Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Guizhou JL-9

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Chinese Advanced trainer & light attack aircraft}}
{{Leadtooshort|date=May 2023}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name= JL-9
 |image= FTC-2000G.jpg
 |caption= 
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type= [[Trainer (aircraft)#Advanced training|Advanced jet trainer]]<br />
[[Light combat aircraft]] 
 |manufacturer=[[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aviation Industry Import/Export Company]] (GAIEC)  
 |designer=[[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Aero Engine Research Institute of Guizhou Aviation Industry Corporation]]
 |first flight= 13 December 2003
 |introduced= 
 |retired=
 |status= In service
 |primary user= [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]
 |more users= 
 |produced=
 |number built=
 |developed from = [[List of Chengdu J-7 variants#JJ-7 trainer series|Chengdu JJ-7]]
 |variants with their own articles= 
}}
|}

The '''Guizhou JL-9''', also known as the '''FTC-2000 Mountain Eagle''' ({{zh|s=|t=|c=山鹰|p=Shānyīng}}), is a family of two-seat [[transonic]] advanced [[Trainer aircraft|jet trainer]] and [[light combat aircraft]] developed by the [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aviation Industry Import/Export Company]] (GAIEC) for the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] (PLAAF) and the [[People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force]] (PLANAF).<ref name=JAWA2010-11>{{cite book |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2010-11 |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Paul |year=2010 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=London |isbn= 978-0-7106-2916-6 |edition=101st |pages=116–117}}</ref>

== Development ==
The FTC-2000 started as a GAIEC private venture to develop an inexpensive trainer for [[Fourth-generation jet fighter|fourth generation aircraft]]. The trainer was revealed at the 2001 [[China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition]].<ref name="Fisher_2015-06-18">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/52403/paris-air-show-2015-china-close-to-first-ftc-2000-supersonic-trainer-sale-in-africa |title=Paris Air Show 2015: China close to first FTC-2000 supersonic trainer sale in Africa |last1=Fisher |first1=Richard D. Jr |date=18 June 2015 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621061906/http://www.janes.com/article/52403/paris-air-show-2015-china-close-to-first-ftc-2000-supersonic-trainer-sale-in-africa |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The aircraft are reported to be produced at a GAIC assembly line in [[Anshun]], [[Guizhou]].<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |quote=Commenting on the development, the State Administration of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND) – the agency responsible for Chinese defence industrial development – said the aircraft represented the first export aircraft produced at GAIC's assembly line in city of Anshun in Guizhou province. |title=China promotes FTC-2000 trainer for export |url=http://www.janes.com/article/71156/china-promotes-ftc-2000-trainer-for-export |first=Jon |last=Grevatt |date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606141206/http://www.janes.com/article/71156/china-promotes-ftc-2000-trainer-for-export |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The FTC-2000, as the JL-9, competed with the [[Hongdu JL-10]] to meet the advanced trainer requirements of the PLAAF and PLANAF. The JL-10 is more technologically advanced, but also more expensive, than the JL-9. In 2013, both had entered production.<ref name="Caffrey_2013">{{cite report |url=http://www.janes360.com/images/assets/976/30976/China_aircraft_capabilities_1.pdf |title=Aiming high: China's air ambitions |last1=Caffrey |first1=Craig |date=2013 |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |page=5 |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124043023/http://www.janes360.com/images/assets/976/30976/China_aircraft_capabilities_1.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A carrier-landing trainer variant was revealed by Chinese state media in 2011.<ref name="Caffrey_2013"/> Designated the JL-9G, it has strengthened undercarriage, enlarged wing and diverterless supersonic inlets, but has proved to be unsuitable for arrested landings and is limited to land-based operations.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rupprecht|first=Andreas|title=China: Naval Aviation Training|magazine=[[Air International]]|date=March 2018|pages=46–49|issn=0306-5634}}</ref>

