Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Great Replacement

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Conspiracy theory about race and culture}}
{{about|the French far-right conspiracy theory|the article about the broader concept|White genocide conspiracy theory}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
The '''Great Replacement''' ({{lang-fr|links=no|Grand Remplacement}}), also known as '''replacement theory''' or '''great replacement theory''',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bracke|first1=Sarah|last2=Aguilar|first2=Luis Manuel Hernández|year=2020|title='They love death as we love life': The 'Muslim Question' and the biopolitics of replacement|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=71|issue=4|pages=680–701|doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12742|pmid=32100887|pmc=7540673|issn=1468-4446|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bowles">{{cite news |last=Bowles |first=Nellie |title='Replacement Theory,' a Racist, Sexist Doctrine, Spreads in Far-Right Circles |work=The New York Times |date=18 March 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/technology/replacement-theory.html |quote=Behind the idea is a racist conspiracy theory known as 'the replacement theory,' which was popularized by a right-wing French philosopher. |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517014150/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/technology/replacement-theory.html |archive-date=17 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Replacement theory |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/replacement-theory |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> is a [[White nationalism|white nationalist]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Feola|first=Michael|year=2020|title='You Will Not Replace Us': The Melancholic Nationalism of Whiteness|journal=Political Theory|volume=49|issue=4|pages=528–553|doi=10.1177/0090591720972745|issn=0090-5917|quote=This article addresses recent strains of white nationalism rooted within anxieties over demographic replacement (e.g., 'the Great Replacement').|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[conspiracy theory]]<ref name=":8" /><ref name="taguieff71">{{Harvp|Taguieff|2015}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=guYJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 PT71].</ref><ref name="Baldauf 2017">{{cite book|url=https://www.amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de/w/files/englisch/monitoring-2017-englisch-int.pdf|title=Toxische Narrative : Monitoring rechts-alternativer Akteure|last=Baldauf|first=Johannes|publisher=Amadeu Antonio Stiftung|year=2017|isbn=978-3-940878-29-8|location=Berlin|page=11|language=nl|oclc=1042949000|quote=...this narrative is highly compatible with concrete conspiracy narratives about how this replacement is desired and planned, either by 'the politicians' or 'the elite,' which-ever connotes Jewishness more effectively.|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924224826/https://www.amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de/w/files/englisch/monitoring-2017-englisch-int.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Korte|first1=Barbara|title=Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture|last2=Wendt|first2=Simon|last3=Falkenhayner|first3=Nicole|date=2019|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fvWODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT176 PT176]|no-pp=y|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0429557842|quote=This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.}}</ref> espoused by French author [[Renaud Camus]]. The original theory states that, with the complicity or cooperation of "replacist" elites,{{Efn|French: {{lang|fr|pouvoir/élite remplaciste}}|name=transl-rempla}}<ref name="taguieff71" /><ref name="fourquet29">{{Harvp|Fourquet|2016}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=L1AoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 PT29].</ref> the ethnic French and white European populations at large are being demographically and culturally replaced by non-white peoples—especially from [[Islam|Muslim]]-majority countries—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the birth rate of white Europeans.<ref name="taguieff71" /><ref name="Froio" /><ref name=":5">{{Harvp|Bergmann|2021|pp=37–38|ps=: "The term 'The Great Replacement' rose to new prominence when a deeply controversial French philosopher, Renaud Camus, used it for the title of his book published in 2011. Camus mainly focused on France, but he argued that European civilisation and identity was at risk of being subsumed by mass migration, especially from Muslim countries, and because of low birth rates among the native French people. (...) It found support widely in Europe and was, for instance, entangled in the more general White Genocide conspiracy theory, which nationalist far-right activists have upheld on both sides of the Atlantic.}}</ref> Since then, similar claims have been advanced in other national contexts, [[Great Replacement in the United States|notably in the United States]].<ref>Richard Alba, ''The Great Demographic Illusion: Majority, Minority, and the Expanding American Mainstream'' (Princeton UP, 2020)  https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691202112</ref> Mainstream scholars have dismissed these claims of a conspiracy of "replacist" elites as rooted in a misunderstanding of demographic statistics and premised upon an unscientific, racist worldview.<ref name="Jenkins2017" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |date=17 May 2022 |title=Inside the data that debunks the 'Great Replacement' theory |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/buffalo-shooting-great-replacement-theory-b2080389.html}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Rogers |first=Kaleigh |date=26 May 2022 |title=The Twisted Logic Behind The Right's 'Great Replacement' Arguments |work=FiveThirtyEight |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-twisted-logic-behind-the-rights-great-replacement-arguments/}}</ref> According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', the Great Replacement "has been widely ridiculed for its blatant absurdity."<ref name=":8" />

While similar themes have characterized various far-right theories since the late 19th century, the particular term was popularized by Camus in his 2011 book ''Le Grand Remplacement''. The book associates the presence of [[Muslims in France]] with danger and destruction of [[Culture of France|French culture and civilization]]. Camus and other conspiracy theorists attribute recent demographic changes in Europe to intentional policies advanced by global and liberal elites (the "replacists") from within the [[Government of France]], the [[European Union]], or the [[United Nations]]; they describe it as a "genocide by substitution".<ref name="taguieff71"/>

The conspiracy theory found support in Europe, and has also grown popular among anti-migrant and white nationalist movements from other parts of the [[Western world|West]]; many of their adherents maintain that "immigrants [are] flocking to predominantly white countries for the precise purpose of rendering the white population a minority within their own land or even causing the extinction of the native population".<ref name=":5" /> It aligns with (and is a part of) the larger [[white genocide conspiracy theory]]{{efn|Rife in Western far-right movements since the late 20th century, notably through the efforts of American [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] activist [[David Lane (white supremacist)|David Lane]].<ref name=":0" />}}<ref name=":5" /> except in the strategic replacement of [[antisemitic canard]]s with [[Islamophobia]].<ref name="camuslebourg206-207" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cosentino |first=Gabriele |title=Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-43005-4 |page=75 |chapter=From Pizzagate to the Great Replacement: The Globalization of Conspiracy Theories |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43005-4_3 |quote=While the Great Replacement is at its core an Islamophobic belief, Lane's ideology is anti-Semitic. |s2cid=216239634}}</ref><ref name="oxfordresearch">{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=Andrew |date=2019 |title=Fear-Filled Apocalypses: The Far-Right's Use of Conspiracy Theories |url=https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/blog/fear-filled-apocalypses-the-far-rights-use-of-conspiracy-theory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404164059/https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/blog/fear-filled-apocalypses-the-far-rights-use-of-conspiracy-theory |archive-date=4 April 2019 |website=[[Oxford Research Group]] |quote=Where the great replacement is an identifiably Islamaphobic screed, Lane's written works reveal an underlying fear-fantasy of a Jewish conspiracy that seeks the eradication of Lane's chosen people.}}</ref> This replacement, along with a use of simple catch-all slogans, has been cited as one of the reasons for its broader appeal in a pan-European context,<ref name="camuslebourg206-207">{{harvp|Camus|Lebourg|2017|pp=206–207|ps=: "The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II (Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell) can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti-Semitism from the argument."}}</ref>{{sfnp|Chatterton Williams|2017}}{{sfnp|Boubeker|Bancel|Blanchard|2015|pp=141–152}} although the concept remains rooted in antisemitism in many white nationalist movements, especially (but not exclusively) in the United States.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title='The Great Replacement:' An Explainer |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-great-replacement-an-explainer |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Anti-Defamation League |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ekman |first=Mattias |date=2022-05-06 |title=The great replacement: Strategic mainstreaming of far-right conspiracy claims |journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1127–1143 |doi=10.1177/13548565221091983 |s2cid=248603387 |issn=1354-8565|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although Camus has publicly condemned white nationalist violence,<ref name="Heim" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Byman |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Byman |date=May 16, 2022 |title=The Global Roots of the Buffalo Shooting |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/16/buffalo-mass-shooting-white-supremacist-terrorism-great-replacement-theory/ |website=Foreign Policy |quote=In fact, although white supremacists in the United States and elsewhere have long claimed the white race is under attack, the Great Replacement theory itself originated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus (though Camus himself rejects violence).}}</ref> scholars have argued that calls to violence are implicit in his depiction of non-white migrants as an existential threat to white populations.{{sfnp|Boubeker|Bancel|Blanchard|2015|pp=141–152}}<ref name="Finkielfraut20172">{{harvp|Finkielkraut|2017}}, 23m05s.</ref> Several far-right terrorists, including the perpetrators of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings|2019 Christchurch mosque shootings]], the [[2019 El Paso shooting]], the [[2022 Buffalo shooting]] and the [[2023 Jacksonville shooting]], have made reference to the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory. American conservative media personalities, including [[Tucker Carlson]] and [[Laura Ingraham]], have espoused ideas of a replacement.<ref name=":8" /> Some [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politicians have endorsed the theory in order to appeal to far-right members of the Republican Party and as a way of signalling their loyalty to [[Donald Trump]].<ref name=":8" />

== Background ==
Renaud Camus developed his conspiracy theory in two books published in 2010 and 2011, in the context of an increase in anti-immigrant rhetoric in public discourse during the previous decade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Croucher|first=Stephen M.|year=2013|title=Integrated Threat Theory and Acceptance of Immigrant Assimilation: An Analysis of Muslim Immigration in Western Europe|journal=Communication Monographs|volume=80|issue=1|pages=46–62|doi=10.1080/03637751.2012.739704|s2cid=145389928|issn=0363-7751|quote=Such political rhetoric has been effective in the past decade, as more and more individuals in the US and Europe are less accepting of Muslims, particularly Muslim immigrants (Abbas, 2007; Croucher, 2008; Gonzalez et al., 2008).}}</ref> Europe also experienced an escalation in [[Islamic terrorism in Europe|Islamic terrorist attacks]] during the 2000s–2010s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/eu-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report|title=EU Terrorism Situation & Trend Report (Te-Sat)|website=Europol|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717165603/https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/eu-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report|archive-date=17 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[European migrant crisis|migrant crisis]] in the years 2015–2016,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911|title=EU migration: Crisis in seven charts|date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131030536/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911|archive-date=31 January 2016|language=en-GB}}</ref> which exacerbated tensions and prepared public opinion for the reception of Camus's conspiracy theory.{{sfnp|Bergmann|2018|pages=126–27}}<ref name="fourquet29"/> As the latter depicts a population replacement said to occur in a short time lapse of one or two generations, the migrant crisis was particularly conducive to the spread of Camus's ideas while the terrorist attacks accelerated the construction of immigrants as an existential threat among those who shared such a worldview.<ref name="fourquet29"/>

Camus's theme of a future demise of European culture and civilization also parallels a "[[Cultural pessimism|cultural pessimistic]]" and [[Criticism of Islam|anti-Islam]] trend among European intellectuals of the period, illustrated in several best-selling and straightforwardly titled books released during the 2010s: [[Thilo Sarrazin]]'s ''[[Germany Abolishes Itself]]'' (2010), [[Éric Zemmour]]'s ''[[The French Suicide]]'' (2014) or [[Michel Houellebecq]]'s ''[[Submission (novel)|Submission]]'' (2015).{{sfnp|Polakow-Suransky|2017|pp=2–3}}

== Concept of Renaud Camus ==
[[File:Renaud Camus 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|187px|Author [[Renaud Camus]], progenitor of the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory, September 2013]]
The "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory was developed by French author [[Renaud Camus]], initially in a 2010 book titled ''L'Abécédaire de l'in-nocence'' ("Abecedarium of no-harm"),{{Efn|{{lang|fr|In-nocence}} is a wordplay built on the archaic term {{lang|fr|nocence}},<ref>Kennelly, Brian Gordon (2004). "[https://www.academia.edu/2750142/Au_del%C3%A0_de_leurs_dol%C3%A9ances_Au_nom_de_l_In_nocence_Renaud_Camus_and_the_Political Au-delà de leurs doléances, Au nom de l'In-nocence: Renaud Camus and the Political]", ''California Polytechnic State University''.</ref> originally meaning 'harm, nuisance, malice, guilt', and from which the modern French and English "[[innocence]]" derive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/dictionnaire-godefroy/nocence|title = D. Godefroy}}</ref>|name=|group=}}<ref name="camusmathieu">{{Cite web|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|author-link=Jean-Yves Camus|last2=Mathieu|first2=Annie|date=19 August 2017|title=D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?|url=https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/dou-vient-lexpression-remigration-093e01598c270a4ca9a94070d4bb5980|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524102419/https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/dou-vient-lexpression-remigration-093e01598c270a4ca9a94070d4bb5980|archive-date=24 May 2019|website=Le Soleil}}</ref> and the following year in an eponymous book, ''Le Grand Remplacement (introduction au remplacisme global)''.{{Efn|English: ''The Great Replacement (introduction to global replacism)''}} Camus has claimed that the name {{lang|fr|Grand Remplacement}} "came to [him], almost by chance, perhaps in a more or less unconscious reference to the ''[[Expulsion of the Acadians|Grand Dérangement]]'' of the [[Acadians]] in the 18th century."<ref name="finkielkraut4m25s">{{Harvp|Finkielkraut|2017}}, 4m25s.</ref> As an epigraph to the later book, Camus chose [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s quip from the satirical poem ''[[Die Lösung]]'' that the easiest thing to do for a government which had lost the confidence of its people would be to choose new people.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Leconte|first=Cécile|year=2019|title=La carrière militante du ' grand remplacement ' au sein du milieu partisan de l'Alternative pour l'Allemagne (AfD)|journal=Politix|volume=126|issue=2|pages=111–134|doi=10.3917/pox.126.0111|s2cid=210566278}}</ref>

