Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hämeenlinna

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|City in Tavastia Proper, Finland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Hämeenlinna
| official_name = {{lang|fi|Hämeenlinnan kaupunki}}<br />{{lang|sv|Tavastehus stad}}<br />{{lang|en|City of Hämeenlinna}}
| other_name = Tavastehus
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Lento 13.12.2007 070.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view of the city centre (and the [[Market Square, Hämeenlinna|Market Square]]) of Hämeenlinna.
| image_shield = Hämeenlinna.vaakuna.svg
| shield_size = 120x80px
| image_map = Hämeenlinna sijainti Suomi.svg
| map_caption = Location of Hämeenlinna in Finland
| image_map1 = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{maplink|frame-width=350|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=8|id=Q202158|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000}}{{hidden end}}
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining Hämeenlinna.
|coordinates = {{coord|60|59|40|N|24|28|00|E|type:city({{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Hämeenlinna}})_region:FI-06|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:Kanta-Häme.vaakuna.svg|15px|link=Tavastia Proper]] [[Kanta-Häme]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hämeenlinna sub-region]]
| leader_title = [[City manager]]
| leader_name = [[Olli-Poika Parviainen]]
| established_title = [[Charter]]
| established_date = 1639
|area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Hämeenlinna}}
|area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Hämeenlinna}}
|area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Hämeenlinna}}
|area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Hämeenlinna}}
|area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Hämeenlinna}}
|population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Hämeenlinna}}
|population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Hämeenlinna}}
|population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Hämeenlinna}}
|population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Hämeenlinna}}
|population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_footnotes|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Hämeenlinna}}
|demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Hämeenlinna}}
|blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Hämeenlinna}}
|blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Hämeenlinna}}
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +02:00
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +03:00
| website = {{Url|https://www.hameenlinna.fi/}}
}}

'''Hämeenlinna''' ({{IPA-fi|ˈhæmeːnˌlinːɑ|lang}}; {{lang-sv|Tavastehus}}; {{lang-krl|Hämienlinna}}; {{lang-la|Tavastum}} or ''Croneburgum''<ref>J. G. Th. Graesse: ''Orbis Latinus'' (Dresdae: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunsvici, 1972, 3 voll.) (in Latin)</ref>) is a [[city]] in [[Finland]] and the regional capital of [[Kanta-Häme]]. It is located in the southern interior of the country and on the shores of [[Vanajavesi|Lake Vanajavesi]]. The population of Hämeenlinna is approximately {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{Data Finland municipality/population count|{{PAGENAME}}}}round -3}}}}, while the [[Hämeenlinna sub-region|sub-region]] has a population of approximately {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Hämeenlinna}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Hattula}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Janakkala}}round -3}}}}. It is the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} most populous [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]] in Finland, and the 14th most populous [[List of urban areas in Finland by population|urban area]] in the country.

Hämeenlinna is the oldest inland city in Finland<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hameenlinna.fi/Kaupunki-info/juhlavuodet/ |title = Juhlavuodet | date = February 9, 2017 | publisher = City of Hämeenlinna | access-date = September 17, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref> and was one of the most important Finnish cities until the 19th century. Hämeenlinna was located in the heart of the historic province of [[Tavastia (historical province)|Tavastia]]. Since then, Hämeenlinna has remained an important regional centre. The medieval [[Häme Castle]] (also known as ''Tavastia Castle'') is located in the town.

Hämeenlinna is known as the birthplace of Finnish national composer [[Jean Sibelius]]. Today, it belongs to the region of Kanta-Häme, and before 2010 it was the residence city for the [[Provincial Governors of Finland|Governor]] of the province of [[Southern Finland]]. Nearby cities include the capital [[Helsinki]] ({{convert|98|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}), [[Tampere]] ({{convert|73|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[Lahti]] ({{convert|72|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}), the regional centre of [[Päijänne Tavastia|Päijänne Tavastia (Päijät-Häme)]].

