected place"}}).<ref>{{Cite archive|collection=Six Nations Public Library – Digital Collections|institution=Six Nations Public Library|item="Kanonhstaton "The Protected Place": 10 Years After"|item-url=http://vitacollections.ca/sixnationsarchive/3220958/data?n=1|first=Jim|last=Windle|item-id=SNPL004409v00d}}</ref> Direct action on the part of protesters over the years included blockade of roads and rail lines, damage to a power station resulting in an area blackout and more than $1 million in repairs, and low levels of violence from both sides, as well as isolated, more serious attacks. The federal government halted negotiations at times because of the protesters' actions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

As protests continued, on June 12, 2006, more than 400 area residents and businesses filed a class-action suit against the Government of Ontario for its "failure to protect them adequately". This was settled in July 2011, with the government paying {{CAD|20 million}} to class members.<ref name="settle">{{Cite news|date=July 8, 2011|title=Class Action Settlement For Caledonia Community|website=Government of Ontario|publisher=Ministry of the Attorney General|url=https://news.ontario.ca/mag/en/2011/07/class-action-settlement-for-caledonia-community.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221130542/https://news.ontario.ca/mag/en/2011/07/class-action-settlement-for-caledonia-community.html|archive-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> By the end of 2011, several criminal cases related to assaults had been prosecuted.<ref name="smokeassault">{{Cite news|last=Humphreys|first=Adrian|date=December 3, 2011|title=As the Caledonian occupation comes to a close in court, its issues linger|work=National Post|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as-the-caledonian-occupation-comes-to-a-close-in-court-its-issues-linger|access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>

During the continuing dispute, on June 16, 2006, the [[Government of Ontario]] announced it had bought the disputed tract from the developer and would hold it in trust until negotiations settled the claim. Talks began, including the Confederacy chiefs, but were put on hold in 2009 when litigation of the 1995 lawsuit was resumed. The trial is anticipated to start sometime in early 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Jody |date=2022-10-15 |title=Haldimand Tract Litigation Update – Six Nations of the Grand River |url=https://www.sixnations.ca/article/2022/10/haldimand-tract-litigation-update |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=www.sixnations.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Dispute timeline (2005–2006) ===
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2020}}

=== 2005 ===

==== October ====

* October 25 – Day-long shutdown of Douglas Creek Estates construction by Six Nations’ Land Claims Awareness Group, led by Dawn Smith and Janie Jamieson.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeVries |first=Laura |title=Conflict in Caledonia: Aboriginal land rights and the rule of law |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780774821841 |pages=176}}</ref>

* October 26 - Six Nations Elected Council Chief David General writes to Henco, expressing concerns about the development proceeding on disputed lands.<ref name=":9">{{cite web|date=September 5, 2012|title=Chronology of Events at Caledonia|url=http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100016337/1100100016338|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109223843/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100016337/1100100016338|archive-date=November 9, 2019|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

=== 2006 ===
[[File:Occupation of Douglas Creek Estates.jpg|thumb|right|Occupation of Douglas Creek Estates]]

==== February ====
* February 28 –  A group of community members from Six Nations erect tents, a [[tipi]] and a wooden building on the proposed development site.<ref name=":10" />

==== March ====
* March 3 – Henco Industries, the developer of the land, obtains an [[injunction]] from Justice Matheson, ordering the protesters off the land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blatchford |first=Christie |url=http://archive.org/details/helplesscaledoni0000blat |title=Helpless : Caledonia's nightmare of fear and anarchy, and how the law failed all of us |date=2010 |publisher=[Toronto] : Doubleday Canada |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-385-67039-5 |pages=38}}</ref>
* March 5 - The Sheriff tries to deliver Justice Matheson's order to the protesters late Saturday evening. They do not accept the injunction. One of the protesters, Dawn Smith, burns the order stating "I am an ally to you, not a subject."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Devin |date=2017 |title=Policing Indigenous Land Reclamations from Ipperwash to Caledonia |url=https://canlii.ca/t/t9kf |journal=Annual Review of Interdisciplinary Justice Research |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=75 |via=CanLII}}</ref>
* March 9 – At Henco's request, motions judge Justice Marshall makes the March 3 court injunction permanent. He also adjourns Henco's contempt motion against the First Nations protesters to March 16.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last=Newell |first=Ryan |date=2012 |title=Only One Law: Indigenous Land Disputes and the Contested Nature of the Rule of Law |url=https://ilj.law.utoronto.ca/sites/ilj.law.utoronto.ca/files/media/ILJ%20vol%2011%20to%20post%20b.47-78.pdf |journal=Indigenous Law Journal |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=51}}</ref>
* March 17 – Justice Marshall makes a finding of civil contempt and orders the Sheriff to go to Douglas Creek Estates, read aloud the new contempt order, giving protesters until March 22 to leave the site.<ref name=":10" />
* March 22 – Protesters continue to occupy the site beyond court-ordered deadline.<ref name=":10" />
* March 28 – Justice Marshall issues new order of criminal contempt and warrant of arrest for protesters blockading Douglas Creek Estates.<ref name=":26" />

==== April ====
* April 4 – Several hundred people, including some who had bought homes in Douglas Creek Estates, gather in Caledonia to demand an end to the occupation.<ref name=":10" />
* April 19 – Ontario Premier [[Dalton McGuinty]] says the land dispute will be settled in a "peaceful manner".<ref name=":10" />
* April 20 –  The [[Ontario Provincial Police]] (OPP) conduct a pre-dawn raid at 4:30 AM.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> 21 protesters are arrested over the course of the day, with 16 during the initial raid.<ref name=":26" /> 
* April 20 – Several hundred people from Six Nations, some of whom are masked and armed with bats, axes and hockey sticks, return to the site in the morning, and a further busload of supporters from other reserves arrive in the evening.<ref name=":10" /> The police retreat and the protesters reclaim the site and set up roadblocks along the access street. During the evening, the protesters put hundreds of tires across the highway, and light them on fire. In addition, they set fire to a wooden bridge over the nearby railway tracks. Firefighters are unable to extinguish both fires because the fire chief is concerned the OPP are not able to adequately protect his men. Several boxes of documents from the land developer's office inside a model home are taken, and some are tossed into a bonfire.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Humphreys|first=Adrian|date=November 17, 2009|title=Homeowner slept gripping a shotgun|work=National Post|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/national-post-latest-edition/20091117/281513632236991|access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 5, 2006|title=Stolen papers offered to Caledonia developer – for a price|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/stolen-papers-offered-to-caledonia-developer-8211-for-a-price-1.606894|access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>
* April 20 – In solidarity with the protesters at Kanonhstaton, a group of Mohawks raise a banner and Mohawk flags on a bridge near [[Montreal]], blocking traffic for about a half hour.<ref name=":10" />
* April 21 – Several members of the [[Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation]] light bonfires by the CN rail line near [[Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory]]. CN freight trains are blocked, and [[Via Rail]] announces that its trains will be replaced by shuttle buses. In the afternoon, CN announces that it has obtained an injunction to clear blockage from its rail lines.<ref name=":10" />
* April 21 – Talks begin between the government of Canada, the government of Ontario, the Six Nations Elected Council, and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council, seeking to resolve the dispute. This is the first time since the establishment of the elected council in 1924 that the federal government has negotiated with the Confederacy Chiefs.<ref name=":9" />
* April 22 – The parties sign an agreement to continue talking, with a view of settling the land claim. They agree to each appoint a representative within two weeks.<ref name=":10" />

[[File:Highway 6 bridge blockade.jpg|thumb|right|Blockade of Highway 6 over the Grand River by Six Nations protestors]]

* April 24 – About 3000 Caledonia residents hold a [[Demonstration (people)|rally]] demanding an end to the occupation. Later in the evening, several hundred residents confront OPP and Six Nations occupiers at the blockade.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
* April 25 – Haldimand County Mayor [[Marie Trainer]] says in an interview with [[CBC News]]world that the residents of the town are being hurt economically by the protest and "don't have money coming in automatically every month".<ref name=":10" /> The protesters take this as an insult, believing she implied they all received provincial [[Welfare (financial aid)|welfare]]. Trainer denies this, but does not clarify what she did intend by the comment. The municipal council quickly distances itself from her comments, voting to replace her with deputy mayor Bob Patterson as their spokesperson on the issue.<ref name=":10" />
* April 28 – Caledonia residents once again gather to demand an end to the blockade.<ref name=":10" />

{{Wikinews category|Caledonia land dispute}}
* April 30 – The provincial government appoints former premier [[David Peterson]] to help negotiate a settlement in the conflict.<ref name=":9" />

==== May ====

[[File:Highway 6 and 7th line blockade.jpg|thumb|right|Blockade of Highway 6 and 7th Line by Six Nations protestors]]

