Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Great Bear Lake

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Large glacial lake in Northwest Territories, Canada}}
{{For|the novel by Erin Hunter|Great Bear Lake (novel)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox body of water
 |name = Great Bear Lake
 |native_name = {{plainlist|
* {{nativename|den|Sahtú}}
* {{nativename|fr|Grand lac de l'Ours}}
}}
 |image = Great Bear Lake (de).png
 |image_size = 300
|pushpin_map=Canada Northwest Territories
 |caption = Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories
 |image_bathymetry = 
 |caption_bathymetry = 
 |location = [[Northwest Territories]]
 |coords = {{Coord|65|50|01|N|120|45|06|W|region:CA-NT_type:waterbody_scale:2000000|notes=<ref>{{Cite cgndb|LAJMV|Great Bear Lake}}</ref>|display=inline,title}}
 |lake_type = [[Glacial lake|Glacial]]
 |inflow =
 |outflow = [[Great Bear River]]
 |catchment = {{cvt|114717|km2}}<ref name=Johnson_1975a/><ref name=EoEarth/>
 |basin_countries = Canada
 |length =
 |width =
 |area = {{cvt|31153|km2}}<ref name=Johnson_1975a/><ref name=EoEarth/>
 |depth = {{cvt|71.7|m}}<ref name=Johnson_1975a/><ref name=EoEarth/>
 |max-depth = {{cvt|446|m}}<ref name=Johnson_1975a/><ref name=EoEarth/>
 |volume = {{cvt|2234|km3}}<ref name=Johnson_1975a/><ref name=EoEarth/>
 |residence_time = 124 years<ref name=Johnson_1975a/>
 |shore = {{cvt|2719|km}} (plus {{cvt|824|km}} island shoreline)<ref name=Johnson_1975a/><ref name=EoEarth/>
 |elevation = {{cvt|156|m}}
 |islands = 26 main islands, totalling {{cvt|759.3|km2}} in area<ref name=Johnson_1975a/>
 |frozen = November - July<ref name=EoEarth/>
 |cities = [[Délı̨nę]]
 |reference =<ref name=Johnson_1975a>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=L.|date=1975|title=Physical and chemical characteristics of Great Bear Lake|journal= J. Fish. Res. Board Can.|volume=32|pages=1971–1987|doi=10.1139/f75-234|issue=11|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-30.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082305/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-30.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 }} (World Lakes Database)</ref><ref name=EoEarth>{{Citation|last=Hebert|first=Paul| date=2007| contribution=Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories| title=Encyclopedia of Earth |access-date=2007-12-07| url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Great_Bear_Lake,_Northwest_Territories| publisher=Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment | location=Washington, DC}}</ref>
}}

'''Great Bear Lake''' ({{lang-den|Sahtú}}; {{lang-fr|Grand lac de l'Ours}}) is a lake in the [[boreal forest of Canada]]. It is the largest [[List of lakes of Canada|lake entirely in Canada]] ([[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] are larger but straddle the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]]), the fourth-largest in North America, and the [[List of lakes by area|eighth-largest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 |title=World’s largest lakes|publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> The lake is in the [[Northwest Territories]], on the [[Arctic Circle]] between [[65th parallel north|65]] and [[67th parallel north|67 degrees]] of northern latitude and between [[118th meridian west|118]] and [[123rd meridian west|123 degrees]] western longitude, {{cvt|156|m}} [[Height above sea level|above sea level]].

The name originated from the [[Chipewyan language|Chipewyan]] word {{lang|chp|satudene}}, meaning "grizzly bear-water people". The [[Sahtu]], a [[Dene]] people, are named after the lake. Grizzly Bear Mountain, or ''Sahoyue'', on the shore of the lake also comes from Chipewyan, meaning "bear-large hill".<ref name = Johnson>Johnson, L. [http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic28-4-230.pdf The Great Bear Lake: Its Place in History]. Calgary, Alberta: ''Arctic Institute of North America'' (AINA) database at the University of Calgary. pp. 236-237. Retrieved on: 30 January 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Grizzly Bear Mountain)
| url = http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/LAJQY  
| access-date =20 December 2014}}</ref>

