Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Haile Selassie

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974}}
{{Redirect|Ras Tafari|the religion|Rastafari}}
{{Distinguish|Haile Gebrselassie|Haile Selassie Gugsa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Haile Selassie I <br /> {{lang|gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ}}
| title        = [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Negusa Nagast|Negusa Nagast]]
| image        = Haile Selassie in full dress (cropped).jpg
| image_size   = 
| caption      = Haile Selassie in the full ceremonial dress uniform of a [[field marshal]], 1970
| succession   = [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]
| reign        = 2 April 1930 – {{nowrap|2 May 1936}}{{refn|In exile from 2 May 1936 – {{nowrap|20 January 1941<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=David Abner |title=Ethiopia: Liberation Silver Jubilee 1941–1966 |date=1966 |publisher=Ministry of Information |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |pages=64–66}}</ref>}}|group="nb"}}<br />20 January 1941 –<br />12 September 1974
| coronation   = 2 November 1930
| predecessor  = [[Zewditu]]
| successor    = [[Amha Selassie]]
| reg-type     = {{nowrap|Prime Minister}}
| regent       = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|List of prime ministers]]}}
                        |[[#Early life|''Himself'']]
                        |Wolde Tzaddick
                        |[[Makonnen Endelkachew]]
                        |[[Abebe Aregai]]
                        |[[Imru Haile Selassie]]
                        |[[Aklilu Habte-Wold]]
                        |[[Endelkachew Makonnen]]
                        |[[Mikael Imru]]}}
| succession2  = [[Enderase|Regent of Ethiopia]]
| reign2       = 27 September 1916 – {{nowrap|2 April 1930}}
| regent2      = [[Zewditu]]
| reg-type2    = Monarch
| predecessor2 = [[Tessema Nadew]]
| successor3   = Kirubel Abraham
| birth_name   = Täfäri Mäkonnän
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=y|1892|7|23}}
| birth_place  = [[Ejersa Goro]], [[Hararghe]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]
| death_date   = {{ death date and age|df=y|1975|8|27|1892|7|23}}
| death_place  = [[National Palace (Ethiopia)|Jubilee Palace]], [[Addis Ababa]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]]
| burial_date  = 5 November 2000
| burial_place = [[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral]], [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]
| spouse       = [[Menen Asfaw]]
| issue        = {{ubl|[[Princess Romanework]]
                      |[[Princess Tenagnework]]
                      |[[Amha Selassie|Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen]]
                      |[[Princess Zenebework]]
                      |[[Princess Tsehai]]
                      |[[Prince Makonnen]]
                      |[[Prince Sahle Selassie]]}}
| full name    = Lij Tafari Makonnen
| dynasty      = [[Solomonic dynasty]]
| house        = [[List of rulers of Shewa|House of Shewa]]
| father       = [[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]]
| mother       = [[Yeshimebet Ali]]
| signature    = Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia Signature.svg
| religion     = [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]]
| module       = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
|name         = Haile Selassie
|order        = 1st and 5th
|office       = Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity
|term_start1   = 25 May 1963
|term_end1     = 17 July 1964
|successor1    = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
|term_start2  = 5 November 1966
|term_end2    = 11 September 1967
|predecessor2 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]
|successor2    = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]
 {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
 |module       = 
  {{Infobox military person | embed = yes
| allegiance         = [[Ethiopian Empire]]
| branch             =  {{army|Ethiopian Empire}}<br>{{navy|Ethiopian Empire}}<br>[[Ethiopian Air Force|Ethiopian Imperial Air Force]]
| serviceyears       = 1930–1974
| serviceyears_label = Years of service
| rank               = [[List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie I|Field Marshal]]
| commands           = [[Military ranks of Ethiopia|Commander-in-chief]]
| battles             = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|
{{tree list}}
* [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
** [[First Battle of Tembien]]
** [[Battle of Amba Aradam]]
** [[Second Battle of Tembien]]
** [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]]
** [[Battle of Maychew]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]]
* [[Korean War]]
*  [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War|Ethiopian Somali Border War]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
| module        = {{Listen |embed=yes
| title         = Haile Selassie&nbsp;I's voice
| filename      = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1955 Constitutional Reform speech.ogg
| type          = speech
| description   =  {{Br separated entries|Speech to the [[Ethiopian Parliament]] following the occasion of a new Constitution|Recorded 4 November 1955}}

}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

'''Haile Selassie I''' ({{lang-gez|ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ|Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé}},{{refn|1=Translates to "Power of the Trinity".<ref>[[Henry Louis Gates|Gates, Henry Louis]], and [[Kwame Anthony Appiah|Anthony Appiah]], ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience''. 1999, p. 902.</ref>|group=nb}} born '''Tafari Makonnen'''; 23 July 1892{{spnd}}27 August 1975)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Page |first1=Melvin Eugene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA247 |title=Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia |last2=Sonnenburg |first2=Penny M. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57607-335-3 |volume=1 |page=247}}</ref> was the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia]] (''[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Enderase|Enderase]]'') for Empress [[Zewditu]] from 1916 until 1930. Haile Selassie is widely considered a defining figure in modern [[History of Ethiopia#Modern|Ethiopian history]], and the major figure of [[Rastafari]], a religious movement in [[Jamaica]] that emerged shortly after he became emperor in the 1930s. Before he rose to power he defeated [[Gugsa Welle|Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul]] (nephew of Empress [[Taytu Betul|Taytu]]) of [[Begemder]] at the [[Battle of Anchem]] in 1928.<ref>Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''.  Lynne Rienner Publishers.  {{ISBN|1-55587-970-5}}, p. 192.</ref><ref name="babylon148">{{Harvnb |Murrell | p = 148}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Solomonic dynasty]], which claims to trace lineage to the Emperor [[Menelik I]], a legendary figure believed by the claimants to be the son of [[Solomon|King Solomon]] and the [[Queen of Sheba]], who they name as Makeda.

Haile Selassie attempted to modernise the country through a series of political and social reforms, including the introduction of the [[1931 Constitution of Ethiopia|1931 constitution]], its first written constitution, and the [[abolition of slavery]]. He led the failed efforts to defend Ethiopia during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] and spent most of the period of [[Italian East Africa|Italian occupation]] exiled in the United Kingdom. In 1940, he travelled to the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] to assist in coordinating the [[anti-fascist]] struggle in [[Ethiopia]] and returned to his home country in 1941 after the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]]. He dissolved the [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea]], which was established by the UN General Assembly in 1950, and annexed [[Eritrea]] into [[Ethiopia]] as one of its [[Provinces of Ethiopia|provinces]], while [[Eritrean War of Independence|fighting to prevent secession]].<ref name="Consolidated Laws Vol. I pp. 45-46">{{Cite book |last1=Ewing |first1=William H. |title=Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I |last2=Abdi |first2=Beyene |date=1972 |publisher=The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University |location=Addis Ababa |pages=45–46}}</ref>

Haile Selassie's internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations.<ref>Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-00507-8}}, p. 112.</ref> In 1963, he presided over the formation of the [[Organisation of African Unity]], the precursor of the [[African Union]] and served as its first chairman. In 1974, he was overthrown in [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|a military coup]] by a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[Military junta|junta]], the [[Derg]]. On 27 August 1975, Haile Selassie was assassinated by Derg military officers, a fact that was only revealed in 1994.<ref name="Tadese Tele Salvano pp. 81-97">{{Cite book |last=Salvano |first=Tadese Tele |title=የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት) |date=2018 |publisher=Tadese Tele Salvano |isbn=978-0-7915-9662-3 |pages=81–97 |trans-title=The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)}}</ref><ref name="wapo"/>

Among some members of the [[Rastafari movement]], Haile Selassie is referred to as the returned [[messiah]] of the Bible, God [[incarnation|incarnate]]. This distinction notwithstanding, he was a Christian and adhered to the tenets and liturgy of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Rastafarian |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Rastafarianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Rastafarianism |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 August 2000 |work=Major religions ranked by size |publisher=Adherents}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=Leonard E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 |title=The Rastafarians |publisher=Beacon Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8070-1039-6}}</ref>

He has been criticised by some historians for his suppression of rebellions among the landed aristocracy (the ''[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|mesafint]]''), which consistently opposed his changes. Some critics have also criticised Ethiopia's failure to modernise rapidly enough.<ref>Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. {{ISBN|1-58648-398-6}}, pp. 212–13.</ref><ref name="hrw" /> During his rule the [[Harari people]] were persecuted and many left the [[Harari Region]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Harari secret script |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/harari-secret-script-(%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%90%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AA-%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A-%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%91%E1%8D%8D)}}</ref><ref name="Perspectives">{{cite book|last1=Feener|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=kulub+movement+harar&pg=PA227|title=Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-516-6|page=227|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> His administration was also criticised by human rights groups, such as [[Human Rights Watch]], as autocratic and illiberal.<ref name="hrw" /><ref name="Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine">{{Citation|last=Dimbleby|first=Jonathan|title=Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine|date=8 December 1998|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html|newspaper=The Independent|place=UK}}  (taken from Chapter 3 of ''Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia'' Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))</ref> Although some sources state that late during his administration the [[Afaan Oromo|Oromo]] language was banned from education, public speaking and use in administration,<ref>{{citation|title=Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive|newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 February 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive|access-date=14 February 2016|last1=Davey |first1=Melissa}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Language & Culture|url=https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=ETHIOPIANS: AMHARA AND OROMO|url=https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/|date=January 2017}}</ref> there was never an official law or government policy that criminalised any language.<ref name="Language in Ethiopia pp. 187-190">{{cite book |last1=Bender |first1=M. L. |title=Language in Ethiopia |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-19-436102-6 |pages=187–190}}</ref><ref name="Scholler 1">{{cite book |last1=Scholler |first1=Heinrich |last2=Brietzke |first2=Paul H. |title=Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics |date=1976 |publisher=Weltforum-Verlag |location=Munich |isbn=3-8039-0136-7 |pages=154}}</ref><ref name="Consolidated Laws Vol. II p. 1105">{{cite book |last1=Ewing |first1=William H. |last2=Abdi |first2=Beyene |title=Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II |date=1972 |publisher=The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University |location=Addis Ababa |page=1105}}</ref> The Haile Selassie government relocated numerous [[Amhara people|Amharas]] into southern Ethiopia where they served in government administration, courts, and church.<ref>{{citation|title=OROMO CONTINUE TO FLEE VIOLENCE|url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence|date=September 1981}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Country Information Report ethiopia|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx|date=12 August 2020|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Ethiopia. Status of Amharas|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html|date=1 March 1993}}</ref> Following the death of [[Hachalu Hundessa]] in June 2020, the [[Bust of Haile Selassie|Statue of Haile Selassie]] in [[Cannizaro Park]], London was destroyed by Oromo protesters, and his [[Makonnen Wolde Mikael|father's]] equestrian monument in [[Harar]] was removed.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409| title = Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park| work = BBC News| date = 2 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hachalu Hundessa protests">{{cite web |title=Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531 |website=BBC News |access-date=1 July 2020 |date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=brytfm>{{citation|title=Ethiopians Angered At Singer's Death Topple Statue|date=30 June 2020|url=https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref>

==Name==
Haile Selassie was known as a child as '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' ({{lang-gez|ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን|Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən|links=no}}). ''[[Lij (title)|Lij]]'' is translated as "child" and serves to indicate that a youth is of noble blood. His given name ''Tafari'' means "one who is respected or feared." Like most Ethiopians, his personal name "Tafari" is followed by that of his father [[Makonnen Wolde Mikael|Makonnen]] and that of his grandfather Woldemikael. His name ''Haile Selassie'' was given to him at his infant baptism and adopted again as part of his [[regnal name]] in 1930, Tafari was appointed by his father, as the Dejazmatch of Gara Mulatta (a region some twenty miles southwest of Harar).<ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20">{{cite book |last1=Selassie |first1=Haile I |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-19-713589-7 |page=20}}</ref> The literal translation of Dejazmatch is "keeper of the door"; it is a title of nobility equivalent to a [[count]].<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p.115</ref> On 27 September 1916, he was proclaimed Crown Prince and heir apparent to the throne (''Alga Worrach''),<ref name="The Order of Coronation p. 97">{{cite book |last1=Bellizzi |first1=Francesco |last2=Wondim |first2=Simeon |last3=Feqade |first3=Ras |title=The Order of Coronation |date=2013 |publisher=Debre Zeyt Books |location=Italy |isbn=978-88-908905-0-5 |page=97}}</ref><ref name="Copley p. 114" /> and appointed [[Regent]] Plenipotentiary (''Balemulu Silt'an [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Enderase]]'').<ref name="The Order of Coronation p. 97" /><ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) pp.48-50">{{cite book |last1=Selassie |first1=Haile I |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-19-713589-7 |pages=48–50}}</ref> On 11 February 1917, he was crowned Le'ul-Ras<ref name="Steffanson 2" /> and became known as [[Ras (title)|Ras]] Tafari Makonnen {{audio|Ras Teferi Mekonnen.ogg|listen}}. ''[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Ras]]'' is translated as "head"<ref name="babylon172">{{Harvnb |Murrell | pp = 172–3}}</ref><ref name="Copley p. 114">Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p.114</ref> and is a rank of nobility equivalent to a [[duke]],<ref name="Copley p. 114" />{{Sfn | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, p. xiii}} though it is often rendered in translation as "prince." Originally the title ''[[Le'ul]]'', which means "Your Highness," was only ever used as a form of address;<ref name="KING OF KINGS p. 325" /> however, in 1917 the title ''Le'ul-Ras'' replaced the senior office of ''Ras [[Bitwoded]]'' and so became the equivalent of a [[Royal Duke|royal duke]].<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p.117</ref><ref name="Rastafari Coalition">{{cite web |last1=Vukotic |first1=Afenegus Petar |title=Newly Discovered Documents Reveal, Ras Tafari Crowned "Lord of Lords" in 1917 |url=https://www.rastafaricoalition.org/articles/lordoflords.htm |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=Rastafari Coalition}}</ref> In 1928, [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Empress]] [[Zewditu]] planned on granting him the throne of Shewa; however, at the last moment opposition from certain provincial rulers caused a change and his title ''[[Negus]]'' or "King" was conferred without geographical qualification or definition.<ref name="Steffanson">{{cite book |last1=Steffanson |first1=Borg G. |last2=Starret |first2=Ronald K. |title=Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II |date=1976 |publisher=Documentary Publications |location=North Carolina, U.S. |isbn=0-89712-008-6 |page=112}}</ref><ref name="africamediaonline.com">{{cite web |title=Haile Selasie: 40 year anniversary of his death |url=http://www.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/african_calendar/haile-selasie:-120th-aniversary-of-his-birth |website=African calendar |publisher=Africa Media Online |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115092135/https://africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/african_calendar/haile-selasie:-120th-aniversary-of-his-birth |url-status=dead}}</ref> 