* May 16 – Protesters open one lane of Argyle St. after an accident closed McKenzie Rd., the main detour route into Caledonia from points south of Town. After the accident is cleared, protesters close Argyle St. again, though they agree to let emergency vehicles through.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 16, 2006|title=Caledonia blockaders open one lane for traffic|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/05/16/caledonia-blockade.html|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702180952/https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/05/16/caledonia-blockade.html|archive-date=July 2, 2007}}</ref><ref name=":9" />
* May 19 – In a letter to the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council of Chiefs, the Government of Ontario announces that there will be an indefinite moratorium on construction on the Douglas Creek Estates site.<ref name=":10" />
* May 19 – Several Caledonia residents establish a counter-blockade on Argyle St., to prevent the protesters from accessing the site.<ref name=":10" />
* May 22 – Early in the morning, native protesters removed their blockade on Argyle St. Traffic remained blocked by the Caledonia residents' counter-blockade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Six Nations Solidarity|url=http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516032852/http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/|archive-date=May 16, 2020|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=Six Nations Solidarity}}</ref><ref name=":10" />
* May 22 – Around 2:00 PM, protesters re-establish a barricade across Argyle St., using an electrical transmission tower and two backhoes, which dig a trench across the road. The two sides face each other separated by dozens of OPP officers. Scuffles including fistfights and verbal assaults continued to break out throughout the day, resulting in injuries to natives, residents and police.<ref name=":10" />
* May 22 – A truck crashes through the gates of a hydro substation, setting it on fire and damaging two transformers. This causes a blackout throughout Haldimand and parts of Norfolk counties, as well as over $1 million in damages.<ref name="Policieslimiting">{{cite news|last=Humphreys|first=Adrian|date=November 14, 2009|title=Caledonia lawsuit|work=National Post|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=2221723|url-status=dead|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114000000/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=2221723|archive-date=November 14, 2009}} [https://www.pressreader.com/canada/national-post-latest-edition/20091114/281719790665274 Alt URL]</ref><ref name=":11">"Caledonia has hydro, backup repairs in works; State of emergency could be lifted Monday," ''Hamilton Spectator,'' 27 May 2006</ref>
* May 22 – Six Nations Confederacy Chief Allen McNaughton (Tekarihoken) says, "As the world has seen, our protest has been firm but peaceful. Our people are responding without weapons, using only their bodies to assert that we are a sovereign people with a long history and that we cannot be intimidated."<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/updates/060522am940montreal-a.html|title=Aboriginal protesters remove blockade in Caledonia, Ont. but tensions linger|date=May 22, 2006|type=Radio broadcast|publisher=AM940 Montreal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310020150/http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/updates/060522am940montreal-a.html|archive-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref>
* May 22 – A [[state of emergency]] is declared late in the evening due to the escalation of violence and the power-outage.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 24, 2006|title=Natives lift blockade of Caledonia roadway|work=CTV|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060523/blockade_dispute_060523/20060523?hub=TopStories|url-status=dead|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814095739/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060523/blockade_dispute_060523/20060523?hub=TopStories|archive-date=August 14, 2006}}</ref>
* May 22 – In [[Saskatchewan]], [[Cree]] protesters blockade the [[Yellowhead Highway]] near [[North Battleford]] in solidarity with the [[Iroquois|Six Nations]] protesters in Caledonia. Following negotiations with the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]], the roadblock is removed after about two hours.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 23, 2006|title=Tensions flare as Caledonia standoff continues|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/05/22/caledonia-blockade.html|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110014610/https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/05/22/caledonia-blockade.html|archive-date=November 10, 2006}}</ref>
* May 23 – At 1:30 PM, protesters offer to remove the barricade across Argyle St. as long as the counter-barricade is removed as well. By 3:20&nbsp;PM the road is fully open to traffic.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zronik|first=John Paul|date=May 24, 2006|title=Barricade comes down day after Caledonia violence|work=Brantford Expositor|url=http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/updates/060524expositor-a.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310003532/http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/updates/060524expositor-a.html|archive-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref>
* May 24 – Power is restored to Caledonia during the morning hours.<ref name=":10">{{cite news|date=May 24, 2006|title=Caledonia land claim: Timeline|work=CBC News|publisher=CBC|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/caledonia-landclaim/|url-status=live|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815041638/https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/caledonia-landclaim/|archive-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>
* May 27 – Power is restored to all areas affected by the blackout.<ref name=":11" />

==== June ====
* June 5 – Six Nations protesters and Caledonia residents clash on the town's main street after a police cruiser drives through an area protesters consider "restricted" the night before.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 5, 2006|title=Tempers flare again at Caledonia standoff|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tempers-flare-again-at-caledonia-standoff-1.629803|access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>
* June 9 – Two elderly Simcoe residents driving by the occupation sight get into a verbal altercation with protesters. The couple are followed and surrounded in their car in a parking lot away from the occupation site. Protesters jump onto the vehicle attempting to get inside.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book |last=Blatchford |first=Christie |url=http://archive.org/details/helplesscaledoni0000blat |title=Helpless : Caledonia's nightmare of fear and anarchy, and how the law failed all of us |date=2010 |publisher=[Toronto] : Doubleday Canada |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-385-67039-5 |pages=4–6}}</ref> According to residents, the police do not intervene.<ref name="Policieslimiting" /> Another account from the residents recalls an OPP officer restraining a protester after attempting to grab the couples' steering wheel through the window.<ref name=":27" /> Following the altercation in the parking lot, more than 300 Caledonia residents gather at the Canadian Tire lot. Moving to a place near the construction site, some clash with OPP officers in full [[Riot-gear|riot gear]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Healey|first1=Deirdre|last2=Thompson|first2=Laura|date=June 10, 2006|title=Angry residents clash with OPP|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=http://www.hamiltonspectator.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=hamilton%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1&c=Article&cid=1149889812268&call_pageid=1024322466723|url-status=dead|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194052/http://www.hamiltonspectator.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=hamilton%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1&c=Article&cid=1149889812268&call_pageid=1024322466723|archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>
* June 9 – Two [[CHCH-TV|CH News]] camera operators are surrounded by Six Nations protesters and assaulted when they refuse to hand over video tape containing footage of the protesters swarming the elderly couple's car <ref name=":27" /> One reporter is later hospitalized with a head injury.<ref name=":10" /> Caledonia residents and the cameramen say the OPP did not assist the men. However, the ''Hamilton Spectator'' reports that Lynda Powless, publisher of the ''[[Turtle Island News]]'' and reporter with the ''Hamilton Spectator,'' has produced photos which show OPP officers intervening.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Morse|first=Paul|date=June 12, 2006|title=Natives photographed OPP moving in to help cameramen|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=http://www.hamiltonspectator.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=hamilton%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1&c=Article&cid=1150064108023&call_pageid=1020420665036&col=1014656511815|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194150/http://www.hamiltonspectator.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=hamilton%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1&c=Article&cid=1150064108023&call_pageid=1020420665036&col=1014656511815|archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>
* June 9 – A [[U.S. Border Patrol]] vehicle, with agents reportedly observing the OPP's management of the crisis, is swarmed by Six Nations protesters. Two occupants are immediately forced out of the vehicle and a protester climbs in. A third OPP officer is injured as he tries to escape out the back door. The car is driven directly at him and he is narrowly pulled to safety by onlookers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 11, 2006|title=U.S. agents swarmed in Caledonia dispute: police|work=CTV News|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060610/caledonia_conflict_060611/20060611?hub=Canada|access-date=August 19, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615055553/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060610/caledonia_conflict_060611/20060611?hub=Canada|archive-date=June 15, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Policieslimiting" /> Protesters seized sensitive OPP documents from the vehicle, which included information collected by officers surveilling protesters, including personal information of OPP, U.S. Border Patrol, and protesters, as well as documents on an unrelated human smuggling investigation. Documents were given to Powless who stated to the Hamilton Spectator that she photocopied and returned them to protesters. The vehicle and original documents are later returned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morse |first=Paul |date=June 13, 2006 |title=Top secrets in native hands: Undercover officers' names, classified CSIS information was in stolen SUV |work=The Hamilton Spectator |url=http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/updates/060613spectator-b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721224839/http://sisis.nativeweb.org/actionalert/updates/060613spectator-b.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-07-21 }}</ref>
* June 9 – Arrest warrants are issued on charges related to this incident for Albert Douglas, 30; Skyler Williams, 22; Arnold Douglas, 61; and Ken Hill, 47, all of [[Ohsweken, Ontario|Ohsweken]]; Audra Ann Taillefer, 45, of Victoria, B.C., and Trevor Miller, 30. They face a total of 14 charges including attempted murder, assaulting a police officer, forcible confinement, theft of a motor vehicle, dangerous driving, assault and intimidation.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

[[File:CaliRally6 150dpi.jpg|thumb|Counter-protesters, onlookers, media gather at the OPP line after the October 15 "March for Freedom"]]

* June 12 – A [[class-action lawsuit]] is filed by 440 residents, 400 businesses and a handful of sub-contractors, alleging negligence and [[malfeasance]] for the failure of the provincial government and the OPP to properly protect citizens who lived near Douglas Creek Estates.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}
* June 12 – Ontario Premier [[Dalton McGuinty]] calls off negotiations with protesters at the Douglas Creek Estates site, saying that public safety has been compromised by the violence on June 9. He says the province will return to the table only when the barricades come down and native leaders assist police in finding seven suspects in connection with earlier incidents.<ref name=":10" />
* June 15 – Negotiations with the provincial government resume after one of the blockades is removed.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2006|title=Ontario buys site of disputed Caledonia claim|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/06/16/caledonia-bought.html|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702181015/https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/06/16/caledonia-bought.html|archive-date=July 2, 2007}}</ref>
* June 16 – The Ontario provincial government announces that it has bought the disputed site from Henco Industries, the company which had sought to develop the land. It simultaneously announces $1 million in additional compensation for businesses in the Caledonia area adversely affected by the protest.<ref name=":12" /> The provincial government is holding the land in trust until an agreement can be reached.<ref name="buyland" />
* June 16 – Audra Ann Taillefer, 45, of Victoria, B.C., is taken into custody on charges of robbery and intimidation, stemming from the June 9 incident involving a Simcoe couple.<ref name="buyland">{{Cite news|date=June 18, 2006|title=Ontario buys land at centre of Caledonia dispute|work=CTV|url=https://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060616/court_caledonia_060616/20060616?hub=Canada|access-date=August 19, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620203736/https://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060616/court_caledonia_060616/20060616?hub=Canada|archive-date=June 20, 2006}}</ref>