The neighbouring municipalities of Hämeenlinna are [[Akaa]], [[Asikkala]], [[Hattula]], [[Hausjärvi]], [[Hollola]], [[Janakkala]], [[Loppi]], [[Padasjoki]], [[Pälkäne]], [[Tammela, Finland|Tammela]], [[Urjala]] and [[Valkeakoski]]. The former municipalities, [[Hauho]], [[Kalvola]], [[Lammi]], [[Renko, Finland|Renko]] and [[Tuulos]], were consolidated with Hämeenlinna on 1 January 2009;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2008/20080480 | title = Valtioneuvoston päätös Hauhon kunnan, Kalvolan kunnan, Lammin kunnan, Rengon kunnan ja Tuuloksen kunnan liittämisestä Hämeenlinnan kaupunkiin sekä eräiden alueiden siirtämisestä Hattulan kunnasta Hämeenlinnan kaupunkiin | date = July 3, 2008 | publisher = Finlex | access-date = September 2, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref> with these municipal associations, the Hattula municipality is almost completely surrounded by Hämeenlinna.

The [[coat of arms]] of Hämeenlinna is based on the 17th-century [[Seal (emblem)|town seal]], which in turn refers to the Häme Castle built by the Lake Vanajavesi in the Middle Ages, near which the city was founded. The current coat of arms was designed by [[Gustaf von Numers]] on the basis of the old coat of arms, and was confirmed on September 21, 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kunnat.net/k_perussivu.asp?path=1;29;102942;486;84531;84541 | title = Vaakunat: Haapajärvi – Hämeenlinna | last =Hagerlund | first= Tony | date = January 12, 2010 | publisher = Suomen Kuntaliitto | access-date = September 17, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref><ref>Бойко Дм. А. ''Геральдика Великого Княжества Финляндского''. – Запорожье, 2013. (in Russian)</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tavastehus.jpg|thumb|left|Hämeenlinna in the 1850s]]
[[Vanaja (Finland)|Vanaja]] is the name of a settlement next to Vanajavesi that had been in existence since the [[Viking Age]]. The castle was built in the late 13th century to secure Swedish power in central Finland. A village was established near [[Häme Castle]] to provide services and goods to its inhabitants.

The village was granted city rights on January 19, 1639,<ref>[https://docplayer.fi/amp/810803-Hameenlinna-tavastehus-kaupunkiarkeologinen-inventointi.html HÄMEENLINNA – TAVASTEHUS Kaupunkiarkeologinen inventointi] (in Finnish)</ref> but Hämeenlinna, which still after that looked more like a rural village, developed very slowly, which was a typical problem for inland cities in Finland compared to the most prosperous coastal cities.<ref name="hameensanomat"/> In 1777, [[Gustav III|King Gustav III of Sweden]] moved it one kilometre ({{convert|1|km|1|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) south to the hill on which it still stands.<ref name="hameensanomat">{{cite web|url=https://www.hameensanomat.fi/kanta-hame/maanalaista-kaupunkia-ei-ole-koskaan-tutkittu-mutta-maan-alla-piilotteleva-vanha-hameenlinna-voi-viela-yllattaa-loytajansa-iloisesti-2817319/|title=Maanalaista kaupunkia ei ole koskaan tutkittu, mutta maan alla piilotteleva vanha Hämeenlinna voi vielä yllättää löytäjänsä iloisesti|first=Saila|last=Karpiola|work=[[Hämeen Sanomat]]|date=9 October 2022|access-date=10 October 2022|language=fi}}</ref>