On 5 September 2018, Chinese state-run [[Xinhua News Agency]] reported that GAIC had begun mass production of the FTC-2000G variant.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dominguez |first1=Gabriel |title=China begins series-producing FTC-2000G aircraft |url=https://www.janes.com/article/82827/china-begins-series-producing-ftc-2000g-aircraft |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907140856/https://www.janes.com/article/82827/china-begins-series-producing-ftc-2000g-aircraft |archive-date=7 September 2018 |location=London |date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 September, it was reported that the first mass-produced FTC-2000G performed its maiden flight.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |title=FTC-2000G conducts maiden flight |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ftc-2000g-conducts-maiden-flight-452310/ |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181006133415/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ftc-2000g-conducts-maiden-flight-452310/ |archive-date=6 October 2018 |location=Singapore |date=1 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dominguez |first1=Gabriel |title=China's first series-produced FTC-2000G makes maiden flight |url=https://www.janes.com/article/83426/china-s-first-series-produced-ftc-2000g-makes-maiden-flight |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181006133306/https://www.janes.com/article/83426/china-s-first-series-produced-ftc-2000g-makes-maiden-flight |archive-date=6 October 2018 |date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In April 2020, China reported that an unnamed South-East Asian country had placed an order for the FTC-2000G, with deliveries expected between 2021 and 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=AVIC FTC-2000G snags first export order |website=FlightGlobal |date=20 April 2020 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/avic-ftc-2000g-snags-first-export-order/137964.article |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Later it was confirmed that Myanmar had ordered those jets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-12-05 |title=Myanmar Junta Takes Delivery of FTC-2000G Fighter Jets from China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-takes-delivery-of-ftc-2000g-fighter-jets-from-china.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:FTC-2000.jpg|thumb|right|A FTC-2000 at Zhuhai airshow 2016]]
The FTC-2000 is developed from the JJ-7/FT-7, the two seat trainer version of the [[Chengdu J-7]]; the Chengdu J-7 is a Chinese variant of the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]]. The FTC-2000 uses a new wing, a forward fuselage with side air intakes, and a [[glass cockpit]]; the engine, [[empennage]], and mechanical controls of the JJ-7/FT-7 are retained.<ref name="Fisher_2015-06-18"/>

== Operational history ==
[[file:JL-9%20releasing%20flares%20at%20CCAS2023%20(20230724095500).jpg|thumb|A PLAAF JL-9 releasing flare]]
In 2014, the PLANAF had a regiment of JL-9s.<ref name="IISS_MilBal2014">{{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2014 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-85743-722-5 |editor1-last=Hacket |editor1-first=James |location=Oxfordshire |page=235 |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref> However, it was not until October 18, 2015, that the PLAAF started using the JL-9 for training purposes.<ref name="Waldron_2015-10-29">{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=29 October 2015 |title=Chinese cadets start using JL-9 advanced jet trainer |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinese-cadets-start-using-jl-9-advanced-jet-traine-418335/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818152611/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinese-cadets-start-using-jl-9-advanced-jet-traine-418335/ |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016 |publisher=[[Flight International]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In April 2023, the [[Rapid Support Forces]] of [[Sudan]] launched an attack on [[Merowe Airport|Merowe Air Base]], destroying one Sudanese FTC-2000 while capturing the base.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rogoway |first=Sim Tack, Tyler |date=2023-04-17 |title=Egyptian MiG-29s Destroyed In Sudan |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/egyptian-mig-29s-destroyed-in-sudan |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Drive |language=en}}</ref> Satellite imagery has revealed that three more FTC-2000s were present at the base at the time.<ref name=":0" />

On January 16, 2024, a [[Myanmar Air Force]] FTC-2000G was shot down by a [[Kachin Independence Army]] [[FN-6]] missile in Shan State. Both pilots were killed.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 January 2024|date=17 January 2024|language=EN|title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 349973|url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/349973|website=aviation-safety.net}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>