Sahoyue (Grizzly Bear Mountain), a peninsula on the south side of the lake, and Edacho (Scented Grass Hills), another peninsula on the west side, form the [[Saoyú-ʔehdacho]] National Historic Site of Canada.<ref>{{cite web
| title =Saoyú-ʔehdacho National Historic Site of Canada| url= http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13033
| access-date =20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title =Northwest Territories Protected Areas Strategy (Saoyú-ʔehdacho)| url= http://www.nwtpas.ca/area-saoyu.asp 
| access-date =20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811002838/http://www.nwtpas.ca/area-saoyu.asp |archive-date=2016-08-11}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Great Bear Lake (depth information).png|thumb|left|Bathymetric map of Great Bear Lake.]]
[[Image:Mackenzie River drainage basin.PNG|thumb|left|[[Mackenzie River]] drainage basin showing Great Bear Lake's position in the Western Canadian Arctic]]
The lake has a surface area of {{cvt|31153|km2}} and a volume of {{cvt|2234|km3}}. Its maximum depth is {{cvt|446|m}} and average depth {{cvt|71.7|m}}. The shoreline is {{cvt|2719|km}} and the catchment area of the lake is {{cvt|114717|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-30.html|title=Great Bear Lake|work=World Lakes Database|publisher=International Lake Environment Committee|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082305/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-30.html|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> Great Bear Lake is covered with ice from late November to July.<ref name=EoEarth/>

The lake is known for its considerable clarity. Explorer [[John Franklin]] wrote in 1828 that a white rag placed in the water did not disappear until it exceeded a depth of {{convert|15|fathom||lk=in}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Franklin|first=John|date=1828|title=Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33467/33467-h/33467-h.htm|publisher=Carey, Lea, and Carey|page=264}}</ref>

=== Arms ===
Arms of Great Bear Lake include the Smith Arm (northwest), the Dease Arm (northeast), the McTavish Arm (southeast), the McVicar Arm (south) and the Keith Arm (southwest). The community of [[Délı̨nę]] is located on the Keith Arm near the outflow of the [[Great Bear River]] that flows west into the [[Mackenzie River]] at [[Tulita]].<ref name= "Atlas of Canada">{{cite web| title =The Atlas of Canada - Toporama|url =http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/toporama/index.html|publisher=Natural Resources Canada| access-date =23 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Tributaries ===
Rivers flowing into Great Bear Lake include the [[Whitefish River (Northwest Territories)|Whitefish River]],<ref>{{CGNDB|id=LAZYG|name=Whitefish River}}</ref> Big Spruce River,<ref>{{CGNDB|id=LACXQ|name=Big Spruce  River}}</ref> Haldane River,<ref>{{CGNDB|id=LAJVL|name=Haldane River}}</ref>  [[Bloody River (Canada)|Bloody River]],<ref>{{CGNDB|id=LADFE|name=Bloody River}}</ref> Sloan River,<ref>{{CGNDB|id=LAWCG|name=Sloan River}}</ref> Dease River<ref>{{CGNDB|id=LAGBJ|name=Dease River}}</ref> and the Johnny Hoe River.<ref>{{CGNDB|id=LAMBC|name=Johnny Hoe River}}</ref>

==Geology and geomorphology ==
Great Bear Lake lies between two major [[Physiographic regions of the world|physiographic regions]]: the [[Kazan Region|Kazan Uplands]] portion of the [[Canadian Shield]] and the [[Interior Plains]]. It was part of glacial [[Lake McConnell]] in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by [[erosion]]al ice during the [[Pleistocene]]. Since, the lake has changed from [[post-glacial rebound]] following the ice melting. [[Precambrian]] rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are [[sediment]]ary and [[Metamorphism|metamorphic]] deposits supplemented by [[Igneous rock|igneous]] [[igneous intrusion|intrusions]] forming [[Dike (geology)|dike]]s and [[Sill (geology)|sill]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/278603.pdf|title=Great Bear Lake|author=Lionel Johnson|publisher= Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Freshwater Institute|access-date=2015-02-12}}</ref>

==Climate==
<div style=width:72%>
{{Délı̨nę weatherbox}}
</div>

==Human use==

The community of [[Délı̨nę]] is on the lake, near the headwaters of the [[Great Bear River|Bear River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spectacularnwt.com/explore-our-regions/15/deline |title=Deline - "Where the Water Flows" |work=Spectacular Northwest Territories |publisher=Northwest Territories |access-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726215813/http://spectacularnwt.com/explore-our-regions/15/deline |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref> There is an [[ice road|ice crossing]] from Délı̨nę to the winter road on the far side of the Great Bear River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2009/12/23/north-iceroads-not-open.html |title=Impassable ice roads delay holiday travel |date=23 December 2009 |work=CBC News: North |publisher=CBC |access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dot.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/Open_Close_Dates_Community_Access_Roads.aspx |title=Open and Close Dates for the NWT's Community Access Roads |work=Transportation |publisher=Government of the Northwest Territories |access-date=2 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104125657/http://www.dot.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/Open_Close_Dates_Community_Access_Roads.aspx |archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref>