The city is known for its schools and academies where many famous [[Finns]] have studied.<ref name="lyska">{{cite web|url=https://www.hameensanomat.fi/kanta-hame/kuka-kavi-lyskan-ja-missa-158415/|title=Kuka kävi Lyskan ja missä?|work=[[Hämeen Sanomat]]|date=14 June 2015|access-date=10 October 2022|language=fi}}</ref> Schools, government and the military have characterised the life of Hämeenlinna throughout history. Finland's first railway line, the [[Finnish Main Line|Finnish Main Railway]] ({{lang-fi|Suomen päärata}}, {{lang-sv|Stambanan}}), opened between Hämeenlinna and Helsinki on March 17, 1862.<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Ensimmäinen Juna Hämeenlinnaan| magazine = Hämäläinen| date = January 31, 1862 | url = http://www.opeko.fi/esitteet/TAMMI_JA_UNESCO/tiina/I.%20juna%20hml.htm| access-date = January 18, 2021 | language = fi }}</ref><ref>Neil Kent: ''Helsinki: A Cultural History'', p. 18. Interlink Books, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1566565448}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5061482|title=Tulihevonen saapui ensi kerran Hämeenlinnaan 150 vuotta sitten|trans-title=The "fire horse" arrived first time in Hämeenlinna 150 years ago|work=Yle Häme|publisher=[[Yle]]|date=January 31, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2021|language=fi}}</ref> The current [[Hämeenlinna railway station]] (''{{lang|fi|Rautatieasema}}'' in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]) was built in 1921.

During the [[Finnish Civil War]] in 1918, Hämeenlinna was initially in the area controlled by the [[Red Guards (Finland)|Reds]], but the [[White Guard (Finland)|Whites]] captured the city with the help of the Germans in the [[Battle of Hämeenlinna]].<ref>{{cite book| title = Kuoleman kentiltä: muistojulkaisu vuoden 1918 ajoilta | pages= 75–78, 88–92 | year= 1924 | location= Hämeenlinna | publisher= Hämeen eteläinen sos.-dem. piiritoimikunta | language = fi}}</ref> After the war, the Hämeenlinna [[Prisoner-of-war camp|prison camp]] established for red prisoners operated in the Poltinaho barracks area, and it was known as one of the most notorious high-discipline camps in the history of the Civil War, where female prisoners were also kept.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://yle.fi/uutiset/hameenlinnan_pahamaineisen_punavankileirin_vaietuista_naisvangeista_kirja/5345945 | title= Hämeenlinnan pahamaineisen punavankileirin vaietuista naisvangeista kirja | date= 19 April 2011 | work= [[Yle]] | access-date=9 August 2023|language=fi}}</ref> By mid-September, over 2,000 Red prisoners died in the prison camp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hameenlinna.fi/Palvelut/Kulttuuri/Taidemuseo/Julkinen/Muistolaatat-ja-muistokivet/Aihehaku/Punaisten-joukkohaudat/|title=Punaisten joukkohautojen muistokivet|publisher=City of Hämeenlinna|date=27 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710163616/http://www.hameenlinna.fi/Palvelut/Kulttuuri/Taidemuseo/Julkinen/Muistolaatat-ja-muistokivet/Aihehaku/Punaisten-joukkohaudat/ |access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=10 July 2018 |language=fi}}</ref> mainly for communicable diseases such as [[smallpox]], [[scarlet fever]], [[typhus]] and [[Spanish flu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20130277/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20130277.pdf|title=Espanjantautia Hämeenlinnassa – Vuosien 1918–1920 influenssapandemia Hämeenlinnan kaupungissa|last=Peltonen|first=Ari-Pekka|publisher=Department of History and Geography; [[University of Eastern Finland]]|date=2013|access-date=9 August 2023|language=fi}}</ref>

==Geography==
There are a total of 339 lakes in whole or in part in the area of the city of Hämeenlinna. The largest of them are [[Lake Vanajavesi]], [[Lake Kukkia]] and [[Lake Kuohijärvi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jarviwiki.fi/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna | title = Hämeenlinna | work = Järviwiki | access-date = March 4, 2021 | language = fi }}</ref> The main features of the Hämeenlinna landscape are the Häme Lake Plateau, the Vanajavesi Valley and the Kanta-Häme Grove Center. In many places, the landscapes are marked by the prosperous [[Tavastians|Tavastian]] [[agricultural]] culture.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hameenlinna.fi/pages/67514/Julk29_II_painos_3.pdf | title = Kalvolan luonto-opas | first1 = Heli | last1= Jutila | first2 = Hannu | last2= Harju | date = 2005 | work = Hämeenlinnan seudun kansanterveystyön kuntayhtymän ympäristöosasto, NAPA-projekti | access-date = March 4, 2021 | language = fi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hameenlinna.fi/pages/67514/Julk26.pdf | title = Rengon luonto-opas | first1 = Heli | last1= Jutila | first2 = Hannu | last2= Harju | date = 2004 | work = Hämeenlinnan seudun kansanterveystyön kuntayhtymän ympäristöosasto, NAPA-projekti | access-date = March 4, 2021 | language = fi }}</ref>