According to Camus, the "Great Replacement" has been nourished by "[[industrialisation]]", "[[Secularization|despiritualisation]]" and "deculturation";{{Efn|The French term {{lang|fr|déculturation}} can be translated as 'loss', 'disappearance' or 'erasure' of one's culture or national feeling.|name=transl-decult|group=}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vue d'oeil: Journal 2012|last=Camus|first=Renaud|date=2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fgH7c4mw6m4C&pg=PT21 PT21]|no-pp=y|publisher=Fayard|isbn=978-2213672892|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Traverso|first=Enzo|title=The New Faces of Fascism: Populism and the Far Right|date=2019|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1788730495|pages=71}}</ref> the [[Materialism|materialistic]] society and [[globalism]] having created a "replaceable human, without any national, ethnic, or cultural specificity",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/01/23/le-grand-boniment_4353499_823448.html|title=Le fantasme du 'grand remplacement' démographique|last=Joignot|first=Frédéric|date=23 January 2014|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521014256/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/01/23/le-grand-boniment_4353499_823448.html|archive-date=21 May 2019|language=fr}}</ref> what he labels "global replacism".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bromley|first=Roger|year=2018|title=The politics of displacement: the Far Right narrative of Europe and its 'others'|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328539266|journal=From the European South. University of Nottingham|volume=3|pages=15}}</ref> Camus claims that "the great replacement does not need a definition," as the term is not, in his views, a "concept" but rather a "phenomenon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2015/10/13/le-grand-remplacement-totem-extreme_1403361|title=Le 'grand remplacement', totem extrême|last=Albertini|first=Dominique|date=13 October 2015|website=[[Libération]]|language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701032837/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2015/10/13/le-grand-remplacement-totem-extreme_1403361|archive-date=1 July 2019|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>{{sfnp|Chatterton Williams|2017}}

In Camus's theory, the indigenous French people ("the replaced"){{Efn|French: {{lang|fr|les remplacés}}|name=|group=}} is described as being demographically replaced by non-white populations ("the replacing [peoples]"){{Efn|French: {{lang|fr|les remplaçants}}}}—mainly coming from [[Africa]] or the [[Middle East]]—in a process of "peopling immigration" encouraged by a "replacist power".{{Efn|name=transl-rempla}}<ref name="taguieff71"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-09 |title=Le 'Grand Remplacement', cauchemar de l'extrême droite |work=Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/societe/grand-remplacement-cauchemar-lextreme-droite |issn=1423-3967 |quote=L'écrivain distingue alors les remplacés (la civilisation européenne et sa culture), les remplaçants (les immigrés venus majoritairement d'Afrique du Nord et d'Afrique subsaharienne) et les remplacistes (le pouvoir qui ne cherche pas à inverser les flux migratoires afin de servir des intérêts politiques, de gauche notamment).}}</ref>

Camus frequently uses terms and concepts related to the period of [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi-occupied France]] (1940–1945). He for instance labels "colonizers" or "Occupiers"{{Efn|French: {{lang|fr|colonisateurs/colonisation}} and {{lang|fr|Occupants}}|name=transl-colon-occup}} people of non-European descent who reside in Europe,<ref name="Heim"/><ref name="figaro-04-19"/> and dismisses what he calls the "replacist elites" as "collaborationist".<ref name="Finkielfraut20172"/> In 2017 Camus founded an organization named the [[National Council of European Resistance]], in a self-evident reference to the [[World War II]] [[National Council of the Resistance]] (1943–1945).<ref name="sapiro377">{{Cite book|last=Sapiro|first=Gisèle|title=Les écrivains et la politique en France – De l'affaire Dreyfus à la guerre d'Algérie|date=2018|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BWluDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT377 PT377]|no-pp=y|publisher=Le Seuil|isbn=978-2-02-140215-5|language=fr}}</ref> This analogy to the [[French Resistance]] against Nazism has been described as an implicit call to hatred, direct action or even violence against what Camus labels the "Occupiers; i.e. the immigrants".<ref name="Finkielfraut20172"/> Camus has also compared the Great Replacement and the so-called "[[White genocide conspiracy theory|genocide by substitution]]" of the European peoples to [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="sapiro377"/>

=== Claimed influences ===
{{See also|The Camp of the Saints|Rivers of Blood speech}}
Camus cites two influential figures in the epilogue of his 2011 book ''The Great Replacement'': British politician [[Enoch Powell]]'s apocalyptic vision of future race relations—expressed in his 1968 [[Rivers of Blood speech|"Rivers of Blood" speech]]—and French author [[Jean Raspail]]'s depiction of the collapse of the West from an overwhelming "tidal wave" of [[Third World]] immigration, featured in his 1973 novel ''[[The Camp of the Saints]]''.<ref name="camuslebourg206-207"/>{{sfnp|Polakow-Suransky|2017|p=210}}

Camus also declared to ''[[The Spectator]]'' magazine in 2016 that a key to understanding the "Great Replacement" can be found in his 2002 book ''Du Sens''.<ref name="Spectator">{{cite news|url=https://life.spectator.co.uk/2016/11/non/|title=Non!|last1=Sexton|first1=David|date=3 November 2016|work=[[The Spectator]]|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031918/https://life.spectator.co.uk/2016/11/non/|archive-date=21 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the latter he wrote that the words "France" and "French" equal a natural and physical reality rather than a legal one, in a [[cratylism]] similar to [[Charles Maurras]]'s distinction between the "legal" and the "real country".{{Efn|French: {{lang|fr|pays légal}} and {{lang|fr|pays réel}}|name=maurras}}<ref name="Chaouat">{{cite news|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/europe/290272/renaud-camus-great-replacement|title=The gay French poet behind the alt-right's favorite catch phrase|last1=Chaouat|first1=Bruno|date=27 August 2019|work=Tablet Magazine|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828200722/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/europe/290272/renaud-camus-great-replacement|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During the same interview, Camus mentioned that he began to imagine his conspiracy theory back in 1996, during the redaction of a guidebook on the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Hérault]], in the South of France: "I suddenly realized that in very old villages [...] the population had totally changed too [...] this is when I began to write like that."<ref name="Spectator"/>

== Similar themes ==
{{Main|White genocide conspiracy theory}}
Despite its own singularities and concepts, the "Great Replacement" is encompassed in a larger and older [[White genocide conspiracy theory|"white genocide" conspiracy theory]],{{Sfnp|Bergmann|2018|pp=127–128}} popularized in the US by neo-Nazi [[David Lane (white supremacist)|David Lane]] in his 1995 ''White Genocide Manifesto'', where he asserted that governments in [[Western world|Western countries]] were intending to turn [[white people]] into "extinct species".<ref name="TDCWN2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/how-the-turner-diaries-changed-white-nationalism/500039/|title=How 'The Turner Diaries' Changed White Nationalism|last=Berger|first=J. M.|work=The Atlantic|access-date=24 November 2017|language=en-US|quote=The manifesto itself was soon reduced to the simple phrase 'white genocide', which proliferated at the start of the 21st century and has become the overwhelmingly dominant meme of modern white nationalism.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806175641/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/how-the-turner-diaries-changed-white-nationalism/500039/|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/12/26/drexel_censures_professor_for_white_genocide_tweet.html|title=Drexel University, Apparently Unfamiliar With White Supremacist Lingo, Censures Prof For 'White Genocide' Tweet|last=Dessem|first=Matthew|date=26 December 2016|work=Slate|access-date=24 November 2017|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339|quote=Although it's difficult to date precisely, white supremacist publishing houses being somewhat less reliable than [[Simon & Schuster]], that honor probably belongs to the late David Lane, terrorist, white supremacist, and author of an execrable little essay called 'White Genocide Manifesto'.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015051648/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/12/26/drexel_censures_professor_for_white_genocide_tweet.html|archive-date=15 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Scholars generally agree that, although he did not father the theme, Camus indeed coined the term "Great Replacement" as a slogan and concept, and eventually led it to its fame in the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Soullier |first1=Lucie |last2=Lebourg |first2=Nicolas |date=15 March 2019 |title=Attentat en Nouvelle-Zélande : L'auteur de l'attaque se reconnaît comme fasciste |language=fr |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/03/15/attaque-en-nouvelle-zelande-le-plus-important-pour-la-lutte-raciale-selon-le-suspect-c-est-internet_5436816_823448.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806190359/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/03/15/attaque-en-nouvelle-zelande-le-plus-important-pour-la-lutte-raciale-selon-le-suspect-c-est-internet_5436816_823448.html |archive-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Condomines |first=Anaïs |date=19 March 2019 |title=Attentat de Christchurch et 'grand remplacement' : itinéraire d'une théorie protéiforme |url=https://www.lci.fr/population/attentat-de-christchurch-et-grand-remplacement-itineraire-d-une-theorie-proteiforme-2115835.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723181254/https://www.lci.fr/population/attentat-de-christchurch-et-grand-remplacement-itineraire-d-une-theorie-proteiforme-2115835.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=[[La Chaîne Info|LCI]] |language=fr |quote=[[Valérie Igounet]]: 'certaines personnes ont cité cette théorie avant Camus mais c'est bien lui qui l'a popularisée. L'association de ces deux mots a fait mouche dans un contexte français particulier, et ce de manière très récente'}}</ref>

The idea of "replacement" under the guidance of a hostile elite can be further traced back to pre-WWII [[Antisemitic canards|antisemitic conspiracy theories]] which posited the existence of a Jewish plot to destroy Europe through miscegenation, especially in [[Édouard Drumont]]'s [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] bestseller ''[[La France juive]]'' (1886).{{sfnp|Weil|Truong|2015}} Commenting on this resemblance, historian [[Nicolas Lebourg]] and political scientist [[Jean-Yves Camus]] suggest that Camus's contribution was to replace the antisemitic elements with a clash of civilizations between Muslims and Europeans.<ref name="camuslebourg206-207"/> Also in the late 19th century, imperialist politicians invoked the ''Péril jaune'' ([[Yellow Peril]]) in their negative comparisons of France's low birth-rate and the high birth-rates of Asian countries.  From that claim arose an artificial, cultural fear that immigrant-worker Asians soon would "flood" France. This danger supposedly could be successfully countered only by increased fecundity of French women. Then, France would possess enough soldiers to thwart the eventual flood of immigrants from Asia.<ref>Margaret Cook Anderson, ''Regeneration Through Empire: French Pronatalists and Colonial Settlement in the Third Republic'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2014) p. 25.</ref> [[Maurice Barrès]]'s nationalist writings of that period have also been noted in the ideological genealogy of the "Great Replacement", Barrès contending both in 1889 and in 1900 that a replacement of the native population under the combined effect of immigration and a decline in the birth rate was happening in France.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Nouveau FN. Les vieux habits du populisme: Les vieux habits du populisme|last=Kauffmann|first=Grégoire|date=2016|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IY_gDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 PT78]|no-pp=y|publisher=Le Seuil|isbn=978-2021300307|language=fr}}</ref>{{sfnp|Weil|Truong|2015}}

Scholars also highlight a modern similarity to European neo-fascist and neo-Nazi thinkers from the immediate post-war, especially [[Maurice Bardèche]], [[René Binet (neo-Fascist)|René Binet]] and [[Gaston-Armand Amaudruz]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/09/06/une-partie-de-l-extreme-droite-europeenne-revient-a-l-action-violente_5350854_3232.html|title=En Europe, une partie de l'extrême droite revient à l'action violente|last=François|first=Stéphane|date=6 September 2018|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822234807/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/09/06/une-partie-de-l-extreme-droite-europeenne-revient-a-l-action-violente_5350854_3232.html|archive-date=22 August 2019|language=fr|author-link=Stéphane François}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/antiracisme/2014/11/03/le-grand-remplacement-et-le-polypier-geant/|title=Le Grand Remplacement et le polypier géant|last=Debono|first=Emmanuel|date=3 November 2014|work=Le Monde|access-date=16 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816212016/https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/antiracisme/2014/11/03/le-grand-remplacement-et-le-polypier-geant/|archive-date=16 August 2019|language=fr-FR}}</ref> and to concepts advanced from the 1960s onward by the French [[Nouvelle Droite]].<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=François |first=Stéphane |title=La nouvelle droite et ses dissidences: identité, écologie et paganisme |date=2021 |publisher=Le Bord de l'eau |isbn=978-2-35687-760-4 |page=41 |author-link=Stéphane François}} See also Antoine Dubiau's [[doi:10.4000/lectures.50284|book review]]: "Stéphane François thus shows that Europe is seen [in Nouvelle Droite's writings] as besieged by immigration, which is presented as an invasion or even a colonization, prefiguring the fantasy of the "great replacement" that has now taken hold in the media. The author also reminds us that these theories are based on an idea of Europe as a coherent cultural entity, anchored in a supposed 'racial continuity for nearly 30,000 years' (p. 41)."</ref> The associated and more recent conspiracy theory of "[[Eurabia]]", published by British author [[Bat Ye'or]] in her 2005 eponymous book, is often cited as a probable inspiration for Camus's "Great Replacement".<ref name="Abdeslam">{{cite journal|last1=Ait Abdeslam|first1=Abderrahim|year=2018|title=The vilification of Muslim diaspora in French fictional novels: 'Soumission' (2015) and 'Petit Frère' (2008) as case studies|journal=Journal of Multicultural Discourses|volume=13|issue=3|pages=232–242|doi=10.1080/17447143.2018.1511717|s2cid=216116710}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2014/05/LIOGIER/50422|title=Le mythe de l'invasion arabo-musulmane|last=Liogier|first=Raphaël|date=1 May 2014|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806122217/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2014/05/LIOGIER/50422|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/le-dossier-de-l-obs/20120921.OBS3170/reacosphere-le-conspirationnisme-est-au-coeur-de-la-dynamique.html#modal-msg|title=Réacosphère : 'Le conspirationnisme est au coeur de la dynamique'|last1=Gross|first1=Estelle|work=[[L'Obs]]|access-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822160528/https://www.nouvelobs.com/le-dossier-de-l-obs/20120921.OBS3170/reacosphere-le-conspirationnisme-est-au-coeur-de-la-dynamique.html#modal-msg|archive-date=22 August 2019|last2=Cahuzac|first2=Yannick|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Eurabia theory likewise involves [[Globalism|globalist]] entities, that time led by both French and Arab powers, conspiring to Islamize Europe, with Muslims submerging the continent through immigration and higher birth rates.<ref name="MarjanSapir">{{cite book|title=Europe's Destiny|last=Marján|first=Attila|author2=André Sapir|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8018-9547-0|location=Baltimore, MD|page=161}}</ref> The conspiracy theory also depicts immigrants as invaders or as a [[fifth column]], invited to the continent by a corrupt political elite.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/media/28-03-2019/how-the-swarm-of-white-extremism-spreads-itself-online/|title=How the swarm of white extremism spreads itself online|last=Ganesh|first=Bharath|date=28 March 2019|publisher=[[The Spinoff]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423004445/https://thespinoff.co.nz/media/28-03-2019/how-the-swarm-of-white-extremism-spreads-itself-online/|archive-date=23 April 2019|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/03/muslims-are-coming-islamophobia-extremism-domestic-war-on-terror-review|title=The Muslims Are Coming!: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror – review|author=Robin Yassin-Kassab|date=3 April 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424133053/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/03/muslims-are-coming-islamophobia-extremism-domestic-war-on-terror-review|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
=== Demographic statistics ===