==Variants==
*'''FTC-2000''': Original model and export designation.
*'''FTC-2000G''': The FTC-2000G is a dual seat [[light combat aircraft]]/[[Trainer (aircraft)#Lead-in fighter training|lead-in fighter trainer]].<ref name="FTC-2000G Mystery Buyer">{{Cite web|title=Is Cambodia the Mystery Buyer of China's FTC-2000G Trainer/Fighter Jet?|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26786/Is_Cambodia_the_Mystery_Buyer_of_China_s_FTC_2000G_Trainer_Fighter_Jet_#.X9_9iTTivDc|access-date=14 February 2020|website=Defense World}}</ref> It is one of the cheapest light fighters on the market with the aim to replace old legacy fighters like the J-7/F-7 and Mig-21. It has 7 [[hardpoint]]s.<ref name="wminnick_2012-11-20">{{cite news |url=http://intercepts.defensenews.com/2012/11/chinas-ftc-2000-upgraded/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141226223228/http://intercepts.defensenews.com/2012/11/chinas-ftc-2000-upgraded/  |archive-date=December 26, 2014 |title=China's FTC-2000 Upgraded |author=wminnick |date=20 November 2012 |work=[[Defense News]] |access-date=29 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Old reference.|date=February 2021}} It also features a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]].<ref name="avic_ftc2000g">{{cite web |url=http://www.avic.com/en/forbusiness/militaryaviationanddefense/trainers/394364.shtml |title=FTC-2000 G |publisher=[[Aviation Industry Corporation of China]] |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829060827/http://www.avic.com/en/forbusiness/militaryaviationanddefense/trainers/394364.shtml |archive-date=29 August 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It made its first flight in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/chinas-ftc-2000g-aircraft-maiden-flight/ |title=China's FTC-2000G fighter aircraft conducts maiden flight |date=October 2018 |publisher=[[Air Force Technology]] |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019164154/https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/chinas-ftc-2000g-aircraft-maiden-flight/ |archive-date=19 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Compared to the FTC-2000 trainer variant, the FTC-2000G is heavier,<ref name="wminnick_2012-11-20"/> has a maximum speed of only [[Mach number|Mach]] 1.2<ref name="FTC-2000G Mystery Buyer"/> due to a new wing design,<ref name="avic_ftc2000g"/><ref name="avic_ftc2000">{{cite web |url=http://www.avic.com/en/forbusiness/militaryaviationanddefense/trainers/394364.shtml |title=FTC-2000 |publisher=[[Aviation Industry Corporation of China]] |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829060827/http://www.avic.com/en/forbusiness/militaryaviationanddefense/trainers/394364.shtml |archive-date=29 August 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and has less endurance<ref name="wminnick_2012-11-20"/> than the FTC-2000. The aircraft can carry a maximum of 3 tons of weaponry.<ref name="FTC-2000G Mystery Buyer"/>
*'''JL-9''': Initial PLA variant.
*'''JL-9G''': PLANAF carrier-trainer variant.<ref name="airinternational_2011-08">''NEWS - Asia & Australasia'', Air International, August 2011, p. 16.</ref> It is a modified JL-9 for [[aircraft carrier]] training. It is designed for [[Flight deck#Ski-jump ramp|ski-jump ramp]] takeoffs and simulated [[Arresting gear|arrested]] landings (land-based).<ref name="mladenov_2013-03">''COVERT AFFAIR'' A. Mladenov, Air International, March 2013, p. 93</ref> and includes a [[tailhook]].<ref name="mladenov_2013-03"/>