On 5 March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the allowed maximum weight limit to {{cvt|40000|kg}} on the road.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/truck-plunges-deline-ice-road-1.3477869 |title=Fuel tanker plunges through Deline, N.W.T., ice road |date=5 March 2016 |publisher=CBC News |first=Chris |last=Windeyer}}</ref> The truck, which was {{cvt|3|km}} outside of Délı̨nę and close to the community's fresh water intake, as well as a major fishing area, contained approximately {{cvt|30000|L}} of heating fuel and was one of 70 truck loads intended to resupply the community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/deline-nwt-fuel-tanker-stuck-ice-1.3479766 |title=N.W.T. hopes to remove fuel from tanker stuck in ice near Deline quickly |date=7 March 2016 |publisher=CBC News |first=Guy |last=Quenneville}}</ref> The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am, 8 March.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/deline-ice-road-tanker-fuel-drained-1.3481630 |title=Fuel load successfully drained from tanker stuck in ice near Deline, N.W.T. |date=8 March 2016 |publisher=CBC News |first=Guy |last=Quenneville}}</ref>

Three lodges around the lake are destinations for fishing and hunting.<ref name=EoEarth/> In 1995, a {{cvt|32.65|kg}} [[lake trout]] was caught, the largest ever caught anywhere by angling.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Trout,%20lake |title=International Game Fish Association - Trout, lake (Salvelinus namaycush)|access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Mining ===
In 1930, [[Gilbert LaBine]] discovered [[uranium]] deposits in the Great Bear Lake region. The former mining area [[Port Radium]], site of the [[Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories)|Eldorado Mine]], where [[Uraninite|pitchblende]] was discovered, was located on the eastern shore. [[Echo Bay Mines|Echo Bay Mines Limited]] leased the old camp and mill at Port Radium to recover silver and copper values from 1965 to 1981.<ref name="A">{{cite book |author=Schiller, E A |title=Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 65-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZmF8lZkbe8C&pg=PA42 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |pages=42– |id=GGKEY:CR5H58XXBJZ}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
===The Prophecy===
Great Bear Lake is paramount in the Délı̨nę peoples' identity, laws and culture. Hence, conserving it is critical for the Délı̨nę people. ɂehtsǝ́o Erǝ́ya, a [[Dene]] Elder, is widely regarded as a prophet, making over 30 prophecies which have been interpreted as having come true.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edgenorth.ca/article/prophet-ayah-nostradamus-of-the-north/ |title=Prophet Ayah: Nostradamus of the North|last1=Wohlberg|first1=M.|date=22 January 2016|publisher=Edge North|access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> His prediction for the end of times claims that, as the world dries up, the little remaining life will flock to, and end on the banks of the Great Bear Lake, a lake seen as a physical beating heart to humanity.<ref>Sakardi, L. (26 December 2017). [https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/inside-fight-protect-arctics-water-heart Inside the fight to protect the Arctic’s “Water Heart”]. Retrieved from Canadian Geographic</ref> The Délı̨nę people have followed these prophecies closely, the cultural considerations being a driving force for self-governance and environmental sustainability.<ref>inchey, G., & Kyle, K. (31 August 2016). [http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/deline-to-sign-historic-agreement-1.3742178 Deline set to launch historic self-government, 20 years in the making] Retrieved from CBC News</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Portal|Lakes|Canada|Geography}}
<gallery>
File:Fort Confidence2.jpg|Ruins of [[Fort Confidence]] at the mouth of the Dease River in 1911
File:Deline4.jpg|The community of [[Délı̨nę]] on Great Bear Lake
File:Bear Mountain, Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories.jpg|Grizzly Bear Mountain, Great Bear Lake
File:GreatBearLake_Canada_nwcanada_amo_2005235_lrg.jpg|Smoke from forest fires in Alaska blows over Great Bear Lake
File:Great Bear Lake.jpg|Great Bear Lake. Note the smoke plumes from wildfires
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/canada/bompas/great_bear1867.html 1867 account of the lake] by [[William Carpenter Bompas]]

{{Northwest Territories hydrography}}
{{Northwest Territories parks}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lakes of the Northwest Territories]]
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