While the ethnic demography of France has shifted [[Demographics of France#Ethnic groups|as a result of post-WWII immigration]], scholars have generally dismissed the claims of a "great replacement" as being rooted in an exaggeration of immigration statistics and unscientific, racially prejudiced views.<ref name="Jenkins2017">{{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Cecil|title=A Brief History of France|date=2017|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4721-4027-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UjreDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT342 PT342]|no-pp=y|quote=As for the ''grand replacement'', this has been widely seen as a paranoid fantasy, which plays fast and loose with the statistics, is racist in that it classes as immigrants people actually born in France, glosses over the fact that around half of immigrants are from other European countries, and suggests that declining indigenous France will be outbred by Muslim newcomers when in fact it has the highest fertility rate in Western Europe, and ''not'' because of immigration.}}</ref> Geographer Landis MacKellar criticized Camus's thesis for assuming "that third- and fourth- generation 'immigrants' are somehow not French."<ref name="MacKellar_2016">{{cite journal |last1=MacKellar |first1=Landis |year=2016 |title=Review: La République islamique de France? A Review Essay |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=368–375 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00130.x |jstor=44015644 |quote=Michèle Tribalat of the Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED) has argued that the restriction forces policymakers to proceed with eyes wide shut, but Hervé Le Bras of the École d'Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) counters that such statistics simply objectify and dignify racist prejudices. Both views have some validity. Whichever way you feel, a consequence of our ignorance is that the specter of Le Grand Remplacement haunts French politics |hdl-access=free |hdl=10.1111/padr.2016.42.issue-2}}</ref> Researchers have variously estimated the Muslim population of France at between 8.8% and 12.5% in 2017, and less than 1% in 2001<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=29 November 2017|title=Europe's Growing Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/|access-date=13 December 2020|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Héran|first=François|title=Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir|publisher=La Découverte|year=2017|isbn=978-2707195821|page=20}}</ref> making a "replacement" unlikely according to MacKellar.<ref name="MacKellar_2016" />

=== Racial connotations ===
In the words of scholar Andrew Fergus Wilson, whereas the islamophobic Great Replacement theory can be distinguished from the parallel antisemitic [[white genocide conspiracy theory]], "they share the same terms of reference and both are ideologically aligned with the so-called '[[14 words]]' of [[David Lane (white supremacist)|David Lane]] ["We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children"]."<ref name="oxfordresearch" /> In 2021, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] wrote that "since many white supremacists, particularly those in the United States, blame Jews for non-white immigration to the U.S.", the Great Replacement theory has been increasingly associated with antisemitism and conflated with the white genocide conspiracy theory.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Dustin |date=2022-05-16 |title=What is the 'great replacement' and how is it tied to the Buffalo shooting suspect? |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/16/1099034094/what-is-the-great-replacement-theory |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref> Scholar [[Kathleen Belew]] has argued that the Great Replacement theory "allows an opportunism in selecting enemies", but "also follows the central motivating logic, which is to protect the thing on the inside [i.e. the preservation and birth rate of the white race], regardless of the enemy on the outside."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chotiner |first=Isaac |date=2022-05-15 |title=Making Sense of the Racist Mass Shooting in Buffalo |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/making-sense-of-the-racist-mass-shooting-in-buffalo |access-date=2022-05-25 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to Australian historian [[A. Dirk Moses]], the great replacement theory is a form of [[psychological projection]] in which Europeans—who enacted [[settler colonialism|settler-colonial]] projects entailing the elimination and replacement of native populations by [[settler societies]]—fear the reverse may happen to them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moses |first1=A. Dirk|author-link=A. Dirk Moses |title="White Genocide" and the Ethics of Public Analysis |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2019 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=201–213 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1599493|s2cid=132394485 |quote=In its fixation on demographic substitution, the fear [in Great Replacement theory] mimics settler colonial theory, which highlights how this form of colonialism is marked not primarily exploitation of native labour but through its elimination and replacement by immigrant-settlers: one society displaces another. Camus – and Tarrant who likely takes the French site of his 'enlightenment' story from him – fear they are native victims of reverse settler colonialism. Not for nothing does he talk about the 'colonization of Europe today.'}}</ref>

In German discourse, Austrian political scientist [[Rainer Bauböck]] questioned the conspiracy theorists' use of the terms "population replacement" or "exchange" ({{lang|de|Bevölkerungsaustausch}}). Using [[Ruth Wodak]]'s analysis that the slogan needs to be viewed in its historical context, Bauböck has concluded that the conspiracy theory is a reemergence of the Nazi ideology of {{lang|de|[[Umvolkung]]}} ("ethnicity inversion").<ref>{{cite news|url=https://derstandard.at/2000102690976/Bevoelkerungsaustausch-oder-Umvolkung-Erklaeren-Sie-den-Unterschied-Herr-Vizekanzler|title=Bevölkerungsaustausch oder Umvolkung? Erklären Sie den Unterschied, Herr Strache!|author=Bauböck, Rainer|date=7 May 2019|newspaper=[[Der Standard]]|language=de|trans-title=Population exchange or change? Explain the difference, Mr. Strache!|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520073346/https://derstandard.at/2000102690976/Bevoelkerungsaustausch-oder-Umvolkung-Erklaeren-Sie-den-Unterschied-Herr-Vizekanzler|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Popularity ===
[[File:Tract du NON pour Jour de colère.jpg|thumb|Camus's tract for his 2014 "day of anger" demonstration against the "great replacement": "No to the change of people and of civilization, no to antisemitism"]]
The simplicity and use of catch-all slogans in Camus's formulations—"you have one people, and in the space of a generation you have a different people"{{sfnp|Chatterton Williams|2017}}—as well as his removal of antisemitism from the original neo-Nazi "[[White genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]]" conspiracy theory, have been cited as conducive to the popularity of the "Great Replacement" in Europe.{{sfnp|Boubeker|Bancel|Blanchard|2015|pp=141–152}}<ref name="camuslebourg206-207"/>

In a survey led by [[Institut français d'opinion publique|Ifop]] in December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the conspiracy theory; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "[[Yellow vests movement|Gilets Jaunes]]" (Yellow Vest protesters).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/sondage-les-gilets-jaunes-sont-plus-sensibles-aux-theories-du-complot-3855563|title=Sondage : les Gilets jaunes sont plus sensibles aux théories du complot|last=Liabot|first=Thomas|website=[[Le Journal du Dimanche]]|date=11 February 2019 |language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427121621/https://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/sondage-les-gilets-jaunes-sont-plus-sensibles-aux-theories-du-complot-3855563|archive-date=27 April 2019|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> In another survey led by [[The Harris Poll|Harris Interactive]] in October 2021, 61% of the French believed that the "Great Replacement" will happen in France; 67% of the respondents were worried about it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2021|title=67% de Français inquiets par l'idée d'un 'grand remplacement', selon un sondage|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/67-de-francais-inquiets-par-l-idee-d-un-grand-remplacement-selon-un-sondage-20211021|website=Le Figaro}}</ref>

The theory has also become influential in far-right and white nationalist circles outside of France.<ref name="Wildman">{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/8/15/16141456/renaud-camus-the-great-replacement-you-will-not-replace-us-charlottesville-white |title='You will not replace us': a French philosopher explains the Charlottesville chant |last=Wildman |first=Sarah |date=15 August 2017 |work=Vox |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809053929/https://www.vox.com/world/2017/8/15/16141456/renaud-camus-the-great-replacement-you-will-not-replace-us-charlottesville-white |archive-date=9 August 2018 |url-status=live |author-link=Sarah Wildman }}</ref> The conspiracy theory has been cited by Canadian far-right political activist [[Lauren Southern]] in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017.{{sfnp|Chatterton Williams|2017}} Southern's video had attracted in 2020 more than 686,000 viewers<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=The Great Replacement|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTDmsmN43NA|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430173227/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTDmsmN43NA|archive-date=30 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and is credited with helping to popularize the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/the-great-replacement-the-racist-idea-now-at-the-heart-of-europe-s-politics-20190319-p515cc.html|title='The Great Replacement': an idea now at the heart of Europe's politics|last1=Miller|first1=Nick|date=19 March 2019|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235005/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/the-great-replacement-the-racist-idea-now-at-the-heart-of-europe-s-politics-20190319-p515cc.html|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Counter-jihad]] [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] blogger [[Fjordman]] has also participated in spreading the theory.<ref name="lemonde2019">{{cite news|url=https://mondediplo.com/outsidein/white-supremacists-mainstream|title='White genocide' theorists worm their way into the West's mainstream|last1=Ahmed|first1=Nafeez|date=25 March 2019|work=Le Monde diplomatique|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407144453/https://mondediplo.com/outsidein/white-supremacists-mainstream|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been promoted by the German edition of ''[[The Epoch Times]]'', a far-right [[Falun Gong]]-associated newspaper.<ref name="TheNewRepublic">{{Cite news |last=Hettena |first=Seth |date=September 17, 2019 |title=The Obscure Newspaper Fueling the Far-Right in Europe |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/155076/obscure-newspaper-fueling-far-right-europe |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106130756/https://newrepublic.com/article/155076/obscure-newspaper-fueling-far-right-europe |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last1=Perrone |first1=Alessio |last2=Loucaides |first2=Darren |date=March 10, 2022 |title=A key source for Covid-skeptic movements, the Epoch Times yearns for a global audience |url=https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/epoch-times/ |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=[[Coda Media]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Prominent right-wing extremist websites such as [[Gates of Vienna]], [[Politically Incorrect (blog)|Politically Incorrect]], and {{ill|Fdesouche|fr}} have provided a platform for bloggers to diffuse and popularize the theory of the "Great Replacement".<ref name="Betz">{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right|last=Betz|first=Hans-Georg|year= 2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0190644185|editor-last=Rydgren|editor-first=Jens|editor-link=Jens Rydgren|volume=1|chapter=5. The Radical Right and Populism|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.5|lccn=2017025436|author-link=Hans-Georg Betz|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--5IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT121}}</ref> Among its main promoters are also a wide-ranging network of loosely connected white nationalist movements, especially the [[Identitarian movement]] in [[Europe]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/generation-identity-far-right-group-training-camps-europe-uk-recruits-military-white-nationalist-a8046641.html |title=Generation Identity: Far-right group sending UK recruits to military-style training camps in Europe |date=9 November 2017 |work=[[The Independent]] |quote=...claims it represents 'indigenous Europeans' and propagates the far-right conspiracy theory that white people are becoming a minority in what it calls the 'Great Replacement' |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925222918/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/generation-identity-far-right-group-training-camps-europe-uk-recruits-military-white-nationalist-a8046641.html |archive-date=25 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |author-link=Jean-Yves Camus |date=2018 |title=Le mouvement identitaire ou la construction d'un mythe des origines européennes |url=https://blogelements.typepad.fr/files/le-mouvement-identitaire-ou-la-construction-d-un-mythe-des-origines-europeennes.pdf |website=[[Fondation Jean-Jaurès]]}}</ref> and other groups like [[PEGIDA]] in [[Germany]].<ref name="Deutsche Welle">{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-dangerous-are-austrias-far-right-hipsters/a-45241401|title=How dangerous are Austria's far-right hipsters?|last1=Meaker|first1=Morgan|date=28 August 2018|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924185820/https://www.dw.com/en/how-dangerous-are-austrias-far-right-hipsters/a-45241401|archive-date=24 September 2018|url-status=live|publisher=Deutsche Welle|location=Vienna|quote=...and spread the 'great replacement' conspiracy theory—the idea that white Europeans will be replaced by people from the Middle East and Africa through immigration. The theory is based on inflated statistics and un-substantiated demographic projections. Right now, only 4 percent of the European Union is made up of non-EU nationals.}}</ref>

==Political influence==
===Europe===

====France====
Much of the European spread of the Great Replacement ({{lang-fr|Grand Remplacement}}) conspiracy theory rhetoric is due to its prevalence in French national discourse and media. [[Nationalism|Nationalist]] [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] groups in France have asserted that there is an ongoing "Islamo-substitution" of the [[French people|indigenous French population]], associating the presence of [[Islam in France|Muslims in France]] with potential danger and destruction of [[Culture of France|French culture and civilization]].<ref name="Le Pen advisor">{{cite web |last1=Osborne|first1=Samuel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/marine-le-pen-adviser-robert-menard-guilty-muslim-islam-hatred-latest-a7701721.html |title=Marine Le Pen adviser found guilty of inciting hatred against Muslims |date=25 April 2017 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924002118/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/marine-le-pen-adviser-robert-menard-guilty-muslim-islam-hatred-latest-a7701721.html |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name="Froio">{{cite journal |last1=Froio |first1=Caterina |title=Race, Religion, or Culture? Framing Islam between Racism and Neo-Racism in the Online Network of the French Far Right |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=21 August 2018 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=696–709 |doi=10.1017/S1537592718001573 |s2cid=149865406 |quote=...the conspiracy theory of the Grand remplacement (Great replacement) positing the 'Islamo-substitution' of biologically autochthonous populations in the French metropolitan territory, by Muslim minorities mostly coming from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb}}</ref><ref name="La Croix">{{cite news |last1=Schneider|first1=Frédérique |url=https://www.la-croix.com/France/Exclusion/VIDEO-campagne-deconstruire-discours-complotistes-Internet-2018-01-26-1200909107 |format=Video |title= Une campagne pour déconstruire les discours complotistes sur Internet |date=26 January 2018 |newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |language=fr |quote=...le ' grand remplacement ', une théorie de type conspirationniste selon laquelle il existerait un processus de remplacement des Français sur leur sol par des non-Européens. |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235223/https://www.la-croix.com/France/Exclusion/VIDEO-campagne-deconstruire-discours-complotistes-Internet-2018-01-26-1200909107 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