The city has several [[nature reserve]]s, the largest of which are located in the popular [[recreation area]]s of Aulanko and Ahvenisto on the outskirts of the city. In total, there are 31 [[Natura 2000]] areas in the city of Hämeenlinna.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ymparisto.fi/fi-FI/Luonto/Suojelualueet/Natura_2000_alueet?f=Hameen_ELYkeskus | title= Tutustu Natura 2000 -kohteisiin kunnittain | website=ymparisto.fi | access-date=9 August 2023 | language=fi}}</ref> In addition, Hämeenlinna has Finland's first [[Urban park|national urban park]], established in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hameenlinna.fi/en/housing-and-environment/|title=Housing and environment|publisher=City of Hämeenlinna|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

===Climate===

{{Weather box
| location = Hämeenlinna Lammi Pappila (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1963–present)
| collapsed = 
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 7.7
| Feb record high C = 7.8
| Mar record high C = 15.9
| Apr record high C = 23.7
| May record high C = 29.0
| Jun record high C = 31.8
| Jul record high C = 33.2
| Aug record high C = 32.6
| Sep record high C = 25.9
| Oct record high C = 19.2
| Nov record high C = 12.8
| Dec record high C = 10.2
| year record high C = 33.2
| Jan high C = -3.1
| Feb high C = -3.0
| Mar high C = 1.6
| Apr high C = 8.5
| May high C = 15.5
| Jun high C = 19.5
| Jul high C = 22.0
| Aug high C = 20.5
| Sep high C = 14.8
| Oct high C = 7.5
| Nov high C = 2.1
| Dec high C = -1.0
| year high C = 8.7
| Jan mean C = -5.8
| Feb mean C = -6.3
| Mar mean C = -2.5
| Apr mean C = 3.5
| May mean C = 9.8
| Jun mean C = 14.2
| Jul mean C = 16.9
| Aug mean C = 15.1
| Sep mean C = 10.2
| Oct mean C = 4.5
| Nov mean C = 0.2
| Dec mean C = -3.3
| year mean C = 4.7
| Jan low C = -8.6
| Feb low C = -9.5
| Mar low C = -6.2
| Apr low C = -1.0
| May low C = 3.9
| Jun low C = 8.8
| Jul low C = 11.6
| Aug low C = 10.5
| Sep low C = 6.5
| Oct low C = 1.9
| Nov low C = -1.9
| Dec low C = -5.6
| year low C = 0.9
| Jan record low C = -37.4
| Feb record low C = -36.2
| Mar record low C = -28.5
| Apr record low C = -15.9
| May record low C = -10.7
| Jun record low C = -2.0
| Jul record low C = 0.9
| Aug record low C = -0.3
| Sep record low C = -6.0
| Oct record low C = -15.7
| Nov record low C = -22.1
| Dec record low C = -34.2
| year record low C = -37.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 49
| Feb precipitation mm = 37
| Mar precipitation mm = 34
| Apr precipitation mm = 32
| May precipitation mm = 41
| Jun precipitation mm = 64
| Jul precipitation mm = 79
| Aug precipitation mm = 72
| Sep precipitation mm = 54
| Oct precipitation mm = 66
| Nov precipitation mm = 58
| Dec precipitation mm = 53
| year precipitation mm = 639
| Jan precipitation days = 12
| Feb precipitation days = 9
| Mar precipitation days = 8
| Apr precipitation days = 7
| May precipitation days = 8
| Jun precipitation days = 10
| Jul precipitation days = 11
| Aug precipitation days = 10
| Sep precipitation days = 9
| Oct precipitation days = 11
| Nov precipitation days = 11
| Dec precipitation days = 12
| year precipitation days = 118
| Jan sun = 
| Feb sun = 
| Mar sun = 
| Apr sun = 
| May sun = 
| Jun sun = 
| Jul sun = 
| Aug sun = 
| Sep sun = 
| Oct sun = 
| Nov sun = 
| Dec sun = 
| year sun = 
| source 1 = 
| source 2 = Record highs and lows 1963–present<ref name="FMI open data">{{cite web
| url = https://kilotavu.com/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true
| title = FMI open data
| publisher = FMI
| access-date = 17 March 2023}}</ref>
| source = FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991–2020<ref name="FMI">{{cite web|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/336063/Tilastoja%20Suomen%20ilmatosta%20ja%20merest%c3%a4%201991-2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yf |title=FMI normals 1991–2020 |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
}}

