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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{For|the type of body fat distribution|Gynoid fat distribution}}
{{Redirect|Fembot|other uses|Fembot (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Femboy}}
{{short description|Robot resembling a woman}}
[[File:Ai-Da.jpg|thumb|[[Ai-Da]] with self-portrait (2021)]]
A '''gynoid''', or '''fembot''', is a [[feminine]] [[humanoid robot]]. Gynoids appear widely in science fiction film and art. As more realistic humanoid robot design becomes technologically possible, they are also emerging in real-life robot design. Just like any other robot, the main parts of a gynoid include sensors, actuators and a control system. [[Sensor|Sensors]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=University |first=Carnegie Mellon |url=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rasc/Download/AMRobots4.pdf |title=Sensors for Mobile Robots}}</ref> are responsible for detecting the changes in the environment while the [[Actuator|actuators]], also called effectors, are motors and other components responsible for the movement and control of the robot. The control system instructs the robot on what to do so as to achieve the desired results.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-15 |title=Extending the Application of Robotics to Humanoids in Air Transportation for Effective Supply Chain Management - SIPMM Publications |url=https://publication.sipmm.edu.sg/extending-the-application-of-robotics-to-humanoids-in-air-transportation-for-effective-supply-chain-management/#Features_of_Humanoids |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=publication.sipmm.edu.sg |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Name==
A gynoid is anything that resembles or pertains to the female human form. Though the term ''[[Android (robot)|android]]'' has been used to refer to robotic humanoids regardless of apparent [[gender]], the Greek prefix "andr-" refers to ''man'' in the masculine sense.<ref>{{cite dictionary | first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell |first2=Robert |last2=Scott |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |entry= ἄνδρεσι [andresi] |entry-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)nh%2Fr |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1940 |via=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> 

The term ''gynoid'' was first used by [[Isaac Asimov]] in a 1979 editorial, as a theoretical female equivalent of the word ''android''.<ref name=SFDictionary>{{cite web |title= gynoid|url= https://sfdictionary.com/view/2481/gynoid|website=Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

Other possible names for feminine robots exist. The [[portmanteau]] "fembot" (feminine robot) was used as far back as 1959, in Fritz Leiber's ''The Silver Eggheads'', applying specifically to non-sentient female sexbots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leiber |first=Fritz |title=The Silver Eggheads |location=New York |publisher=Ballantine PBO |date=1961}}</ref> It was popularized by the television series ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'' in the episode "Kill Oscar" (1976)<ref>{{cite book |last=Wosk |first=Julie  |title=My Fair Ladies: Female Robots, Androids, and Other Artificial Eves |publisher= Rutgers Univ. Press |date=2015 |pages=114–115}}</ref> and later used in the ''[[Austin Powers]]'' films,<ref name=popscibots/> among others. "Robotess" is the oldest female-specific term, originating in 1921 from ''[[R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)|Rossum's Universal Robots]]'', the same source as the term "[[robot]]".

==Feminine robots==
{{cquote|...the great majority of robots were either machine-like, male-like or child-like for the reasons that not only are virtually all roboticists male, but also that fembots posed greater technical difficulties. Not only did the servo motor and platform have to be 'interiorized' (<!--内蔵する-->''naizō suru''), but the body [of the fembot] needed to be slender, both extremely difficult undertakings.<br>{{emdash}}[[Tomotaka Takahashi]], roboticist<ref>{{cite book|last1=Takahashi|first1=Tomotaka|title=Robotto no tensei|date=2006|publisher=Media Factory, Inc.|page=194}}</ref>}}

Examples of feminine robots include:

* Project Aiko, an attempt at producing a realistic-looking female android. It speaks Japanese and English, and is produced for a price of €13,000<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081211/project_aiko_081211/ | title = Ontario man builds real-life female android | date = 11 December 2008 | first = Geoff | last = Nixon | work = [[CTV.ca]]}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[EveR-1]]<ref>{{cite journal | title =I'm your guide | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | date = 9 June 2006 | volume =312 | issue = 5779 | page = 1449 | doi = 10.1126/science.312.5779.1449d | s2cid = 220087882 }}</ref>
* [[Actroid]], designed by Hiroshi Ishiguro to be "a perfect secretary who smiles and flutters her eyelids"<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2006-08/fembot-mystique | title = The Fembot Mystique | work = [[Popular Science]] | first = Annalee | last = Newitz | date = 10 August 2006}}</ref>
* [[HRP-4C]]<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7946780.stm | title = Lifelike walking female robot | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 16 March 2009}}</ref>
* [[Meinü robot]]<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/04/content_657625.htm | title = First Chinese 'beauty' robot destined for Sichuan | date = 4 August 2006 | work = [[China Daily]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://english.sina.com/p/1/2006/0808/85533.html | title = 1st beauty robot in China | date = 8 August 2006 | work = [[Sina.com]]}}</ref>
* [[Mark 1 (robot)|Mark 1]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wu |first1=Venus |title=Yen for animation inspired Hong Kong designer's robot |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-robot-idUSKCN0WY3VG |website=Reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |access-date=30 June 2019 |language=en |date=1 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Ai-Da]], the world's first robot art system to be embodied as a [[humanoid robot]].<ref name="Guardian 2021-05-18">{{Cite news |date=18 May 2021 |title='Some people feel threatened': face to face with Ai-Da the robot artist |url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/may/18/some-people-feel-threatened-face-to-face-with-ai-da-the-robot-artist |access-date=2021-06-03 |newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/apr/04/mind-blowing-ai-da-becomes-first-robot-to-paint-like-an-artist | first=Caroline | last=Davies | title='Mind-blowing': Ai-Da becomes first robot to paint like an artist | accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref> 

Researchers note the connection between the design of feminine robots and roboticists' assumptions about gendered appearance and labor. Fembots in [[Japan]], for example, are designed with slenderness and grace in mind,<ref name=Robertson>{{cite journal|last1=Robertson|first1=Jennifer|title=Gendering Humanoid Robots: Robo-Sexism in Japan|journal=Body & Society|date=June 2010|volume=16|issue=2|pages=1–36|doi= 10.1177/1357034X10364767|s2cid=144100334}}<!--|access-date=6 March 2015--></ref> and they are employed to help to maintain traditional family structures and politics in a nation of population decline.<ref name="Robertson Robo Sapiens">{{cite journal|last1=Robertson|first1=Jennifer|title=ROBO SAPIENS JAPANICUS Humanoid Robots and the Posthuman Family|journal=Critical Asian Studies|date=September 2007|volume=39|issue=3|pages=369–98|doi=10.1080/14672710701527378|s2cid=145141775}}<!--|access-date=6 March 2015--></ref>

People also react to fembots attributable to gender stereotypes. This research is used to elucidate gender cues, clarifying which behaviors and aesthetics elicit a stronger gender-induced response.<ref name=carpenter1>{{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = J. | last2 = Davis | first2 = J. | last3 = Erwin-Stewart | first3 = N. | last4 = Lee | first4 = T. | last5 = Bransford | first5 = J. | last6 = Vye | first6 = N. |date=March 2009 | title = Gender representation in humanoid robots for domestic use | journal = [[International Journal of Social Robotics]] | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]] | doi = 10.1007/s12369-009-0016-4  | pages =  261–265| volume =  1| issue = 3| s2cid = 31454883 }}</ref>

===Sexualization===
{{See also|Sex robot}}

[[File:Sweetheart gynoid berkley.jpg|thumb|“Sweetheart”, shown with its creator, Clayton Bailey; the busty feminine robot (also a functional coffee maker) created a controversy after it was displayed at the [[Lawrence Hall of Science]] at [[University of California, Berkeley]].]]

Gynoids may be "eroticized", and some examples such as Aiko include sensitivity sensors in their breasts and genitals to facilitate sexual response.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.projectaiko.com/faq.html | title = Frequently Asked Question(s) | work = [[Project Aiko]]}}</ref> The fetishization of gynoids in real life has been attributed to male desires for custom-made passive women and compared to life-size [[sex doll]]s.<ref name=desirbody21>{{cite book |title= The desirable body: cultural fetishism and the erotics of consumption|last= Stratton|first=Jon |year= 2001|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=US |isbn=978-0-252-06951-2 | quote = The automaton becomes both a philosophical toy and sexual fetish; I extend the meaning of gynoid to include non-mechanical models of women such life-size dolls | page = 21}}</ref> However, some science fiction works depict them as [[femme fatale|femmes fatales]], fighting the establishment or being rebellious.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rose|first=Steve|date=15 January 2015|title=Ex Machina and sci-fi's obsession with sexy female robots|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/15/ex-machina-sexy-female-robots-scifi-film-obsession|access-date=29 May 2023|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/13/living-dolls-artificial-women-robots |title=Living dolls: sci-fi's fascination with artificial women |first=Nicola |last=Davis |newspaper=The Observer |date=13 January 2015 |access-date=29 May 2023}} (interview with Julie Wosk)</ref>