In 2011, [[Marine Le Pen]] evoked the theory, claiming that France's "adversaries" were waging a moral and economic war on the country, apparently "to deliver it to submersion by an organized replacement of our population".<ref name="Identity politics">{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/politiques-identitaires-et-mythe-du-grand-remplacement-117471|title=Politiques identitaires et mythe du ' grand remplacement '|language=fr|trans-title=Identity politics and the myth of the "great replacement"|publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|date=16 June 2019|access-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711112448/http://theconversation.com/politiques-identitaires-et-mythe-du-grand-remplacement-117471|archive-date=11 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, historian [[Dominique Venner]]'s suicide in [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], in which he left a note outlining the "crime of the replacement of our people" is reported to have inspired the far-right ''Iliade Institute''{{'s}} main ideological tenet of the Great Replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/04/17/iliade-institute-french-far-right-intellectuals-rewrite-european-history|title=At the Iliade Institute, French far-right intellectuals rewrite European history|website=[[The Southern Poverty Law Center]]|date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517224622/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/04/17/iliade-institute-french-far-right-intellectuals-rewrite-european-history|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Referring to the conspiracy theory, Marine Le Pen publicly praised Venner, claiming that his "last gesture, eminently political, was to try to awaken the [[French people]]".<ref name="Identity politics"/>

In 2015, [[Guillaume Faye]] gave a speech at the [[Swedish Army Museum]] in Stockholm, in which he claimed there were three societal things being used against Europeans to carry out a supposed Great Replacement: abortion, homosexuality and immigration. He asserted that Muslims were replacing white people by using birthrates as a demographic weapon.<ref name="Expo">{{cite web|url=https://expo.se/myten-om-det-stora-utbytet|title=Myten om det stora utbytet|language=sv|trans-title=The myth of the great exchange|work=[[Expo (magazine)|Expo]]|date=15 March 2019|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710132752/https://expo.se/myten-om-det-stora-utbytet|archive-date=10 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2017, a ''[[BuzzFeed News]]'' investigation revealed three National Front candidates subscribing to the conspiracy theory ahead of the [[2017 French legislative election|legislative elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-france/racisme-homophobie-ce-que-lon-trouve-sur-les-comptes-des-candidats-fn-front-national-buzzfeed-circonscriptions-xenophobie-legislatives-deputes-twitter-facebook-fachosphere|title=Racisme, homophobie: ce que l'on trouve sur les comptes des candidats FN|language=fr|trans-title=Racism, homophobia: what we find on the accounts of FN candidates|publisher=[[France-Soir]]|date=6 June 2017|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708124044/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-france/racisme-homophobie-ce-que-lon-trouve-sur-les-comptes-des-candidats-fn-front-national-buzzfeed-circonscriptions-xenophobie-legislatives-deputes-twitter-facebook-fachosphere|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> These included Senator [[Stéphane Ravier]]'s personal assistant, who claimed the Great Replacement had already started in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/elections-legislatives/legislatives-front-national-des-candidats-pas-si-presentables-06-06-2017-2133151_573.php|title=Législatives – Front national : des candidats pas si présentables...|language=fr|trans-title=Legislative – National Front: not so presentable candidates ...|work=[[Le Point]]|date=8 June 2017|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708124042/https://www.lepoint.fr/elections-legislatives/legislatives-front-national-des-candidats-pas-si-presentables-06-06-2017-2133151_573.php|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Publishing an image of blonde girl next to the caption "Say no to [[white genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]]", Ravier's aide politically charged the concept further, writing "the [[National Rally (France)|National Front]] or the invasion".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/fn-paca-propos-racistes-islamophobes-candidats-aux-elections-legislatives-1268215.html|title=Le FN en PACA : des propos à caractère raciste et islamophobe des candidats aux législatives|language=fr|trans-title=The FN in PACA: Racist and Islamophobic remarks from candidates for the legislative elections|publisher=[[France Info]]|date=7 June 2017|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708124042/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/fn-paca-propos-racistes-islamophobes-candidats-aux-elections-legislatives-1268215.html|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Éric Zemmour (52074750076).jpg|thumb|Journalist and author [[Éric Zemmour]], who ran for President of France in the [[2022 French presidential election|2022 election]], promoted extensively the Great Replacement concept.]]
By September 2018, in a meeting at [[Fréjus]], Marine Le Pen closely echoed Great Replacement rhetoric. Speaking of France, she declared that "never in the history of mankind, have we seen a society that organizes an irreversible submersion" that would eventually cause French society to "disappear by dilution or substitution, its culture and way of life".<ref name="Identity politics"/> Following the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]], Le Pen falsely denied knowledge of the theory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Franklin |first=Alice |date=April 22, 2022 |title=Double Check: What Is the Great Replacement Theory? |url=https://www.logically.ai/articles/double-check-what-is-the-great-replacement-theory |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[Logically (company)|Logically]] |language=en}}</ref>

Former [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] delegate [[Marion Maréchal]], who is a junior member of the political [[Le Pen family]], is also a proponent of the theory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/the-notre-dame-wildfire-that-cant-be-put-out/|title=The Notre Dame wildfire that can't be put out|website=[[Politico]]|date=22 April 2019|quote=Marion Maréchal—pegged as the heir apparent to the Le Pen dynasty and a possible presidential contender in 2022—is a proponent of the 'Great Replacement' theory embraced by the man accused of the Christchurch killings in New Zealand.|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508171532/https://www.politico.eu/article/the-notre-dame-wildfire-that-cant-be-put-out/|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, in a trip to the U.S., Maréchal evoked the theory, stating "I don't want France to become a land of Islam".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/03/14/meet-marion-marechal-the-next-voice-of-french-nationalism|title=Meet Marion Maréchal, the next voice of French nationalism|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=14 March 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517155853/https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/03/14/meet-marion-marechal-the-next-voice-of-french-nationalism|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Insisting that the Great Replacement was "not absurd", she declared the "indigenous French" people, apparently in danger of being a minority by 2040, now wanted their "country back".<ref name="heart of Europe's politics">{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/the-great-replacement-the-racist-idea-now-at-the-heart-of-europe-s-politics-20190319-p515cc.html|title='The Great Replacement': an idea now at the heart of Europe's politics|last1=Miller|first1=Nick|date=19 March 2019|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235005/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/the-great-replacement-the-racist-idea-now-at-the-heart-of-europe-s-politics-20190319-p515cc.html|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]'s serving president Marine Le Pen, who is the aunt of Maréchal, has been heavily influenced by the Great Replacement. The ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' has described the conspiracy theory creator [[Renaud Camus]] as Le Pen's "whisperer".<ref name="Der Tag">{{cite news|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/anschlag-in-neuseeland-die-verschwoerungstheorie-des-todesschuetzen/24120366.html|title=Die Verschwörungstheorie des Todesschützen|language=de|trans-title=The Conspiracy Theory of the Gunner|newspaper=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|date=19 March 2019|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331225136/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/anschlag-in-neuseeland-die-verschwoerungstheorie-des-todesschuetzen/24120366.html|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2019, National Rally spokesman [[Jordan Bardella]] was reported to use the conspiracy theory during a televised debate with [[Nathalie Loiseau]], after he argued that France must "turn off the tap" from the [[demographic bomb]] of African immigration into the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-france/jordan-bardella-evoque-le-grand-remplacement-sans-le-nommer|title=Jordan Bardella évoque le 'Grand remplacement' sans le nommer|language=fr|trans-title=Jordan Bardella evokes the "Great replacement" without naming it|publisher=[[France-Soir]]|date=16 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517135252/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-france/jordan-bardella-evoque-le-grand-remplacement-sans-le-nommer|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2019, journalist and author [[Éric Zemmour]] pushed the concept in comparison to the [[Kosovo War]], claiming "In 1900, there were 90% Serbs and 10% Muslims in Kosovo, in 1990 there were 90% Muslims and 10% [[Serbs]], then there was war and the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|independence of Kosovo]]".<ref name="Great replacement and Kosovo">{{cite web|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-france/grand-remplacement-et-kosovo-le-fantasme-de-zemmour-et-marion-marechal|title=Grand remplacement et Kosovo: le fantasme de Zemmour et Marion Maréchal|language=fr|trans-title=Great replacement and Kosovo: the fantasy of Zemmour and Marion Maréchal|publisher=[[France-Soir]]|date=19 June 2019|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191928/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-france/grand-remplacement-et-kosovo-le-fantasme-de-zemmour-et-marion-marechal|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Zemmour, author of ''[[The French Suicide]]'', has repeatedly described "the progressive replacement, over a few decades, of the historic population of our country by immigrants, the vast majority of them non-European".<ref name="Sowerwine 2018">{{cite book |last=Sowerwine |first=Charles |title=France since 1870 : Culture, Politics and Society |publisher=Palgrave |location=London |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-137-40611-8 |oclc=1051356006 |page=460 |quote=Zemmour flirted with a far-right conspiracy theory; the Grand remplacement (Great Replacement)}}</ref> Later that month, [[Marion Maréchal]] joined Zemmour in invoking the Great Replacement in relation to the [[Balkan]] region, stating "I do not want my France to become [[Kosovo]]" and declared that the changing [[demographics of France]] "threatens us" ("nous menace") and that this was increasingly clear.<ref name="Great replacement and Kosovo"/> Zemmour [[2022 French presidential election|ran for president in 2022]] and continued to extensively promote the theory during his campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2021|title=Eric Zemmour, the French TV star who is stealing Marine Le Pen's thunder|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/france-eric-zemmour-tv-star-marine-le-pen-presidential-election/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912230522/https://www.politico.eu/article/france-eric-zemmour-tv-star-marine-le-pen-presidential-election/|archive-date=12 September 2021|access-date=14 September 2021|website=Politico|language=en-US}}</ref> He finished in fourth place in the first round of the election, taking 7,07% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=French far-right candidate Zemmour endorses Le Pen for runoff |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20220411-french-far-right-candidate-zemmour-endorses-le-pen-for-runoff |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

====Austria====
{{See also|Kalergi plan}}

[[Identitäre Bewegung Österreich]] (IBÖ), the Austrian branch of the [[Identitarian movement]], promotes this theory, citing a "great exchange"{{Efn|German: {{lang|de|(Der) Große Austausch}}|name=german-exchange}} or replacement of the population that supposedly needs to be reversed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/austria-strache-backs-population-replacement-claim-190501175832625.html|title=Austria's Strache backs far-right 'population replacement' claim|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517171738/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/austria-strache-backs-population-replacement-claim-190501175832625.html|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, [[Heinz-Christian Strache]] campaigning for his [[FPÖ]] party ahead of the [[2019 European Parliament election]] endorsed the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/austria-far-right-leader-panned-for-use-of-population-replacement-term/|title=Austria far-right leader panned for use of 'population replacement' term|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=1 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516005835/https://www.timesofisrael.com/austria-far-right-leader-panned-for-use-of-population-replacement-term/|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Claiming that "population replacement" in Austria was a real threat, he stated that "We don't want to become a minority in our own country".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-politics/austrian-far-right-sticks-by-population-exchange-rhetoric-idUSKCN1S73PJ|title=Austrian far-right sticks by 'population exchange' rhetoric|work=[[Reuters]]|date=1 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517143048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-politics/austrian-far-right-sticks-by-population-exchange-rhetoric-idUSKCN1S73PJ|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Compatriot [[Martin Sellner]], who also supports the theory, celebrated Strache's political use of the Great Replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/29/austrian-deputy-leader-endorses-far-right-term-population-replacement|title=Austrian deputy leader endorses far-right term 'population replacement'|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517040223/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/29/austrian-deputy-leader-endorses-far-right-term-population-replacement|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/05/13/conservatisms-wunderkind-is-getting-swallowed-by-the-far-right/|title=Conservatism's Wunderkind Is Getting Swallowed by the Far-Right|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=13 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516033037/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/05/13/conservatisms-wunderkind-is-getting-swallowed-by-the-far-right/|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Belgium====
In September 2018, {{ill|Schild & Vrienden|nl}}, an extremist Flemish youth organization, were reported to be endorsing the conspiracy theory. The group, claiming that [[Ethnic groups in Europe|native populations of Europe]] were being replaced by migrants; they proposed an end to all immigration, [[Remigration|forced deportation of non-whites]], and the founding of [[white ethnostate|ethnostates]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/08/31/schild-vrienden-achtergrond/|title=Wat moet je doen om 'strijder' of 'veteraan' van Schild & Vrienden te worden en wat is het einddoel?|language=nl|trans-title=What do you have to do to become a "warrior" or "veteran" of Schild & Vrienden and what is the ultimate goal?|publisher=[[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie]]|date=31 August 2018|access-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711100025/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/08/31/schild-vrienden-achtergrond/|archive-date=11 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, [[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie|VRT]] detailed how the organization was discussing the Great Replacement on secretive chat channels, and using the conspiracy theory to promote [[Flemish Movement|Flemish ethnic identity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/08/31/schild-en-vrienden-woordenlijst/|title=Van 'redpill' tot 'normies': dit zijn de basisbegrippen van Schild & Vrienden|language=nl|trans-title=From "redpill" to "normies": these are the basic concepts of Schild & Vrienden|publisher=[[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie]]|date=5 September 2018|access-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711100147/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/08/31/schild-en-vrienden-woordenlijst/|archive-date=11 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2019, Flemish nationalist [[Dries Van Langenhove]] of the [[Vlaams Belang]] party repeatedly stated that the [[Flemish people]] were "being replaced" in Belgium, posting claims on social media which endorsed the Great Replacement theory.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5627494/we-analyzed-how-the-great-replacement-and-far-right-ideas-spread-online-the-trends-reveal-deep-concerns/|title=We Analyzed How the 'Great Replacement' and Far Right Ideas Spread Online. The Trends Reveal Deep Concerns.|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=18 July 2019|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718113145/https://time.com/5627494/we-analyzed-how-the-great-replacement-and-far-right-ideas-spread-online-the-trends-reveal-deep-concerns/|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/The-Great-Replacement-The-Violent-Consequences-of-Mainstreamed-Extremism-by-ISD.pdf|title='The Great Replacement': The Violent Consequences of Mainstreamed Extremism|publisher=[[Institute for Strategic Dialogue]]|date=1 July 2019|author1=Ebner, Julie|author2=Davey, Jacob|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724201615/https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/The-Great-Replacement-The-Violent-Consequences-of-Mainstreamed-Extremism-by-ISD.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Denmark====
Use of the Great Replacement ({{lang-da|Store Udskiftning}}) conspiracy theory has become common in right-wing Danish political rhetoric. In April 2019, [[Rasmus Paludan (politician)|Rasmus Paludan]], leader of the [[Hard Line (party)|Hard Line]] party, which is widely associated with the Great Replacement,<ref name="KD">{{cite web|url=https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/debatindlaeg/fra-klimaet-til-koranen-valgkampen-handler-om-en-fjern-fremtid-vi-ikke-kommer-til|title=Fra klimaet til Koranen: Valgkampen handler om en fjern fremtid, vi ikke kommer til at opleve|language=da|trans-title=From the climate to the Qur'an: The election campaign is about a distant future we will not experience|publisher=[[Kristeligt Dagblad]]|date=20 May 2019|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708164450/https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/debatindlaeg/fra-klimaet-til-koranen-valgkampen-handler-om-en-fjern-fremtid-vi-ikke-kommer-til|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> claimed that by the year 2040 [[ethnic Danish]] people would be approaching to be a minority in Denmark, having been outnumbered by Muslims and their descendants.<ref name="DR">{{cite web|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/detektor/detektor-forudsigelser-om-den-store-udskiftning-er-noget-vaerre-vroevl|title=Detektor: Forudsigelser om Den store Udskiftning er 'noget værre vrøvl'|language=da|trans-title=Detector: Predictions about the Great Replacement are 'something worse than nonsense'|publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|date=20 June 2019|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708160122/https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/detektor/detektor-forudsigelser-om-den-store-udskiftning-er-noget-vaerre-vroevl|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During a debate for the 2019 European Parliament elections, Paludan used the concept to justify a proposal to ban Muslim immigration and deport all Islamic residents from the country, in what ''[[Le Monde]]'' described as Paludan "preaching the 'great replacement theory{{' "}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2019/05/31/rasmus-paludan-le-visage-danois-de-l-extreme-xenophobie_5469724_4500055.html|title=Rasmus Paludan, le visage danois de l'extrême xénophobie|language=fr|trans-title=Rasmus Paludan, the Danish face of extreme xenophobia|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|date=31 May 2019|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627144643/https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2019/05/31/rasmus-paludan-le-visage-danois-de-l-extreme-xenophobie_5469724_4500055.html|archive-date=27 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2019, [[Pia Kjærsgaard]] ([[Danish People's Party]]) invoked the conspiracy theory while serving as [[List of Speakers of the Folketing|Speaker of the Danish Parliament]]. After the alleged encouragement of Muslim communities to "vote red", for the [[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democrats]]; Kjærsgaard asked "What will happen? A replacement of the Danish people?".<ref name="DR"/>