==== August ====
[[File:CaliRally7 150dpi.jpg|thumb|A Caledonian protester is arrested by OPP officers after attempting to breach the police line near the site of the disputed land on October 15]]

* August 7 – Native protesters and non-natives begin throwing rocks and golf balls while shouting insults at each other. Approximately 100 people take part in the violent event, which lasts nearly 3 hours. OPP spokesman Constable Dennis Harwood says to ''[[The National Post]]'', "There was some property damage, but no injuries were sustained."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wattie|first=Chris|date=August 8, 2006|title=Caledonia protesters, residents hurl rocks in latest confrontation|work=National Post|agency=CanWest|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=31800ac1-d4b2-4646-aac6-3316e7958834&k=1997|url-status=live|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120735/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=31800ac1-d4b2-4646-aac6-3316e7958834&k=1997|archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref>
* August 8 – At a hearing in a Cayuga courtroom, Superior Court Justice David Marshall orders the Ontario provincial government to break off negotiations with the Six Nations community until the protesters have left the disputed land.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 8, 2006|title=Judge tells Ontario to end Caledonia dispute talks|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/08/08/caledonia-decision.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126024805/https://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/08/08/caledonia-decision.html|archive-date=January 26, 2007}}</ref>
* August 11 – The Government of Ontario announces that it is appealing Superior Court Justice David Marshall's ruling to break off negotiations. The Government says it is seeking a stay of Justice Marshall's order, so that negotiations may resume while the appeal is being prepared. A court date of August 22, 2006 is set in the [[Court of Appeal for Ontario]], where a 3-member panel will determine whether or not to grant a stay.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 11, 2006|title=Court date set for Ontario to fight Caledonia ruling|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/court-date-set-for-ontario-to-fight-caledonia-ruling-1.617149|access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>
* August 27 – The judges of the three-member panel of Ontario Court of Appeal dealing with the Provincial government's appeal rule that the protesters can stay on the disputed site, writing the following:
{{Blockquote|text=The province owns Douglas Creek Estates. It does not claim that the protesters are on its property unlawfully. It does not seek a court order removing them. It is content to let them remain. We see no reason why it should not be permitted to do so. [...] Despite what Justice Marshall said in his reasons of August 8, 2006, he did not include in his final order a direction that the parties cease negotiations. [...] Thus in our view the parties should be free to continue to negotiate if they choose to do so without fear of being in breach or contempt of a court order. To be clear, the order of Justice Marshall does not preclude continued negotiations.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 27, 2006|title=Protesters can stay in Caledonia: appeal court|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/protesters-can-stay-in-caledonia-appeal-court-1.619462|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819210721/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/protesters-can-stay-in-caledonia-appeal-court-1.619462|archive-date=August 19, 2020|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=CBC}}</ref>}}

==== October ====
[[File:CaliRally8 150dpi.jpg|thumb|upright|The entrance to the disputed land during the October 15 "Potluck for Peace" held by the people on the site and their supporters.]]

* October 15 – A rally organized by resident Gary McHale attracts an estimated 400 participants. Dubbed the "March for Freedom", the rally is blocked from the main entrance to the Douglas Creek Estates by the OPP. Instead, the rally goes to the grounds of the school that borders the site. McHale encourages the rally members to control their tempers. Meanwhile, some Six Nations people and their Native and non-Native supporters gather together for a "Potluck for Peace" on the contested site.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 14, 2006|title=Tense rally in Caledonia ends peacefully|work=CTV|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061014/caledonia_protest_prep_061015/20061015|access-date=August 19, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103033341/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061014/caledonia_protest_prep_061015/20061015|archive-date=November 3, 2006}}</ref>

==== December ====

* December 16 – OPP arrest Gary McHale for breach of the peace for organizing a rally in Caledonia.<ref>{{cite news|date=December 16, 2006|title=Controversial Figure Arrested At Caledonia Occupation Site|work=City News|url=http://www.citynews.ca/2006/12/16/controversial-figure-arrested-at-caledonia-occupation-site/|url-status=live|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819205746/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2006/12/16/controversial-figure-arrested-at-caledonia-occupation-site/|archive-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>

=== Further developments ===
{{Multiple issues|{{expand section|date=August 2020}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2020}}|section=yes}}On January 27, 2007, a report from the Department of Justice to the Six Nations Confederacy stated that their land claims would not hold up in court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/feds-say-six-nations-land-claim-is-invalid-1.226557|title=Feds say Six Nations land claim is invalid|date=January 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819192023/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/feds-say-six-nations-land-claim-is-invalid-1.226557|archive-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>

On April 12, 2007, Haldimand County Mayor Marie Trainer said she received an e-mail from OPP commissioner Julian Fantino implying that the town was encouraging "divisive rallies" at the occupation site. He added that if any officers are harmed, he would not support a renewal of the town's policing contract in 2008 and would back any lawsuit brought against the town by individual officers. An OPP spokesperson told ''[[The Hamilton Spectator]]'' that the OPP would neither confirm nor deny the authenticity of the e-mail because it was meant to be private correspondence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 12, 2007|title=OPP threatening to stop policing Caledonia: mayor|work=CTV News|agency=Canadian Press|url=https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/opp-threatening-to-stop-policing-caledonia-mayor-1.237073|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>

On February 22, 2010, Marie Trainer said that the province was leaning towards giving the Douglas Creek Estates to the Six Nations Band Council, but that she expected it to be some time before a formal decision would be reached.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 22, 2010|title=Province eyes giving DCE to Six Nations, mayor says|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2010/02/22/province-eyes-giving-dce-to-six-nations-mayor-says.html|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>

In June 2014, the Haldimand County council ordered the removal of a native-made blockade in Caledonia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marion|first=Michael-Allan|date=June 25, 2014|title=County votes to remove barriers at native blockade site in Caledonia|newspaper=Toronto Sun|agency=QMI Agency|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/06/25/county-votes-to-remove-barriers-at-native-blockade-site-in-caledonia|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>

In November 2014, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council completed construction of a fence and gate surrounding the Douglas Creek Estates site in order to prevent trespassing on the disputed land.<ref name=":1" />

The only house at Douglas Creek Estates that had survived the violent confrontations in 2006 nearly burned to the ground overnight on the morning of November 15, 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Adam |title=Sole house to survive Caledonia land dispute in Douglas Creek Estates burns |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/caledonia-fire-1.3851522 |access-date=7 April 2019 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=November 25, 2016 |location=Hamilton, Ontario}}</ref>

===Allegations of police inaction===
Throughout the occupation and protests, many Caledonia residents complained that they had been subject to threats and violence from Native protesters and that the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) failed to take any action to protect them. David Brown, who lived with his wife near the disputed area at the time, testified in court in November 2009 that he was required to carry a native-issued passport and needed approval from the protesters to enter his own house. He also claimed that after arriving "after curfew" one day, he was denied entry and jailed by the OPP when he caused trouble by ignoring the natives. Brown alleged that Native protesters threatened and harassed him repeatedly, and that rocks and mud were thrown at his family and their home. Brown and his wife sought $7 million in a civil lawsuit against the OPP on the basis that the police did nothing to protect him and his family during the occupation.<ref name=":13" />

In response to Brown's claims, Crown lawyer David Felicient stated that the situation "must be understood against the backdrop of the unique character of Aboriginal occupations and protests" and that the OPP were prevented from taking action due to "policy implications."<ref name=":13" /> Felicient also suggested that Brown had fabricated portions of his testimony to draw attention to his lawsuit. When Felicient asked why Brown kept a loaded shotgun, Brown responded that "We were doing what we had to do to stay alive. I had no protection from our government. I felt that I needed to protect my wife and my family."{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In court testimony, OPP Inspector Brian Haggith stated that the Native protesters "set up a checkpoint... Almost like they were entering another country," and that community lost confidence in the OPP's ability to protect them. Haggith also testified that when natives set fire to a wooden bridge in town, the fire department withdrew from fighting the blaze when threatened by protesters. The fire chief told the OPP he did not believe they would protect him or his men. In addition, an electrical substation was destroyed, causing more than $1 million in damage and a blackout, when a truck crashed through its gates and was left ablaze. Haggith said that there was little response from the police. Inspector Haggith also testified that he had asked for a change in policy at a subsequent meeting he had with his OPP superiors, but that his request was denied.<ref name="Policieslimiting"/>