{{Contains special characters|Ethiopic}}

On 2 November 1930, after the death of Empress [[Zewditu]], Tafari was crowned ''Negusa Nagast'', literally [[King of Kings]], rendered in English as "Emperor".<ref name="roberts">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Neil|date=11 February 2015|title=Freedom as Marronage|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xoMLBgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|page=175|access-date=12 October 2015|isbn=978-0-226-20104-7}}</ref> Upon his ascension, he took as his regnal name Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' means in Ge'ez "Power of" and ''Selassie'' means [[trinity]]—therefore ''Haile Selassie'' roughly translates to "Power of the Trinity".{{Sfn |Murrell | p = 159}} Haile Selassie's full title in office was "By the Conquering [[Lion of the Tribe of Judah]], [[His Imperial Majesty]] Haile Selassie I, [[Emperor of Ethiopia|King of Kings]], Lord of Lords, Elect of God".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rubenson |first1=Sven |title=The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |date=July 1965 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=85}}</ref><ref name="Steffanson 2">{{cite book |last1=Steffanson |first1=Borg G. |last2=Starrett |first2=Ronald K. |title=Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910 - 1919 |date=1976 |publisher=Documentary Publications |location=Salisbury, North Carolina |isbn=0-89712-008-6 |page=133}}</ref><ref name="KING OF KINGS p. 325">{{cite book |last1=Asserate |first1=Asfa-Wossen |title=King of Kings: The Triumph and Tragedy of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |date=2014 |publisher=Haus Publishing Ltd. |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=978-1-910376-14-0 |page=325}}</ref><ref name="Charles F. Rey">{{cite book |last1=Rey |first1=Charles F. |title=The Real Abyssinia |date=1935 |publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company |location=New York City. |isbn=0-8371-2656-8 |page=117}}</ref><ref name="Lee, V. 1983">Lee, V. (July 1983), "The Roots of Rastafari", ''Yoga Journal No. 51''. {{ISSN|0191-0965}}, p. 18.</ref>{{refn|[[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]] {{lang|gez|ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ}} {{lang |gez|አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር}}<!--This text is in Ethiopic. Please don't remove.-->; ''girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr''.<ref name=Kasuka19/>|group=nb}} This title reflects Ethiopian dynastic traditions, which hold that all monarchs must trace their lineage to [[Menelik I]], who is described by the [[Kebra Nagast]] (a 14th-century CE national epic) as the son of the tenth-century BCE [[King Solomon]] and the [[Queen of Sheba]].<ref>Ghai, Yash P. (2000), ''Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-78642-8}}, p. 176.</ref>

{{Multiple image
| total_width       = 250
| image1            = Tafari Makonnen dressed in warrior garments.jpg
| alt1              = Then Tafari Makonnen wearing a warrior's dress (before 1924)
| image2            = Lij Teferi and his father, Ras Makonnen.jpg
| caption2          = Ras [[Makonnen Woldemikael]] and his son Lij Tafari Makonnen
| caption1          = Then Tafari Makonnen wearing a warrior's dress
| alt2              = Ras [[Makonnen Woldemikael]] and his son Lij Tafari Makonnen
| align             = right
}}

To Ethiopians, Haile Selassie has been known by many names, including Janhoy ("His Majesty") Talaqu Meri ("Great Leader") and Abba Tekel ("Father of Tekel", his [[horse name]]).<ref name="Kasuka19">{{cite book |last= Kasuka |first=Bridgette|title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence|publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor | year = 2012|isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2|page=19}}</ref> The [[Rastafari movement]] employs many of these appellations, also referring to him as [[Jah]], [[Jah Jah]], Jah Rastafari, and HIM (the abbreviation of "His Imperial Majesty").<ref name="Kasuka19" />

==Biography==
{{Main article|Chronology of Haile Selassie}}

===Early life===
Haile Selassie's royal line (through his father's mother) descended from the Shewan [[Amhara people|Amhara]] Solomonic King, [[Sahle Selassie]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pétridès |first1=S. Pierre |title=Le Héros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie |date=1963 |publisher=Librairie Plon |location=8, rue Garancière, Paris |page=299}}</ref> He was born on 23 July 1892, in the village of [[Ejersa Goro]], in the [[Hararghe]] province of Ethiopia. Haile Selassie's mother was paternally of [[Oromo people|Oromo]] descent and maternally of [[Gurage people|Gurage]] heritage, while his father was maternally of [[Amhara people|Amhara]] descent but his paternal lineage remains disputed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bridgette |first=Kasuka |date=2012 |title= Prominent African Leaders Since Independence  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&dq=kasuka+prominent+african+leaders&pg=PA19 |location=Tanzania |publisher=New Africa Press |page=19 |isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B |author-link= |date=2001 |title=Layers of time a history of Ethiopia |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave |page=189 |isbn=}}</ref><ref name="Woodward">Woodward, Peter (1994), ''Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives''. Dartmouth Pub. Co. {{ISBN|1-85521-486-5}}, p. 29.</ref> Haile Selassie's paternal grandfather belonged to a noble family from [[Shewa]] and was the governor of the districts of [[Menz]] and [[Doba Ethiopia|Doba]], which are located in [[North Shewa Zone (Amhara)|Semien Shewa]].<ref name="Pétridès-28">S. Pierre Pétridès, ''Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie'', {{p.|28}}</ref> His mother was [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Woyzero|Woizero]] ("Lady") [[Yeshimebet Ali]] Abba Jifar, daughter of a ruling chief from [[Were Ilu (woreda)|Were Ilu]] in [[Wollo]] province, [[Dejazmach]] Ali Abba Jifar.<ref name="Moor">de Moor, Jaap, and Wesseling, H. L. (1989), ''Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa''. Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-08834-2}}, p. 189.</ref> Haile Selassie's father was [[Ras (title)|Ras]] [[Makonnen Wolde Mikael]], the grandson of King [[Sahle Selassie]] who was once the ruler of [[Shewa]]. He served as a general in the [[First Italo–Ethiopian War]], playing a key role at the [[Battle of Adwa]];<ref name="Moor" /> Haile Selassie was thus able to ascend to the imperial throne through his paternal grandmother, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, who was an aunt of Emperor [[Menelik II]] and daughter of the Solomonic Amhara King of Shewa, [[Negus]] Sahle Selassie. As such, Haile Selassie claimed direct descent from [[Makeda]], the Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon of ancient Israel.{{Sfn|Shinn|p=265}}

Ras Makonnen arranged for Tafari as well as his first cousin, [[Imru Haile Selassie]], to receive instruction in Harar from [[Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin]], an Ethiopian [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] friar, and from Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon from [[Guadeloupe]]. Tafari was named [[Dejazmach]] (literally "commander of the gate", roughly equivalent to "[[count]]"){{Sfn | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, p. xii}} at the age of 13, on 1 November 1905.<ref name="so193">{{Harvnb |Shinn | pp = 193–4}}.</ref><ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20" /> Shortly thereafter, his father Ras Makonnen died at [[Kulibi]], in 1906.<ref name="rad712">{{Harvnb |Roberts | p = 712}}.</ref>

===Governorship===
<!--NOTE: Several sources state that Tafari assumed Harar's governorship in 1906, but this is incorrect and contradicted by better and more numerous sources.-->
[[File:Tafari Dejazmatch Harrar.jpg|thumb|left|''Dejazmatch'' Tafari, as governor of Harar|236x236px]]
Tafari assumed the titular governorship of Selale in 1906, a realm of marginal importance,<ref name="jah">{{Harvnb |White | pp = 34–5}}.</ref> but one that enabled him to continue his studies.<ref name="so193" /> In 1907, he was appointed governor over part of the province of [[Sidamo Province|Sidamo]]. It is alleged that during his late teens, Haile Selassie was married to ''Woizero'' Altayech, and that from this union, his daughter [[Princess Romanework]] was born.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.solomoniccrownheraldry.org/history_of_ethiopia_monarchy_modern_era_part_seven.htm |title= Modern era |work= History of Ethiopia |publisher= Solomonic crown heraldry |access-date= 12 September 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926152149/http://www.solomoniccrownheraldry.org/history_of_ethiopia_monarchy_modern_era_part_seven.htm |archive-date= 26 September 2010 |df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Following the death of his brother Yelma in 1907, the governorate of Harar was left vacant,<ref name="jah" /> and its administration was left to Menelik's loyal general, ''Dejazmach'' [[Balcha Safo]]. Balcha Safo's administration of Harar was ineffective, and so during the last illness of Menelik II, and the brief reign of Empress [[Taytu Betul]], Tafari was made governor of Harar in 1910 or 1911.<ref name="rad712" /><ref name="m387">[[#%7B%7Bharvid%7CMockler%7D%7D|Mockler]], p. 387.</ref>

[[File:HIM Selassie with his Wife Empress Menen Asfaw.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Together with his wife, [[Menen Asfaw|Empress Menen Asfaw]], 1955]]

=== Marriage ===
On 3 August 1911, Selassie married [[Menen Asfaw]] of [[Ambassel]], niece of the heir to the throne [[Lij Iyasu]]. Menen Asfaw was 22 years old while Selassie was 19 years of age. Menen had already married two previous noblemen, while Selassie had one previous wife and one child. The marriage between Menen Asfar and Selassie lasted for 50 years which marked the [[Golden jubilee|Golden Anniversary]] of their marriage. Although possibly a political match designed to create peace between Ethiopian nobles, the couple's family had said they married with mutual consent. Selassie described his spouse as a "woman without any malice whatsoever."<ref>Haile Selassie, ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress'' (Chicago: Frontline Distribution International, 1999), pp. 41f.</ref>

===Regency===
The extent to which Tafari Makonnen contributed to the movement that would come to depose [[Lij Iyasu]] has been discussed extensively, particularly in Haile Selassie's own detailed account of the matter. Iyasu was the designated but uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. Iyasu's reputation for scandalous behavior and a disrespectful attitude towards the nobles at the court of his grandfather, Menelik II,<ref>Lentakis, Michael B. (2004), ''Ethiopia: Land of the Lotus Eaters''. Janus Pub. Co. {{ISBN|1-85756-558-4}}, p. 41.</ref> damaged his reputation. Iyasu's flirtation with Islam was considered treasonous among the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Christian]] leadership of the empire. On 27 September 1916, Iyasu was deposed.<ref name="so228" />

Contributing to the movement that deposed Iyasu were conservatives such as ''[[Fitawrari]]'' [[Habte Giyorgis]], Menelik II's longtime Minister of War. The movement to depose Iyasu preferred Tafari, as he attracted support from both progressive and conservative factions. Ultimately, Iyasu was deposed on the grounds of conversion to Islam.<ref name= babylon172 /><ref name= so228>{{Harvnb |Shinn | p = 228}}.</ref> In his place, the daughter of Menelik II (the aunt of Iyasu) was named Empress [[Zewditu]], while Tafari was elevated to the rank of ''Ras'' and was made [[heir apparent]] and [[Crown Prince]]. In the power arrangement that followed, Tafari accepted the role of [[Plenipotentiary|Regent Plenipotentiary]] (''Balemulu 'Inderase''){{refn|''Bālemulu'' literally means "fully empowered" or "wholly authorised," thus distinguishing it from the general use of ''Enderase'', that being a representative or lieutenant of the Emperor to fiefs or vassals, essentially a [[Governor-General]] or [[Viceroy]], by which term provincial governors in the contemporary Imperial period, during Haile Selassie's reign, were referred.<ref name="Otto Harrassowitz">{{cite book |last1=Leslau |first1=Wolf |title=Concise Amharic Dictionary |date=1976 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |isbn=3-447-01729-5 |pages=15, 273, 332, 354 |edition=English}}</ref><ref name="Ǝndärase">{{cite book |last1=Rubinkowska |first1=Hanna |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica vol. 2 |date=2005 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |isbn=3-447-05238-4 |page=297}}</ref> |group= nb}} and became the ''de facto'' ruler of the [[Ethiopian Empire]] (''Mangista Ityop'p'ya''). Zewditu would govern while Tafari would administer.{{Sfn |Marcus | p = 126}}
While Iyasu had been deposed on 27 September 1916, on 8 October he managed to escape into the [[Ogaden Desert]] and his father, ''Negus'' [[Mikael of Wollo]], had time to come to his aid.<ref name="Marcus, page 127">{{Harvnb |Marcus | p = 127}}.</ref> On 27 October, ''Negus'' Mikael and his army met an army under ''Fitawrari'' Habte Giyorgis loyal to Zewditu and Tafari. During the [[Battle of Segale]], ''Negus'' Mikael was defeated and captured. Any chance that Iyasu would regain the throne was ended, and he went into hiding. On 11 January 1921, after avoiding capture for about five years, Iyasu was taken into custody by [[Gugsa Araya Selassie]].[[File:Fh jullien n18x24 00604 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Haile Selassie in 1924 at the [[International Labour Organization]]]]On 11 February 1917, the coronation for Zewditu took place. She pledged to rule justly through her Regent, Tafari. While Tafari was the more visible of the two, Zewditu was not simply honorary ruler, but she did have some political restraints due to the reason her position was complexed compared to other Ethiopian monarchs, one was that it required that she arbitrate the claims of competing factions. In other words, she had the last word. But unlike other monarchs Tafari carried the burden of daily administration, but, initially because his position was relatively weak, this was often an exercise in futility. His personal army was poorly equipped, his finances were limited, and he had little leverage to withstand the combined influence of the Empress, the Minister of War, or the provincial governors. Nonetheless her authority weakened while Selassie's power increased, she focused on praying and fasting and much less in her official duties which allowed Tafari to later have greater influence than even the Empress.<ref name="Marcus, page 127" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahru |first=Zewde |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr |title=A History of Modern Ethiopia |title-link= |publisher=James Curry |year=2001 |isbn=0-85255-786-8 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |pages=135 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
During his Regency, the new Crown Prince developed the policy of cautious modernisation initiated by Menelik II. Also, during this time, he survived the [[1918 flu pandemic]], having come down with the illness<ref>Marcus, Harold (1996), ''Haile Selassie I: The formative years, 1892–1936''. Trenton: Red Sea Press. {{ISBN|1-56902-007-8}}, pp. 36ff.</ref> as someone fairly "prone to" the effects of disease throughout his life.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023 |editor-last=Jacobs |editor-first=Sam |editor-link=Samuel Jacobs (journalist) |editor2-last=Rothman |editor2-first=Lily |editor3-last=Benedict |editor3-first=Julie Blume |editor4-last=Cassidy |editor4-first=Catherine |editor4-link=Catherine Cassidy |title=Haile Selassie |magazine=TIME Person of the Year: 95 Years of the World's Most Influential People |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |page=11}}</ref> He secured Ethiopia's admission to the [[League of Nations]] in 1923 by promising to eradicate slavery; each emperor since [[Tewodros II]] had issued proclamations to halt [[slavery]],<ref>Clarence-Smith, W. G. ''The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century''. 1989, p. 103.</ref> but without effect: the internationally scorned practice persisted well into Haile Selassie's reign with an estimated 2&nbsp;million slaves in Ethiopia in the early 1930s.<ref>{{Citation | last = Miers | url = http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf | title = Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery | publisher = Yale | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf | archive-date = 15 May 2011 | df = dmy-all}}.</ref><ref>Brody, J. Kenneth (2000). ''The Avoidable War''. Transaction Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7658-0498-0}}, p. 209.</ref>

==== Travel abroad ====
[[File:Ras Regent Selassie with King George V of the United Kingdom.jpg|left|thumb|With [[George V|King George V]], [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth]] at [[Buckingham Palace]], 1924]]
In 1924, ''Ras'' Tafari toured Europe and the Middle East visiting [[Jerusalem]], [[Alexandria]], Paris, Luxembourg, Brussels, [[Amsterdam]], Stockholm, London, [[Geneva]], Gibraltar and [[Athens]]. With him on his tour was a group that included ''Ras'' [[Seyum Mangasha]] of western [[Tigray Province]]; ''Ras'' [[Hailu Tekle Haymanot]] of [[Gojjam]] province; ''Ras'' [[Mulugeta Yeggazu]] of [[Illubabor Province]]; ''Ras'' [[Makonnen Endelkachew]]; and ''[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Blattengeta]]'' [[Blattengeta Heruy Welde Sellase|Heruy Welde Sellasie]]. The primary goal of the trip to Europe was for Ethiopia to gain access to the sea. In Paris, Tafari was to find out from the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|French Foreign Ministry]] (''[[Quai d'Orsay]]'') that this goal would not be realised.{{Sfn |Marcus | p = 123}} However, failing this, he and his retinue inspected schools, hospitals, factories, and churches. Although patterning many reforms after European models, Tafari remained wary of European pressure. To guard against [[economic imperialism]], Tafari required that all enterprises have at least partial local ownership.<ref>Gates and Appiah, ''Africana'' (1999), p. 698.</ref> Of his modernisation campaign, he remarked, "We need European progress only because we are surrounded by it. That is at once a benefit and a misfortune."<ref>Rogers, Joel Augustus (1936). ''The Real Facts about Ethiopia'', p. 27.</ref>