====Germany====
Ex-SPD politician [[Thilo Sarrazin]] is reported to be one of the most influential promoters of the Great Replacement, having published several books on the subject, some of which, such as ''[[Germany Abolishes Itself]]'', are in high circulation.<ref name="KD"/> Sarrazin has proposed that there are too many immigrants in Germany, and that they supposedly have lower [[IQ]]s than Germans. Regarding the [[demographics of Germany]], he has claimed  that in a century [[ethnic Germans]] will drop in number to 25 million, in 200 years to eight million and in 300 years: three million.<ref name="KD"/>

In May 2016, [[Alternative for Germany]] ({{lang-de|link=no|Alternative für Deutschland}}, AfD) deputy leader [[Beatrix von Storch]] used a language reminiscent of the theory when she claimed that plans for a mass exchange of populations ("''Massenaustausch der Bevölkerung''") had long been made.<ref name="Berlin Morning Post">{{cite web|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/politik/article216729781/Innenministerium-warnt-vor-rechtsextremer-Rhetorik.html|title=Warum das Innenministerium vor rechtsextremer Rhetorik warnt|language=de|trans-title=Why the Home Office warns against right-wing rhetoric|publisher=[[Berliner Morgenpost]]|date=23 March 2019|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183222/https://www.morgenpost.de/politik/article216729781/Innenministerium-warnt-vor-rechtsextremer-Rhetorik.html|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2017, a few months before he assumed the leadership of the AfD, [[Alexander Gauland]] released a press statement regarding the issue of family reunification for refugees, in which he claimed that "Population exchange in Germany is running at full speed".<ref name="Der Tag"/><ref name="Berlin Morning Post"/> In October 2018, following Beatrix von Storch's lead, Bundestag member [[Petr Bystron]] said the [[Global Compact for Migration]] was part of the conspiracy to bring about systemic population change in Germany.<ref name="Berlin Morning Post"/>

In March 2019, ''[[Vice Media|Vice Germany]]'' reported how AfD MP {{ill|Harald Laatsch|de}} attempted to justify and assign blame for the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]], in relation to his "The Great Exchange"{{Efn|name=german-exchange}} theory, by asserting that the shooter's actions were driven by "overpopulation" from immigrants and "climate protection" against them. Laatsch also claimed that the [[climate movement]], who he labelled "climate panic propagators", had a "shared responsibility" for the massacre, and singled out child activist [[Greta Thunberg]].<ref name="DE - Vice">{{cite web|date=19 March 2019|title=Rechtsextreme versuchen gerade verzweifelt, das Christchurch-Massaker umzudeuten|trans-title=Right-wing extremists are trying desperately to reinterpret the Christchurch massacre|url=https://www.vice.com/de/article/zma7q4/rechtsextreme-identitaere-afd-versuchen-gerade-verzweifelt-das-christchurch-massaker-umzudeuten|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623233018/https://www.vice.com/de/article/zma7q4/rechtsextreme-identitaere-afd-versuchen-gerade-verzweifelt-das-christchurch-massaker-umzudeuten|archive-date=23 June 2019|access-date=27 June 2019|publisher=[[Vice Media|Vice]]|language=de}}</ref>

Similarly, right-wing publicist {{ill|Martin Lichtmesz|de}} denied that either [[Anders Behring Breivik]]'s 2011 manifesto, which referred to the [[Eurabia]] variant of the "white genocide" narrative, or Brenton Tarrant's 2019 ''The Great Replacement'' manifesto, had any connection to the theory. Claiming that it was, in fact, not a conspiracy theory at all, Lichtmesz said both Breivik and Tarrant were reacting to a real phenomenon; a "historically unique experiment" of a "Great Exchange"{{Efn|name=german-exchange}} of people.<ref name="DE - Vice"/>

====Hungary====
Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] and his political party [[Fidesz]] in Hungary have been associated with the conspiracy theory over the course of several years.<ref name="SBS World News">{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/conspiracy-theory-linked-to-christchurch-attack-at-risk-of-entering-mainstream-report|title=Conspiracy theory linked to Christchurch attack at risk of entering mainstream: report|publisher=[[SBS World News]]|date=8 July 2019|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708115332/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/conspiracy-theory-linked-to-christchurch-attack-at-risk-of-entering-mainstream-report|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-withdraws-support-for-webers-commission-candidacy/|title=Orbán backs away from Weber|website=[[Politico]]|date=6 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525092505/https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-withdraws-support-for-webers-commission-candidacy/|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' detailed Orbán's belief in and promotion of the Great Replacement as being central to the modern right-wing politics of Europe. In December 2018, he claimed the "Christian identity of Europe" needed saving, and labelled refugees traveling to Europe as "Muslim invaders".<ref name="heart of Europe's politics"/> In a speech, Orbán asserted: "If in the future Europe is to be populated by people other than Europeans, and we accept this as a fact and see it as natural, then we will effectively be consenting to population replacement: to a process in which the European population is replaced".<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Malley|first=Nick|date=15 September 2019|title=Tony Abbott's European holiday with a racist demagogue|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/tony-abbott-s-european-holiday-with-a-racist-demagogue-20190915-p52rfv.html|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref>

He has also stated: "In all of Europe there are fewer and fewer children, and the answer of the West is migration," concluding that "We Hungarians have a different way of thinking. Instead of just numbers, we want Hungarian children." ''[[ThinkProgress]]'' described the comments as pushing a version of the theory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/trump-hosts-his-hungarian-doppelganger-viktor-orban-843a70363c3e/|title=Americans seeing double as Hungary's Viktor Orbán visits Trump at the White House|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=13 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525133210/https://thinkprogress.org/trump-hosts-his-hungarian-doppelganger-viktor-orban-843a70363c3e/|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, [[Radio New Zealand]] published insight that Orban's plans to cut taxes for large Hungarian families could be linked with fears of the Great Replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/mediawatch/audio/2018688316/manifesto-ban-divides-media|title=Manifesto ban divides media|website=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=7 April 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525133218/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/mediawatch/audio/2018688316/manifesto-ban-divides-media|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Ireland====
A 2019 [[Lidl]] advertisement that featured a white Irish woman, her [[Afro-Brazilian]] partner and their [[mixed race]] son was targeted by former journalist [[Gemma O'Doherty]] as part of an attempt at a "Great Replacement". After facing online harassment the family decided to leave Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/family-lidl-twitter-racist-abuse-4843874-Oct2019/|title=Twitter defends response to 'absolutely abhorrent' abuse directed at Ryan family|first=Órla|last=Ryan|website=TheJournal.ie|date=9 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/arid-30964622.html|title=No denying there is a new era of hatred|date=16 November 2019|website=Irish Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/couple-in-ad-campaign-left-shaking-and-fearful-after-online-abuse-1.4031549|title=Couple in ad campaign left 'shaking and fearful' after online abuse|first1=Kitty|last1=Holland|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> The "Great Replacement" has also been used in Ireland in opposition to [[direct provision]] centres, used to house [[asylum seekers]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/we-are-against-direct-provision-and-how-it-was-forced-on-us-1.3421404|title=We are against direct provision and how it was forced on us|first=Gordon|last=Deegan|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref>

Writing in 2020, [[Richard Downes]] said that "Rather than seeing the increase in non-Irish people living and making their lives here as being a normal part of a modern European country, some of the new nationalists see it as a conspiracy to overwhelm Ireland with foreigners. For many of them the conspirators include the Irish government, [[NGOs]], the [[European Union|EU]] and the [[United Nations|UN]]. They believe that these organisations want to replace Irish people with brown and black people from abroad."<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/primetime/2020/0625/1149661-the-new-nationalists/|title=The 'New Nationalists'|first=Richard|last=Downes|date=25 June 2020|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann}}.</ref>

The term "great replacement" was also used when the [[RTÉ News]] featured the three first babies born in 2020, born to [[Polish people|Polish]], Black and Indian mothers; journalist [[Fergus Finlay]] saying "I don't care about the vulgar abuse, but I really do believe that these hatemongers should be prosecuted when they incite others to hatred and violence against people whose only crime is their skin colour or religion. I find it hard to understand why the State hasn't acted already against these cruel ideologues who think they can say whatever they like under the banner of [[free speech]]. They may be small in number now, and on the surface they may just seem bonkers, but we've been here before. Political movements have been built on hatred of the other, and we know the damage they have caused."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/arid-30973926.html|title=Fergus Finlay: It's high time hatemongers were prosecuted for inciting others|date=6 January 2020|website=Irish Examiner}}</ref>

[[Garda Commissioner]] (national chief of police) [[Drew Harris]] spoke about [[far right]] groups in 2020, saying that "Irish groups [believing] in the great replacement theory" had plans "to disrupt key State institutions and infrastructure. This included [[Dublin Port]], high profile shopping areas such as [[Grafton Street]] in Dublin, [[Dáil Éireann]] and Government departments."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/irish-far-right-groups-trying-to-disrupt-key-state-institutions-says-garda-commissioner-1.4389300|title=Irish far right groups trying to disrupt key State institutions, says Garda Commissioner|first1=Conor|last1=Lally|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extra.ie/2020/10/23/news/irish-crime/far-right-protest-disrupt-key-state-institutions|title=Garda Commissioner won't allow protesters to 'stampede' down main streets|date=23 October 2020|website=Extra.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/drew-harris-protests-5242880-Oct2020/|title=Drew Harris says gardaí have stepped up investigations to identify organisers of anti-lockdown protests|agency=Press Association|website=TheJournal.ie|date=23 October 2020 }}</ref>

Some participants in the [[2022–2023 Irish anti-immigration protests]] such as [[Hermann Kelly]] and [[Derek Blighe]] support a Great Replacement theory, as well as referring to the influx of immigrants as an "invasion" and a "[[Plantations of Ireland|plantation]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The making of a far-right agitator: From Irish emigrant to anti-refugee extremist |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2023/03/11/profiling-an-unlikely-far-right-irish-activist-who-is-seeking-to-stir-anger-toward-immigrants/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ciarán |date=2022-12-04 |title=Ireland's far-right pushes its 'invasion' propaganda |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-41020730.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=[[Irish Examiner]] |language=en}}</ref>

====Italy====
[[File:Giorgia Meloni Quirinale (2022) (cropped).jpg|thumb|220px|Meloni accepting the task of forming a new government|alt=Giorgia Meloni accepting the task of forming a new government]]The current Italian Prime Minister [[Giorgia Meloni]] has endorsed the Great Replacement ideology.<ref name="Kington">{{cite news |last=Kington |first=Tom |date=27 September 2022 |title=Giorgia Meloni is first west European leader to believe Great Replacement conspiracy theory |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-is-first-west-european-leader-to-believe-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory-pddmf5vsf |url-status=live |work=[[The Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009141000/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/giorgia-meloni-is-first-west-european-leader-to-believe-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory-pddmf5vsf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister [[Matteo Salvini]] of Italy (2018–2019) has repeatedly adopted the theme of the Great Replacement.<ref name="SBS World News"/> In May 2016, two years before his election to office, he claimed "ethnic replacement is underway" in Italy in an interview with [[Sky TG24]]. Accusing nameless, well-funded organizations for importing workers that he named "farm slaves", he stated that there was a "lucrative attempt at genocide" of Italians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/22/725023096/italys-matteo-salvini-hopes-to-lead-nationalist-wave-in-upcoming-european-electi?t=1558690085713|title=Italy's Matteo Salvini Hopes To Lead Nationalist Wave In Upcoming European Elections|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=22 May 2019|quote=A recurrent Salvini theme is what is known as the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy theory, which he described this way in an interview with Italy's Sky TG24 news|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524105614/https://www.npr.org/2019/05/22/725023096/italys-matteo-salvini-hopes-to-lead-nationalist-wave-in-upcoming-european-electi%3Ft%3D1558690085713|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2016/05/29/matteo-salvini-migranti-sbarchi-austria.html|title=Migranti, Salvini a Sky TG24: 'E' in corso una sostituzione etnica'|language=it|trans-title=Migrants, Salvini on Sky TG24: "An ethnic substitution is underway"|publisher=[[Sky TG24]]|date=29 May 2016|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524105614/https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2016/05/29/matteo-salvini-migranti-sbarchi-austria.html|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2023, the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests (Italy)|Minister of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests]] [[Francesco Lollobrigida]] remarked to a trade union conference that "Italians are having fewer children, so we're replacing them with someone else. [We say] yes to helping births, no to ethnic replacement. That's not the way forward".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadeau |first=Barbie Latza |date=19 April 2023 |title=Italian minister sparks fury for saying immigration leads to 'ethnic replacement' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/19/europe/italy-immigration-lollobrigida-intl/index.html |access-date= |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