Female robots as sexual devices also appeared,{{when|date=June 2023}} with early constructions quite crude. The first was produced by Sex Objects Ltd, a Brit company, for use as a "sex aid". It was called simply "36C", from her chest measurement, and had a 16-bit microprocessor and voice synthesiser giving primitive responses to speech and push-button inputs.<ref>{{cite book|title= Artificial intelligence: human effects|last= Yazdani|first= Masoud|author2= Ajit Narayanan|year= 1984|publisher= E. Horwood|pages= [https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000unse_b4b1/page/276 276–277]|isbn= 978-0-85312-577-8|url= https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000unse_b4b1/page/276}}</ref>

In 1983, a busty female robot named "Sweetheart" was removed from a display at the [[Lawrence Hall of Science]] after a petition was presented claiming it was insulting to women. The robot's creator, [[Clayton Bailey]], a professor of art at [[California State University, East Bay|California State University, Hayward]] called this "censorship" and "next to [[book burning]]".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qmQ8V0Htqu0C&q=busty%20female%20robot&pg=PA352 | title = Too serious for Professor Bailey | date = 3 November 1983 | work = New Scientist vol 100 November 3, 1983, Page 352 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== In fiction ==
{{See also|List of fictional gynoids}}<!-- Examples should go to list article. Only examples from reliable sources that illuminate a point of discussion are needed in main article. -->
Artificial women have been a common trope in fiction and mythology since the writings of the ancient Greeks (see the myth of [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]]). This has continued with modern fiction, particularly in the genre of [[science fiction]]. In science fiction, female-appearing robots are often [[Domestic robot|produced for use as domestic servants]] and sexual slaves, as seen in the film ''[[Westworld (film)|Westworld]]'', [[Paul J. McAuley]]'s novel ''Fairyland'' (1995), and [[Lester del Rey]]'s short story "[[Helen O'Loy]]" (1938),<ref name=technophob77>{{cite book |title= Technophobia!: Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology|last= Dinello|first= Daniel |year= 2005|publisher= University of Texas Press|page= 77|isbn=978-0-292-70986-7}}</ref> and sometimes as warriors, killers, or laborers. The character of Annalee Call in ''[[Alien Resurrection]]'' is a rare example of a non-sexualized gynoid.

===Metaphors===
{{Empty section|date=November 2019}}

===The perfect woman===
[[Image:Falconet - Pygmalion & Galatee (1763)-black bg.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Étienne Maurice Falconet]]: ''Pygmalion et Galatée'' (1763). Although not robotic, [[Galatea (mythology)|Galatea]]'s inorganic origin has led to comparisons with gynoids.]]
A long tradition exists in literature of the construction of an artificial embodiment of a certain type of ideal woman, and fictional gynoids have been seen as an extension of this theme.{{sfnp|Melzer|2006| page = [https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz/page/n214 202]}} Examples include [[Hephaestus]] in the [[Iliad]] who created female servants of metal, and [[Ilmarinen]] in the [[Kalevala]] who created an artificial wife. [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]], from [[Ovid]]'s account, is one of the earliest conceptualizations of constructions similar to gynoids in literary history.{{sfnp|Melzer|2006| page = [https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz/page/n214 202]}} In this myth a female statue is sculpted that is so beautiful that the creator falls in love with it, and after praying to [[Aphrodite]], the goddess takes pity on him and converts the statue into a real woman, [[Galatea (mythology)|Galatea]], with whom Pygmalion has children.

The [[Maschinenmensch]] ("machine-human"), also called "Parody," "Futura," "Robotrix," or the "Maria impersonator," in [[Fritz Lang]]'s ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' is the first example of gynoid in film: a femininely shaped robot is given skin so that she is not known to be a robot and successfully impersonates the imprisoned Maria and works convincingly as an [[exotic dancer]].{{sfnp|Melzer|2006| page = [https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz/page/n214 202]}}