Throughout Tafari's travels in Europe, the [[Levant]], and [[Egypt]], he and his entourage were greeted with enthusiasm and fascination. Seyum Mangasha accompanied him and Hailu Tekle Haymanot who, like Tafari, were sons of generals who contributed to the victorious war against Italy a quarter-century earlier at the [[Battle of Adwa]].<ref name=mockler>{{Harvnb |Mockler | pp = 3–4}}.</ref> Another member of his entourage, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually fought at Adwa as a young man. The "Oriental Dignity" of the Ethiopians<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/17/archives/ethiopian-ruler-wins-plaudits-of-parisians-ras-taffaris-oriental.html?sq=ethiopian&scp=29&st=p|title=Ethiopian Ruler Wins Plaudits of Parisians|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 May 1924|page=3|access-date=13 December 2018}}.</ref> and their "rich, picturesque court dress"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/05/archives/ethiopian-royalties-don-shoes-in-cairo-prince-and-eight-field.html?sq=ethiopian&scp=27&st=p|title=Ethiopian Royalties Don Shoes in Cairo|work=The New York Times|date=5 May 1924|page=3|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> were sensationalised in the media; among his entourage he even included a pride of lions, which he distributed as gifts to President [[Alexandre Millerand]] and Prime Minister [[Raymond Poincaré]] of [[French Third Republic|France]], to [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King]] [[George V of the United Kingdom]], and to the Zoological Garden (''[[Jardin d'Acclimatation|Jardin Zoologique]]'') of Paris, France.<ref name=mockler /> As one historian noted, "Rarely can a tour have inspired so many anecdotes".<ref name=mockler /> In return for two lions, the United Kingdom presented Tafari with the imperial crown of Emperor [[Tewodros II]] for its safe return to Empress Zewditu. The crown had been taken by [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]] during the [[1868 Expedition to Abyssinia]].<ref>[[#%7B%7Bharvid%7CMockler%7D%7D|Mockler]], p. 4.</ref>

In this period, the Crown Prince visited the Armenian monastery of [[Jerusalem]]. There, he adopted 40 [[Armenians|Armenian]] orphans (አርባ ልጆች ''[[Arba Lijoch]]'', "forty children"), who had lost their parents during the [[Armenian Genocide]]. Tafari arranged for the musical education of the youths, and they came to form the imperial brass band.<ref>Nidel, Richard (2005), ''World Music: The Basics''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-96800-3}}, p. 56.</ref>

===King and Emperor===
{{see also|Modernization under Haile Selassie}}
[[File:Haile Selassie I Coronation Portrait.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Official coronation painting by Beatrice Playne c. 1950s]]
Tafari's authority was challenged in 1928 when ''[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Dejazmach]]'' [[Balcha Safo]] went to Addis Ababa with a sizeable armed force. When Tafari consolidated his hold over the provinces, many of Menelik's appointees refused to abide by the new regulations. Balcha Safo, the governor (''Shum'') of coffee-rich [[Sidamo Province]], was particularly troublesome. The revenues he remitted to the central government did not reflect the accrued profits and Tafari recalled him to Addis Ababa. The old man came in high dudgeon and, insultingly, with a large army.{{refn |Balcha Safo brought an army of ten thousand with him from Sidamo.<ref name="Marcus, page 127"/> |group= nb}} The ''Dejazmatch'' paid homage to Empress Zewditu, but snubbed Tafari.<ref name= cambridge>{{Harvnb |Roberts | p = 723}}.</ref>{{Sfn |Marcus | p = 129}} On 18 February, while Balcha Safo and his personal bodyguard{{refn |Balcha Safo's personal bodyguard numbered about five hundred.<ref name="Marcus, page 127" />|group=nb}} were in Addis Ababa, Tafari had ''Ras'' [[Kassa Haile Darge]] buy off his army and arranged to have him displaced as the ''Shum'' of Sidamo Province{{Sfn |Mockler | p = 8}} by Birru Wolde Gabriel who himself was replaced by [[Desta Damtew]].<ref name="Marcus, page 127" />

Even so, the gesture of Balcha Safo empowered Empress Zewditu politically and she attempted to have Tafari tried for [[treason]]. He was tried for his benevolent dealings with Italy including a [[Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of 1928|20-year peace accord]] that was signed on 2 August.<ref name="so193"/> In September, a group of palace reactionaries including some courtiers of the empress, made a [[1928 Ethiopian coup d'état|final bid to get rid of Tafari]]. The attempted ''coup d'état'' was tragic in its origins and comic in its end. When confronted by Tafari and a company of his troops, the ringleaders of the coup took refuge on the palace grounds in Menelik's mausoleum. Tafari and his men surrounded them only to be surrounded themselves by the personal guard of Zewditu. More of Tafari's khaki clad soldiers arrived and decided the outcome in his favor with superiority of arms.{{Sfn |Marcus | pp = 127–28}} Popular support, as well as the support of the police,<ref name= cambridge /> remained with Tafari. Ultimately, the Empress relented, and, on 7 October 1928, she crowned Tafari as ''[[Negus]]'' ([[Amharic]]: "King").
[[File:Emperor Haile Selassie I.jpg|thumb|Coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie I on 2 November 1930]]
The crowning of Tafari as King was controversial. He occupied the same territory as the empress rather than going off to a regional kingdom of the empire. Two monarchs, even with one being the vassal and the other the emperor (in this case empress), had never occupied the same location as their seat in [[History of Ethiopia|Ethiopian history]]. Conservatives agitated to redress this perceived insult to the crown's dignity, leading to the [[Gugsa Wale's rebellion|rebellion of ''Ras'' Gugsa Welle]]. [[Gugsa Welle]] was the husband of the empress and the ''Shum'' of [[Begemder]] Province. In early 1930, he raised an army and marched it from his governorate at [[Gondar]] towards [[Addis Ababa]]. On 31 March 1930, Gugsa Welle was met by forces loyal to ''Negus'' Tafari and was defeated at the [[Battle of Anchem]]. Gugsa Welle was [[killed in action]].{{Sfn |Roberts | p = 724}} News of Gugsa Welle's defeat and death had hardly spread through Addis Ababa when the empress died suddenly on 2 April 1930. Although it was long rumored that the empress was poisoned upon her husband's defeat,<ref>Sorenson, John (2001). ''Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-8331-5}} p. 34.</ref> or alternately that she died from shock upon hearing of the death of her estranged yet beloved husband,<ref>Brockman, Norbert C. (1994), ''An African Biographical Dictionary''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|0-87436-748-4}}, p. 381.</ref> it has since been documented that the Empress succumbed to [[paratyphoid fever]] and complications from [[diabetes]] after the Orthodox clergy imposed strict rules concerning her diet against her physicians' orders with regards to Lent.<ref>Henze, Paul B. (2000), ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. {{ISBN|1-85065-393-3}}, p. 205.</ref><ref name="The Negus">{{cite book |last1=Del Boca |first1=Angelo |title=The Negus: The Life and Death of the Last King of Kings |date=2015 |publisher=Arada Books |location=Addis Ababa |isbn=978-99944-823-9-9 |page=107}}</ref>

Upon Zewditu's death, Tafari himself rose to emperor and was proclaimed ''Neguse Negest ze-'Ityopp'ya'', "King of Kings of Ethiopia". He was crowned on 2 November 1930, at [[St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa's Cathedral of St. George]]. The coronation was by all accounts "a most splendid affair",<ref name= m12>{{Harvnb |Mockler | p = 12}}.</ref> and it was attended by royals and dignitaries from all over the world. Among those in attendance were [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|The Duke of Gloucester]] (King [[George V]]'s son), [[Marshal of France|Marshal]] [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey]] of France, and the [[Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (1884–1963)|Prince of Udine]] representing King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]]. Special [[Ambassador]] [[Herman Murray Jacoby]] attended the coronation as the personal representative of President [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=September 1930 |title=Items |url=http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/fsj-1930-09-september_0.pdf |journal=The American Foreign Service Journal |volume=VII |issue=9 |pages=327 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/35185/2nd-november-ises-requesting-for-a-femail-singer-to-sing-th.html|title=2nd November ises, Requesting for a femail singer to sing the Queenof England for the Coronation.|accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/united-states-of-america-relations-with | title=Sewasew &#124; United States of America, relations with}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/24/archives/abyssinian-ruler-honors-americans-special-envoy-for-coronation-pays.html?sq=selassie&scp=2&st=p Abyssinian ruler honors Americans]. ''The New York Times''. 24 October 1930.</ref>  Other emissaries from Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Japan were also present.<ref name=m12 /> British author [[Evelyn Waugh]] was also present, penning a contemporary report on the event, and American travel lecturer [[Burton Holmes]] shot the only known film footage of the event.<ref>Wallace, Irving (1965). "Everybody's Rover Boy", p. 113 in ''The Sunday Gentleman''. New York: Simon & Schuster.</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Coronation of Ras Tafari - 1930 {{!}} Movietone Moments {{!}} 2 Feb 18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CJsZjXsuHg|language=en|access-date=30 January 2022}}</ref> One newspaper report suggested that the celebration had incurred a cost in excess of $3,000,000.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/emperor-is-crowned-in-regal-splendor-at-african-capital-coptic.html?sq=selassie&scp=4&st=p "Emperor is Crowned in Regal Splendor at African Capital"]. ''The New York Times''. 3 November 1930.</ref> Many of those in attendance received lavish gifts;<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/12/archives/abyssinias-guests-receive-costly-gifts-each-american-delegate-gets.html?sq=selassie&scp=19&st=p ABYSSINIA'S GUESTS RECEIVE COSTLY GIFTS]. ''The New York Times''. 12 November 1930.</ref> in one instance, the Christian emperor even sent a gold-encased Bible to an American bishop who had not attended the coronation, but who had dedicated a prayer to the emperor on the day of the coronation.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1931/01/27/archives/emperor-of-ethiopia-honors-bishop-freeman-sends-goldencased-bible.html?sq=selassie&scp=14&st=p "Emperor of Ethiopia Honors Bishop Freeman; Sends Gold-Encased Bible and Cross for Prayer"]. ''The New York Times''. 27 January 1931.</ref>
[[File:Selassie on Time Magazine cover 1930.jpg|left|thumb|237x237px|Cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine, 3 November 1930]]
Haile Selassie introduced [[1931 Constitution of Ethiopia|Ethiopia's first written constitution]] on 16 July 1931,<ref>Nahum, Fasil (1997), ''Constitution for a Nation of Nations: The Ethiopian Prospect''. Red Sea Press. {{ISBN|1-56902-051-5}}, p. 17.</ref> providing for a [[bicameral legislature]].<ref name= vnahum22>Fasil (1997), ''Constitution for a Nation of Nations'', p. 22.</ref> The constitution kept power in the hands of the nobility, but it did establish democratic standards among the nobility, envisaging a transition to democratic rule: it would prevail "until the people are in a position to elect themselves."<ref name=vnahum22 /> The constitution limited the succession to the throne to the descendants of Haile Selassie, a point that met with the disapprobation of other dynastic princes, including the princes of [[Tigray Province|Tigrai]] and even the emperor's loyal cousin, Ras [[Kassa Haile Darge]].

In 1932, the [[Kingdom of Jimma|Sultanate of Jimma]] was formally absorbed into Ethiopia following the death of Sultan [[Abba Jifar II]] of [[Jimma]].

===Conflict with Italy===
{{See also|Abyssinia Crisis|Second Italo-Abyssinian War}}
Ethiopia became the target of renewed Italian imperialist designs in the 1930s. [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascist]] regime was keen to avenge the military defeats Italy had suffered to Ethiopia in the [[First Italo-Abyssinian War]], and to efface the failed attempt by "liberal" Italy to conquer the country, as epitomised by the defeat at [[Battle of Adwa|Adwa]].{{Sfn |Mockler | p = 61}}<ref name=carlton>Carlton, Eric (1992), ''Occupation: The Policies and Practices of Military Conquerors''. Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|0-203-14346-9}}, pp. 88–9.</ref><ref name=vander>Vandervort, Bruce (1998), ''Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830–1914''. Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-253-21178-6}}, p. 158.</ref> A conquest of Ethiopia could also empower the cause of fascism and embolden its empire's rhetoric.<ref name= vander /> Ethiopia would also provide a bridge between Italy's Eritrean and [[Italian Somaliland]] possessions. Ethiopia's position in the League of Nations did not dissuade the Italians from invading in 1935; the "[[collective security]]" envisaged by the League proved useless, and a scandal erupted when the [[Hoare–Laval Pact]] revealed that Ethiopia's League allies were scheming to appease Italy.<ref>Churchill, Winston (1986). ''The Second World War''. p. 165.</ref>
====Mobilisation====
Following 5 December 1934 Italian invasion of Ethiopia at Welwel, Ogaden Province, Haile Selassie joined his northern armies and set up headquarters at [[Dessie|Desse]] in [[Wollo]] province. He issued his mobilization order on 3 October 1935:
{{Blockquote |If you withhold from your country Ethiopia the death from cough or head-cold of which you would otherwise die, refusing to resist (in your district, in your patrimony, and in your home) our enemy who is coming from a distant country to attack us, and if you persist in not shedding your blood, you will be rebuked for it by your Creator and will be cursed by your offspring. Hence, without cooling your heart of accustomed valour, there emerges your decision to fight fiercely, mindful of your history that will last far into the future…  If on your march you touch any property inside houses or cattle and crops outside, not even grass, straw, and dung excluded, it is like killing your brother who is dying with you… You, countryman, living at the various access routes, set up a market for the army at the places where it is camping and on the day your district-governor will indicate to you, lest the soldiers campaigning for Ethiopia's liberty should experience difficulty. You will not be charged excise duty, until the end of the campaign, for anything you are marketing at the military camps: I have granted you remission… After you have been ordered to go to war, but are then idly missing from the campaign, and when you are seized by the local chief or by an accuser, you will have punishment inflicted upon your inherited land, your property, and your body; to the accuser I shall grant a third of your property…}}

On 19 October 1935, Haile Selassie gave more precise orders for his army to his Commander-in-Chief, Ras [[Kassa Haile Darge|Kassa]]:
{{Blockquote |
# When you set up tents, it is to be in caves and by trees and in a wood, if the place happens to be adjoining to these―and separated in the various platoons. Tents are to be set up at a distance of 30 cubits from each other.
# When an aeroplane is sighted, one should leave large open roads and wide meadows and march in valleys and trenches and by zigzag routes, along places that have trees and woods.
# When an aeroplane comes to drop bombs, it will not suit it to do so unless it comes down to about 100 metres; hence when it flies low for such action, one should fire a volley with a good and very long gun and then quickly disperse. When three or four bullets have hit it, the aeroplane is bound to fall down. But let only those fire who have been ordered to shoot with a weapon that has been selected for such firing, for if everyone shoots who possesses a gun, there is no advantage in this except to waste bullets and to disclose the men's whereabouts.
# Lest the aeroplane, when rising again, should detect the whereabouts of those who are dispersed, it is well to remain cautiously scattered as long as it is still fairly close. In time of war it suits the enemy to aim his guns at adorned shields, ornaments, silver and gold cloaks, silk shirts, and similar things. Whether one possesses a jacket or not, it is best to wear a narrow-sleeved shirt with faded colours. When we return, with God's help, you can wear your gold and silver decorations then. Now it is time to go and fight. We offer you all these words of advice in the hope that no great harm should befall you through lack of caution.  At the same time, We are glad to assure you that in time of war. We are ready to shed Our blood in your midst for the sake of Ethiopia's freedom…"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jah-rastafari.com/autobiography/show-jah-chapter.asp?word_chapter=35 |title=Chapter 35 – We proclaim mobilisation |access-date=2014-04-24 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611043703/http://www.jah-rastafari.com/autobiography/show-jah-chapter.asp?word_chapter=35 |archive-date=11 June 2009 |df=dmy-all}} in ''Words of RasTafarI, Haile Selassie I''. Jah-rastafari. Retrieved on 24 April 2014.</ref>}}
[[File:Haile Selassie I on a horse during 1935.png|thumb|On a [[Ethiopian horses|horse]] before the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|war]], 1935]]
Compared to the Ethiopians, the Italians had an advanced, modern military that included a large air force. The Italians would also come to employ [[chemical weapons]] extensively throughout the conflict, even targeting [[Red Cross]] field hospitals in violation of the [[Geneva Conventions]].<ref>Baudendistel, Rainer (2006), ''Between Bombs And Good Intentions: The Red Cross And the Italo-Ethiopian War''. Berghahn Books. {{ISBN|1-84545-035-3}}, p. 168.</ref>