====The Netherlands====
In April 2015, writing on the publishing website ''[[GeenStijl]]'', scholar of Islam [[Hans Jansen]] used Great Replacement rhetoric, suggesting that it was an "undisputed" fact that among the [[European Union]]'s governing elite there was a common consensus that Europeans were "no good and can be better replaced".<ref name="doom-scenarios">{{Cite book|last1=Schulte |first1=Addie |date=2019 |title=De strijd om de toekomst: Over doemscenario's en vooruitgang |trans-title=The struggle for the future: On doom-scenarios and progress |language=nl |publisher=Cossee Publishers |isbn=978-9059368347}}</ref> In May 2015, [[Martin Bosma]], a Dutch parliament [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|Representative]] for the [[Party for Freedom]] (PVV), released his book {{ill|Minority in their own land|nl|Minderheid in eigen land}}. Invoking the conspiracy theory, Bosma wrote about a growing 'a new population' of immigrants which lent itself to an apparently 'post-racial Multicultural State of Salvation'.<ref name="doom-scenarios"/>

In March 2017, [[Thierry Baudet]], leader of the right wing [[Forum for Democracy (Netherlands)|Forum for Democracy]] (FvD) party, promoted the theory after he claimed that the country's so-called elite were deliberately "[[homeopathic]]ally diluting" the Dutch population, in a speech about "national self-hatred". He said there was a plot to racially mix the [[ethnic Dutch]] with "all the people of the world", so that there would "never be a Dutchman again".<ref name="doom-scenarios"/>

In January 2018, PVV Representative [[Martin Bosma]] endorsed the Great Replacement theory, and one of its key propagators, after meeting with [[Renaud Camus]] at a PVV demonstration in [[Rotterdam]] and tweeting his support. [[Filip Dewinter]], a leading member of the [[Flanders|Flemish]] secessionist [[Vlaams Belang]] party, who had traveled to the Netherlands on the day of the protest to meet with Camus, named him as a "visionary man" to the media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/01/22/kasteelheer-slaat-alarm-over-cultuur-van-europa-a1589332|title='Omvolking' komt uit een Frans kasteel|language=nl|trans-title="Omvolking" comes from a French castle|newspaper=[[NRC Handelsblad]]|date=22 January 2018|access-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424023707/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/01/22/kasteelheer-slaat-alarm-over-cultuur-van-europa-a1589332|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Party for Freedom]] politician [[Geert Wilders]] of the Netherlands supports the notion of a Great Replacement occurring in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/04/28/austrias-deputy-leader-pushes-extremist-argument-warn-against-immigration/|title=Austria's deputy leader pushes extremist argument to warn against immigration|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=28 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517232055/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/04/28/austrias-deputy-leader-pushes-extremist-argument-warn-against-immigration/|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-inspiration-for-terrorism-in-new-zealand-came-from-france-christchurch-brenton-tarrant-renaud-camus-jean-raspail-identitarians-white-nationalism/|title=The Inspiration for Terrorism in New Zealand Came From France|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=16 March 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510044021/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-inspiration-for-terrorism-in-new-zealand-came-from-france-christchurch-brenton-tarrant-renaud-camus-jean-raspail-identitarians-white-nationalism/|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018, Wilders invoked the conspiracy theory, claiming the Netherlands was "being replaced with mass immigration from non-western [[Islamic countries]]" and [[Rotterdam]] being "the port of [[Eurabia]]". He claimed 77 million, mainly Islamic immigrants would attempt to enter Europe over the course of half a century, and that [[white Europeans]] would cease to exist unless they were stopped.<ref name="heart of Europe's politics"/> In 2019, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported how Camus's demographic-based alarmist theories help fuel Wilders and his [[Party for Freedom]]'s [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] campaigning.<ref name="Bowles"/>

In September 2018, Dutch author [[Paul Scheffer]] analyzed the Great Replacement and its political developments, suggesting that [[Forum for Democracy]] and [[Party for Freedom]] were forming policy regarding the [[demography of the Netherlands]] through the lens of the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/09/18/het-doemscenario-van-minderheid-in-eigen-land-a1616918|title=Het doemscenario van 'minderheid in eigen land'|author=Scheffer, Paul|date=18 September 2018|newspaper=[[NRC Handelsblad]]|language=nl|trans-title=The doom scenario of 'minority in one's own country|author-link=Paul Scheffer|access-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902181852/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/09/18/het-doemscenario-van-minderheid-in-eigen-land-a1616918|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Spain====
The far-right party [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] has been described as circulating the theory for its discourse about low natality rates in Spaniards compared to migrants.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soto Ivars |first1=Juan |title=Separatismo cultural: la bisagra entre la extrema derecha y la izquierda identitaria|trans-title=Cultural separatism: the joining hinge between the extreme right and the identitarian left|url=https://blogs.elconfidencial.com/sociedad/espana-is-not-spain/2020-08-15/separatismo-cultural-bisagra-derecha-izquierda_2714716/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |work=El Confidencial |date=15 August 2020 |language=Spanish}}</ref> According to journalist Antonio Maestre of ''[[ElDiario.es|El Diario]]'', such an ideology is shared between Vox and some extreme strains of [[Catalan nationalism]] who fear replacement by Spanish-speakers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maestre |first1=Antonio |title=El lepenismo asoma en Cataluña|trans-title=''Lepénisme'' starts to show in Catalonia |url=https://www.eldiario.es/opinion/zona-critica/lepenismo-asoma-cataluna_129_7217549.html |access-date=22 May 2021 |work=ElDiario.es |date=13 February 2021 |language=Spanish|quote={{lang|es|El discurso nacionalista catalán contra los castellanohablantes es una reformulación de la teoría supremacista neonazi del 'Gran Reemplazo', que argumentaba que la inmigración de países africanos a Europa tenía como objetivo diluir la identidad occidental. El votante potencial de Vox en Cataluña es para los nacionalistas esencialistas catalanes lo que los inmigrantes musulmanes son para Vox. La tormenta perfecta del odio.}} [The Catalan nationalist discourse against Castillian-speakers is a reformulation of the Neo-Nazi supremacist theory of the 'Great Replacement', which argues that immigration from African countries to Europe has as its obective the dilution of the Western identity. Vox's potential voter in Catalonia is for the purist Catalan nationalists what the Muslim immigrants are for Vox. The perfect storm of hatred.]}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
According to November 2018 research from the [[University of Cambridge]], 31% of [[Brexit]] voters believe in the conspiracy theory compared to 6% of British people who oppose Brexit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brexit and Trump voters more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, survey study shows |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/brexit-and-trump-voters-more-likely-to-believe-in-conspiracy-theories-survey-study-shows |access-date=21 January 2021 |publisher=University of Cambridge |date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

In July 2019, left-wing English musician and activist [[Billy Bragg]] released a public statement which accused fellow singer-songwriter [[Morrissey]] of endorsing the theory. Bragg suggested "that Morrissey is helping to spread this idea—which inspired the [[Christchurch mosque shootings|Christchurch mosque murderer]]—is beyond doubt".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/08/billy-bragg-morrissey-rightwing-youtube-video-stormzy-brandon-flowers|title=Billy Bragg claims it is 'beyond doubt' that Morrissey is spreading far-right ideas|date=8 July 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709132111/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/08/billy-bragg-morrissey-rightwing-youtube-video-stormzy-brandon-flowers|archive-date=9 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/morrissey-billy-bragg-facebook-white-supremacist-video-stormzy-glastonbury-controversy-latest-a8992881.html|title=Billy Bragg accuses Morrissey of sharing 'white supremacist video' about Stormzy|date=8 July 2019|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709120952/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/morrissey-billy-bragg-facebook-white-supremacist-video-stormzy-glastonbury-controversy-latest-a8992881.html|archive-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

==== Turkey ====
Leader of the [[Victory Party (Turkey)|Victory Party]] [[Ümit Özdağ]] uses a Turkish version of the theory. He previously argued that Turkey will be a "Migrantland" ({{lang|tr|Göçmenistan}}) unless [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]] wins the [[2023 Turkish presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tutkal |first=Serhat |date=2023-06-02 |title=What do Turkey's election results mean for the Kurds? |url=https://www.kurdishpeace.org/research/democracy/what-do-turkeys-election-results-mean-for-the-kurds/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Kurdish Peace Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

===North America===
====Canada====
YouTuber [[Lauren Southern]] of Canada has helped amplify the conspiracy theory.<ref name="heart of Europe's politics"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/far-right-conspiracy-theorists-trump-retweeted-over-facebook-ban-2019-5/|title=Trump has been retweeting conspiracy theorists and far-right figures. Here's who they are.|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=7 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508140047/https://www.businessinsider.com/far-right-conspiracy-theorists-trump-retweeted-over-facebook-ban-2019-5|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Southern dedicated a video to the Great Replacement, gaining over half a million views on her channel, before it was deleted.{{sfnp|Chatterton Williams|2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/03/15/new-zealand-terrorist-manifesto-influenced-far-right-online-ecosystem-hatewatch-finds|title=New Zealand Terrorist Manifesto Influenced by Far-Right Online Ecosystem, Hatewatch Finds|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|date=15 March 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602031444/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/03/15/new-zealand-terrorist-manifesto-influenced-far-right-online-ecosystem-hatewatch-finds|archive-date=2 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/trump-promotes-far-right-conspiracy-advocate-to-defend-censored-conservatives-78f7fb384fbd/|title=Trump promotes far-right conspiracy advocate to defend 'censored' conservatives|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=5 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516081942/https://thinkprogress.org/trump-promotes-far-right-conspiracy-advocate-to-defend-censored-conservatives-78f7fb384fbd/|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 2018 [[2018 Toronto mayoral election|mayoral candidate]] for Toronto [[Faith Goldy]] has publicly embraced the replacement theory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/adam-rubenstein/iowas-steve-king-takes-the-low-road-to-re-election|title=King of the Low Road|website=[[The Weekly Standard]]|author=Rubenstein, Adam|author-link=Adam Rubenstein|date=8 November 2018|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418151743/https://www.weeklystandard.com/adam-rubenstein/iowas-steve-king-takes-the-low-road-to-re-election|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/jewish-insider-s-daily-kickoff-november-9-2018-1.6636818|title=Jewish Insider's Daily Kickoff: November 9, 2018|website=[[Haaretz]]|date=9 November 2018|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130134759/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/jewish-insider-s-daily-kickoff-november-9-2018-1.6636818|archive-date=30 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, in the aftermath of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] in [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]], ''[[Vice Media|Vice]]'' accused Goldy of routinely pushing the same ideas of birthrate declines and the population replacement of whites, found in the gunman's ''The Great Replacement'' manifesto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/zma5a8/accused-new-zealand-shooter-had-canadian-mass-murderers-name-on-weapon|title=Accused New Zealand Shooter Had Canadian Mass Murderer's Name On Weapon|website=[[Vice Media]]|date=15 March 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331025249/https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/zma5a8/accused-new-zealand-shooter-had-canadian-mass-murderers-name-on-weapon|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> When white nationalist [[Paul Fromm (white supremacist)|Paul Fromm]] co-opted the pre-1967 Canadian national flag, the [[Canadian Red Ensign]], he referred to it as "the flag of the true Canada, the European Canada before the treasonous European replacement schemes brought in by the 1965 immigration policies".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/former-canadian-flag-the-red-ensign-gets-new-darker-life-as-far-right-symbol/wcm/80779f2c-6c23-4000-9917-85176a40e684|title=Former Canadian flag, the Red Ensign, gets new, darker life as far-right symbol|last=Hamilton|first=Graeme|work=National Post|access-date=10 June 2019|date=10 July 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In June 2019, columnist [[Lindsay Shepherd]] claimed that "whites are becoming a minority" in the West, describing her assertion as "population replacement".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pressprogress.ca/conservative-witness-for-online-hate-hearing-was-a-recent-guest-on-a-white-nationalists-youtube-channel/|title=Conservative Witness for 'Online Hate' Hearing Was a Recent Guest on a White Nationalist's YouTube Channel|website=PressProgress|date=3 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605125945/https://pressprogress.ca/conservative-witness-for-online-hate-hearing-was-a-recent-guest-on-a-white-nationalists-youtube-channel/|archive-date=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She was criticized by Canadian MP [[Colin Fraser (Canadian politician)|Colin Fraser]] at a House of Commons justice committee for not denouncing the concept,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-house-justice-committee-votes-to-expunge-words-of-christchurch-shooter/|title=House justice committee votes to expunge words of Christchurch shooter from record after Tory MP reads from manifesto|website=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=4 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605043923/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-house-justice-committee-votes-to-expunge-words-of-christchurch-shooter/|archive-date=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Nathaniel Erskine-Smith]] accused Shepherd of openly embracing the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/ywyqbw/canadian-conservatives-are-having-a-bad-time-at-the-online-hate-hearings|title=Canadian Conservatives Are Having a Bad Time at the Online Hate Hearings|website=[[Vice Media]]|date=4 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606015734/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/ywyqbw/canadian-conservatives-are-having-a-bad-time-at-the-online-hate-hearings|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The political commentator [[Mathieu Bock-Côté]] is known to frequently amplify the Great Replacement theory (French: Grand Remplacement) into mainstream media with his political ideologies, born in Quebec and lives in France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=Le grand n'importe quoi du ' grand remplacement ' |url=https://lesjours.fr/obsessions/idees-fixes-saison-2/ep2-grand-remplacement/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Les Jours |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=The Canadian Press |title='Culture of Solidarity': Premier Legault's 'Catholicism' tweet sparks controversy |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/culture-of-solidarity-premier-legault-s-catholicism-tweet-sparks-controversy-1.6349050 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=ctvnews |date=10 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La conspiration racialiste |url=https://ricochet.media/fr/3658 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Ricochet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bérard |first=Frédéric |date=2023-04-05 |title=Quand MBC défend Trump |url=https://journalmetro.com/societe/3045587/quand-mbc-defend-trump/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Journal Métro |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