===Cityscape===
[[File:Hameenlinna lake vanajavesi.jpg|thumb|right|View of [[Lake Vanajavesi]], next to the city. The [[Häme Castle]], the landmark of the city, is visible to the right.]]
The center of Hämeenlinna is located on the Saarinen Hill on the shores of [[Lake Vanajavesi]], and is bordered on the west by [[Finnish national road 3|Highway 3]] ([[European route E12|E12]]), while [[Finnish national road 10|Highway 10]] bypasses the city to the south and east. The street network in the center is based on a [[Grid plan|grid pattern]] drawn up by [[C. L. Engel]] in 1832 with the [[Hämeenlinna Market Square|Market Square]] as its center.<ref>[https://www.senaatti.fi/app/uploads/2019/01/2018_ark-byroo_H%C3%A4meenlinna_L%C3%A4%C3%A4ninhallitus_RHS.pdf Rakennushistoriaselvitys: Lääninhallituksen rakennukset – Hämeenlinna, 2018] – Arkkitehtitoimisto ark-byroo (in Finnish)</ref> On the edge of the market square are the town hall, Hämeenlinna Church and the Häme County Government House.<ref>{{cite book| author= Y. S. Koskimies| title= Hämeenlinna | year= 1970 | page= 7 | location= Hämeenlinna | publisher= Karisto | language = fi}}</ref> The city center is divided into four [[district]]s, which are [[Linnanniemi]], [[Koilliskulma]], [[Hämeensaari]] and [[Saaristenmäki]]. Raatihuoneenkatu, which has been partially transformed into a pedestrian street, is the most significant shopping street in the city center; for example, at the western end of the street, the [[Goodman (shopping centre)|Goodman Shopping Center]] was completed in October 2014.<ref>[https://kartta.hameenlinna.fi/ims/ Hämeenlinnan kaupungin karttapalvelu] (in Finnish)</ref>

There are plenty of buildings of different styles in the city center, and in proportion to the city's population, it is quite large and densely built. The most significant expansion direction in the city center in the 2010s has been the Keinusaari district on the other side of Lake Vanajavesi, where, for example, the [[Hämeenlinna railway station|city's railway station]] is located. Supplementary construction has also been carried out in the city center on an ongoing basis. The center of Hämeenlinna has been ridiculed as the "Finland's largest lit cemetery".<ref>[http://www.hameensanomat.fi/uutiset/kanta-hame/259373-suomen-suurin-valaistu-hautausmaa-vai-elava-keskusta-kerro-ideasi-nyt Suomen suurin valaistu hautausmaa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132704/http://www.hameensanomat.fi/uutiset/kanta-hame/259373-suomen-suurin-valaistu-hautausmaa-vai-elava-keskusta-kerro-ideasi-nyt |date=2 April 2015 }} – ''[[Hämeen Sanomat]]'' (in Finnish)</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===

The city of Hämeenlinna has {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Hämeenlinna}}}} inhabitants, making it the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Hämeenlinna}}}} most populous municipality in Finland. The [[Hämeenlinna sub-region|Hämeenlinna region]] has a population of {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Hämeenlinna}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Hattula}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Janakkala}}}}}}. In Hämeenlinna, 6.0% of the population has a foreign background, which is below the national average.<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | title=Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | language=en }}</ref>