On June 15, 2009, some Caledonia residents announced the formation of an unarmed "militia" to enforce laws they felt the Ontario Provincial Police had failed to uphold.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Barrera|first=Jorge|date=June 15, 2009|title=Ontario residents eye 'militia' as aboriginal dispute drags on|agency=CanWest News Service|url=http://www.canada.com/Ontario+residents+militia+aboriginal+dispute+drags/1698935/story.html|access-date=August 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625143656/http://www.canada.com/Ontario+residents+militia+aboriginal+dispute+drags/1698935/story.html|archive-date=June 25, 2009}}</ref> Six Nations Councillor Claudine VanEvery-Albert, along with OPP spokesperson Constable Paula Wright both spoke out against the formation of a militia, and three days later, Ontario Community Safety Minister [[Rick Bartolucci]] called it a "dumb idea."<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{cite news|date=17 June 2009|title=Minister calls Caledonia militia a 'dumb idea'|publisher=CTV News Toronto|agency=The Canadian Press|url=http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/minister-calls-caledonia-militia-a-dumb-idea-1.408746|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>

On July 8, 2011, Ontario Attorney General [[Chris Bentley (politician)|Chris Bentley]] announced a settlement of $20 million ending a [[class-action lawsuit]] which had been filed by 440 residents, 400 businesses and a handful of sub-contractors, which claimed negligence and [[malfeasance]] on the part of the provincial government and the OPP for failing to properly protect citizens who lived near Douglas Creek Estates. Some residents continued independent lawsuits.<ref name="settle" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Blatchford|first=Christie|author-link=Christie Blatchford|date=11 July 2011|title=Deal tries to hush up disgrace of Caledonia|newspaper=National Post|url=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2011/07/11/christie-blatchford-deal-tries-to-hush-up-disgrace-of-caledonia/|url-status=dead|access-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110714010448/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2011/07/11/christie-blatchford-deal-tries-to-hush-up-disgrace-of-caledonia/|archive-date=2011-07-14}}</ref> In 2018, a lawyer who oversaw the class-action lawsuit by Caledonia residents was charged with fraud.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McQuigge|first1=Michelle|date=September 13, 2018|title=Lawyer who oversaw Caledonia class action charged with fraud: police|work=Toronto Star|agency=The Canadian Press|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/09/13/lawyer-who-oversaw-caledonia-class-action-charged-with-fraud-police.html|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Assault on Sam Gualtieri ===
On September 13, 2007, builder Sam Gualtieri was attacked and seriously injured in a confrontation with native protesters at the 90-home{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} Stirling South subdivision development in Caledonia. Following a brief occupation two weeks prior, a small group of natives had occupied the property that morning, and the confrontation was going to end peacefully in the afternoon before Gualtieri arrived and clashed with the young protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Dana|last2=Morse|first2=Paul|date=September 14, 2007|title=Builder, 52, hurt in Caledonia home clash|work=Toronto Star|agency=Torstar News Service|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/09/14/builder_52_hurt_in_caledonia_home_clash.html|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref> On December 2, 2011, Richard Smoke (Mohawk) was convicted of assault for the attack on Gualtieri, who had asked Smoke and several others to leave his daughter's house, which he was helping build as a wedding present. Smoke apologized to Gualtieri in court, in one of several criminal cases arising out of the DCE occupation.<ref name="smokeassault" />

== September 2007 Brantford development protest ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2020}}
On September 4, 2007, a development site on Grand River Ave within six miles of the Grand River in [[Brantford]] was blocked off by native protesters, following an earlier visit where the protesters expressed concerns about the construction taking place on the disputed Haldimand Tract. Later in the day, police arrived on the scene and eventually some work was allowed to continue on the site.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 4, 2007|title=Native protesters delay Brantford development|url=http://www.thespec.com/article/243609|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025114120/http://www.thespec.com/article/243609|archive-date=2009-10-25}}</ref>

== Solidarity protests ==

=== Tyendinaga gravel quarry occupation solidarity blockade ===
{{Main|Culbertson Tract land claim}}
On April 25, 2008, Six Nations protesters blocked off the Highway 6 bypass and the CN Rail line to show support for four Mohawks arrested during a protest at [[Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory]] the day before; this protest was centred around a quarry on the disputed [[The Culbertson Tract Land Claim|Culbertson Tract]] that had started in March 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police work during protest applauded|work=The Kingston Whig-Standard|url=http://www.thewhig.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1010984|url-status=live|access-date=August 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213144512/http://www.thewhig.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1010984&archive=true|archive-date=February 13, 2012}}</ref> [[Shawn Brant]], one of the Tyendinaga protesters arrested, was charged with assault with a weapon, breach of bail conditions, possession of weapons and possession of [[marijuana]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Edwards|first=Peter|date=April 30, 2008|title=Natives end highway blockade|work=The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/419850|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>

At around 4:30 PM, protesters in Caledonia dug a trench across the Highway 6 bypass and dragged a large part of a hydro tower over the road. The OPP erected two blockades on either side of the bypass to ensure public safety.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=== Wetʼsuwetʼen solidarity blockade ===
{{Main|2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests|Timeline of the 2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests}}
In response to the OPP moving in to arrest protesters at the level crossing located near [[Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory]] on the morning of February 24, 2020, and in solidarity with the [[Wetʼsuwetʼen]] opposing the construction of the [[Coastal GasLink Pipeline]], members of the Mohawk Nation (Bear Clan) from Six Nations began a peaceful demonstration on the [[Ontario Highway 6]] bypass near Caledonia, blocking traffic and commuter trains along the [[Lakeshore West line|Lakeshore West GO line]] later in the day on February 24.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hristova|first=Bobby|date=February 24, 2020|title=Indigenous solidarity protests block Highway 6 in Caledonia, delay Hamilton GO trains|website=cbc.ca|publisher=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/indigenous-protest-highway-6-caledonia-1.5474404|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> Eventually, a blockade consisting of pallets and parked vehicles was set up on the highway, forcing traffic to be rerouted to a nearby bridge, and leading the OPP to place concrete barriers around the blockade for safety.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taekema|first=Dan|date=March 10, 2020|title='Tear down this blockade': MPP calls for Caledonia roadblock to be removed|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/caledonia-blockade-barrett-1.5492251|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> The blockade remained up until March 19, when the protesters agreed to leave the road and withdraw to Douglas Creek Estates "as a sign of good faith".<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 19, 2020|title=OPP says Highway 6 By-pass to re-open after inspection|work=Turtle Island News|url=https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2020/03/19/opp-say-highway-6-by-pass-to-re-open-after-inspection/|access-date=August 12, 2020|archive-date=March 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321210726/https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2020/03/19/opp-say-highway-6-by-pass-to-re-open-after-inspection/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Don|date=March 19, 2020|title=Wet'suwet'en solidarity blockade on Highway 6 near Caledonia, Ont. to come down Friday: OPP|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6704889/highway-6-blockade-coming-down/|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite podcast|url=https://omny.fm/shows/scott-thompson-show/ken-hewitt-mayor-of-haldimand-county-on-the-highwa|title=Ken Hewitt, Mayor of Haldimand County, on the Highway 6 blockade coming down|website=The Scott Thompson Show|publisher=Global News Radio|host=Scott Thompson|date=March 20, 2020|time=01:16|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Clarke|first=Katrina|date=March 20, 2020|title=Demonstrators clear out after month-long Highway 6 bypass blockade|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=https://www.thespec.com/news-story/9912283-demonstrators-clear-out-after-month-long-highway-6-bypass-blockade/|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref>

== 1492 Land Back Lane (McKenzie Meadows) ==
{{Infobox civil conflict
| place            = Canada
| title            = 1492 Land Back Lane
| partof           = [[indigenous specific land claims in Canada]]
| causes           = Development of McKenzie Meadows subdivision near [[Caledonia, Ontario]] and [[Six Nations of the Grand River]]
| date             = July 19, 2020 – present
| side1            = {{nowrap|'''Land defenders'''}}<br>{{bulleted list|Six Nations community members and allies|[[Iroquois|Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council]]}}
| side2            = {{nowrap|'''Government and police'''}}<br>{{bulleted list|[[Haldimand County]]|[[Ontario Provincial Police]]|[[Government of Ontario]]}}
| arrests          = 37<ref name="Outspoken activist arrested">{{cite news |last1=Powless |first1=Lynda |title=Outspoken activist arrested for involvement in land dispute at Caledonia |url=https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2021/01/07/outspoken-activist-arrested-for-involvement-in-land-dispute-at-caledonia/ |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=Turtle Island News |date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>
| charged          = 52<ref>{{cite news |title=28-year-old Six Nations man charged for violating injunction at land reclamation camp |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/land-back-lane-injunction-arrest-1.5857254 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=CBC News |date=December 30, 2020}}</ref>
| status           = {{bulleted list|McKenzie Meadows development cancelled (July 2, 2021)|Injunctions cancelled (December 21, 2021)|Indigenous land defence ongoing}}
| leadfigures1     = {{plainlist|
*Skyler Williams (spokesperson)}}
| leadfigures2     = {{plainlist|
*Ken Hewitt
*Rodney LeClair
*[[Doug Ford]]}}
}}