====Progress of the war====
Starting in early October 1935, the [[De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia|Italians invaded Ethiopia]]. But, by November, the pace of invasion had slowed appreciably, and Haile Selassie's northern armies were able to launch what was known as the "[[Ethiopian Christmas Offensive|Christmas Offensive]]".<ref>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War#CITEREFBarker1971|Barker 1971]], p. 45.</ref> During this offensive, the Italians were forced back in places and put on the defensive. In early 1936, the [[First Battle of Tembien]] stopped the progress of the Ethiopian offensive and the Italians were ready to continue their offensive. Following the defeat and destruction of the northern Ethiopian armies at the [[Battle of Amba Aradam]], the [[Second Battle of Tembien]], and the [[Battle of Shire (1936)|Battle of Shire]], Haile Selassie took the field with the last Ethiopian army on the northern front. On 31 March 1936, he launched a [[counterattack]] against the Italians himself at the [[Battle of Maychew]] in southern [[Tigray Province|Tigray]]. The emperor's army was defeated and retreated in disarray. As Haile Selassie's army withdrew, the Italians attacked from the air along with rebellious Raya and Azebo tribesmen on the ground, who were armed and paid by the Italians.<ref>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War#CITEREFBarker1968|Barker 1968]], pp. 237–238.</ref><ref>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War#CITEREFAbbinkDe BruijnVan Walraven2003|Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003]], p. 95.</ref><ref>Young, John (1997), ''Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-02606-7}}, p. 51.</ref> Many of the [[Army of the Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopian military]] were obsolete compared to the invading Italian forces, possessing mostly untrained and non-modern rifles and weaponry.<ref>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War#CITEREFPankhurst1968|Pankhurst 1968]], pp. 605–608.</ref><ref>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War#CITEREFBarker1971|Barker 1971]], p. 29.</ref><ref>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War#CITEREFStapleton2013|Stapleton 2013]], p. 203.</ref><ref>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War#CITEREFMack Smith1983|Mack Smith 1983]], pp. 231–232.</ref>

Haile Selassie made a solitary [[pilgrimage]] to the churches at [[Lalibela]], at considerable risk of capture, before returning to his capital.<ref name= moc>{{Harvnb |Mockler | p = 123}}.</ref> After a stormy session of the council of state, it was agreed that because [[Addis Ababa]] could not be defended, the government would relocate to the southern town of [[Gore, Ethiopia|Gore]], and that in the interest of preserving the Imperial house, the emperor's wife [[Menen Asfaw]] and the rest of the imperial family should immediately depart for [[French Somaliland]], and from there continue on to [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spencer |first=John H |title=Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years |publisher=Tsehai Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59907-000-1 |pages=63–64 |author-link=John H. Spencer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 2, 1936 |title=ETHIOPIAN CAPITAL MAY MOVE TO GORE; Town 220 Miles Southwest of Addis Ababa Reported Chosen on British Advice. FINAL STAND IS ORDERED Emperor Calls Every Able-Bodied Man to Resist Invaders to North of Principal City. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/05/02/archives/ethiopian-capital-may-move-to-gore-town-220-miles-southwest-of.html}}</ref><ref>Anthony Mockler, ''Haile Selassie's War'' (New York: Olive Branch, 2003), pp. 163-166</ref>

====Exile debate====
[[File:SelassieInJerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|The Emperor arrives in [[Jerusalem]]. May 1936]]
After further debate as to whether Haile Selassie should go to Gore or accompany his family into exile, it was agreed that he should leave Ethiopia with his family and present the case of Ethiopia to the [[League of Nations]] at [[Geneva]]. The decision was not unanimous and several participants, including the nobleman [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Blatta]] [[Tekle Wolde Hawariat]], strenuously objected to the idea of an Ethiopian monarch fleeing before an invading force.<ref>Spencer, John (2006). ''Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years''. Tsehai Publishers. {{ISBN|1-59907-000-6}}. p. 62.</ref> Haile Selassie appointed his cousin Ras [[Imru Haile Selassie]] as Prince Regent in his absence, departing with his family for [[French Somaliland]] on 2 May 1936.

On 5 May, Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio]] led Italian troops into Addis Ababa, and Mussolini declared Ethiopia an Italian province. [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emanuel III]] was proclaimed as the new [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]. On the previous day, the Ethiopian exiles had left French Somaliland aboard the British cruiser [[HMS Enterprise (D52)|HMS ''Enterprise'']]. They were bound for [[Jerusalem]] in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], where the Ethiopian imperial family maintained a residence. The family disembarked at [[Haifa]] and then went on to Jerusalem. Once there, Haile Selassie and his retinue prepared to make their case at Geneva. The choice of Jerusalem was highly symbolic, since the [[Solomonic Dynasty]] claimed descent from the [[Davidic line|House of David]]. Leaving the [[Holy Land]], Haile Selassie and his entourage sailed aboard the British cruiser [[HMS Capetown (D88)|HMS ''Capetown'']] for [[Gibraltar]], where he stayed at the [[Rock Hotel]]. From Gibraltar, the exiles were transferred to an ordinary liner. By doing this, the United Kingdom government was spared the expense of a state reception.<ref>Barker, A. J. (1936), ''The Rape of Ethiopia'', p. 132</ref>

====Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936====
{{Main article|Haile Selassie's speech to the League of Nations (1936)}}
[[File:Emperor Haile Selassie League of Nations speech.png|thumb|Haile Selassie at the [[League of Nations]] appealing Italy's invasion in 1936]]
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and promptly declared his own "[[Italian Empire]]". After the League of Nations afforded Haile Selassie the opportunity to address the assembly, Italy withdrew its League delegation, on 12 May 1936.<ref>Spencer, John (2006). ''Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years''. Tsehai Publishers. {{ISBN|1-59907-000-6}}. p. 72.</ref> It was in this context that Haile Selassie walked into the hall of the League of Nations, introduced by the President of the Assembly as "His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Ethiopia" (''Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur d'Éthiopie''). The introduction caused a great many Italian journalists in the galleries to erupt into jeering, heckling, and whistling. As it turned out, they had earlier been issued whistles by Mussolini's son-in-law, Count [[Galeazzo Ciano]].<ref>Moseley, Ray (1999), ''Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano''. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-07917-6}}, p. 27.</ref><ref>Barker 1971, p. 133.</ref> The Romanian delegate and former League president, [[Nicolae Titulescu]], famously jumped to his feet in response and cried "To the door with the savages!", and the offending journalists were removed from the hall. Haile Selassie waited calmly for the hall to be cleared, and responded "majestically"<ref>[[Delia Jarrett-Macauley|Jarrett-Macauley, Delia]] (1998), ''The Life of Una Marson, 1905–65'', Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|0-7190-5284-X}}, pp. 102–3.</ref><ref>Barker, A. J., ''The Rape of Ethiopia 1936'', p. 133</ref> with a [[Appeal to the League of Nations Haile Selassie June 1936|speech]] considered by some among the most stirring of the 20th century, and a possible warning for future generations.{{Sfn | Safire | 1997 | pp = 297–8}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luti |first=William |date=April 2, 2022 |title=A 1936 Speech Offers Dire Warnings for Today |work=Hudson |url=https://www.hudson.org/foreign-policy/a-1936-speech-offers-dire-warnings-for-today}}</ref>

Although fluent in French, the League's working language, Haile Selassie chose to deliver his historic speech in his native [[Amharic]]. He asserted that, because his "confidence in the League was absolute", his people were now being slaughtered. He pointed out that the same European states that found in Ethiopia's favor at the League of Nations were refusing Ethiopia credit and [[matériel]] while aiding Italy, which was employing [[chemical weapons]] on military and civilian targets alike:
{{Blockquote |It was at the time when the operations for the encircling of [[Mek'ele|Makale]] were taking place that the Italian command, fearing a rout, followed the procedure [that] it is now my duty to denounce to the world. Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could vapourise, over vast areas of territory, a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of nine, fifteen, eighteen aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain.  In order to kill off systematically all living creatures, in order to more surely poison waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was its chief method of warfare.{{Sfn | Safire | 1997 | p = 318}}}}

Noting that his own "small people of 12 million inhabitants, without arms, without resources" could never withstand an attack by a large power such as Italy, with its 42&nbsp;million people and "unlimited quantities of the most death-dealing weapons", he contended that the aggression threatened all small states, and that all small states were in effect reduced to [[vassal state]]s in the absence of collective action. He admonished the League that "God and history will remember your judgment.":<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferraro |first=Vincent |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm |title=Haile Selassie, "Appeal to the League of Nations", June 1936 |publisher=Mtholyoke |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022190043/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Blockquote |It is collective security: it is the very existence of the League of Nations. It is the confidence that each State is to place in international treaties...  In a word, it is international morality that is at stake. Have the signatures appended to a Treaty value only in so far as the signatory Powers have a personal, direct and immediate interest involved?}}

At the beginning of 1936 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' had named him "Man of the Year" for 1935<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19360106,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070429065839/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19360106,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 29 April 2007 | newspaper = Time | type = magazine | title = Man of the Year | date = 6 January 1936}}</ref> and his June 1936 speech made the emperor an icon for anti-fascists around the world.  He failed, however, to get what he most needed: the League agreed to only partial and ineffective sanctions on Italy. Only six nations in 1937 did not recognise Italy's occupation: China, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, the Republic of Spain, Mexico and the United States.<ref name=carlton /> It is often said one of the many reasons the League of Nations effectively collapsed was due to its failure to condemn Italy's invasion of Abyssinia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owen |first=Rust |date=May 6, 2023 |title=Why Did the League of Nations Ultimately Fail? |work=[[The Collector]] |url=https://www.thecollector.com/why-did-the-league-of-nations-fail/}}</ref> Despite this international praise, Selassie was left without much-needed military equipment. Upon his return to Ethiopia, it was primarily his military cunning and strategy that led him to defeat Italy. For example, Ethiopian troops were able to successfully raid Italian weapons stores and used pack animals to carry artillery over rugged terrain in order to position themselves to ambush Italian troops in areas they were not prepared to fight.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/second-italo-abyssinian-war-1935-1936/ | title=The Second Italo-Abyssinian War (1935–1936)| date=8 March 2016}}</ref>

====Exile====
[[File:Fairfield House, Newbridge, Bath.jpg|thumb|[[Fairfield House, Bath|Fairfield House]], Bath was Selassie's residence for 5 years during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] and parts of [[World War II]]]]
Haile Selassie spent his exile years (1936–1941) in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England, in [[Fairfield House, Bath|Fairfield House]], which he bought. The emperor and [[Kassa Haile Darge]] took morning walks together behind the 14-room Victorian house's high walls. Haile Selassie's favorite reading was "diplomatic history." But most of his serious hours were occupied with the 90,000-word story of his life that he was laboriously writing in Amharic.{{Sfn | ''Time'' | 1937}}

Prior to Fairfield House, he briefly stayed at Warne's Hotel in [[Worthing]]<ref name="Worthing">{{cite book|last=Elleray|first=D. Robert|title=A Millennium Encyclopaedia of Worthing History|page=119|publisher=Optimus Books|location=Worthing|year=1998|isbn=978-0-9533132-0-4}}</ref> and in Parkside, [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]].<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.anglo-ethiopian.org/publications/articles.php?type=A&reference=publications/articles/2006summer/selassiewimbledon.php | title = Selassie at Wimbledon | date =Summer 2006 | publisher = The Anglo-Ethiopian Society | access-date = 24 April 2014}}</ref> A [[Statue of Haile Selassie (Wimbledon)|bust of Haile Selassie]] by [[Hilda Seligman]] stood in nearby [[Cannizaro Park]] to commemorate this time, and was a popular place of pilgrimage for London's Rastafari community, until it was destroyed by protestors on 30 June 2020.<ref>{{Citation |url= https://www.nycaribnews.com/articles/london-statue-of-haile-selassie-destroyed/ |title= London statue of Haile Selassie destroyed |work= NY Carib News |date= 3 July 2020 |access-date= 4 July 2020 |archive-date= 4 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200704223345/https://www.nycaribnews.com/articles/london-statue-of-haile-selassie-destroyed/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Haile Selassie stayed at the Abbey Hotel in [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]] in the 1930s, and his granddaughters and daughters of court officials were educated at [[Clarendon School for Girls]] in [[North Malvern]]. During his time in Malvern, he attended services at Holy Trinity Church, in [[Link Top]]. A [[blue plaque]], commemorating his stay in Malvern, was unveiled on Saturday, 25 June 2011. As part of the ceremony, a delegation from the Rastafari movement gave a short address and a drum recital.<ref>{{cite news | date= 18 October 2002 |url= http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2002/10/18/Worcestershire+Archive/7679876.Exiled_emperor_at_home_in_hotel/ | title= Exiled emperor at home in hotel | newspaper=Malvern Gazette | access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date=14 February 2003 |url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2003/02/14/Worcestershire+Archive/7659680.Emperor_s_life_in_town_is_recalled_in_BBC_film/ | title=Emperor's life in town is recalled in BBC film | newspaper= Malvern Gazette | access-date=26 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date=5 May 2006 |url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2006/05/05/Worcestershire+Archive/7845378._Princesses_were__my_school_chums_/ | title=Princesses were my school chums | newspaper=Malvern Gazette | publisher= Newsquest Media Group | access-date= 25 June 2011}}</ref>[[File:Haile Selassie, Emperor of Abyssinia, with Brigadier Daniel Arthur Sandford (left) and Colonel Wingate (right) in Dambacha Fort, after it had been captured, 15 April 1941. E2462.jpg|thumb|Haile Selassie with Brigadier [[Daniel Sandford (British Army officer)|Daniel Sandford]] (left) and Colonel [[Orde Wingate|Wingate]] (right) in Dambacha Fort, after its capture, 15 April 1941]]Haile Selassie's activity in this period was focused on countering Italian propaganda as to the state of Ethiopian resistance and the legality of the occupation.{{Sfn|Selassie|1999|loc=vol. 2, pp. 11–2.}} He spoke out against the desecration of houses of worship and historical artifacts (including the theft of a 1,600-year-old imperial obelisk), and condemned the atrocities suffered by the Ethiopian civilian population.{{Sfn|Selassie|1999|loc=vol. 2, pp. 26–27.}} He continued to plead for League intervention and to voice his certainty that "God's judgment will eventually visit the weak and the mighty alike",<ref name="progress25" /> though his attempts to gain support for the struggle against Italy were largely unsuccessful until Italy entered World War II on the German side in June 1940.<ref name="ofcan">Ofcansky, Thomas P. and Berry, Laverle (2004), ''Ethiopia: A Country Study''. Kessinger Publishing.  {{ISBN|1-4191-1857-9}}, pp. 60–61.</ref>

The emperor's pleas for international support did take root in the United States, particularly among African-American organisations sympathetic to the Ethiopian cause.{{Sfn | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, p. 27}} In 1937, Haile Selassie was to give a Christmas Day radio address to the American people to thank his supporters when his taxi was involved in a traffic accident, leaving him with a fractured knee.{{Sfn | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, pp. 40–42}} Rather than canceling the radio broadcast, he delivered the address, in which he linked Christianity and goodwill with the [[Covenant of the League of Nations]], and asserted that "War is not the only means to stop war":{{Sfn | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, pp. 40–42}}
{{Blockquote |
With the birth of the Son of God, an unprecedented, an unrepeatable, and a long-anticipated phenomenon occurred. He was born in a stable instead of a palace, in a manger instead of a crib. The hearts of the Wise men were struck by fear and wonder due to His Majestic Humbleness. The kings prostrated themselves before Him and worshipped Him. 'Peace be to those who have good will'. This became the first message.