====United States====
{{main|Great replacement in the United States}}

The [[Great replacement in the United States]] is the American version of a [[white nationalist]] far-right conspiracy theory that racial minorities are displacing the traditional white American population and taking control of the nation. Versions of the theory "have become commonplace" in the [[Republican Party of the United States]], and have become a major issue of political debate.  It also has stimulated violent responses including mass murders.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Confessore|first1=Nicholas|last2=Yourish|first2=Karen|title=A Fringe Conspiracy Theory, Fostered Online, Is Refashioned by the G.O.P.|work=The New York Times|date= 15 May 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/15/us/replacement-theory-shooting-tucker-carlson.html}}</ref> It resembles the Great Replacement theory promoted in Europe,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bowles |first=Nellie |title='Replacement Theory,' a Racist, Sexist Doctrine, Spreads in Far-Right Circles |work=The New York Times |date=18 March 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/technology/replacement-theory.html |quote=Behind the idea is a racist conspiracy theory known as 'the replacement theory,' which was popularized by a right-wing French philosopher.}}</ref> but has its origins in [[Nativism (politics)#20th century|American nativism around 1900]]. According to Erika Lee, in 1894 the old stock Yankee upper-class founders of the [[Immigration Restriction League]] were, "convinced that Anglo-Saxon traditions, peoples, and culture were being drowned in a flood of racially inferior foreigners from Southern and Eastern Europe."<ref>Erika Lee, ''America for Americans a history of xenophobia in the United States'' (2019) p. 113.</ref>

===Oceania===
====Australia====
The media in Australia have covered former Senator [[Fraser Anning]] of [[Queensland]] and his endorsement of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/fraser-annings-conservative-national-party-has-entered-the-election-race/news-story/efa3511906609fdfa5e783226e1d90f0|title=Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party has entered the election race|publisher=[[News Corp Australia]]|date=26 April 2019|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516180034/https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/fraser-annings-conservative-national-party-has-entered-the-election-race/news-story/efa3511906609fdfa5e783226e1d90f0|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, [[Reuters]] reported how Anning was amplifying replacement theory by suggesting that Muslims would "out-breed us very quickly".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1RG093|title=New clues emerge of accused New Zealand gunman Tarrant's ties to far right groups|work=[[Reuters]]|date=4 April 2019|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404052141/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1RG093|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2019, Anning alleged that [[European Australians|white Australians]] would "fast become a minority" if they did not defend their "ethno-cultural identity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/fear-and-loathing-inside-fraser-annings-conservative-national-party/news-story/61e47c6fdd3ec1c8b9e8ae355a1bdb08|title=Fear and loathing inside Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party|publisher=[[News Corp Australia]]|date=17 May 2019|quote=Last month, Senator Anning's party made a Facebook post endorsing The Great Replacement, 'We need to preserve our ethno-cultural identity, or we will fast become a minority,' Senator Anning's post said.|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522171507/https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/fear-and-loathing-inside-fraser-annings-conservative-national-party/news-story/61e47c6fdd3ec1c8b9e8ae355a1bdb08|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
The far right neo-Nazi youth group [[Action Zealandia]] has endorsed the Great Replacement theory, alleging that European identity in New Zealand is being threatened by economically driven non-white migration.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Andelane|first=Lana|title=Critic Te Arohi journalist goes undercover to reveal insider information from within neo-Nazi group Action Zealandia - and this is what they found|language=en|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2021/08/critic-te-arohi-journalist-goes-undercover-to-reveal-insider-information-from-within-neo-nazi-group-action-zealandia-and-this-is-what-he-found.html|date=9 August 2021|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103194559/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2021/08/critic-te-arohi-journalist-goes-undercover-to-reveal-insider-information-from-within-neo-nazi-group-action-zealandia-and-this-is-what-he-found.html|archive-date=3 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the group has promoted the [[pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] notion that white people settled in New Zealand before the arrival of the indigenous [[Māori people]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daalder |first1=Marc |title=White supremacists still active in NZ |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/10/747406/white-supremacists-still-active-in-new-zealand |access-date=22 November 2022 |work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]] |date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214648/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/10/747406/white-supremacists-still-active-in-new-zealand |archive-date=11 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the journalist Marc Daalder, Action Zealandia is the successor to the Dominion Movement, a far right group that ceased its activities following the 2019 [[Christchurch mosque shootings]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daalder |first1=Marc |title=Action Zealandia linked to Dominion Movement |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/13/1078385/action-zealandia-linked-to-dominion-movement |access-date=22 November 2022 |work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]] |date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125221459/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/13/1078385/action-zealandia-linked-to-dominion-movement |archive-date=25 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Asia ===

==== India ====
[[Hindu nationalists]] in [[India]] have stoked fears of demographic erasure of [[Hindus]] by Muslims, alleging that Muslims have higher fertility rates compared to other Indian communities and [[Forced conversion|forced religious conversions]] are reducing the number of Hindus. In 2022, Hindu nationalist Yati Narsinghanand was arrested on hate speech charges and spoke about the risk of a Muslim prime minister in 2029, which he said would lead to killings and forced conversions of Hindus. Members of [[Parliament of India|India's parliament]] and [[Television in India|Indian television channels]] have also mainstreamed the claim of a demographic threat to Hindus. India's former [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]], [[S.Y. Quraishi]], said that fearmongering over the threat to a Hindu majority has increased since 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bengaluru |first1=Charu |title=The truth behind Indian extremists' anti-Muslim 'great replacement theory' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/30/the-truth-behind-indian-extremists-anti-muslim-great-replacement-theory |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 19, 2022}}</ref>

==== Malaysia ====
Hard right conservatives in [[Malaysia]] have expressed fears that local Indian communities, often of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] descent, may oust [[Islam in Malaysia|Malay Muslims]], who are the current majority in Malaysia. These fears were heightened due to the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], backlash against activities of the [[Hindu Rights Action Force]], and Hindu nationalism in India. Political actors have exploited this to acquire votes in Malaysia's heartland and to rally opposition against ratifying the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mustaffa |first1=Munira |title=Hard-Right Politics and Conspiracy Theories Overlapped to Undermine Malaysia's Elections |url=https://gnet-research.org/2022/12/14/rage-clicks-hatebomb-and-the-new-world-order-how-hard-right-politics-and-conspiracy-theories-overlapped-to-undermine-malaysias-elections/ |work=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>

=== Africa ===

==== Tunisia ====
In February 2023, the [[President of Tunisia]] [[Kais Saied]] made comments about African immigration into Tunisia, saying that they were changing the demographic makeup of the country in order to make it a "purely African" nation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cordall |first=Simon Speakman |date=2023-02-23 |title=Tunisia's president calls for halt to sub-Saharan immigration amid crackdown on opposition |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/23/tunisia-president-kais-saied-calls-for-halt-to-sub-saharan-immigration-amid-crackdown-on-opposition |access-date= |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Tunisian president says influx of sub-Sahara African migrants must end |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230222-tunisian-president-says-influx-of-sub-sahara-african-migrants-must-end |access-date= |website=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Claire |date=23 February 2023 |title=Racist rhetoric by Tunisian president sparks fear among migrants and Black Tunisians |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/23/tunisia-kais-saied-racism-migrants-black-tunisians/ |access-date= |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2023 |title=African Union condemns Tunisia's 'hate speech' against migrants |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/25/african-union-condemns-tunisias-hate-speech-against-migrants |access-date= |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karam |first=Souhail |date=2023-03-02 |title=Crackdown on Black Africans Fuels Attacks and Rebuke in Tunisia |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-02/black-africans-attacked-in-tunisia-as-president-kais-saied-s-comments-draw-anger |access-date=}}</ref> This was widely interpreted as a Tunisian (or Arabic) version of the great replacement conspiracy theory allegedly in an attempt to distract voters from the policy failures of his government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tunisia's autocratic ruler adopts the 'Great Replacement' theory |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/03/02/tunisias-autocratic-ruler-adopts-the-great-replacement-theory |access-date= |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimball |first=Sam |date=8 March 2023 |title=The African Country That's Embracing the Racist 'Great Replacement' Theory |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkae3v/tunisia-racism-kais-saied |access-date= |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Influence on white nationalist terrorism ==

=== Implicit call to violence ===
Camus's use of strong terms like "colonization" and "Occupiers"{{Efn|name=transl-colon-occup}} to label non-European immigrants and their children<ref name="Heim">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/new-zealand-suspect-inspired-by-far-right-french-intellectual-who-feared-nonwhite-immigration/2019/03/15/8c39fba4-6201-4a8d-99c6-aa42db53d6d3_story.html |title=New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism |last1=Heim |first1=Joe |last2=McAuley |first2=James |date=15 March 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence. [...] Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a 'counterrevolt' against 'colonization in Europe today' will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations. |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318105822/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/new-zealand-suspect-inspired-by-far-right-french-intellectual-who-feared-nonwhite-immigration/2019/03/15/8c39fba4-6201-4a8d-99c6-aa42db53d6d3_story.html |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="figaro-04-19">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/europeennes-le-chantre-de-la-these-du-grand-remplacement-en-tete-de-liste-20190409|title=Européennes: l'écrivain Renaud Camus en tête de liste|date=4 April 2019|website=Le Figaro|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920105132/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/europeennes-le-chantre-de-la-these-du-grand-remplacement-en-tete-de-liste-20190409|archive-date=20 September 2019|access-date=4 August 2019|quote='L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique' [...] 'Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement (...) à l'exigence de la remigration', ajoutent-ils.}}</ref> have been described as implicit calls to violence.<ref name="Finkielfraut20172"/> Scholars like [[Jean-Yves Camus]] have argued that the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory closely parallels the concept of "[[remigration]]", an [[Euphemism|euphemistic]] term for the forced deportation of non-white immigrants.{{sfnp|Boubeker|Bancel|Blanchard|2015|pp=141–152}}<ref name="camusmathieu"/> "We shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," Camus wrote in 2019 to define his political agenda for the [[2019 European Parliament election in France|European parliament elections]].<ref name="figaro-04-19"/> He has also used another euphemism, the "Great Repatriation", to refer to remigration.{{Efn|French: {{lang|fr|Grand Rapatriement}}|name=transl-rapatri}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in-nocence.org/index.php?comdeb=1756&cominter=25&page=communiques|title=Parti de L'In-nocence|website=In-nocence|access-date=5 August 2019|quote=Il n'est d'autre chance de retour à la paix civile et à la dignité que la libération du sol national et le retour chez eux des colonisateurs : remigration, Grand Rapatriement.}}</ref>

According to historians Nicolas Bancel and Pascal Blanchard, along with sociologist Ahmed Boubeker, "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement' [...] This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation."{{sfnp|Boubeker|Bancel|Blanchard|2015|pp=141–152}} Sceptical of Camus's description of second or third generation immigrants as being itself a contradiction in terms—"they do not migrate anymore, they are French"—demographer [[Hervé Le Bras]] is also critical of their designation as a [[fifth column]] in France or an "internal enemy".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/01/23/le-grand-boniment_4353499_823448.html|title=Le fantasme du 'grand remplacement' démographique|date=23 January 2014|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521014256/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/01/23/le-grand-boniment_4353499_823448.html|archive-date=21 May 2019|language=fr|trans-title=The fantasy of the "great replacement" demographic}}</ref>

=== Inspired attacks ===
Fears of the white race's extinction, and replacement theory in particular, have been cited by several accused perpetrators of [[mass shooting]]s between 2018, 2019 and 2022. While Camus has stated his own philosophy is a nonviolent one, analysts including Heidi Beirich of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] say the idea of [[White genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]] has "undoubtedly influenced" American [[white supremacists]], potentially leading to violence.<ref name="Eligon">{{cite news |last=Eligon |first=John |title=The El Paso Screed, and the Racist Doctrine Behind It |work=The New York Times |date=7 August 2019 |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Popli|first=Nik|url=https://time.com/6177282/great-replacement-theory-buffalo-racist-attacks/|title=How the 'Great Replacement Theory' Has Fueled Racist Violence|magazine=Time|date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

In October 2018, a gunman killed 11 people and injured 6 in [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting|an attack on the Tree of Life synagogue]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The gunman believed Jews were deliberately importing non-white immigrants into the United States as part of a conspiracy against the white race.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Dakin Andone |author2=Jason Hanna |author3=Joe Sterling |author4=Paul P. Murphy|title=Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html|access-date=25 June 2020|publisher=CNN|date=27 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pennsylvania man, Robert Bowers, charged with federal hate crimes, murder in shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/11/01/pennsylvania-man-robert-bowers-charged-federal-hate-crimes-murder-shooting-pittsburgh|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en}}</ref>

Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian terrorist responsible for the [[Christchurch mosque shootings|mass shootings]] at [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] and [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, on 15 March 2019, that killed 51 people and injured 49, named his [[manifesto]] ''The Great Replacement'', a reference to Camus's book.{{r|Heim|Darby Telegraph}} In response, Camus condemned violence while reaffirming his desire for a "counter-revolt" against an increase in nonwhite populations.<ref name="Heim"/>