Fictional gynoids are often unique products made to fit a particular man's desire, as seen in the novel ''[[The Future Eve|Tomorrow's Eve]]'' and films ''[[The Perfect Woman (1949 film)|The Perfect Woman]]'', ''[[The Stepford Wives]]'', ''[[Mannequin (1987 film)|Mannequin]]'' and ''[[Weird Science (film)|Weird Science]]'',<ref name=desirbody230>{{cite book |title= The desirable body: cultural fetishism and the erotics of consumption|last= Stratton|first=Jon |year= 2001|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=US |isbn=978-0-252-06951-2 | page = 230}}</ref> and the creators are often male "[[mad scientist]]s" such as the characters [[Rotwang]] in ''Metropolis'', [[List  of  Blade Runner characters#Dr. Eldon Tyrell|Tyrell]] in ''Blade Runner'', and the husbands in ''The Stepford Wives''.<ref name=technophob78>{{cite book |title= Technophobia!: Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology|last= Dinello|first= Daniel |year= 2005|publisher= University of Texas Press|page= 78|isbn=978-0-292-70986-7}}</ref> Gynoids have been described as the "ultimate geek fantasy: a metal-and-plastic woman of your own."<ref name=popscibots>{{cite web | url = http://www.popsci.com/cars/article/2008-12/return-bodacious-bots | title = Return of the Bodacious 'Bots | first = Julia | last = Wallace | date = 16 December 2008 | work = [[Popular Science]]}}</ref>

''[[The Bionic Woman]]'' television series popularized the word ''fembot''. These fembots were a line of powerful, lifelike gynoids with the faces of protagonist [[Jaime Sommers (The Bionic Woman)|Jaime Sommers]]'s best friends.<ref>{{cite book| last=Browne |first= Ray B.|title=Forbidden Fruits: Taboos and Tabooism in Culture |publisher=Popular Press |date=1984 |isbn=9780879722555}}</ref> They fought in two multi-part episodes of the series: "Kill Oscar" and "Fembots in Las Vegas," and despite the feminine [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]], there were also male versions, including some designed to impersonate particular individuals for the purpose of infiltration. While not truly [[Artificial intelligence|artificially intelligent]], the fembots still had extremely sophisticated programming that allowed them to pass for human in most situations. The term ''fembot'' was also used in ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' (referring to a robot duplicate of the title character, a.k.a. the [[List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters#Buffybot|Buffybot]]) and ''[[Futurama]]''.<!-- These both have sources discussing their use to be added-->

The 1987 science-fiction [[cult film]] ''[[Cherry 2000]]'' also portrayed a gynoid character which was described by the male  protagonist as his "perfect partner". The 1964 TV series ''[[My Living Doll]]'' features a robot, portrayed by [[Julie Newmar]], who is similarly described. The film ''[[Her (film)|Her]]'' (2013) depicts an Artificial Intelligence assistant called Samantha, whom the protagonist, Theodore, falls in love with until her intelligence surpasses human comprehension and she leaves to fulfil her higher purpose.

More recently, the 2015 science-fiction film ''[[Ex Machina (film)|Ex Machina]]'' featured a genius inventor experimenting with gynoids in an effort to create the perfect companion.

===Gender===
Fiction about gynoids or female cyborgs reinforce [[Gender essentialism|essentialist]] ideas of [[femininity]], according to Margret Grebowicz.<ref>{{cite book |title= SciFi in the mind's eye: reading science through science fiction|last= Grebowicz|first= Margret |author2=L. Timmel Duchamp |author3=Nicola Griffith |author4=Terry Bisson |year=2007 |publisher= Open Court|page=xviii |isbn=978-0-8126-9630-1}}</ref> Such essentialist ideas may present as sexual or gender stereotypes. Among the few non-eroticized fictional gynoids include [[Rosie the Robot Maid]] from ''[[The Jetsons]]''. However, she still has some typical feminine qualities, such as a [[matron]]ly shape and a predisposition to cry.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Social Psychology of Gender: How Power and Intimacy Shape Gender Relations|url= https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology00phdl|url-access= limited|last= Rudman|first= Laurie A.|author2=Peter Glick |author3=Susan T. Fiske |year=2008 |publisher= Guilford Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology00phdl/page/n191 178] |isbn=978-1-59385-825-4}}</ref>

[[Image:Fembots 2 APIMOM.jpg|thumb|220px|Exaggeratedly feminine fembots with guns in their breasts, from the film ''[[Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery]]'']]
The stereotypical role of wifedom has also been explored through use of gynoids. In ''[[The Stepford Wives]]'', husbands are shown as desiring to restrict the independence of their wives, and obedient and stereotypical spouses are preferred. The husbands' technological method of obtaining this "perfect wife" is through the murder of their human wives and replacement with gynoid substitutes that are compliant and housework obsessed, resulting in a "picture-postcard" perfect suburban society. This has been seen as an allegory of male chauvinism of the period, by representing marriage as a master-slave relationship, and an attempt at raising feminist consciousness during the era of [[second wave feminism]].<ref name=technophob78/>

In a parody of the fembots from ''The Bionic Woman'', attractive, blonde fembots in alluring baby-doll nightgowns were used as a lure for the fictional agent [[Austin Powers (character)|Austin Powers]] in the movie ''[[Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery]]''. The film's sequels had [[cameo appearance]]s of characters revealed as fembots.