...Although the toils of wise people may earn them respect, it is a fact of life that the spirit of the wicked continues to cast its shadow on this world. The arrogant are seen visibly leading their people into crime and destruction. The laws of the League of Nations are constantly violated and wars and acts of aggression repeatedly take place…  So that the spirit of the cursed will not gain predominance over the human race whom Christ redeemed with his blood, all peace-loving people should cooperate to stand firm in order to preserve and promote lawfulness and peace.{{Sfn | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, pp. 40–42}}}}

During this period, Haile Selassie suffered several personal tragedies. His two sons-in-law, Ras [[Desta Damtew]] and Dejazmach [[Beyene Merid]], were both executed by the Italians.<ref name="progress25">{{Harvnb | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, p. 25}}.</ref> The emperor's daughter, Princess [[Romanework]], wife of Dejazmach Beyene Merid, was herself taken into captivity with her children, and she died in Italy in 1941.<ref name="him170">{{Harvnb | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, p. 170}}.</ref> His daughter Tsehai died during childbirth shortly after the restoration in 1942.{{Sfn |Shinn | p = 3}}

After his return to Ethiopia, he donated Fairfield House to the city of Bath as a residence for the aged.<ref>{{Citation | last = Haber | first = Lutz | url = http://anglo-ethiopian.org/publications/articles.php?type=O&reference=publications/occasionalpapers/papers/haileselassiebath.php | title = The Emperor Haile Selassie I in Bath 1936–1940 | publisher = The Anglo-Ethiopian Society | series = Occasional papers}}.</ref> In 2019 two further blue plaques commemorating his residence at Fairfield and his visits to nearby [[Weston-super-Mare]] were unveiled by his grandson.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-49786813|title=Haile Selassie: Blue plaques for emperor unveiled in Somerset|work=BBC News |date=22 September 2019}}</ref>

=== 1940s and 1950s ===
[[File:Addis Ababa-8e00855u.jpg|thumb|Haile Selassie in 1942|left]]
British forces, which consisted primarily of Ethiopian-backed African and South African colonial troops under the "[[Gideon Force]]" of Colonel [[Orde Wingate]], coordinated the military effort to liberate Ethiopia. The emperor himself issued several imperial proclamations in this period, demonstrating that, while authority was not divided up in any formal way, British military might and the emperor's populist appeal could be joined in the concerted effort to liberate Ethiopia.<ref name="ofcan" />

On 18 January 1941, during the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]], Haile Selassie crossed the border between [[Sudan]] and Ethiopia near the village of Um Iddla. The standard of the [[Lion of Judah]] was raised again. Two days later, he and a force of Ethiopian patriots joined [[Gideon Force]], which was already in Ethiopia and preparing the way.
[[File:Haile Selassie I with Crown Prince Akihito.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Meeting with Crown Prince [[Akihito]] and his wife Princess [[Empress Michiko|Michiko]] in 1955]]<ref>Barker, A. J. (1936), ''The Rape of Ethiopia'', p. 156.</ref> Italy was defeated by a force of the United Kingdom, the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Free French Forces|Free France]], [[Free Belgian Forces|Free Belgium]], and Ethiopian patriots. On 5 May 1941, Haile Selassie entered [[Addis Ababa]] and personally addressed the Ethiopian people, exactly five years after the fascist forces entered Addis Ababa:
{{Blockquote |
Today is the day on which we defeated our enemy. Therefore, when we say let us rejoice with our hearts, let not our rejoicing be in any other way but in the spirit of Christ. Do not return evil for evil. Do not indulge in the atrocities [that] the enemy has been practicing in his usual way, even to the last.

Take care not to spoil the good name of Ethiopia by acts [that] are worthy of the enemy. We shall see that our enemies are disarmed and sent out the same way they came. As Saint George who killed the dragon is the Patron Saint of our army as well as of our allies, let us unite with our allies in everlasting friendship and amity in order to be able to stand against the godless and cruel dragon [that] has newly risen and [that] is oppressing [hu]mankind.{{Sfn | Selassie | 1999 | loc = vol. 2, p. 165}}}}

On 27 August 1942, Haile Selassie confirmed the legal basis for the abolition of [[African slave trade|slavery]] that had been [[International law|illegally]] enacted by Italian occupying forces throughout the empire and imposed severe penalties, including death, for slave trading.<ref>Hinks, Peter P.; McKivigan, John R. and Williams, R. Owen (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_SeZrcBqt-YC Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition]'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 248. {{ISBN|0-313-33143-X}}.</ref><ref>Thomas P. Ofcansky, LaVerle Bennette Berry Ethiopia, a Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (1993) pp. 110 </ref> After World War II, Ethiopia became a [[charter member]] of the United Nations. In 1948, the [[Ogaden]], a region disputed with both [[Italian Somaliland]] and [[British Somaliland]], was granted to Ethiopia.{{Sfn |Shinn | p = 201}} On 2 December 1950, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 390 (V), establishing the federation of [[Eritrea]] (the former Italian colony) into Ethiopia.<ref name=shinn141>[[#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], pp. 140–1.</ref>

{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 250
| image1            = H.I.M Haile Selassie I with H.M Elizabeth II.webp
| caption1          = [[Queen Elizabeth II]] with Emperor Haile Selassie heading towards to Buckingham Palace in 1954
}}

Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while Ethiopia was to manage its finances, defense, and foreign policy.<ref name="shinn141" />

Despite his centralisation policies that had been made before World War II, Haile Selassie still found himself unable to push for all the programmes he wanted. In 1942, he attempted to institute a progressive tax scheme, but this failed due to opposition from the nobility, and only a flat tax was passed; in 1951, he agreed to reduce this as well.<ref name="eth">Ofcansky, Thomas P. and Berry, Laverle (2004). ''Ethiopia A Country Study''. Kessinger Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4191-1857-9}}. pp. 63–4.</ref> Ethiopia was still "semi-feudal",<ref>Willcox Seidman, Ann (1990), ''Apartheid, Militarism, and the U.S. Southeast''. Africa World Press. {{ISBN|0-86543-151-5}}, p. 78.</ref> and the emperor's attempts to alter its social and economic form by reforming its modes of taxation met with resistance from the nobility and clergy, which were eager to resume their privileges in the post-war era.<ref name="eth" /> Where Haile Selassie actually did succeed in effecting new land taxes, the burdens were often still passed by the landowners to the peasants.<ref name="eth" />

{{Multiple image
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| image1            = Emperor Haile Selassie I with President FDR.jpg
| caption1          = Haile Selassie I with U.S President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on board the USS ''Quincy'' (CA-71) in Egypt after the [[Yalta Conference]] on 13 February 1945
| image2            = Sir Winston Churchill with Emperor H.S the First.ogg
| caption2          = Selassie with [[Sir Winston Churchill]], Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, [[Downing Street]], on 22 October 1954
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}}

Between 1941 and 1959, Haile Selassie worked to establish the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]].<ref name="copts">Watson, John H. (2000), ''Among the Copts''. Sussex Academic Press. {{ISBN|978-1-902210-56-8}}, p. 56.</ref> The Ethiopian Orthodox Church had been headed by the ''[[Abuna]]'', a bishop who answered to the [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]]. In 1942 and 1945, Haile Selassie applied to the [[Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church]] to establish the independence of Ethiopian bishops, and when his appeals were denied he threatened to sever relations with the Coptic Church of Alexandria.<ref name="copts" /> Finally, in 1959, [[Pope Kyrillos VI]] elevated the ''Abuna'' to Patriarch-Catholicos.<ref name="copts" /> The Ethiopian Church remained affiliated with the Alexandrian Church.<ref name="eth" /> In addition to these efforts, Haile Selassie changed the Ethiopian church-state relationship by introducing taxation of church lands, and by restricting the legal privileges of the clergy, who had formerly been tried in their own courts for civil offenses.<ref name="eth" />

In 1948, the [[Harari people|Harari]] Muslims of [[Harar]] with Somali allies staged a significant rebellion against the empire; the state responded violently. Hundreds were arrested and the entire town of Harar was put under house arrest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetler |first1=Jan |title=Building a "City of Peace" through Intercommunal Association Muslim-Christian Relations in Harar, Ethiopia, 1887-2009 |url=https://www.manchester.edu/docs/default-source/academics/by-major/philosophy-and-religious-studies/journal/volume-4-issue-1-fall-2010/building-a-city-of-peace-through-intercommunal-association.pdf?sfvrsn=62628962_2 |website=Manchester University}}</ref> The government also took control of many assets and estates belonging to the people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muehlenbeck |first1=Philip |title=Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective |publisher=Vanderbilt University Press |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&q=kulub+harar&pg=PA147|isbn=978-0-8265-1852-1 |year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Abadir |title=The Role of Civil Society in Africa's Quest for Democratisation |publisher=Springer |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaCwDQAAQBAJ&q=harar+under+house+arrest&pg=PA134|isbn=978-3-319-18383-1 |date=8 December 2016}}</ref> This led to a massive exodus of Hararis from the [[Harari Region]], which had not occurred in their history prior.<ref name="Perspectives" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=Sarah |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |page=235|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf/ |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The dissatisfaction of the Harari stemmed from the fact that they had never received limited autonomy of Harar, which was promised by [[Menelik II]] after his conquest of the kingdom. The promise was eroded by successive [[Amhara people|Amhara]] governors.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kulub |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/kulub-(%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%B5)}}</ref> According to historians Tim Carmicheal and Roman Loimeier, Haile Selassie was directly involved in the suppression of the Harari movement that formed as a response to the crackdown on Hararis who collaborated with the Italians during their occupation of Ethiopia from 1935 to 1941.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carmichael |first1=Tim |title=Political Culture in Ethiopia's Provincial Administration: Haile Sellassie, Blata Ayele Gebre and the (Hareri) Kulub Movement of 1948 |journal=Personality and Political Culture in Modern Africa: Studies Presented to Professor Harold G Marcus, ed. By M. Page, S. Beswick, T. Carmichael and J. Spaulding |date=January 1998 |publisher=Boston University African Studies Center Press |pages=198–212 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2285540}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Loimeier |first1=Roman |title=Islamic Reform in Twentieth-Century Africa |date=2016 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=UK |isbn=978-1-4744-1491-3 |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDZYDwAAQBAJ&dq=kulub+harar+somali&pg=PT215}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = Nearly two decades ago, I personally assumed before history the responsibility of placing the fate of my beloved people on the issue of collective security, for surely, at that time and for the first time in world history, that issue was posed in all its clarity. My searching of conscience convinced me of the rightness of my course and if, after untold sufferings and, indeed, unaided resistance at the time of aggression, we now see the final vindication of that principle in our joint action in Korea, I can only be thankful that God gave me strength to persist in our faith until the moment of its recent glorious vindication.
| author = Haile Selassie I
| source = <ref>Nathaniel, Ras (2004), ''50th Anniversary of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I''. Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4120-3702-6}}, p. 30.</ref>
| align = right
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In keeping with the principle of [[collective security]], for which he was an outspoken proponent, Haile Selassie sent a contingent, under General Mulugueta Bulli, known as the [[Kagnew Battalion]], to take part in the [[Korean War]] by supporting the [[United Nations Command (Korea)|United Nations Command]]. It was attached to the American [[7th Infantry Division (United States)|7th Infantry Division]], and fought in a number of engagements including the [[Battle of Pork Chop Hill]].<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.geocities.com/lmak27455/Ethiopian_Korean_War_Veterans/help.html | title = Ethiopian Korean War Veterans | publisher = Yahoo! | work = Geo cities | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081225170405/http://www.geocities.com/lmak27455/Ethiopian_Korean_War_Veterans/help.html | archive-date = 25 December 2008 | df = dmy-all}}.</ref> In a 1954 speech, Haile Selassie spoke of Ethiopian participation in the [[Korean War]] as a redemption of the principles of collective security. 
During the celebrations of his Silver Jubilee in November 1955, Haile Selassie introduced a [[1955 Constitution of Ethiopia|revised constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.country-studies.com/ethiopia/administrative-change-and-the-1955-constitution.html |title=Ethiopia Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution |publisher= Country studies |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> whereby he retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Party politics were not provided for. Modern educational methods were more widely spread throughout the [[Ethiopian Empire|Empire]]. [[File:Official Portrait of Emperor Haile Selassie I.jpg|left|thumb|234x234px|Portrait by [[Edward Bainbridge Copnall|Edward Copnall]] in 1954, Selassie was awarded the [[Order of the Garter]]]] The country embarked on a development scheme and plans for modernisation, tempered by Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the state's ancient monarchical structure.

Haile Selassie compromised, when practical, with the traditionalists in the nobility and church. He also tried to improve relations between the state and ethnic groups, and granted autonomy to [[Afar people|Afar]] lands that were difficult to control. Still, his reforms to end feudalism were slow and weakened by the compromises he made with the entrenched aristocracy. The Revised Constitution of 1955 has been criticised for reasserting "the indisputable power of the monarch" and maintaining the relative powerlessness of the peasants.<ref name= mammo>Mammo, Tirfe (1999). ''The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge.''  The Red Sea Press. {{ISBN|1-56902-049-3}}, p. 103.</ref>[[File:Soviet Union Ethiopia.png|thumb|240x240px|Haile Selassie photographed with:  [[Nikita Khrushchev]], [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of the Soviet Union]] at Moscow in 1959]]
Haile Selassie also maintained cordial relations with the government of the United Kingdom through charitable gestures. He sent aid to the British government in 1947 when Britain was affected by heavy flooding. His letter to Lord Meork, National Distress Fund, London said, "even though We are busy of helping our people who didn't recover from the crises of the war, We heard that your fertile and beautiful country is devastated by the unusually heavy rain, and your request for aid. Therefore, We are sending small amount of money, about one thousand pounds through our embassy to show our sympathy and cooperation."<ref>''Addis Zemen'' newspaper, 3 October 1947.</ref> He also left his home in exile, [[Fairfield House, Bath]], to the City of Bath for the use of the aged in 1959. Since 1955, the Emperor's power was decentralized from him to the [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] and council of ministers who where elected from their constituents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Praeger |first=Frederick A. |date=June 1970 |title=Haile-Selassie's Government |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/haileselassies-government-by-christopher-clapham-new-york-frederick-a-praeger-1969-pp-218-750/CC703B57D59F510468F6712D0AABC5CE |journal=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=218 |doi=10.1017/S0003055400130254 |via=}}</ref>

==== 1958 famine of Tigray ====
In the summer of 1958, a widespread famine in the Tigray province of northern Ethiopia was already two years old yet people in Addis Ababa knew hardly anything about it. When significant reports of death finally reached the Ministry of Interior in September 1959 the central government immediately disclosed the information to the public and began asking for contributions. The Emperor personally donated 2,000 tons of relief grain, the U.S. sent 32,000 tons, which was distributed between Eritrea and Tigray, and money for aid was raised throughout the country but it is estimated that approximately 100,000 people had died before the crisis ended in August 1961. The causes of the famine were attributed to drought, locusts, hailstone and epidemics of small-pox, typhus, measles and malaria.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Bahru Zewde, [London: James Currey, 1991], p. 196. "A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855–1974"|isbn=0-8214-0972-7|last1 = Zewde|first1 = Bahru|year = 1991| publisher=J. Currey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf |title= Peter Gill, p.26 & p.27. "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid" |access-date= 4 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516155623/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf |archive-date= 16 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rural vulnerability pp. 35-36">{{cite book |last1=Wolde Mariam |first1=Mesfin |title=Rural vulnerability to famine in Ethiopia: 1958-1977 |date=1986 |publisher=Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-946688-03-6 |pages=35–36}}</ref>

===1960s===<!--several paragraphs without references-->

{{Multiple image
| image1            = JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg
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Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]] peacekeeping force during the 1960 [[Congo Crisis]], to preserve Congolese integrity, per [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 143]]. On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his ''[[Kebur Zabagna]]'' (Imperial Guard) forces staged [[1960 Ethiopian coup|an unsuccessful coup]], briefly proclaiming Haile Selassie's eldest son [[Amha Selassie|Asfa Wossen]] as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup d'état. The coup attempt lacked broad popular support, was denounced by the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]], and was unpopular with the army, [[Ethiopian Air Force|air force]] and police. Nonetheless, the effort to depose the emperor had support among students and the educated classes.<ref name="zewde">Zewde, Bahru (2001), ''A History of Modern Ethiopia''. Oxford: James Currey. {{ISBN|0-85255-786-8}}, pp. 220–26.</ref> The coup attempt has been characterised as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".<ref name="mammo100">{{cite book|last=Mammo|first=Tirfe|year=1999|title=The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=1-56902-049-3|page=100}}</ref> Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and poor and advocate on their behalf.<ref name="mammo100" /> The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.