{{Bar chart
| title   = Population size of Hämeenlinna (and merged municipalities) 1990–2020<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>
| label_type  = Year
| data_type   = Population
| bar_width = 47
| width_units = em
| label3  = 1990
| label4  = 1995
| label5  = 2000
| label6  = 2005
| label7  = 2010
| label8  = 2015
| label9  = 2020 
| data_max = 70000
| data3  = 61222
| data4  = 62080
| data5  = 63033
| data6  = 64271
| data7  = 66829
| data8  = 68011
| data9  = 67848
}}

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Population by mother tongue (2022)<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>
|label1 = Finnish
|value1 = 93.7
|color1 = #002F6C
|label2 = Estonian
|value2 = 0.7
|color2 = #0072CE
|label3 = Russian
|value3 = 0.7
|color3 = #D52B1E
|label4 = Arabic
|value4 = 0.7
|color4 = #165D31
|label5 = Farsi
|value5 = 0.5
|color5 = #239F40
|label6 = Swedish
|value6 = 0.4
|color6 = #FFCD00
|label7 = Polish
|value7 = 0.4
|color7 = #FFFFFF
|label8 = Other
|value8 = 2.9
|color8 = #C5C5C5
}}
Hämeenlinna is a monolingual [[Finnish language|Finnish-speaking]] municipality. The majority of the population – {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Hämeenlinna}} }} people or {{Percentage|sigfig = 3|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Hämeenlinna}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Hämeenlinna}}}} – speak Finnish as their first language. There are {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Hämeenlinna}} }} [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish speakers]] in Hämeenlinna, or {{Percentage|sigfig = 1|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Hämeenlinna}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Hämeenlinna}}}} of the population.<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/> 5.9% of the population of Hämeenlinna have a [[first language|mother tongue]] other than Finnish or Swedish.<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | title=Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | language=en }}</ref> As [[English language|English]] and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 40 different languages are spoken in Hämeenlinna. The most common foreign languages are [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (0.7%), [[Russian language|Russian]] (0.7%), [[Arabic]] (0.7%) and [[Persian language|Farsi]] (0.5%).<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>

=== Immigration ===

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;" 
|colspan="3"|'''Population by country of birth (2022)'''<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>
|-\
! Nationality || Population || %
|-
|{{flag|Finland}} || 64,094 || 94.2
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}} || 424 || 0.6
|-
|{{flag|Soviet Union}} || 380 || 0.6
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} || 277 || 0.4
|-
|{{flag|Poland}} || 207 || 0.3
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 183 || 0.3
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}} || 177 || 0.3
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}} || 160 || 0.2
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}} || 157 || 0.2
|-
|{{flag|Syria}} || 111 || 0.2
|-
|{{flag|Russia}} || 110 || 0.2
|- 
|Other || 1,571 || 2.3
|- 
|}
In 2022, there were 4,056 persons with a migrant background living in Hämeenlinna, or 6.0% of the population.{{refn|Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.<ref name="statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background">{{cite web |access-date=18 September 2023 |title=Persons with foreign background |publisher=Statistics Finland | url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html}}</ref>|group=note}} The number of residents who were born abroad was 3,949, or 5.8% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Hämeenlinna was 2,764.<ref name="Stat-finland-population-2022">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lphfzbrm4j0cw1b5wyor1h | title=Population structure 2000-2022, urban-rural classification | date=26 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | language=en }}</ref> Most foreign-born citizens came from the [[Estonia]], former [[Soviet Union]], [[Iraq]] and [[Poland]].<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/> 

The relative share of immigrants in Hämeenlinna's population is below to the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

=== Religion ===

In 2022, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Evangelical Lutheran Church]] was the largest religious group with 69.3% of the population of Hämeenlinna. Other religious groups accounted for 2.5% of the population. 28.2% of the population had no religious affiliation.<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>

==Economy==
[[File:Hämeenlinna linja-auto 4.jpg|thumb|[[Goodman (shopping centre)|Goodman Shopping Centre]]]]
The economic structure of Hämeenlinna is close to the national average. In 2015, there were 28,270 jobs in the city. Of these, 75% were in the service sector, 3% in primary production ([[agriculture]], [[forestry]] and [[Fishery|fisheries]]) and 21% in processing. The share of the unemployed was 13,6%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stat.fi/tup/alue/kuntienavainluvut.html#?year=2017&active1=109&active2=SSS | title = Kuntien avainluvut | work = Tilastokeskus | access-date = May 19, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref>