[[Jack Halberstam]] writes that these gynoids inform the viewer that femaleness does not indicate naturalness, and their exaggerated femininity and sexuality is used in a similar way to the title character's exaggerated masculinity, lampooning stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book |title= In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives|last= Halberstam|first= Judith |year= 2005|publisher=NYU Press |page= 144|isbn=978-0-8147-3585-5}}</ref>

===Sex objects===
{{Sex in SF mini}}
Some argue that gynoids have often been portrayed as sexual objects. Female cyborgs have been similarly used in fiction, in which natural bodies are modified to become objects of fantasy.{{sfnp|Melzer|2006| page = [https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz/page/n214 202]}} The female robot in visual media has been described as "the most visible linkage of technology and sex" by [[Steven Heller (design writer)|Steven Heller]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Sex appeal: the art of allure in graphic and advertising design|last= Heller|first= Steven |page=155 |year= 2000|publisher= Allworth Press|isbn=978-1-58115-048-3}}</ref>

Feminist critic Patricia Melzer writes in ''Alien Constructions: Science Fiction and Feminist Thought'' that gynoids in [[Richard Calder (writer)|Richard Calder]]'s ''Dead Girls'' are inextricably linked to men's lust, and are mainly designed as sex objects, having no use beyond "pleasing men's violent sexual desires."{{sfnp|Melzer|2006|  page = [https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz/page/n216 204]}}
The gynoid character Eve from the film ''[[Eve of Destruction (film)|Eve of Destruction]]'' has been described as "a literal sex bomb," with her subservience to patriarchal authority and a bomb in place of reproductive organs.<ref name=desirbody230/> In the 1949 film ''[[The Perfect Woman (1949 film)|The Perfect Woman]]'', the titular robot, Olga, is described as having "no sex," but Steve Chibnall writes in his essay "Alien Women" in ''British Science Fiction Cinema'' that it is clear from her fetishistic underwear that she is produced as a toy for men, with an "implicit fantasy of a fully compliant sex machine."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=I. Q. |title=British Science Fiction Cinema |date=4 January 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-70277-0 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SuEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref> In the film ''[[Westworld (film)|Westworld]]'', female robots actually engaged in intercourse with human men as part of the make-believe vacation world human customers paid to attend.

Sexual interest in gynoids and fembots has been attributed to fetishisation of technology, and compared to [[sadomasochism]] in that it reorganizes the social risk of sex. The depiction of female robots minimizes the threat felt by men from female sexuality and allow the "erasure of any social interference in the spectator's erotic enjoyment of the image."<ref name=Foster103>{{cite book |title= The souls of cyberfolk: posthumanism as vernacular theory|last= Foster|first=Thomas |year= 2005|publisher= U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3406-4 | page = 103 | quote = Gynoids are frames that enable us to desire differently, by accommodating libidinal-investments in male lack.}}</ref> Gynoid fantasies are produced and collected by online communities centered around chat rooms and web site galleries.<ref>{{cite book |title= The souls of cyberfolk: posthumanism as vernacular theory|last= Foster|first=Thomas |year= 2005|publisher= U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3406-4 | page = 103}}</ref>

[[Isaac Asimov]] writes that his robots were generally sexually neutral and that giving the majority masculine names was not an attempt to comment on gender. He first wrote about female-appearing robots at the request of editor [[Judy-Lynn del Rey]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Bicentennial man and other stories|url= https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim|url-access= registration|last= Asimov|page=[https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim/page/5 5] |year= 1976|publisher= Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-12198-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= I. Asimov: a memoir|last= Asimov|first= Isaac|page= [https://archive.org/details/iasimovmemoir00asim_0/page/320 320]|year= 1994|publisher= Doubleday|isbn= 978-0-385-41701-3|url= https://archive.org/details/iasimovmemoir00asim_0/page/320}}</ref> Asimov's short story "Feminine Intuition" (1969) is an early example that showed gynoids as being as capable and versatile as male robots, with no sexual connotations.<ref>{{cite book|title= Gold: the final science-fiction-collection|last= Asimov|first= Isaac|page= [https://archive.org/details/goldfinalscience00asim/page/172 172]|year= 1995|publisher= HarperPrism|isbn= 978-0-06-105206-4|url= https://archive.org/details/goldfinalscience00asim/page/172}}</ref> Early models in "Feminine Intuition" were "female caricatures," used to highlight their human creators' reactions to the idea of female robots. Later models lost obviously feminine features, but retained "an air of femininity."<ref>{{cite book |title= The Bicentennial man and other stories|url= https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim|url-access= registration|last= Asimov|page=[https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim/page/15 15] |year= 1976|publisher= Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-12198-9}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==