=== Background ===
McKenzie Meadows was a planned residential development project located south of Caledonia, on the west side of McKenzie Road and the south side of Fuller Drive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=McKenzie Meadows Development|url=https://www.snfuture.com/projects/mckenzie-meadows-development/|access-date=August 12, 2020|website=Six Nations Future}}</ref> The project was owned by Foxgate Development (previously by 2036356 Ontario Inc.), a consortium created by Losani Homes and Ballantry Homes (a Toronto-based residential development company), with Michael Corrado specifically listed as one of the owners.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Duric|first=Donna|date=July 22, 2020|title=Six Nations people shut down Caledonia construction|work=The Turtle Island News|url=https://theturtleislandnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/TIN07222020.pdf|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":23" /> The land planned for the development amounted to {{Convert|107|acre|km2|abbr=}}. In October and November 2013, the Six Nations Elected Council, through the community engagement website Six Nations Future, engaged in consultation with Six Nations citizens regarding the development. Benefits presented to the community during the consultation process include job prospects for community members and the raising of funds throughout the construction of residential units for the eventual construction of "Kawenn:io/Gaweni:yo Private School", a language school to be built on the reserve.<ref name=":3" /> Ultimately, a majority of respondents to the engagement process opposed the project, and the Grand Council voted to not execute an agreement with the developer at a council meeting on December 17, 2013.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.snfuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/McKenzie-Meadows-Community-Engagement-Final-Report.pdf|title=McKenzie Meadows Community Consultation Report – 2013|last=Hill|first=Jody MM|date=December 20, 2013|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 17, 2013|title=GENERAL COUNCIL MINUTES DECEMBER 17, 2013 6:00 PM|url=http://www.sixnations.ca/GCMinutesDecenber172013.pdf|journal=Six Nations Council}}</ref>

On September 9, 2015, Foxgate Development acquired the land for the project from Haldimand County.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last1=McDougall|first1=Allana|last2=Forester|first2=Brett|date=August 10, 2020|title=Land defenders rebuild McKenzie Meadows camp despite new injunction|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/land-defenders-rebuild-mckenzie-meadows-camp-despite-new-injunction/|access-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref>

In 2016 and 2019, the Elected Council of Six Nations of the Grand River received various "accommodations" for the development, as per an agreement signed with Ballantry Homes.<ref name=":5" /> The agreement outlined an accommodation for the construction, consisting of {{Convert|42.3|acre|km2|abbr=}} of land across from Little Buffalo along Townline Road (170 Concession 17 Road in Hagersville) being transferred to Six Nations in 2016, as well as a transfer of $352,000 to the SNEC for use in future purchases of land, transferred in 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite press release |title=COMMUNITY UPDATE: Residential Developments along McKenzie Road in Caledonia |date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=Six Nations of the Grand River |url=http://www.sixnations.ca/CommunityUpdate_DevelopmentsAlongMcKenzieRoadJuly24.2020(final).pdf |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> In return for these accommodations, the Elected Council agreed to support the development in a variety of ways, namely:

* "To publicly support the development as it proceeds, including expressions and statements of ongoing support and commitment to the development (as may reasonably be requested from the owner from time to time);
* "To not interfere with or disrupt the development, whether by protest, blockade or any other manner of interference; and
* "To use all reasonable efforts to work with the owner to support a cessation of any action conducted by any member of any First Nations that is intended or is reasonably likely to delay, frustrate or interfere with the development. If the owner must seek legal remedies to deal with such action or conduct, or respond to any legal action which may be brought by any third party, SNEC shall support the owner and shall provide confirmation of such support in such form as may "be reasonably requested or required by the owner, provided that SNEC is reimbursed by the owner for the legal expenses that SNEC incurs in connection with the provision of SNEC's support."<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=August 11, 2020|title=Six Nations Elected Council agreed to 'publicly support' McKenzie Meadows development, help stop protests as part of accommodation deal: court docs|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/six-nations-elected-council-agreed-to-publicly-support-mckenzie-meadows-development-help-stop-protests-as-part-of-accommodation-deal-court-docs/|access-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref>

This agreement was signed by SNEC Chief Ava Hill on June 18, 2019, but was not signed by the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council (HCCC), the organization representing the traditional governance structure of the [[Haudenosaunee]], which predates the SNEC (established in 1924) and governs alongside the elected council.<ref name=":8" />

=== Land reclamation/occupation ===
==== 2020 ====
===== July–August =====
Development of the McKenzie Meadows project continued, but on the afternoon of July 19, 2020, Six Nations community member Skyler Williams, along with a group of about 20 others, walked onto the site at 1535 McKenzie Road in order to stop the development. Once they had managed to put a stop to the construction work, the group established an encampment, referred to as a "reclamation site", on the site of the development. The reclamation site was eventually dubbed 1492 Land Back Lane by the self-proclaimed "land defenders" (the number referring to [[1492]], the year [[Christopher Columbus]] made landfall in the [[Caribbean]], a commonly accepted starting point for [[European colonization of the Americas]]).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Taekema|first=Dan|date=August 5, 2020|title=Road blockades up at Caledonia after OPP arrest demonstrators at residential development|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/caledonia-demonstraction-mckenzie-meadows-six-nations-1.5675297|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref>

Lonny Bomberry, Director of Six Nations Land and Resources, has said that there is no traditional land claim associated with the occupied development, since it has been under third-party ownership for at least 150 years, and while the entirety of the Haldimand Tract is subject to a land claim, that claim is not against third-party developers.<ref name=":3" />

On July 31, 2020, the OPP helped a court sheriff read and deliver a court injunction issued the day before against the demonstrators.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=September 3, 2020|title=Police arrest journalist, researcher in connection with Caledonia land reclamation|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/police-arrest-journalist-researcher-in-connection-with-caledonia-land-reclamation/|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref> The occupation continued, and on August 5, 2020, the OPP moved in to enforce the injunction, arresting nine people in the process, including Skyler Williams.<ref name=":4" /> While most media reported that the police fired "a single round from a weapon that shoots rubber bullets", several members of the occupation reported that at least three rubber bullets were fired during the violent enforcement of the injunction, which also involved land defenders throwing rocks at OPP.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 6, 2020|title=Indigenous protesters return to site of Caledonia, Ont., land dispute day after arrests|work=National Post|agency=The Canadian Press|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/six-nations-demonstrators-return-to-site-of-land-dispute-after-clash-arrests|access-date=August 17, 2020|quote=OPP allege some of the occupiers threw "large rocks" at officers, and officers responded by firing a single round from a weapon that shoots rubber bullets.}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite podcast|url=https://www.canadalandshow.com/podcast/337-1492-land-back-lane/|title=CANADALAND: Ep. 337 – 1492 Land Back Lane|website=CANADALAND|publisher=Canadaland Media|last=Brown|first=Jesse|date=August 17, 2020|access-date=August 17, 2020|last2=Vanderklis|first2=Sean|last3=Dockstader|first3=Karl}}</ref> In response to this, Six Nations community members established a blockade on Argyle Street, the Highway 6 bypass, and the rail line.<ref name=":7" /> Tires and wood pellets were set on fire, and while police officers were setting up checkpoints, they were swarmed by protesters and prevented.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|last=Barrera|first=Jorge|date=October 9, 2020|title=OPP says 2nd raid on Six Nations land back camp would inflame conflict, solve nothing|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/opp-affidavit-six-nations-caledonia-1.5756276|access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref> The vice-president of Losani Homes indicated that the enforcement of the injunction would allow construction to continue.<ref name=":4" />

However, the following day, demonstrators returned to the camp, with community members and supporters showing up intermittently to provide support to those occupying the land. When asked about the events at 1492 Land Back Lane, [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario Premier]] [[Doug Ford]] said during his [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] briefing on August 6,<ref name=":7" />

{{Blockquote|text=You know, you just can't go in and just take over people's future homes, it's wrong. And then, when the police come, this is where the people at home are really gonna-- they get an outhouse, toss it over from a bridge onto a police car, then they start throwing rocks at the police car! Like, enough is enough. I'm just losing my patience. I can't direct the police, and I won't direct the police, but people have to obey the rules. I don't care where you come from, you know, what your race, creed, colour, whatever, we have one country, one rule, and that is it! Simple: respect each other. Cause I have a tremendous amount of respect for the Indigenous community, and there's just a few-- couple dozen. Uncalled for. Unacceptable.|title=|source=}}

On August 7, a second court injunction was obtained by Haldimand County that "prevents anyone from blockading or restricting use of public roads in the municipality".<ref name=":15" /> That same day, the people at the occupation site requested meetings with federal officials, with only [[Indigenous Services Canada|Indigenous Services]] Minister [[Marc Miller (politician)|Marc Miller]] agreeing to sit down and talk, according to a person at the occupation site as of August 10.<ref name=":5" />

On August 15, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council released a statement in support of the land defenders, stating that the McKenzie Meadows development was within the "red zone", in which the Haudenosaunee  have called for a complete development moratorium. In the statement, they called on the governments of Canada and Ontario to sit down at the negotiation table and address land issues with them, the hereditary chiefs, citing the issues left unresolved after the breakdown of talks following the dispute at Kanonhstaton.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=STATEMENT REGARDING UNLAWFUL MCKENZIE MEADOWS DEVELOPMENT|date=August 15, 2020|publisher=Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council|location=Ohsweken, ON|url=https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HCCC-Statement-Regarding-Unlawful-Mckenzie-Meadows-Development.pdf|access-date=August 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818232139/https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HCCC-Statement-Regarding-Unlawful-Mckenzie-Meadows-Development.pdf|archive-date=August 18, 2020}}</ref>