{{Multiple image
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| image1            = Full Emperor Haile Selassie I 1968 UN Speech.webm
| image2            = Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1968 Speech to the United Nations.ogg
| footer            = Video of Haile Selassie I 1968 [[United Nations]] speech
| alt1              = Selassie 1968 Speech to the United Nations
| alt2              = Emperor Haile Selassie's 1968 Speech to the United Nations
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The emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing a firm policy of [[decolonisation]] in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at the time, suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the UN.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HRW Report |pages=355 |work=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/e0uspol.pdf}}</ref>

A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be [[federation|federated]] with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament.<ref name="UN_GA_res-5">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm |title=General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session |publisher=United Nations |access-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate Constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961 the 30-year [[Eritrean War for Independence|Eritrean Struggle for Independence]] began, followed by the dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.
[[File:Selassie_and_Nasser,_1963.jpg|thumb|Haile Selassie with President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] of [[Egypt]] in Addis Abeba for the [[Organisation of African Unity]] summit, 1963]]
In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|FPR Yugoslavia]]. This is considered to be the founding conference of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].

In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]]. Eritrea's elected parliament voted to become the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.<ref>Haile, Semere (1987), "The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation", ''Issue: A Journal of Opinion'', 15, pp. 9–17.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayele |first1=Negussay |title=In Search of the Historical DNA of the Eritrean Problem: Review Article on the Eritrean Affair (1941-1963) by Ambassador Zewde Retta |url=http://www.ethiopians.com/NA_Review_EritreanAffair_ZR.htm |website=Ethiopians.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102051224/http://www.ethiopians.com/NA_Review_EritreanAffair_ZR.htm |access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> The war would continue for 30 years; first Haile Selassie, then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him, attempted to retain Eritrea by force.

{{Wikisource|Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963}}
In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide [[African Union]] (AU). The new organisation would establish its headquarters in [[Addis Ababa]]. In May of that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with [[Modibo Keïta]] of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]]. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the [[United States of Africa]], a proposition later taken up by [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2015 |title=The Last Emperor – The Fall of Haile Selassie |url=https://adst.org/2015/10/the-last-emperor-the-fall-of-haile-selassie/ |website=ADST}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060 |title="Ethiopia: New African Union Building and Kwame Statue" (Video) |access-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615065602/http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060 |archive-date=15 June 2012}}.  ''Jimma Times''.  29 January 2012</ref> Also in 1963 Selassie was allegedly helped by [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh]] to put his grandson in the elite [[Gordonstoun|Gordonstoun school]] by pulling the "strings."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marc |first=Horne |date=December 30, 2023 |title=Prince Philip 'pulled strings' to get Haile Selassie's grandson into Gordonstoun |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-philip-pulled-strings-to-get-haile-selassies-grandson-into-gordonstoun-3vnp0d37x |work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref>

In 1963 a [[Bale revolt|revolt in Bale]] occurred, where peasant rioters whom were discouraged by the Ethiopian taxation headed by [[Aklilu Habte-Wold|Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Wold]] later turned into an insurgency.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicolas |first1=Gildas |year=1972 |title=Protest in Ethiopia |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15 |url-status=live |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies |publisher=UCLA |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=55 |doi=10.5070/F723016603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226121243/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This caused a semi-civil war with [[Terrorism|terrorist]] activities carried out by rebels supported by [[Western Somali Liberation Front|Somalia]] which later forced the Ethiopian government to declare a [[state of emergency]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=De Waal |first=Alexander |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24504262 |title=Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. |date=1991 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |others=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-038-3 |location=New York |pages=66–68 |oclc=24504262}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Beken |first=Christophe van der |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769473477 |title=Unity in diversity : federalism as a mechanism to accommodate ethnic diversity : the case of Ethiopia |date=2012 |publisher=LIT |isbn=978-3-643-90172-9 |location=Berlin |pages=75–76 |oclc=769473477}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.07200 |title=American Affairs, Vol-82, Issue no.-January, April, July, October |pages=516}}</ref>

The Emperor's armed forces led by Prime Minister [[Government of the Ethiopian Empire|Aklilu's cabinet]] with the support of the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] able to finally end it after over 6 years of insurgency. This assured weakened diplomatic ties with [[Somalia|Siad Barre's Somalia]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=De Waal |first=Alexander |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24504262 |title=Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. |date=1991 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |others=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-038-3 |location=New York |pages=66–68 |oclc=24504262}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.07200 |title=American Affairs, Vol-82, Issue no.-January, April, July, October |pages=516}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |url=http://archive.org/details/ethiopiabradttra0000brig_l3i9 |title=Ethiopia : the Bradt travel guide |date=2015 |publisher=Chalfont St. Peter : Bradt Travel Guides; Guilford, Connecticut : Globe Pequot Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-84162-922-3 |pages=487}}</ref>

On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations<ref>Brewer, Sam Pope (5 October 1963), [https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/05/archives/selassie-at-un-recalls-1936-plea-to-league-says-equality-of-all-is.html Selassie, at U.N., Recalls 1936 Plea to League], ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/844/0084497.html | work = Emperor of Ethiopia Addresses General Assembly | title = Photo # 84497 | publisher = United Nations | place = New York | date = 4 October 1963}}</ref> referring in his address to his earlier speech to the League of Nations: 
{{Quote box
| quote = Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction [that] had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the fascist invader. I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936. Today, I stand before the world organisation [that] has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security [that] I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last – hope for the peaceful survival of [hu]mankind.
| author = Haile Selassie I
| source = <ref>[[Wikisource:Selassie's Address to the United Nations]]</ref>
| align = center
| width = 82%
}}[[File:Haile-Selassie attending JFK's funeral.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Haile Selassie I in the [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|state funeral of U.S. President John F. Kennedy]] on 25 November 1963]]On 25 November 1963, the emperor was among other [[heads of state]], including France's President [[Charles de Gaulle]] and Belgium's [[Baudouin I of Belgium|King Baudouin]], who traveled to Washington, D.C., and attended the [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|funeral of assassinated President John F. Kennedy]]. Haile Selassie was the only African head of state to attend the funeral.<ref name="Wamu 88.5">{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Matthew S. |title=Why is There Such a Large Ethiopian Population in the Washington Region? |url=https://wamu.org/story/16/04/21/how_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us/ |website=Wamu 88.5 American University Radio |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> In addition, he was also the only one of the three prominent world leaders (De Gaulle, Baudouin, and Selassie) that would have another meeting with the new president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], in Washington during his presidency; the two would meet on Johnson's first day in the [[Oval Office]] of the [[White House]] and again during an informal visit to the United States in 1967.<ref name="LBJHeadsOfState">{{cite web|url=https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/lbjs-administration/head-of-state-visits|title=Head of State Visits|accessdate=8 November 2022|work=LBJ Presidential Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Johnson and Haile Selassie Confer|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 February 1967|page=2|agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Johnson Hails Selassie As an Ignored Prophet|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 February 1967|page=2}}</ref>

[[File:His and Her Majesties together viewing Haile Selassie I stadium in Addis Ababa.png|thumb|Selassie with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in Addis Ababa on her 1965 state visit to Ethiopia]]

In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility who had previously avoided paying most of their taxes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwab |first1=Peter |title=The Tax System of Ethiopia |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=January 1970 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=77–88 |jstor=3485226 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1970.tb03120.x}}</ref> Even with alterations, this law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.

In October of the same year, Haile Selassie had a 4-day visit to the Kingdom of Jordan hosted by [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein II]]. During this trip, Haile Selassie visited Jerusalem and the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre|Church of The Holy Sepulchre]] where Jesus is believed to have been crucified and buried.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN: EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE OF ETHIOPIA ARRIVES IN AMMAN TO START OFFICIAL VISIT |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=British Pathé |language=en-GB}}</ref>
While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in [[Indochina]], consistently deploring it as needless suffering and calling for the [[Vietnam War]] to end on several occasions. At the same time he remained open toward the United States and commended it for making progress with African Americans' Civil Rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s, while visiting the US several times during these years. 

In 1967, he visited [[Montréal]], Canada, to open the Ethiopian Pavilion at the [[Expo '67]] World's Fair where he received great acclaim among other World leaders there for the occasion.

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| image2            = 
| footer            = Selassie with U.S President [[Richard Nixon]] in July 1969 at the White House
| total_width       = 225
| align             = left
}}

Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s and 1970s. [[Communism]] took root in large segments of the Ethiopian intelligentsia, particularly among those who had studied abroad and had thus been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments that were becoming popular in other parts of the globe.<ref name="zewde" /> Resistance by conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament, and by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Haile Selassie's land reform proposals difficult to implement, and also damaged the standing of the government, costing Haile Selassie much of the goodwill he had once enjoyed. This bred resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to weaken unions also hurt his image.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=John |date=1985 |title=Foreign Involvement in the Formulation of Ethiopia's Land Tenure Policies: Part I |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660357 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=23–50 |jstor=43660357 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 4, 1971 |title=Haile Selassie Presses Ethiopian Land Reform |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/04/archives/haile-selassie-presses-ethiopian-land-reform.html}}</ref> As these issues began to pile up, Haile Selassie left much of domestic governance to his Prime Minister, [[Aklilu Habte-Wold|Aklilu Habte Wold]] and concentrated more on foreign affairs. Over the last two decades beforehand and during the 60s Ethiopia had received over 400 million dollars in aid, 140 million of that being for the Ethiopian military, and 240 million for economic assistance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=John Franklin |date=April 1, 1970 |title=Rumblings Along the Red Sea: The Eritrean Question |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/eritrea/1970-04-01/rumblings-along-red-sea-eritrean-question |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126095131/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/eritrea/1970-04-01/rumblings-along-red-sea-eritrean-question |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |access-date= |work=[[Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Mao Zedong with Emperor Haile Selassie I.webp
| caption1          = Haile Selassie I in Beijing China with Chinese leader and Chairman of the CCP [[Mao Zedong]] in 1971. Selassie also met Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] in his state visit.
}}

Outside of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie continued to enjoy enormous prestige and respect. As the longest-serving head of state in power, he was often given precedence over other leaders at state events, such as the [[state funeral]]s of [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]] and [[Charles de Gaulle]], the summits of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the [[2,500 year celebration of Iran's monarchy|1971 celebration]] of the 2,500 years of the [[History of Iran|Persian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 11, 1970 |title=FRANCE MOURNS DE GAULLE; WORLD LEADERS TO ATTEND A SERVICE AT NOTRE DAME |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/11/archives/france-mourns-de-gaulle-world-leaders-to-attend-a-service-at-notre.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tait |first=Robert |date=September 22, 2005 |title=Iran to rebuild spectacular tent city at Persepolis |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/22/arts.iran}}</ref> In 1970 he visited Italy as a guest of President [[Giuseppe Saragat]], and in [[Milan]] he met [[Giordano Dell'Amore]], President of Italian Savings Banks Association. He visited China in October 1971, and was the first foreign head of state to meet [[Mao Zedong]] following the death of Mao's designated successor [[Lin Biao]] in a plane crash in Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1971 |title=PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE MEETS CHAIRMAN MAO, THEN VISITS UNIVERSITY AND GREAT WALL. (1971) |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/228687/ |website=[[Pathé News]]}}</ref><ref>T. Bianchi and M.A. Romani (eds),''Giordano Dell'Amore'', EGEA, Milan, 2013, p. 79.</ref>
Civil liberties and political rights were low with [[Freedom House]] giving Ethiopia a "Not Free" score for both civil liberties and political rights in the last years of Haile Selassie's rule.<ref name="FH1972">{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012 | access-date = 22 August 2012 | publisher = [[Freedom House]] | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> Common human rights abuses included imprisonment and torture of political dissidents and very poor prison conditions, nonetheless it is to be noted the Emperor was known for pardoning hundreds of prisoners at a time and there were no more than ten political prisoners during his entire reign.<ref name="Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine" /><ref>ከበደ, በሪሁን (1 October 2000). ''የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ''. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 1255.</ref>
[[File:Pope with Emperor.png|thumb|Selassie with [[Pope Paul VI]] at the Holy See on 10 November 1970|left]]
The [[Ethiopian Army|Imperial Ethiopian Army]] also carried out a number of atrocities while fighting the Eritrean separatists. There were a number of [[List of massacres committed during the Eritrean War of Independence|mass killings]] of hundreds of civilians during the war in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_006961.html |title=40th anniversary of Hazemo Massacre commemorated|access-date=26 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015508/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_006961.html | publisher = Shabait |archive-date = 30 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="Martyr's Day">{{Cite web |url= http://nharnet.com/Archives/Arch_2004/Dec_2004/NharnetTeam_Dec01.htm|title=Eritrean Martyrs' Day|access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Laett Eritrea | first = Louise | last = Latt | title = Eritrea Re-photographed: Landscape Changes in the Eritrean Highlands 1890–2004 | url = http://www.cde.unibe.ch/University/pdf/TTD/Laett_Eritrea.pdf | access-date = 26 September 2006 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060304115009/http://www.cde.unibe.ch/University/pdf/TTD/Laett_Eritrea.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2006 | df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dates in Eritrean History|url= http://www.nharnet.com/Archives/Arch_2004/Dec_2004/NharnetHistory_Dec08.htm |access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref>

He also went to Vatican City to meet [[Pope Paul VI]] on 1970 where they discussed issues regarding both their countries and history.<ref>Selassie went to meet [[Pope Paul VI]] on 1970 at the Holy See where he meets the Pope exchanged [https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=9b13e1d5a84c7daa7976f9cdbb6eab9d&mediatype=video&source=youtube gifts and gave a speech] regarding their histories and exchanged his internationalistic views and strengthening diplomacy.</ref> Selassie's political influence was huge, he kept an eye on Ethiopia's political status through 4 spy agencies all which coherently spy on each other and civilian and military aspects of the nation. He was the only person who held the 'true' scope of things in [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 14, 2015 |title=The Last Emperor -- The Fall of Haile Selassie |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-last-emperor-the-fal_b_8296134 |work=[[Huff Post]]}}</ref> 

{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 230
| image1            = The Emperor in the UN General Assembly.png
| image2            = 1970 UN speech by H.I.M Haile Selassie I.ogg
| footer            = Selassie's speech regarding [[Human Rights]] on 23 October 1970 which marked the 25th anniversary for the [[United Nations]] founding
}}