==Operators==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

*{{PRC}}
**[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] - 30 JL-9<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2021 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |page=255}}</ref>
**[[People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force]] - 28 JL-9, 12 JL-9G<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2021 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |page=254}}</ref>
*{{MYA}}
**[[Myanmar Air Force]] — six delivered (unknown number ordered)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-18 |title=Myanmar Regime Buys FTC-2000G Fighter Jets From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-regime-buys-ftc-2000g-fighter-jets-from-china.html |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.janes.com/amp/myanmar-air-force-inducts-new-ftc-2000gs/ZnlJK3dHVU9mZ28xajRJVkc5dVI5VFp1cVMwPQ2|title=Myanmar Air Force inducts new FTC-2000Gs|first=Anthony Davis|last=Beech|work=Janes Defence |date=8 December 2022|via=janes.com}}</ref>
*{{SUD}}
**[[Sudanese Air Force]] — five<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binnie|first1=Jeremy|title=Sudan's new FTC-2000 jets arrive|url=http://www.janes.com/article/80108/sudan-s-new-ftc-2000-jets-arrive|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=16 May 2018|date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005336/http://www.janes.com/article/80108/sudan-s-new-ftc-2000-jets-arrive/|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Specifications (FTC-2000) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2010-11'' <ref name=JAWA2010-11/>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|length m=14.555
|length note=excluding nose-probe
|span m=8.32
|span note=
|height m=4.105
|height note=
|wing area sqm=26.15
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=7800
|gross weight note=clean
::::{{cvt|7900|kg|0}} normal
|max takeoff weight kg=9800
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity={{cvt|2000|kg|0}} internal + up to {{cvt|1302|kg|0}} in external tanks
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Guizhou Liyang WP-13F (C)]]
|eng1 type=afterburning turbojet
|eng1 kn=43.15
|eng1 note=
|eng1 kn-ab=63.25
|more power=<br />(1 × [[List of Chinese aircraft engines|WP-14C
Kunlun-3]] for FTC-2000G, {{cvt|53.89|kN|lbf}} thrust dry and {{cvt|76.53|kN|lbf}} with afterburner.)
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=1100
|max speed note= / M1.05
*'''Unstick and touchdown speed:''' {{cvt|260|km/h|mph kn}}
*'''Minimum flying speed:''' {{cvt|210|km/h|mph kn}}
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kmh=870
|cruise speed note=<ref name="avic_ftc2000"/>
|stall speed kmh=125
|stall speed note=<ref name="avic_ftc2000"/>
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=863
|range note=on internal fuel
|ferry range km=2400
|ferry range note=with maximum internal and external fuel
|endurance=3 hours
|ceiling m=16000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<big>+</big>8 <big>-</big>3
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=150
|climb rate note=at sea level
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=374.8
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|thrust/weight={{cvt|0.00645|kN/kg}}<!--given in reference as kg/kN !!!!Yes i know it should be unitless. when you find a reference change it!!-->
|more performance=<br/>
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|400-500|m}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt|700|m}}
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns= 1x 23mm cannon<ref name="Waldron_2015-10-29"/>
|bombs= 
|rockets= 
|missiles=<br />
** '''Short range air-to-air missile''' 
*** 2x [[PL-8 (missile)|PL-8]] AAMs (on inboard pylons)
*** 2x [[PL-9]] AAMs (on outboard pylons)
** '''Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles''' 
*** [[PL-12|SD-10]] (Only on FTC-2000G)<ref name="FTC-2000G Mystery Buyer"/>
** '''[[Anti-radiation missile]]s'''
*** [[CM-102]] (Only on FTC-2000G)<ref name="FTC-2000G Mystery Buyer"/>
|hardpoints=5
|hardpoint capacity={{cvt|2000|kg|0}} maximum
|hardpoint rockets=
|hardpoint missiles=
|hardpoint bombs=
|hardpoint other=up to 3 x fuel tanks<ref name="Waldron_2015-10-29"/>

|avionics=
:* Pulse Doppler radar
:*comms
:*IFF
:*Transponder
:*EFIS
:*HOTAS
:*GPS / INS
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]]
* [[Chengdu J-7]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Hongdu JL-10]]
* [[BAE Systems Hawk]]
* [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master]]
* [[Aero L-159 Alca]]
* [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-130]]
* [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara]]
}}

== References ==
{{commons category inline}}
{{Reflist}}

{{MiG-21 family}}
{{AVIC Aero Products}}
{{PRC trainers}}
{{Chinese Military Aircraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guizhou Jl-9}}
[[Category:2000s Chinese military trainer aircraft|JL-9]]
[[Category:Guizhou aircraft|JL-9]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]]
[[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2003]]
[[Category:Fourth-generation jet fighter]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]