===Largest employers ===

Source:<ref name="Factbook">{{cite web|url=http://www.hameenlinna.fi/keskushallinto/index.php?id=2308|title=Taskutietoa Hämeenlinnasta – KESKUSHALLINTO – Hämeenlinnan kaupunki|access-date=13 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210163548/http://www.hameenlinna.fi/keskushallinto/index.php?id=2308|archive-date=10 December 2006}}, ''Taskutietoa Hämeenlinnasta'', a factbook published by the city of Hämeenlinna ([[PDF]] download, in Finnish)</ref>

By number of employees:

*City of Hämeenlinna: 2,490
*State of Finland: 2,480
*Kanta-Häme Hospital District: 1,460
*[[Rautaruukki|Ruukki]] (Rautaruukki Oyj): 1,030
*[[Huhtamäki]] Oyj: 700
*[[HAMK University of Applied Sciences|HAMK University of Applied Sciences (an institution offering tertiary degree education)]]: 510
*Kansanterveystyön ky: 490
*[[Patria (company)|Patria Vehicles]] Oy: 430
*[[Konecranes|Konecranes Standard Lifting]] Oy: 330
*Koulutuskeskus Tavastia: 270
*Aina Group Oyj: 250
*Lindström Oy: 175

==Education==
[[File:Hämeenlinnan lyseo lukio.JPG|thumb|The Hämeenlinna Lyceum]]
Hämeenlinna is home to [[HAMK Häme University of Applied Sciences]]' headquarters.<ref>[https://www.hamk.fi/?lang=en Häme University of Applied Sciences (HAMK)]</ref> Founded in 1873, Hämeenlinna Lyceum has many cultural influencers. The school is one of the most famous educational institutions in Finland, as many well-known Finns have graduated from the institution; examples include master composer [[Jean Sibelius]] and president [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi|J. K. Paasikivi]].<ref name="lyska"/> Hämeenlinna Lyceum has a middle school (grades 7–9) and a high school. Another of the high schools in Hämeenlinna's inner city is Kauriala High School. Hämeenlinna's Lyceum and Kauriala High School were to be combined in the fall of 2018 to form a large high school with more than a thousand students on the Hattelmala campus of the Tavastia Education Consortium.<ref>[https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8869526 Hämeenlinnan suurlukio Hattelmalan kampukselle] – ''[[Yle]]'' (in Finnish)</ref> However, the city council decided to cancel the high school project in the spring of 2018, and the high schools will continue to be separate.<ref>[https://www.kaupunkiuutiset.com/uutiset/280114-kahden-lukion-malli-voitti-kaupunginhallituksessa Kahden lukion malli voitti kaupunginhallituksessa] – ''Hämeenlinnan Kaupunkiuutiset'' (in Finnish)</ref>

==Culture==
===Food===
In the 1980s, the following dishes were named Hämeenlinna's traditional cuisine: as a daily meal, smoked [[ham]] and [[sourdough]]; as a festive meal, the [[herring]] wrapped in [[rye]] dough, i.e. "fish bread", [[buttermilk]] and [[beer]], and the ''riistansylttääjän lintupaisti'', which means [[Common pheasant|pheasant]] stuffed [[almond]]s with potato and apple slices.<ref>Kolmonen, Jaakko 1988. ''Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat'', s. 67. Helsinki: Patakolmonen Ky. (in Finnish)</ref>

===Sport===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
*Elite level ice hockey teams [[HPK]] of the [[SM-liiga]] and [[HPK Kiekkonaiset]] of the [[Naisten Liiga (ice hockey)|Naisten Liiga]]
*Football teams [[FC Hämeenlinna]] and the men's representative team of [[Hämeenlinnan Härmä]], which play in the third-tier [[Kakkonen]], and the women's representative team of Hämeenlinnan Härmä of the second-tier [[Naisten Ykkönen]]
*The city hosted the [[Modern pentathlon at the 1952 Summer Olympics|modern pentathlon]] competition for the [[1952 Summer Olympics]] in [[Helsinki]].
*Hämeenlinna hosted the first round of the Underwater Rugby Euroleague in October 2012 and again in 2015.
*The [[Ahvenisto Race Circuit]], opened in 1967, hosts many motorsport happenings. Track has an FIA Grade 4 license.
*Steelers Sailbandy(Floorball) Club which play in the [[F-liiga]].