==== Wollo famine ====
{{main article|1973–1975 Wollo famine}}

[[Famines in Ethiopia|Famine]]—mostly in Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as in some parts of Tigray—is estimated to have killed 40,000 to 80,000 Ethiopians<ref name="hrw">{{cite web |title=Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie |url=http://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>{{Sfn|De Waal|p=58}} between 1972 and 1974. A BBC News report<ref name="dson">Dickinson, Daniel, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4537151.stm "The last of the Ethiopian emperors"], BBC News, Addis Ababa, 12 May 2005.</ref> has cited a 1973 estimate that 200,000 deaths occurred, based on a contemporaneous estimate from the Ethiopian Nutrition Institute. While this figure is still repeated in some texts and media sources, it was an estimate that was later found to be "over-pessimistic".{{Refn |{{Citation | last = De Waal | title = Evil Days |year= 1991b | chapter-url = http://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf | chapter = 3. Rebellion and famine in the north under Haile Selassie | page = 58, n. 7}}; from .{{Sfn |De Waal}}}} Although the region is infamous for recurrent crop failures and continuous [[Famine|food shortage]] and starvation risk, this episode was remarkably severe. A 1973 production of the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] programme ''The Unknown Famine'' by [[Jonathan Dimbleby]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/beyondhunger.shtml |title= The Unknown Famine in Ethiopia 1973 |publisher= BBC |access-date= 12 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Dimbleby | first = Jonathan |url= https://www.theguardian.com/print/0,,4470116-110800,00.html |title= Jonathan Dimbleby and the hidden famine |work= The Guardian |location=London |date= 28 July 2002|access-date= 12 September 2010}}</ref> relied on the unverified estimate of 200,000 dead,<ref name="dson" /><ref>Eldridge, John Eric Thomas (1993), ''Getting the Message: News, Truth and Power''. Psychology Press.  {{ISBN|0-415-07983-7}}, p. 26.</ref> stimulating a massive influx of aid while at the same time destabilising Haile Selassie's regime:{{Sfn |De Waal | p = 58}}
{{Blockquote
|text=
Against that background, a group of dissident army officers instigated a creeping coup against the emperor's faltering regime.  To guard against a public backlash in favour of Haile Selassie (who was still widely revered), they contrived to obtain a copy of ''The Unknown Famine'' that they intercut with images of Africa's grand old man presiding at a wedding feast in the grounds of his palace. Retitled ''The Hidden Hunger'', this [[film noir]] was shown around the clock on Ethiopian television to coincide with the day that they finally summoned the nerve to seize the emperor himself.
|author=Jonathan Dimbleby |title="Feeding on Ethiopia's famine"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html |title= Feeding on Ethiopia's famine |last=Dimbleby|first= Jonathan| work = The Independent |date= 8 December 1998 |access-date= 12 October 2015}}</ref>
}}{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Ethiopia PPP GDP and Population growth.png
| image2            = Ethiopia Land distribution data.png
| total_width       = 280
| caption1          = Ethiopia's population and [[Lists of countries by GDP per capita|GDP Per Capita]] growth during a part Selassie's reign from 1950 to 1973
| caption2          = The Land distribution  throughout the [[Ethiopian Empire]] to nobles throughout each region.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first=  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ethiopias-developmental-state/ethiopian-state-formation-and-the-revolutionary-origins-of-eprdf-dominance/B289BE6923C0C6CBC67A288E31CCB1F3 |title=Ethiopian State Formation and the Revolutionary Origins of EPRDF Dominance
|work=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=21 September 2023 |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref>
}}

Some reports suggest that the emperor was unaware of the famine's extent,<ref name="The Truth About Haile Selassie's Legacy">{{cite web |last1=Vukotic |first1=Petar |title=The Truth About Haile Selassie's Legacy |url=https://rastafaricoalition.org/articles/haile-selassies-legacy.htm |publisher=Rastafari Coalition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726082418/https://rastafaricoalition.org/articles/haile-selassies-legacy.htm |access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="dson" /> while others assert that he was well aware of it.{{Sfn |De Waal | p = 61}}<ref>Woodward, Peter (2003), ''The Horn of Africa: Politics and International Relations''. I. B. Tauris. {{ISBN|1-86064-870-3}}, p. 175.</ref> In addition to the exposure of attempts by corrupt local officials to cover up the famine from the imperial government, the [[Kremlin]]'s depiction of Haile Selassie's Ethiopia as backwards and inept (relative to the purported utopia of [[Marxism–Leninism]]) contributed to the popular uprising that led to its downfall and the rise of [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]].<ref>Kumar, Krishna (1998). ''Postconflict Elections, Democratisation, and International Assistance''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. {{ISBN|1-55587-778-8}}, p. 114.</ref> The famine and its image in the media undermined the government's popular support, and Haile Selassie's once unassailable personal popularity fell.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/ethiopia/GOVERNMENT.html | type = country study | work = Ethiopia | title = Government and Politics | publisher = Mongabay | access-date = 24 April 2014}}.</ref>

The crisis was exacerbated by military mutinies and high [[oil prices]], the latter a result of the [[1973 oil crisis]]. The international economic crisis triggered by the oil crisis caused the costs of imported goods, gasoline, and food to skyrocket, while unemployment spiked.<ref name="mammo" /> 

====Revolution====
{{main article|Ethiopian Revolution}}

In February 1974, four days of serious riots in Addis Ababa against a sudden economic inflation left five dead. The emperor responded by announcing on national television a reduction in petrol prices and a freeze on the cost of basic commodities. This calmed the public, but the promised 33% military wage hike was not substantial enough to pacify the army, which then mutinied, beginning in [[Asmara]] and spreading throughout the empire. This mutiny led to the resignation of Prime Minister [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] on 27 February 1974.<ref name="evang">Launhardt, Johannes (2005). ''Evangelicals in Addis Ababa (1919–1991)''. LIT Verlag. {{ISBN|3-8258-7791-4}}, pp. 239–40.</ref> Haile Selassie again went on television to agree to the army's demands for still greater pay, and named [[Endelkachew Makonnen]] as his new Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohr |first=Charles |date=March 1, 1974 |title=Selassie, to Placate Army, Appoints a New Premier |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/01/archives/selassie-to-placate-army-appoints-a-new-premier-selassie-picks-new.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 4, 1974 |title=Selassie Grants 5 Concessions To Army, Including an Amnesty |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/04/archives/selassie-grants-5-concessions-to-army-including-an-amnesty-army.html}}</ref> Despite Endalkatchew's many concessions, discontent continued in March with a four-day general strike that paralyzed the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 1974 |title=ETHIOPIA: POSTAL WORKERS END FOUR-DAY STRIKE (1974) |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/130937/ |website=[[Pathé News]]}}</ref>

====Imprisonment====
{{main article|1974 Ethiopian coup d'état}}

[[File:The Ethiopian Royal Family.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Much of the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Royal Family]] seen behind, fled the country were imprisoned or executed. Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown on 12 September 1974 when the Derg took power through a [[Ethiopian Revolution|coup d'état]].]]
The [[Derg]], a committee of low-ranking military officers and enlisted men, set up in June to investigate the military's demands, took advantage of the government's disarray to depose the 82-year-old Haile Selassie on {{nowrap|12 September.<ref name=qceros>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dDRWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6032%2C2832764|work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon)|agency=Associated Press |title=Quiet coup ends reign of Selassie |date=12 September 1974 |page=1A}}</ref>}} General [[Aman Andom|Aman Mikael Andom]], a Protestant of Eritrean origin,<ref name="evang" /> served briefly as provisional head of state pending the return of [[Crown Prince]] [[Amha Selassie|Asfa Wossen]], who was then receiving medical treatment abroad. Haile Selassie was placed under house arrest briefly at the 4th Army Division in Addis Ababa.<ref name="evang" /> At the same time, most of his family was detained at the late [[Prince Makonnen|Duke of Harar]]'s residence in the north of the capital. The last months of the emperor's life were spent in imprisonment, in the Grand Palace.<ref name="fate">Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-398-6}}, p. 216.</ref>

Later, most of the imperial family was imprisoned in the Addis Ababa prison Kerchele, also known as "[[Alem Bekagne]]", or "I've had Enough of This World". On 23 November, 60 former high officials of the imperial government were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] without {{nowrap|trial,<ref name=shinn44>{{Harvnb |Shinn | p = 44}}.</ref>}} which included Haile Selassie's grandson [[Iskinder Desta]], a rear admiral, as well as General Andom and two former {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|prime ministers]].<ref name= fate /><ref name=arexsxtu>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DaRVAAAAIBAJ&pg=3163%2C5786259 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Army rulers in Ethiopia execute 62 |date=24 November 1974 |page=1A}}</ref>}} These killings, known to Ethiopians as [[Massacre of the Sixty|"Black Saturday"]], were condemned by Crown Prince Asfa Wossen; the Derg responded to his rebuke by revoking its acknowledgment of his imperial legitimacy, and announcing the end of the [[Solomonic dynasty]].<ref name="shinn44" />

====Murder and burial====
[[File:Tomb of Emperor Haile Selassie (11320061113).jpg|alt=The tombs of Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen Asfaw|thumb|The tombs of Haile Selassie and his wife, [[Menen Asfaw]], inside the [[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral]] in Addis Ababa]]
On 27 August 1975, Haile Selassie was murdered by military officers of the [[Derg]] regime, a fact that remained undiscovered for another twenty years. On 28 August 1975, state media reported that Haile Selassie had died on 27 August of "respiratory failure" following complications from a prostate examination followed up by a prostate operation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Dies at 83 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0723.html |quote=Haile Selassie, the last emperor in the 3,000-year-old Ethiopian monarchy, who ruled for half a century before he was deposed in a military coup last September, died yesterday in a small apartment in his former palace. He was 83 years old. His death was played down by the military rulers who succeeded him in [[Addis Ababa]], who announced it in a normally scheduled radio newscast there at 7&nbsp;am They said that he had been found dead in his bed by a servant, and that the cause of death was probably related to the effects of a prostate operation Haile Selassie underwent two months ago. |work= The New York Times |date= 28 August 1975 |access-date = 21 July 2007}}</ref> Dr. [[Asrat Woldeyes]] denied that complications had occurred and rejected the government version of his death. The prostate operation in question apparently had taken place months before the state media claimed, and Haile Selassie had apparently enjoyed strong health in his last days.<ref>{{Cite book|title=King of Kings: the triumph and tragedy of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|last=Asfa-Wossen Asserate|publisher=Haus Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910376-64-5|pages=348|oclc=987610656}}</ref> 

In 1994, an Ethiopian court found several former military officers guilty of strangling the emperor in his bed in 1975. Three years after the military socialist [[Derg]] regime was overthrown,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/15/world/ex-rulers-of-ethiopia-charged-with-strangling-haile-selassie.html|title=Ex-Rulers of Ethiopia Charged With Strangling Haile Selassie|agency=Reuters|work=The New York Times |date=15 December 1994 |access-date=6 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> the court charged them with genocide and murder, claiming that it had obtained documents attesting to a high-level order from the military regime to assassinate Haile Selassie for leading a "feudal regime".<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/|title=Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=6 November 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Documents have been widely circulated online showing the Derg's final assassination order and bearing the military regime's seal and signature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethioreference.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/By-Wibshet-Mulat-Amdetsion-Minilik.jpg|title="እንኳን ሰው ዝንብ አልገደልኩም!" ኮ/ል መንግሥቱ የ''60ዎቹ'' ባለስልጣናት ግድያ 43ኛ ዓመት መታሰቢያ|date=1 November 1974|website=Ethio Reference}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-real-story-of-the-last-days-of-emperor-haile-selassie-of-ethiopia|title=The real story of the last days of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia - Face2Face Africa|date=27 August 2018|work=Face2Face Africa|access-date=6 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The veracity of these documents has been corroborated by multiple former members of the military Derg regime.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Misekerenet Bebaale Seltanatu Andebet|last=Riste|first=Tesfaye|year=2009|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Egnana Abiyotu|last=Wogderess|first=Fikre Selassie|publisher=Tsehay Publishers|year=2014|pages=211, 310}}</ref>

The Soviet-backed [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]], the Derg's successor, fell in 1991. In 1992, Haile Selassie's bones were [[Excavation of Haile Selassie's remain|found]] under a concrete slab on the palace grounds,<ref name="imperialburial">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E3DF1239F935A35752C1A9669C8B63&scp=2&sq=Haile+Selassie&st=nyt "An Imperial Burial for Haile Selassie, 25 Years After Death"], ''The New York Times'', 6 November 2000.[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3DF1F3FF932A35750C0A964958260&scp=4&sq=Haile+Selassie&st=nyt&sq=Haile+Selassie&st=nyt "Ethiopians Celebrate a Mass for Exhumed Haile Selassie"], ''The New York Times'', 1 March 1992.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parmelee |first=Jennifer |date=February 17, 1992 |title=ETHIOPIANS EXHUME PURPORTED REMAINS OF EMPEROR AMID PROBE OF MENGISTU REGIME |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/02/18/ethiopians-exhume-purported-remains-of-emperor-amid-probe-of-mengistu-regime/8d9332af-9d8c-4f85-a8e9-43cdca3f2e60/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Haile Selassie's coffin rested in Bhata Church for nearly a decade, near his great-uncle [[Menelik II]]'s resting place.<ref name="lorch">Lorch, Donatella (31 December 1995).  [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE3D71239F932A05751C1A963958260&scp=15&sq=Haile+Selassie&st=nyt "Ethiopia Deals With Legacy of Kings and Colonels"].  ''The New York Times''.</ref> On 5 November 2000, the [[Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)|Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa]] gave him a funeral, but the government refused calls to declare the ceremony an official imperial funeral.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 6, 2000 |title=Haile Selassie Laid to Rest in Ethiopia |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-06-mn-47912-story.html |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> This may have been due to the government's lack of giving encouragement and subtle political recognition to Royalists.<ref name="lorch" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guardia |first=Anton La |date=June 13, 2000 |title=Quandary over funeral plan for Haile Selassie |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1342650/Quandary-over-funeral-plan-for-Haile-Selassie.html/1000 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Astill |first=James |date=November 2, 2000 |title=Lion of Judah controversial to the last |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Prominent Rastafari figures such as [[Rita Marley]] participated in the funeral, but most Rastafari rejected the event and refused to accept that the bones were Haile Selassie's remains. There is some debate within the [[Rastafari movement]] whether he actually died in 1975.<ref>Edmonds, Ennis Barrington (2002), ''Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-803060-6}}, p. 55.</ref>

==Rastafari messiah==
{{blockquote | …Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God.| [[Psalm 68]]:31}}
[[File:Haile Selassie I.png|thumb|262x262px|Wearing a traditional Ethiopian cape while watching a [[Association football|Football]] match in [[Addis Ababa Stadium|Haile Selassie I stadium]]]]
Today, Haile Selassie is worshipped as God [[incarnate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/beliefs/beliefs_1.shtml |title= Rastafarian beliefs |publisher=BBC  |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> among some followers of the [[Rastafari movement]] (taken from Haile Selassie's pre-imperial name ''Ras''—meaning ''Head'', a title looking equivalent to Duke—Tafari Makonnen), which emerged in [[Jamaica]] during the 1930s under the influence of [[Leonard Howell]], a follower of [[Marcus Garvey]]'s "African Redemption" movement. He is viewed as the messiah who will lead the peoples of Africa and the [[African diaspora]] to freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/rasta/rasessay.html |title=The African Diaspora, Ethiopianism, and Rastafari |publisher= Smithsonian education |access-date= 12 September 2010}}</ref> His official titles are ''Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah'' and ''King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords and Elect of God'', and his traditional lineage is thought to be from Solomon and Sheba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/cardillo.html |title= Haile Selassie King of Kings, Conquering Lion of the tribe of Judah |publisher=Debate.uvm.edu |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> These notions are perceived by Rastafari as confirmation of the return of the messiah in the prophetic [[Book of Revelation]] in the [[New Testament]]: ''King of Kings'', ''Lord of Lords'', ''Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah,'' and ''Root of David''. Rastafari faith in the incarnate [[divinity]] of Haile Selassie<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ethiopianhistory.com/Haile_Selassie |title= Haile Selassie |publisher= Ethiopian History |access-date= 12 September 2010}}</ref> began after news reports of his coronation reached Jamaica,<ref name="Dread">[[Joseph Owens (Jesuit)|Owens, Joseph]] (1974), ''Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica''. {{ISBN|0-435-98650-3}}.</ref> particularly via the two ''Time'' magazine articles on the coronation the week before and the week after the event. Haile Selassie's own perspectives permeate the philosophy of the movement.<ref name="Dread" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/articles/The_Re-evolution_of_Rastafari.html |title= The Re-evolution of Rastafari |publisher=Rastafari speaks |date=20 January 2003 |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref>