In a letter dated August 19, Indigenous Services Minister Marc Miller and Minister of [[Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Development Canada|Crown–Indigenous Relations]] [[Carolyn Bennett]] offered to resume negotiation of "longstanding and unresolved land issues" with elected chief Mark Hill and the Confederacy chiefs, referring to the negotiations that had been suspended pending litigation first in 1995 and then again in 2009.<ref name=":19" />

The last blockade near the site was removed on August 22.<ref name=":15" />

Someone was arrested in connection to the camp on August 24 in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].<ref name=":15" />

On August 25, the Superior Court extended both the August 7 (despite the final blockade having come down three days prior) and July 30 injunctions, the latter of which "restrains anyone from occupying or hindering development of the construction site" and names Skyler Williams as a defendant.<ref name=":15" /> That day, the OPP reported that they would not be enforcing the injunction again until their liaison team "[had] had a chance to deescalate the situation," but that they would have to move in should that fail.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/videos/the-latest-from-the-1492-land-back-lane-camp-in-caledonia/|title=The latest from the 1492 Land Back Lane camp in Caledonia|date=August 27, 2020|last=Pashagumskum|first=Jamie|type=TV Broadcast|language=en|publisher=APTN News}}</ref>

===== September =====
By early September, a support camp referred to by an organizer as a "safety zone" had been established on Kanonhstaton, to provide a meeting place for community members to have shelter, learn about their culture, and support the Land Back Lane camp. Being located off the road and not on the McKenzie Meadows site, the safety zone did not fall under either injunction against the protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=September 2, 2020|title='We couldn't just go home': Camp on former Douglas Creek Estates vows to stay|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/we-couldnt-just-go-home-camp-on-former-douglas-creek-estates-vows-to-stay/|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>

Co-host of the podcast ''One Dish, One Mic'' Karl Dockstader (a member of [[Oneida Nation of the Thames]], Bear Clan) and Mohawk [[Ryerson University]] (now Toronto Metropolitan University) research fellow Courtney Skye (a member of Six Nations of the Grand River, Turtle Clan) were arrested on September 2 and 3, respectively, along with three other arrests on September 2.<ref name=":15" /> Dockstader had been covering the occupation as an independent journalist, while Skye was reportedly "sitting on the banks of the Grand River with [her] auntie/sis."<ref name=":16">{{Cite press release|title=Indigenous Journalist Arrested While Reporting on Land Defense|date=September 3, 2020|location=Haldimand County|url=https://twitter.com/SeanVanderklis/status/1301638876163907591/photo/1|last1=Vanderklis|first1=Sean|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1301645327984885767|user=MOHAWKEMOTIONS|title=I was just released from being arrested for being at No. 1492LandBackLane I was sitting on the banks of the Grand River with my auntie/sis. I was literally arrested within feet of our river in my homelands.|author=Courtney Skye|date=September 3, 2020|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref> Dockstader and Skye were both charged with disobeying a court order and mischief.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Yellowhead Statement Regarding Arrests At 1492 Land Back Lane|url=https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2020/09/08/statement/|date=September 8, 2020|publisher=Yellowhead Institute}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news|last=Goldsbie|first=Jonathan|date=September 6, 2020|title=It's Either A Terrible Mistake Or Something More Sinister|work=CANADALAND|url=https://www.canadalandshow.com/karl-dockstader-1492-land-back-lane-arrest/|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref> No further information on the reason for his arrest was given to Dockstader at the time.<ref name=":17" /> Dockstader's release barred him from the site and from contacting employees of Foxgate under threat of further charges, conditions for which the OPP faced criticism for limiting [[Freedom of the press|media access]] to the campsite, and going against the decision made in the case of [[Justin Brake (journalist)|Justin Brake]] in 2019, where the Court of Appeal of Newfoundland and Labrador set a precedent to distinguish activists and reporters.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> By the end of the day on September 3, OPP Constable Rodney LeClair estimated that there had been 17 arrests made so far, up from 13 reported earlier that morning.<ref name=":15" /> Two more arrests were made over the September 5–6 weekend, with the same charges as Skye and Dockstader.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|last=Antonacci|first=J. P.|date=September 7, 2020|title=Two more arrests at disputed Caledonia construction site|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/09/07/two-more-arrests-at-disputed-caledonia-construction-site.html|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref>

On Tuesday, September 15, Starla Myers, a member of Six Nations and reporter for Real Peoples Media, was arrested and charged with two counts of mischief and one count of disobeying a court order. The OPP continued to face criticism for arresting another reporter, but Constable LeClair re-iterated that the OPP are "committed to the freedom of the press and respects the important role the media has in the community. We value and strive to have collaborative relationships with our media partners."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Polewski|first=Lisa|date=September 17, 2020|title=Another Indigenous journalist faces charges tied to injunction at Caledonia development|work=Global news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7342344/indigenous-journalist-charged-caledonia-protest/|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> The following day, Lela George (a member of the Oneida First Nation) became the 23rd person to be charged in relation to the occupation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2020|title=Oneida Woman 23rd person charged in connection with Six Nations land rights protest|work=The Turtle Island News|url=https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2020/09/17/oneida-woman-23rd-person-charged-in-connection-with-six-nations-land-rights-protest/|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref>

In a letter dated September 17, Foxgate's legal counsel urged ministers to not enter into negotiations with the "occupiers" while they continued to defy the court injunction Foxgate held against them.<ref name=":19" />

On September 23, Haldimand County's police services board called on the OPP to step up enforcement of the injunction, claiming their current framework for responding to "Indigenous critical incidents" was not working, and characterizing the occupation as "acts of terrorism" in reference to the [[Canada Criminal Code]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Polewski|first=Lisa|date=September 23, 2020|title=Haldimand police services board urges OPP to enforce injunction at Caledonia development|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7353873/haldimand-police-services-board-opp-enforce-injunction-caledonia-development/|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Barrera|first=Jorge|date=September 25, 2020|title=Ontario police services board calls Six Nations members halting housing development 'terrorists'|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/haldimand-county-police-board-six-nations-terrorism-1.5738088|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref>

On September 29, the land defenders' spokesperson Skyler Williams received a phone call from the OPP informing him that there was a warrant for his arrest, for disobeying the existing injunction, continuing to occupy the site, mischief, and breaching conditions from his arrest on August 5.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barrera|first=Jorge|date=September 29, 2020|title=Ontario Provincial Police have warrant for arrest of 1492 Land Back Lane spokesperson|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/caledonia-landbacklane-warrant-skyler-williams-1.5743620|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref>

===== October =====
According to the affidavit filed on October 5 by OPP West Region Regional Commander John Cain, police intelligence believed that a second raid on the occupation site would result in a very violent confrontation that wouldn't resolve the "underlying land dispute." According to the affidavit, the OPP was concerned with the violent enforcement of the injunction, and had been actively trying to seek peaceful resolutions instead. The affidavit was filed in advance of a hearing on the injunctions in the Ontario Superior Court scheduled for October 9.<ref name=":20" />

As of October 9, 29 people had been charged in connection to the occupation and solidarity actions.<ref name=":21" />

In the October 9 injunction hearing at the Ontario Superior Court in [[Cayuga, Ontario]], Justice John Harper again extended the injunctions and ordered those occupying the site to vacate it immediately. In his oral judgment, Harper said,<ref name=":21">{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=October 9, 2020|title=Ontario judge extends injunctions against what he calls 'lawless protesters' in Caledonia|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/ontario-judge-extends-injunctions-against-what-he-calls-lawless-protesters-in-caledonia/|access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=As a society, we cannot be held hostage to violence and threats of violence. There are very legitimate grievances and claims of Indigenous people in Canada. As a society and as a court, we must take into account the many years of systemic abuse inflicted upon Indigenous people, and we try to do so. However, it is never proper or acceptable to achieve your goals, regardless of how heartfelt they are, in open defiance of the law and open and flagrant disregard for the rights and property of others.|title=|source=}}

A subsequent injunction hearing was scheduled for October 22, 2020.<ref name=":21" />

According to Todd Williams, the co-ordinator for archaeological and environmental monitoring for the Haudenosaunee Development Institute (a subsidiary of the Confederacy Council), three other sites of planned subdivisions, all then in the archaeological phase, were targeted for actions to coincide with the day of the hearing. Williams said that the actions were meant to highlight the fact that all developers on the Haldimand Tract need to consult with the hereditary chiefs before development can begin. Later on October 9, Williams' car was swarmed by OPP cruisers and Williams arrested after leaving one of the three sites. Williams had previously been arrested in the August 5 raid.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last=Barrera|first=Jorge|date=October 16, 2020|title=OPP arrests Six Nations traditional government employee over alleged 1492 Land Back Lane involvement|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/six-nations-arrests-landback-lane-1.5764445|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref>

Kahsenniyo (Tahnee Skinner-Wilson), wife of spokesperson Skyler Williams, and [[Juno Award|Juno]] winner [[Tom Wilson (musician)|Tom Wilson]] were also arrested on October 9.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":23" />