* Critics have commented on the problematic nature of [[Female gendering of AI technologies|assigning a gender]] to an artificial object with no consciousness of its own, based purely on its appearance or sound.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Tanya|date=20 February 2015|title=Rise of the Fembots: Why Artificial Intelligence Is Often Female|url=https://www.livescience.com/49882-why-robots-female.html|access-date=2020-12-11|website=LiveScience|language=en}}</ref> It has also been argued that our innovation should part from this essentialising notion of a woman and focus on the purpose of creating robots, without making them explicitly male or female.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zuin|first=Lidia|date=2017-07-01|title=A brief history of men who build female robots|url=https://medium.com/startup-grind/a-brief-history-of-men-who-build-female-robots-fde981db8104|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> Indeed, very few robots are explicitly male; it is the contrast with the female robot that makes the neutral one male (the principle of the [[male as norm|male default]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Perez|first=Caroline Criado|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKZYDwAAQBAJ|title=Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men|date=2019-03-07|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4735-4829-9|language=en}}</ref>
* Critics have also noticed how the creation of gynoids is associated with service roles, while androids or systems with male voices are employed in positions of leadership.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=2019-03-04|title=Adios, Alexa: why must our robot assistants be female?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2019/mar/04/adios-alexa-why-must-our-robot-assistants-be-female|access-date=2020-12-11|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* {{Annotated link |Actroid}}
* {{Annotated link |Android (robot)|Android}}
<!-- {{Annotated link |Chloe (robot)}} doesn't exist, it was a game visualisation -->
* {{anli|Ex Machina (film)|''Ex Machina'' (film)}}
* {{anli|The Future Eve|''The Future Eve''}}
* {{Annotated link |Cyborg}}
* {{Annotated link |Gender in speculative fiction}}
* {{Annotated link |Magical girlfriend}}
* {{Annotated link |Robot fetishism}}
* {{Annotated link |Sex doll}}
** {{Annotated link |Roxxxy}}
** {{Annotated link |Sex robot}}
* {{Annotated link |Sophia (robot)}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{refbegin}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book | first = Patricia | last = Melzer | title = Alien Constructions: Science Fiction and Feminist Thought | publisher = [[University of Texas Press]] | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-292-71307-9}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Ferrando | first = Francesca | year = 2015 | chapter = Of Posthuman Born: Gender, Utopia and the Posthuman | editor-last1 = Hauskeller | editor-first1 = M. | editor-last2 = Carbonell | editor-first2 = C. | editor-last3 = Philbeck | editor-first3 = T. | title =  Handbook on Posthumanism in Film and Television | location = London | publisher = Palgrave MacMillan | isbn = 978-1-137-43032-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Jordanova | first = Ludmilla | author-link = Ludmilla Jordanova | year = 1989 | title = Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries | location = Madison, Wis. | publisher = University of Wisconsin Press | isbn = 0-299-12290-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/sexualvisionsima00jord }}
* {{cite book | last = Leman | first = Joy | year = 1991 | chapter = Wise Scientists and Female Androids: Class and Gender in Science Fiction | editor-last = Corner | editor-first = John | title = Popular Television in Britain | location = London | publisher = BFI Publishing | isbn = 0-85170-269-4}}

* {{cite book |title= The desirable body: cultural fetishism and the erotics of consumption|last= Stratton|first=Jon |year= 2001|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=US |isbn=978-0-252-06951-2}}
* {{cite book |title= The souls of cyberfolk: posthumanism as vernacular theory|last= Foster|first=Thomas |year= 2005|publisher= U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3406-4}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Gynoids}}

{{Androids}}
{{Robotics}}
{{Science fiction}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Science fiction themes]]
[[Category:Humanoid robots|*]]
[[Category:Android (robot)]]
[[Category:Women in fiction]]
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