==Notable natives or residents==
[[File:Hameenlinna Sibelius House 1.jpg|thumb|Hämeenlinna: [[Sibelius]] House]]
* [[Jouko Ahola]] (strongman/actor)
* [[Antony Hämäläinen]] (vocalist) 
* [[Eino Leino]] (poet) 
* [[Marko Mäkilaakso]] (music video and film director)
* [[Antti Miettinen]] (NHL player); won a bronze medal with Finland in the [[2010 Vancouver Olympics]]
* [[Victorine Nordenswan]] (painter)
* [[J. K. Paasikivi]] (7th [[President of Finland]])  
* [[Kimi Räikkönen]] ([[Formula One]] driver) and [[Jenni Dahlman]] (married in 2004 in Hämeenlinna) 
* [[Juuse Saros]] ([[NHL]] goaltender)
* [[Jean Sibelius]] (composer)
* [[Turisas]] (metal band)

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland|Twin towns and sister cities}}
[[File:October sunset - Hämeenlinna.jpg|thumb|October sunset – Hämeenlinna]]

===Twin towns – Sister cities===
Hämeenlinna is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ystävyyskaupungit |publisher=City of Hämeenlinna |access-date=22 August 2019 |url= https://www.hameenlinna.fi/hallinto-ja-talous/tietoa-hameenlinnasta/ystavyyskaupungit/ |language=fi }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Bærum]], [[Norway]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Celle]], Germany
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Frederiksberg Municipality|Frederiksberg]], [[Denmark]]
*{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Hafnarfjörður]], [[Iceland]]
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Tver]], [[Russia]]
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Püspökladány]], [[Hungary]]
||

*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Toruń]], [[Poland]]
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Uppsala]], [[Sweden]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Weimar]], Germany
*{{flagicon|EST}} [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]] (partnership)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lucca]], [[Italy]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Aulanko]]
* [[Finnish national road 3]]
* ''[[Hämeen Sanomat]]''
* [[Hämeenkoski]]
* [[Hämeenkyrö]]
* [[Parola (Hattula)|Parola]] ([[Hattula]])
* [[Tavastia Castle]]
* [[Lake Vanajavesi]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Hämeenlinna}}
*[https://www.hameenlinna.fi/en/ City of Hämeenlinna] – Official Site (in English)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf 1952 Summer Olympics official report (pp. 60–62)]
*[http://www.nba.fi/en/hame_castle Häme Castle]

{{Geographic location
 | Centre = Hämeenlinna<br/>{{Nobold|(nearly surrounds [[Hattula]])}}
 | N  = [[Valkeakoski]] ([[Pirkanmaa]]), [[Pälkäne]] ([[Pirkanmaa]])
 | NE = [[Padasjoki]] ([[Päijät-Häme]])
 | E  = [[Asikkala]] ([[Päijät-Häme]])<br/>[[Hollola]] ([[Päijät-Häme]])
 | SE = [[Hausjärvi]]
 | S  = [[Loppi]], [[Janakkala]]
 | SW = [[Tammela, Finland|Tammela]]
 | W  = [[Urjala]] ([[Pirkanmaa]])
 | NW = [[Akaa]] ([[Pirkanmaa]])
}}
{{TavastiaProper}}
{{50 most populous Finnish municipalities}}
{{1952 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues modern pentathlon}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hameenlinna}}
[[Category:Hämeenlinna| ]]
[[Category:Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic modern pentathlon venues]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Kanta-Häme]]
[[Category:Grand Duchy of Finland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1639]]
[[Category:1639 establishments in Sweden]]
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