At the injunction hearing on October 22, Justice Harper found Skyler Williams to be in contempt of the court and dismissed all evidence he had filed. The judge also made both injunctions permanent, and encouraged the Haudenosaunee to submit a formal land claim through the [[specific claims]] process, despite its slow pace.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=October 22, 2020|title='The contempt continues': Land Back Lane spokesperson could be on hook for $20M damage claim|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/the-contempt-continues-land-back-lane-spokesperson-williams-could-be-on-hook-for-20m-damage-claim/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> In the written ruling delivered a week after the hearing, Williams was also ordered to cover Haldimand County and Foxgate's legal fees, amounting to $50,349.67 and $117,814.18, respectively ($168,163.85 in total).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Polewski|first=Lisa|date=October 30, 2020|title=Land Back Lane spokesperson ordered to foot legal bills for Caledonia land dispute|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7433582/land-back-lane-spokesperson-legal-bills-caledonia/|access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref> After the hearing was concluded, a clash broke out between police and protesters, which included a flaming barricade being set up on a road near the camp and the shutdown of critical infrastructure (including Highway 6, the rail line, and Argyle Street) by the people from Six Nations. According to the protesters, this clash resulted from the OPP using a taser and firing rubber bullets using a "riot control gun" at people near the "safety zone" by Argyle Street and Sixth Line.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barrera|first=Jorge|date=October 22, 2020|title=Injunction against First Nations land reclamation camp sparks skirmish with police|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/court-injunction-hearing-landback-lane-1.5772849|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=October 23, 2020|title=Police violence spurs retaliation blockades, attacks on infrastructure in Caledonia land dispute|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/police-violence-spurs-retaliation-blockades-attacks-on-infrastructure-in-caledonia-land-dispute/|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=March 30, 2021|title=OPP spent more than $16M policing 1492 Land Back Lane: Records|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/opp-spent-more-than-16m-policing-1492-land-back-lane-records/|access-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> The OPP allege that the confrontation was initiated by the land defenders, who had damaged a police cruiser.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 26, 2020|title=OPP commissioner defends officers' conduct at site of Indigenous land dispute|work=Niagara Falls Review|url=https://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/ts/politics/2020/10/26/opp-commissioner-defends-officers-conduct-at-site-of-indigenous-land-dispute.html|access-date=October 26, 2020}}</ref>

In a statement, the Six Nations Elected Council called Justice Harper's decision to make the injunctions permanent "disturbing," claiming that it was indicative of the ongoing presence of [[Racism in Canada|systemic racism in Canada]]. Additionally, they acknowledged the frustration members of the community had expressed regarding the accommodation agreement council had signed with Foxgate, committing to doing better in the future, but admitting that they remained bound by the agreement. Chief Mark Hill and the council called for unity and calm going forward.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=October 23, 2020|title=Six Nations elected council addresses controversial agreement with developer, condemns injunctions|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/six-nations-elected-council-addresses-controversial-agreement-with-developer-condemns-injunctions/|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>

===== November–December =====
Documents obtained by APTN National News in 2021 found that the OPP spent {{Currency|3.8 million|CAD}} on their policing of the camp in November 2020 alone.<ref name=":25" />

According to a CBC report released November 25, "[t]here are now plans to extend [the occupation] on farm lands directly across [McKenzie] road, the site for a 700-unit housing development called Beattie Estates."<ref name=":23" />

By December 16, the 150th day since the camp was erected, several "Tiny Homes" had been erected in the land reclamation camp in preparation for the winter cold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Land Back Lane marks 150 days... where is Carolyn Bennett? |url=https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2020/12/16/land-back-lane-marks-150-days-where-is-carolyn-bennett/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=Turtle Island News |date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

Meetings hosted by the camp and people of Six Nations throughout November and December led to a "community report" that was delivered to every home, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council, and the Six Nations Elected Council.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news|date=January 19, 2021|title=1492 Land Back Lane demonstrators plan to move back barricades on Highway 6 bypass|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/haudenosaunee-land-defenders-1.5877969|access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref>

==== 2021 ====
===== January =====
On January 19, six months after the demonstration at McKenzie Meadows began, the land defenders moved their barricade on Argyle Street (which includes a damaged and [[graffiti]]ed school bus) back to Caledonia Baptist Church, to allow access to the church as well as to allow emergency services quicker access to hospitals in Hamilton. Spokesperson Skyler Williams said that this was done as a show of good faith, in an attempt to "[lead] de-escalation and [find] a peaceful resolution, which cannot occur if Canada continues to leave Nation-to-Nation relationships in the hands of the police."<ref name=":24" /> The Ministry of Transportation was allowed to assess the damage done to the Highway 6 bypass. The OPP did not remove their blockade on Argyle Street that prevents access to the street from Caledonia, estimating that it would take weeks to repair the damage and open the bypass to regular traffic.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Victoria|date=January 20, 2021|title=1492 Land Back Lane land defenders move traffic barricades back, MTO inspects Hwy 6 bypass|work=The Turtle Island News|url=https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2021/01/20/1492-land-back-lane-land-defenders-move-traffic-barricades-back-mto-inspects-hwy-6-bypass/|access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Don|date=January 25, 2021|title=Reopening of Highway 6 in Caledonia will take weeks, says OPP|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7597345/caledonia-blockade-six-nations/|access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref>

Documents obtained by APTN National News revealed that, by January 19, 2021, the OPP had spent {{Currency|16272709|CAD}} on policing operations in the first six months since the camp's establishment.<ref name=":25" />

Following the community report created at the end of 2020, an online community survey was announced in January, expanding on the themes raised in community meetings in the previous two months, including "advancing a moratorium on development within our territory," according to a release from the land reclamation camp.<ref name=":24" />

===== February =====
The rest of the barricades that had been set up in late October were once again removed, the roads repaired and reopened to traffic.<ref name=":25" />

===== June =====

Following the toppling of the statue of architect of the [[Indian Residential School]] system [[Egerton Ryerson]] in downtown [[Toronto]] on June 6, the statue's head was given as a gift to the people at Land Back Lane, where it was placed on a pike overlooking the site. The placement of the vandalized and severed head at the land reclamation site was seen as a powerful symbolic gesture by some land defenders. As of June 12, the head had been moved to near [[Mohawk Institute Residential School|the Mohawk Institute]], a former residential school in Brantford.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Charlotte|first1=Morritt-Jacobs|last2=McDougall|first2=Allana|date=June 12, 2021|title=Ryerson statue head on pike at Land Back Lane small 'token' of justice says Skyler Williams|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/ryerson-statue-head-on-pike-at-land-back-lane-small-token-of-justice-says-skyler-williams/|access-date=June 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612162548/https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/ryerson-statue-head-on-pike-at-land-back-lane-small-token-of-justice-says-skyler-williams/|archive-date=June 12, 2021}}</ref>

===== July =====
On July 2, 2021, the vice-president of Losani Homes told the CBC that deposits to homeowners were being returned in full, and that the planned development of the McKenzie Meadows project would be officially cancelled. He cited several reasons that the "sales agreements had been frustrated," including the development of more permanent buildings by the land defenders, the passage of a year, "the lack of any conformity with or enforcement of the court's orders, and the failure of either government [provincial or federal] to even respond to our requests for help or intervention." Mayor Ken Hewitt was "disappointed" by the cancellation, saying the development had been planned with the elected council and was going to be able to provide an "attractive price point" (starting at {{Currency|300000|CAD}}) for many of the families hoping to move into the housing development. Skyler Williams, spokesperson for the land defenders, welcomed the cancellation as a victory in a multi-generational battle for indigenous land.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Desmond|last2=Craggs|first2=Samantha|date=July 2, 2021|title=Year-long Six Nations protest forces cancellation of major development in Caledonia, Ont.|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/caledonia-development-cancelled-protests-1.6088130|access-date=August 31, 2021}}</ref>

Documents obtained by APTN National News revealed that, from July 2020 to July 2021, the OPP had spent {{Currency|20766736|CAD}} on their operations enforcing the two injunctions. The police force attempted to obscure this figure over the course of the news company's [[Freedom of information in Canada|freedom of information]] request, but the full tabulation of police spending was finally released in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Forester |first=Brett |date=May 31, 2022 |title=OPP try and alter figures to manipulate $21M cost of policing occupation in Caledonia |work=APTN National News |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/opp-try-and-alter-figures-to-manipulate-21m-cost-of-policing-occupation-in-caledonia/ |access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref>

===== December =====
On December 12, 2021, the [[Court of Appeal for Ontario|Ontario Court of Appeal]] handed down a ruling that cancelled the injunction against Skyler Williams that had previously been made permanent by Superior Court Justice Harper in October 2020, as well as setting aside the judge's decision to strike Williams's pleadings from the record and to give him a $168,163.85 cost award. The Court of Appeal found that Harper hadn't sufficiently explain why Williams' alleged misconduct, didn't lay out potential consequences, and didn't give him a fair chance to retain an attorney or respond to the allegations against him. The ruling said, "The requirements of fairness in the context of this proceeding constituted an independent right of Mr. Williams. It is no answer to the denial of these rights to say a fair opportunity to be heard would have made no difference in the outcome." The three appellate judges writing the ruling granted Williams $20,000 in damages and said a different judge should re-hear the initial matter reviewed by Harper.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=December 21, 2021|title=Court cancels permanent injunction in Caledonia, grants land back spokesman's appeal|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/court-cancels-injunction-in-caledonia-grants-appeal/|access-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref>

=== Solidarity action ===
In early August, it was reported that some Wetʼsuwetʼen had set up a rail blockade on their territory in northern British Columbia in solidarity with the demonstrators at the encampment, mirroring the blockades in solidarity with the Wetʼsuwetʼen earlier in 2020.<ref name=":7" />