In 2019, research by the [[Institute for Strategic Dialogue]] showed over 24,000 social media mentions of the Great Replacement in the month before the Christchurch shootings, in comparison to just 3,431 mentions in April 2012. The use of the term spiked in April 2019 after the Christchurch mosque shootings.<ref name="Taboos fall away">{{cite news |title=Taboos fall away as far-right EU candidates breach red line |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.apnews.com/f55b5bed3da04586b2136e6aa1c13351 |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524111139/https://www.apnews.com/f55b5bed3da04586b2136e6aa1c13351 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Patrick Crusius, the suspect in the [[2019 El Paso shooting]], posted an online manifesto titled ''The Inconvenient Truth'' alluding to the "great replacement"{{r|Eligon}} and expressing support for "the Christchurch shooter" minutes before the attack.{{r|Arango2}} It spoke of a "Hispanic invasion of Texas" leading to "cultural and ethnic replacement" (alluding to the ''[[Reconquista (Mexico)|Reconquista]]'') as justifications for the shooting.{{r|Eligon}}<ref name="Darby Telegraph">{{cite news |last=Darby |first=Luke |title=How the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy theory has inspired white supremacist killers |work=The Telegraph |date=5 August 2019 |location=London |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref name="Arango2">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/03/us/patrick-crusius-el-paso-shooter-manifesto.html |title=Minutes Before El Paso Killing, Hate-Filled Manifesto Appears Online |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |date=3 August 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 September 2019 |last2=Bogel-Burroughs |first2=Nicholas |issn=0362-4331 |last3=Benner |first3=Katie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917202031/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/03/us/patrick-crusius-el-paso-shooter-manifesto.html |archive-date=17 September 2019 |url-status=live }} Available via [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/us/minutes-before-el-paso-shooting-anti-immigrant-manifesto-posted-online-1.3976819 ''The Irish Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804113938/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/us/minutes-before-el-paso-shooting-anti-immigrant-manifesto-posted-online-1.3976819 |date=4 August 2019}}.</ref>

The suspect accused in the [[2022 Buffalo shooting]] listed the Great Replacement in a manifesto he had published prior to the attack.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=McKinley |first1=Jesse |last2=Traub |first2=Alex |last3=Closson |first3=Troy |date=May 14, 2022 |title=Gunman Kills 10 at Buffalo Supermarket in Racist Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/05/14/nyregion/buffalo-shooting |url-status=live |access-date=May 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220515055142/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/05/14/nyregion/buffalo-shooting?smid=url-copy%23the-accused-gunmans-racist-manifesto-outlined-a-plan-to-kill-blacks-and-referred-to-replacement-theory |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Stanley-Becker |first1=Isaac |last2=Harwell |first2=Drew |date=May 15, 2022 |title=Buffalo gunman was inspired by racist theory underpinning global carnage |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/05/15/buffalo-shooter-great-replacement-extremism/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516094008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/05/15/buffalo-shooter-great-replacement-extremism/ |archive-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Collins |first=Ben |date=May 14, 2022 |title=The Buffalo supermarket shooting suspect posted an apparent manifesto repeatedly citing 'Great Replacement' theory |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/buffalo-supermarket-shooting-suspect-posted-apparent-manifesto-repeate-rcna28889 |url-status=live |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515050536/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/buffalo-supermarket-shooting-suspect-posted-apparent-manifesto-repeate-rcna28889 |archive-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref> The suspect described himself as a [[Fascism|fascist]], white supremacist, and antisemite.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Shimon |last1=Prokupecz |first2=Christina |last2=Maxouris |first3=Dakin |last3=Andone |first4=Samantha |last4=Beech |first5=Amir |last5=Vera |date=2022-05-15 |title=What we know about Buffalo supermarket shooting suspect Payton Gendron |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/15/us/payton-gendron-buffalo-shooting-suspect-what-we-know/index.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== List of proponents ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Tucker Carlson]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller-Idriss|first=Cynthia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10tq6km|title=Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right|date=2020|isbn=978-0691222943|pages=53, 58|publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv10tq6km|language=en|jstor=j.ctv10tq6km|s2cid=242934392}}</ref><ref name="replacement">{{Cite web|last=Place|first=Nathan|date=April 9, 2021|title=Tucker Carlson faces calls to resign after promoting white supremacist 'replacement' theory|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/tucker-carlson-fox-white-supremacist-b1829366.html|access-date=April 10, 2021|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref name="push">{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tucker-carlson-again-pushes-white-supremacist-conspiracy-theory-2021-9|title=Tucker Carlson peddled a white supremacist conspiracy theory while attacking Biden over the Haitian migrant crisis|date=September 23, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2021|last=Haltiwanger|first=John|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Joan|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/tucker-carlson-fox-racism/|title=Tucker Carlson's Nightly Toxicity Is Poisoning His Brain|work=The Nation|date=October 7, 2021|access-date=October 8, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Davor Domazet-Lošo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faktograf.hr/2019/10/21/davor-domazet-loso-teorija-zavjere-zamjena-stanovnistva/|title=Domazet Lošo širi teoriju zavjere koja u svijetu inspirira masovne ubojice|work=[[Faktograf.hr]]|date=21 October 2019|language=hr|accessdate=26 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[Mark Finchem]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump-Backed Conspiracy Theorist Vies to Take Over Arizona Elections|last=Hakim|first=Danny|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/us/politics/mark-finchem-arizona-elections.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 1, 2022|access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Matt Gaetz]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1= Confessore |first1=Nicholas |last2= Yourish |first2 = Karen |date= May 15, 2022 |title=A Fringe Conspiracy Theory, Fostered Online, Is Refashioned by the G.O.P.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/15/us/replacement-theory-shooting-tucker-carlson.html|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= February 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sales|first=Ben|date=September 26, 2021 |title=Matt Gaetz calls the ADL 'racist' after it again calls on Tucker Carlson to step down for promoting white supremacist conspiracy theory |work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |url=https://www.jta.org/2021/09/26/politics/matt-gaetz-calls-the-adl-racist-after-it-again-calls-on-tucker-carlson-to-step-down-for-promoting-white-supremacist-conspiracy-theory|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Laura Ingraham]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/laura-ingraham-gop-midterms-immigrants_us_5bc6d489e4b055bc947b6d7d|title=Laura Ingraham: Vote GOP Or Democrats Will Replace You With Immigrants|last=Moran|first=Lee|date=October 17, 2018|work=Huffington Post|access-date=October 17, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017180801/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/laura-ingraham-gop-midterms-immigrants_us_5bc6d489e4b055bc947b6d7d|archive-date=October 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ron Johnson]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sen. Johnson may offer insight into GOP's 2022 positioning|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-capitol-siege-race-and-ethnicity-senate-elections-wisconsin-5a6bfac4f1e9ea86944561b933a97bcf|access-date=2021-05-11|website=AP NEWS|date=April 25, 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Hermann Kelly]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.irexitfreedom.ie/abortion-is-stain-that-should-be-removed-hermann-kelly/ | title = Abortion is 'stain' that 'should be removed' – Hermann Kelly | website = irexitfreedom.ie | access-date = 4 November 2019 | quote = Party media release referring earlier interview in which Kelly states 'we must control the quality and number of economic migrants [...] we don't want the brutal demise or "great replacement" of our children' | archive-date = 18 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191018184636/https://www.irexitfreedom.ie/abortion-is-stain-that-should-be-removed-hermann-kelly/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Steve King]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Congressman Steve King Responds to Backlash Over 'White Supremacy' Remarks |url=https://fortune.com/2019/01/10/steve-king-white-supremacy/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2019-01-10 |title=Before Trump, Steve King Set the Agenda for the Wall and Anti-Immigrant Politics - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/us/politics/steve-king-trump-immigration-wall.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |website= [[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110172154/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/us/politics/steve-king-trump-immigration-wall.html |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Giorgia Meloni]], Prime Minister of Italy<ref name="Kington"/>
* [[Robert Ménard]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38407045 | title=Robert Menard, far-right French mayor, 'to be tried on hate charges' | work=BBC News | date=22 December 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Jean Messiha]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Messiha, un haut fonctionnaire en charge du projet de Marine Le Pen|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/messiha-un-haut-fonctionnaire-en-charge-du-projet-de-marine-le-pen-04-02-2017-2102471_20.php|accessdate=26 April 2017|work=Le Point|date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Viktor Orbán]], Prime Minister of Hungary<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-05-18 |first1=Flora |last1=Garamvolgyi |first2=Julian |last2=Borget |title=Orbán and US right to bond at Cpac in Hungary over 'great replacement' ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/18/cpac-conference-budapest-hungary-viktor-orban-speaker |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
* [[Wendy Rogers (politician)|Wendy Rogers]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aleshire |first1=Peter |date=23 July 2021 |title=Sen. Rogers tweets 'we are being replaced' |publisher=White Mountain Independent |url=https://www.wmicentral.com/news/sen-rogers-tweets-we-are-being-replaced/article_5109c3b9-252f-53d3-95e5-3d055f6cf5a3.html}}</ref>
* [[Lauren Southern]]<ref name="Williams">{{cite magazine |last=Williams |first=Thomas Chatterton |date=4 December 2017 |title=The French Origins of 'You Will Not Replace Us' |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190814185144/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |archive-date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gdn20200809">{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Jason |date=9 August 2020 |title=Lauren Southern is on the comeback trail, and Australian conservatives are all too happy to help |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/10/lauren-southern-is-on-the-comeback-trail-and-australian-conservatives-are-all-too-happy-to-help |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225032825/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/10/lauren-southern-is-on-the-comeback-trail-and-australian-conservatives-are-all-too-happy-to-help |archive-date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Greene88">{{cite book |last1=Robison-Greene |first1=Rachel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxyVDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Lauren+Southern%22+%22white+nationalist%22&pg=PT88 |title=Conspiracy Theories: Philosophers Connect the Dots |last2=Greene |first2=Richard |publisher=Open Court |year=2020 |isbn=978-0812694833 |page=88 |quote=Camus's notion of the Great Replacement has been spread by right-wing and white nationalist figures across the world. In July 2018, Lauren Southern, a Canadian alt-right figure posted, a video titled 'The Great Replacement' on YouTube that got over 250,000 views.}} (Punctuation error in the original.)</ref>
* [[John Waters (columnist)|John Waters]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drb.ie/articles/according-to-john/|title=According to John|date=1 May 2021|access-date=13 May 2021|website=[[Dublin Review of Books]]|last=Fanning|first=Bryan}}</ref>
* [[Éric Zemmour]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Norimitsu|first=Onishi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/europe/zemmour-france-presidency-trump.html|title=From TV to the French Presidency? A Right-Wing Star Is Inspired by Trump|work=The New York Times|date=21 September 2021|access-date=21 September 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921131946/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/europe/zemmour-france-presidency-trump.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kais Saied|Kais Saïed]], President of Tunisia<ref>{{Cite web |title=The African Country That's Embracing the Racist 'Great Replacement' Theory |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkae3v/tunisia-racism-kais-saied |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=www.vice.com |date=8 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tunisia's autocratic ruler adopts the 'Great Replacement' theory |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/03/02/tunisias-autocratic-ruler-adopts-the-great-replacement-theory |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
* [[Paul Golding]]
* [[Michel Houellebecq]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Michel Houellebecq says Great Replacement is 'fact': 'I was very shocked that it was called a theory. It's not a theory, it's a fact.' |url=https://rmx.news/france/top-french-intellectuals-debate-god-the-eu-euthanasia-and-immigration/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Remix News |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{divcolend}}

== See also ==
* [[White demographic decline]]
* [[Counter-jihad]]
* [[Eurabia]]
* The [[Kalergi Plan|Kalergi Plan conspiracy theory]], another variant of the [[white genocide conspiracy theory]] that heavily revolves around a supposed plan to replace and racially mix white Europeans with non-whites through immigration by [[Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi]], an Austrian-Japanese politician and founder of the [[Paneuropean Union]]
* [[Race suicide]] theory of early 20th-century eugenicists
* [[Reconquista (Mexico)|Reconquista (Southwest United States)]]
* [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]
* ''[[The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy]]''
* [[Yellow Peril]]
* [[Declinism]]
* [[Love Jihad conspiracy theory]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Alba, Richard. ''The Great Demographic Illusion: Majority, Minority, and the Expanding American Mainstream'' (Princeton UP, 2020)  https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691202112
* {{cite book |last=Bergmann|first=Eirikur |title=Conspiracy & Populism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-90358-3|author-link=Eirikur Bergmann|pages=123–149|chapter=The Eurabia Doctrine|lccn=2018939717|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-90359-0_6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bergmann |first1=Eirikur |title=Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-37339-4 |pages=36–53 |chapter=The Eurabia Conspiracy Theory}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Boubeker|first1=Ahmed|title=Le Grand Repli|last2=Bancel|first2=Nicolas|last3=Blanchard|first3=Pascal|year=2015|publisher=La Découverte|isbn=978-2707188229|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|first1=Jean-Yves|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|year=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674971530|author1-link=Jean-Yves Camus|author2-link=Nicolas Lebourg|last1=Camus}}
* {{Cite magazine|last=Chatterton Williams|first=Thomas|date=27 November 2017|title=The French Origins of 'You Will Not Replace Us'|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927034135/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us|archive-date=27 September 2018|issn=0028-792X}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/repliques/le-grand-demenagement-du-monde-1|title=Le grand déménagement du monde|last=Finkielkraut|first=Alain|date=24 June 2017|website=France Culture|language=fr|type=Audio|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902232848/https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/repliques/le-grand-demenagement-du-monde-1|archive-date=2 September 2019|author-link=Alain Finkielkraut}}
* {{cite book |last=Fourquet|first=Jérôme |title = Accueil ou submersion ?: Regards européens sur la crise des migrants |year=2016 |publisher=Éditions de l'Aube |isbn=978-2-8159-2026-1|language=fr|author-link=Jérôme Fourquet}}
* {{Cite book|last=Polakow-Suransky|first=Sasha|title=Go Back to Where You Came From: The Backlash Against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1849049092}}
* {{Cite book|last=Taguieff|first=Pierre-André|title=La revanche du nationalisme: Néopopulistes et xénophobes à l'assaut de l'Europe|year=2015|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-072950-1|language=fr|author-link=Pierre-André Taguieff}}
* {{Cite book|title=Le sens de la République: essai|last1=Weil|first1=Patrick|last2=Truong|first2=Nicolas|year=2015|publisher=Grasset|isbn=978-2246858232|language=fr}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news | last = Finnsiö | first = Morgan | title = Myten om det stora utbytet | trans-title = The myth of the great exchange | work = [[Expo (magazine)|Expo]] | date = 15 March 2019 | url=https://expo.se/myten-om-det-stora-utbytet}}. in Swedish

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