On August 21, a local preacher organised a solidarity protest at the Rainbow Circle overpass south of [[Gravenhurst, Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strength of Two Buffalo|date=August 25, 2020|title=Banner drop protest on Hwy. 11 on Friday was in support of Six Nations land defenders|work=MuskokaRegion.com|url=https://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/10144235-banner-drop-protest-on-hwy-11-on-friday-was-in-support-of-six-nations-land-defenders/|access-date=October 13, 2020}}</ref>

As of Monday, September 7, a [[GoFundMe]] legal fund in support of people facing criminal charges in connection to the camp had raised nearly $84,000 from over 1,100 donors.<ref name=":18" />

On October 9, in response to a call out across [[Turtle Island (Native American folklore)|Turtle Island]] ([[North America]]) from the protesters at 1492 Land Back Lane, a day of action was held. Protests in solidarity with the land defenders (as well as with the [[Miꞌkmaq|Miꞌkmaw]] fishers in their fight for fishing rights in [[Nova Scotia]]) were seen across the country. One solidarity blockade on [[Gitxsan]] and Wetʼsuwetʼen territory stopped traffic on [[British Columbia Highway 16]] for several hours, in a demonstration meant to reinforce the continent-wide solidarity that had been seen earlier in the year as the Wetʼsuwetʼen opposed the construction of a pipeline on their territory.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hosgood|first=Amanda Follett|date=October 10, 2020|title=Indigenous Land Rights Action Blocks Northern BC Highway|work=The Tyee|url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2020/10/10/Indigenous-Land-Rights-Action-Blocks-Northern-BC/|access-date=October 13, 2020}}</ref> Another protest in [[Muskoka Lakes|Muskoka]] saw the third banner-drop in solidarity with Indigenous protesters this year, with banners reading "Muskoka Supports Six Nations Land Defenders," "No More Land Theft!" and "We Are All Treaty People."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Law|first=Sarah|date=October 13, 2020|title='This isn't just an issue in Caledonia': Muskokans show solidarity with 1492 Land Back Lane|work=Gravenhurst Banner|url=https://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/10221009--this-isn-t-just-an-issue-in-caledonia-muskokans-show-solidarity-with-1492-land-back-lane/|access-date=October 13, 2020}}</ref>

On October 25, 2020, the 236th anniversary of the Haldimand proclamation, a solidarity demonstration took place near Caledonia, stopping for a while to demonstrate in front of the OPP barricade on Highway 6. Representatives of several [[Trade union|unions]] were present at the protest, including [[Canadian Union of Public Employees|CUPE]] Ontario and the [[Ontario Federation of Labour]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 25, 2020|title=Demonstrators march in Caledonia to support land reclamation camp|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/land-back-mckenzie-meadows-march-1.5776336|access-date=October 26, 2020}}</ref>

=== Skyler Williams ===
Skyler Williams (also spelled Skylar in some reporting on the land dispute) is a spokesperson for the land defenders at 1492 Land Back Lane. He was previously involved in the reclamation of Kanonhstaton as well as the [[Ipperwash Crisis]].<ref name=":23" /> Williams was named as a spokesperson by a group of women in the organization of the camp in order to be the visible face of the movement, allowing others to remain anonymous.<ref name=":23" /> Williams was named as a defendant in the Ontario Superior Court case against the land defenders, throughout which Justice R. J. Harper consistently referred to him as the "leader" of the movement, despite the fact that the camp's own releases identified him as a spokesperson.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Forrester|first=Brett|date=August 25, 2020|title=Judge extends Caledonia injunctions, names Skyler Williams as defendant|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/judge-extends-caledonia-injunctions-names-skyler-williams-as-defendant/|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> During the trial, Williams was found to be in contempt of the court for refusing to accept its jurisdiction over him and Haudenosaunee affairs in general. His evidence was stricken from the record in the October 22 hearing, during which Justice Harper made the two injunctions against 1492 Land Back Lane permanent.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Forrester|first=Brett|date=October 22, 2020|title='The contempt continues': Land Back Lane spokesperson could be on hook for $20M damage claim|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/the-contempt-continues-land-back-lane-spokesperson-williams-could-be-on-hook-for-20m-damage-claim/|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref>

Williams was held without bail for seven months at Hamilton-Wentworth Detention Centre on charges related to the 2006 Kanonhstaton reclamation, including four months in solitary confinement. The charges were ultimately withdrawn.<ref name=":23" />

Williams is married to Kahsenniyo, another land defender, and the couple has four daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 28, 2020|title=Open Letter From The Williams Family Regarding Their Rights and Safety|url=https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2020/10/28/open-letter-from-the-williams-family-regarding-their-rights-and-safety/|access-date=December 15, 2020|website=Yellowhead Institute}}</ref><ref name=":23" />

On May 19, 2021, surrounded by supporters, Williams turned himself in to the Haldimand County OPP Detachment in [[Cayuga, Ontario|Cayuga]], satisfying the arrest warrants that had been issued for him the previous year. He was released shortly after entering the building on condition that he would not set foot at 1492 Land Back Lane, and would appear before the Ontario Court of Justice on June 1, to face the two counts of mischief, two counts of disobeying an order of the court, intimidation and failure to comply with an undertaking. He told reporters that he had turned himself in, in order to get the judicial process going, so that he wouldn't have to keep "[looking] over his shoulder," and could show up more effectively for his family.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pashagumskum|first=Jamie|date=May 19, 2021|title=1492 Land Back Lane spokesman turns self in after 10 months on the land|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/featured/1492-land-back-lane-skyler-williams-turns-self-in/|access-date=May 20, 2021}}</ref>

== Moratorium on development ==
On April 20, 2021, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council, represented by Cayuga Snipe clan chief Deyohowe:to Roger Silversmith, announced a moratorium on development within the entire Haldimand Tract. The HCCC sought a ban on development, unless authorised by the  Haudenosaunee Development Institute. In the announcement, Deyohowe:to said, "We are not interested in selling land. There's portions of land that we have leased out that can still be negotiated. The developers need to stop digging in our lands and to come forward now and do the process." Deyohowe:to clarified that the elected council was aware of the announcement, but that its members are "limited" in their authority to assert land sovereignty. He asserted that the federal government needed to step up their response to the issue of land rights, expressing a lack of confidence in the judicial system's ability to bring them justice.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Antonacci|first=J. P.|date=April 20, 2021|title=Six Nations hereditary leaders declare development moratorium in Haldimand Tract|work=The Hamilton Spectator|url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2021/04/20/six-nations-hereditary-leaders-declare-development-moratorium-in-haldimand-tract.html|access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Forester|first=Brett|date=April 20, 2021|title=Haudenosaunee chiefs declare development moratorium across entire Haldimand Tract|work=APTN National News|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/haudenosaunee-chiefs-declare-development-moratorium-across-entire-haldimand-tract/|access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>

The announcement came on the 275th day of the 1492 Land Back Lane camp, and on the 15th anniversary of the April 20, 2006, raid of the Kanonhstaton site by the OPP.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Turcotte|first=Stephen|date=April 20, 2021|title=Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council calls for ban on development of Haldimand Tract|work=CTV News|url=https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/haudenosaunee-confederacy-chiefs-council-calls-for-ban-on-development-of-haldimand-tract-1.5395306|access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>

In a press conference on April 26, Chief Mark Hill, chief of the [[Six Nations Elected Council]] "reiterated and acknowledged" the Confederacy's call for a moratorium on development in the Haldimand Tract. In the spirit of presenting a united front, Hill stated, "We also need to keep in mind that we have a major land claims case coming before the courts in 2022, and it would not be responsible to allow continued development in an uncertain legal environment." He couldn't say whether or not he supports the Haudenosaunee Development Institute overseeing the process, acknowledging that such finer points still needed to be figured out.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forester |first1=Brett |title=Elected chief of Six Nations tries to unify sides ahead of land claim fight |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/six-nations-elected-council-haudenosaunee-confederacy-ontario/ |access-date=2 May 2021 |work=APTN National News |date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Iroquois]]
*[[Iroquois|Six Nations 40, Ontario]]
* [[Indian Register]]
* ''[[Indian Act]]''
* [[Oka Crisis]]
* [[Ipperwash Crisis]]
* [[Burnt Church Crisis]]
* [[Gustafsen Lake Standoff]]
* [[2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests]]

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
* [[Christie Blatchford|Blatchford, Christie]], ''Helpless: Caledonia's Nightmare of Fear and Anarchy, and How the Law Failed All of Us'', 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-385-67039-5}}
* Graymont, Barbara, ''The Iroquois in the American Revolution'', 1972, {{ISBN|978-0-8156-0083-1}}
* Taylor, Alan, ''The Divided Ground'', 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-679-45471-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Caledonia land dispute}}
* [https://www.cbc.ca/news/background/caledonia-landclaim/historical-timeline.html CBC timeline of the 2006 dispute]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=43060736&x=-79967594&z=13&l=0&m=a Wikimapia placemark showing location of Douglas Creek Estates]
* [https://www.snfuture.com/projects/mckenzie-meadows-development/ Six Nations Future page on McKenzie Meadows Development]


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[[Category:2006 in Ontario]]
[[Category:2020 in Ontario]]
[[Category:2021 in Ontario]]
[[Category:First Nations history in Ontario]]
[[Category:Haldimand County]]
[[Category:Indigenous conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:Protests in Canada]]
[[Category:Aboriginal title in Canada]]
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