In 1961, the Jamaican government sent a delegation composed of both Rastafari and non-Rastafari leaders to Ethiopia to discuss the matter of repatriation, among other issues, with the emperor. He reportedly told the Rastafari delegation (which included [[Mortimer Planno]]), "Tell the Brethren to be not dismayed, I personally will give my assistance in the matter of repatriation."<ref>{{cite book| last =Barrett | first = Leonard E. |title=The Rastafarians |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA118 |year=1988 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-1039-6 |pages= 118–}}</ref> 

Haile Selassie visited Jamaica on 21 April 1966, and approximately one hundred thousand Rastafari from all over Jamaica descended on [[Palisadoes Airport]] in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] to greet him.<ref name="Dread" /> [[Joint (cannabis)|Spliffs]]<ref>Christopher John Farley, ''Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley'', p. 145.</ref> and [[Chalice (pipe)|chalices]]<ref>[[David Katz (author)|David Katz]], ''People Funny Boy'' ([[Lee "Scratch" Perry|Lee Perry]] biography), p. 41.</ref> were openly<ref>[[#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 64.</ref> smoked, causing "a haze of [[ganja]] smoke" to drift through the air.<ref>David Howard, ''Kingston: A Cultural and Literary History'', p. 176.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0022.html |title=The State Visit of Emperor Haile Selassie I |publisher=Jamaica-gleaner.com |access-date=12 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209091215/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0022.html |archive-date=9 December 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.anguillian.com/article/articleview/2358/1/133/ "Commemorating The Royal Visit by Ijahnya Christian"], ''The Anguillian Newspaper'', 22 April 2005.</ref> Haile Selassie arrived at the airport but was unable to come down the airplane's mobile steps, as the crowd rushed the tarmac. He then returned into the plane, disappearing for several more minutes. Finally, Jamaican authorities were obliged to request Ras [[Mortimer Planner|Mortimer Planno]], a well-known Rasta leader, to climb the steps, enter the plane, and negotiate the emperor's descent.<ref>[[#CITEREFPrice|White]], pp. 15, 210, 211.</ref> Planno re-emerged and announced to the crowd: "The Emperor has instructed me to tell you to be calm. Step back and let the Emperor land".<ref>Bogues, Anthony (2003), ''Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals''. Psychology Press. {{ISBN|0-415-94325-6}}, p. 189.</ref> This day is widely held by scholars to be a major turning point for the movement,<ref>Bradley, Lloyd (2001), ''This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music''. Grove Press. {{ISBN|0-8021-3828-4}}, pp. 192–93.</ref><ref name="Edmonds86">Edmonds, Ennis Barrington (2002), ''Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-803060-6}}. p. 86.</ref><ref name="Habekost">Habekost, Christian (1993), ''Verbal Riddim: The Politics and Aesthetics of African-Caribbean Dub Poetry''. Rodopi. {{ISBN|90-5183-549-3}}, p. 83.</ref> and it is still commemorated by Rastafari as [[Grounation Day]], the anniversary of which is celebrated as the second holiest holiday after 2 November, the emperor's Coronation Day.[[File:HS Closeup shot.png|thumb|215x215px|Selassie facing towards the view c. 1965]]From then on, as a result of Planno's actions, the Jamaican authorities were asked to ensure that Rastafari representatives were present at all state functions attended by the emperor,<ref name=Edmonds86 /><ref name=Habekost /> and Rastafari elders also ensured that they obtained a private audience with the emperor,<ref name=Edmonds86 /> where he reportedly told them that they should not emigrate to Ethiopia until they had first liberated the people of Jamaica. This dictum came to be known as "[[Liberty|liberation]] before [[repatriation]]".

Haile Selassie defied expectations of the Jamaican authorities<ref name=ReggaeRoutes243 /> and never rebuked the Rastafari for their belief in him as God. Instead, he presented the movement's faithful elders with gold medallions—the only recipients of such an honor on this visit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationnews.com/editorial/328181536343408.php |title=African Crossroads – Spiritual Kinsmen |access-date=1 January 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115000944/http://www.nationnews.com/editorial/328181536343408.php |archive-date=15 January 2008}} Dr. Ikael Tafari, ''[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|The Daily Nation]]'', 24 December 2007.</ref><ref>[[#CITEREFPrice|White]], p. 211.</ref> During [[People's National Party|PNP]] leader (later Jamaican Prime Minister) [[Michael Manley]]'s visit to Ethiopia in October 1969, the emperor allegedly still recalled his 1966 reception with amazement, and stated that he felt that he had to be respectful of their beliefs.<ref>Funk, Jerry  (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nAaYYgPoEC&pg=PA149 ''Life Is an Excellent Adventure'']. Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4122-1500-5}}, p. 149.</ref> This was the visit when Manley received the Rod of Correction or Rod of Joshua as a present from the emperor, which is thought to have helped him to win the 1972 election in Jamaica.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Michael |date=March 1, 2017 |title=PNP strategies in the 1972 campaign |work=[[Jamaica Observer]] |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/pnp-strategies-in-the-1972-campaign/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Norris |first=Gregory |date=October 13, 2014 |title=Rod of Correction |work=[[Addis Standard]] |url=https://addisstandard.com/rod-of-correction/}}</ref>

[[Rita Marley]], [[Bob Marley]]'s wife, converted to the Rastafari faith after seeing Haile Selassie on his Jamaican trip. She claimed in interviews (and in her book ''No Woman, No Cry'') that she saw a ''[[stigmata]]'' print on the palm of Haile Selassie's hand as he waved to the crowd, which resembled the markings on Christ's hands from being nailed to the cross—a claim that was not supported by other sources, but was used as evidence for her and other Rastafari to suggest that Haile Selassie I was indeed their messiah.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marley, Rita |title=No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley|url=https://archive.org/details/nowomannocrymyli00marle|url-access=registration |year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/nowomannocrymyli00marle/page/43 43]|publisher=Hyperion|isbn=978-0-7868-6867-4}}</ref> Rastafari became much better known throughout much of the world due to the popularity of Bob Marley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasta-man-vibration.com/rastafarian.html |title=Bob Marley the Devoted Rastafarian! |publisher=Rasta-man-vibration.com |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref>

Bob Marley's posthumously released song "[[Iron Lion Zion]]" refers to Haile Selassie.<ref>The [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Seven_Myths_of_Africa_in_World_History/G34zDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Solomonic+Ethiopia+%22highly+improbable%22&pg=PA27&printsec=frontcover Royal Family of Ethiopia traces their roots to Israel or Jerusalem near Mount Zion], and Ethiopian Emperor's with [[History of Ethiopia|oral tradition]] claim to [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/the-lion-of-judah-in-the-new-world-emperor-haile-selassie-of-ethiopia-and-the-shaping-of-americans-attitude-toward-africa-by-vestaltsanta-barbara-ca-praeger-2011-pp-231-4495-hbk/33B769CFED176DD2506C21D840D5E4D0 be descendants as Lions of Judah]</ref>

=== Haile Selassie's position ===
{{listen
| image        = none
| filename     = The Emperor in Jamaica.jpg
| title        = Emperor Haile Selassie I in Jamaica on an official state visit in 1966
| description  = Emperor Haile Selassie I in Jamaica on an official state visit in 1966
| title2       = Selassie visited Canada in 1967 for an official state visit, CBC news interviewed the Emperor and asked him a variety of questions including his position on Rastafarianism
| filename2    = Haile Selassie 1967 Interview.ogg
| description2 = audio only version
}}
In a 1967 recorded interview with the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], Haile Selassie denied his alleged divinity. In the interview, Bill McNeil says: "there are millions of Christians throughout the world, your Imperial Majesty, who regard you as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ." Haile Selassie replied in his native language:
{{Blockquote |I have heard of that idea. I also met certain Rastafarians. I told them clearly that I am a man, that I am mortal, and that I will be replaced by the oncoming generation, and that they should never make a mistake in assuming or pretending that a human being is emanated from a deity.<ref name="Spencer">{{cite book |last = Spencer |first =William David|title=Dread Jesus|date=1998|publisher=SPCK Publishing|isbn=978-0-281-05101-4|page= 44}}</ref>}}

For many Rastafari, the CBC interview is not interpreted as a denial of his divinity. According to Robert Earl Hood, Haile Selassie neither denied nor affirmed his divinity either way.<ref>{{cite book| last =Hood | first = Robert Earl |title=Must God Remain Greek?: Afro Cultures and God-talk|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-ceFU75KyYQC&pg=PA93+ |date=January 1990|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-2449-1|pages=93–}}</ref> In ''Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music'', Kevin Chang and Wayne Chen note:
{{Blockquote |It's often said, though no definite date or source is ever cited, that Haile Selassie himself denied his divinity. Former senator and ''Gleaner'' editor, Hector Wynter, tells of asking him, during his visit to Jamaica in 1966, when he was going to tell Rastafarians he was not God.  "Who am I to disturb their belief?" replied the emperor.<ref name=ReggaeRoutes243>{{cite book|author1=O'Brien Chang, Kevin  |author2=Chen, Wayne |title=Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music |url= https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan|url-access=registration  |year=1998|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-629-5|page= [https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan/page/n254 243]}}</ref><ref name="Touch the Happy Isles p. 286">{{cite book |last1=Crewe |first1=Quentin |title=Touch the Happy Isles: A Journey through the Caribbean |date=1987 |publisher=Michael Joseph Ltd. |location=London |isbn=0-7181-2822-2 |page=286}}</ref>}}

After his return to Ethiopia, he dispatched Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Mandefro to the [[Caribbean]] and according to Yesehaq this was done to help draw Rastafari and other West Indians to the Ethiopian church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Interview |website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXiPllReCBI | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/WXiPllReCBI| archive-date=28 October 2021|access-date=2 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/12/AR2006011201952.html |title= Ethiopians in D.C. Region Mourn Archbishop's Death|newspaper= The Washington Post|date=13 January 2006}}</ref> However some sources suggest that certain islanders and their leaders were resenting the services of their former colonial churches and vocalised their interest of establishing the Ethiopian church in the Caribbean to which the Emperor obliged.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workneh |first1=Fikre Mariam |title=Abune Tewophilos and Emperor Haile Selassie I: Their Invaluable Contributions to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church |url=https://ecadforum.com/2018/12/31/abune-tewophilos-emperor-haile-selassie-i-ethiopian-orthodox-church/ |website=ecadforum.com |date=31 December 2018 |publisher=ECADF |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823064436/https://ecadforum.com/2018/12/31/abune-tewophilos-emperor-haile-selassie-i-ethiopian-orthodox-church/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1969, [[Michael Manley]] visited the Emperor at his palace in [[Addis Ababa]] before his election as Prime Minister of Jamaica in 1972. Haile Selassie spoke about his visit to Jamaica in 1966 and told Manley that he was totally dumbfounded by the Rastafarians' beliefs but that he had to be respectful of them.<ref name="Jerry Funk">{{cite book |last1=Funk |first1=Jerry |title=Life Is an Excellent Adventure: An Irreverent Personal Odyssey |date=2003 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |location=Victoria, Canada |isbn=1-4120-0848-4 |pages=148–150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4FqDsPH5_oC&pg=PA148}}</ref>

In 1948, Haile Selassie donated 500 hectares of land at [[Shashamane]], {{convert|250|km|mi}} south of Addis Ababa, to the [[Ethiopian World Federation|Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated]] for the use of people of African descent who supported Ethiopia during the war, particularly those from the West.<ref name="EWF">{{cite web |title=A Tale of Two Nations |url=http://ethiopianworldfederation.org/history/ |website=ethiopianworldfederation.org |publisher=The Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> Numerous Rastafari families settled there and still live as a community to this day.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.shashamane.org/history.htm |title= The History and Location of the Shashamane Settlement Community Development Foundation, Inc., USA |publisher= Shashamane |access-date= 12 September 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110525012620/http://www.shashamane.org/history.htm |archive-date= 25 May 2011 |df= dmy-all}}</ref> Haile Selassie granted Rastafarians land on traditional Oromo domain hence today the Rastas are viewed by the locals as invaders.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Charles |title=Review: Erin C. Macleod Visions of Zion: Ethiopians and Rastafari in the Search for the Promised Land |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=223 |doi=10.1086/683071 |jstor=10.1086/683071 |s2cid=162427664 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683071}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Summers |first1=Chris |title=The Rastafarians' flawed African 'promised land' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28059303 |agency=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gomes |first1=Shelene |title=Counter-Narratives of Belonging: Rastafari in the Promised Land |journal=The Global South |year=2018 |volume=12 |issue=1 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=115 |doi=10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07 |jstor=10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07 |s2cid=164637705 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/globalsouth.12.1.07}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Public opinion and media depiction ===
[[File:Koninklijke familie in Ethiopië koningin Juliana en Haile Selassie op kinderafd, Bestanddeelnr 922-0498.jpg|thumb|210x210px|Haile Selassie I, visiting a children's hospital in 1969]]
During the beginning of his reign, and primarily in the 1930s through 1940s when Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia, media coverage of Haile Selassie was positive, describing him as a hero against fascist forces. He was seen as an African beacon of hope and a friend and a part of the [[Allies of World War II|allies]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reston |first=James |date=July 13, 1940 |title=BRITISH RECOGNIZE ETHIOPIA AS ALLY; Promise to Release Country From Italian Domination if the War Is Won BACK HAILE SELASSIE RULE Army Heads in East Africa Seek to Coordinate Efforts of Tribal Chiefs for Attack Reversal of 1938 Position 200,000 Ethiopian Fighters Ready |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/07/13/archives/british-recognize-ethiopia-as-ally-promise-to-release-country-from.html}}</ref> He was even featured as a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' "Man of the Year" in 1935 amidst the invasion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1935 |title=Person of the Year |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> [[Pathé News|British Pathé]] reported that Haile Selassie's return was "As an Emperor returns and triumphs to his people."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1941 |title=The Emperor returns to Addis Ababa |work=British Pathe |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/136286/}}</ref> During one of his rare interviews with ''[[Meet the Press]]'', in a 1963 State visit during the period of the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights]] movement in the U.S., he rebuked the notation of skin or [[Racism|race-based]] oppression of peoples and pushed a [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-African]] narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2016 |title=EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE I MEET THE PRESS INTERVIEW |url=https://worldhistoryarchive.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/emperor-haile-selassie-i-meet-the-press-interview/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Selassie |last2=Cousins |last3=Daniel |last4=Frederick |last5=Freudenheim |last6=Spivak |first1=Haile |first2=Norman |first3=Clifton |first4=Pauline |first5=Milton |first6=Lawrence |date=1972 |title=Meet the press : Sunday, October 6, 1963 with guest His Imperial Majesty, Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/meet-the-press-sunday-october-6-1963-with-guest-his-imperial-majesty-haile-selassie-i-emperor-of-ethiopia/oclc/60342669 |website=[[WorldCat]]}}</ref> Later [[NBC News]] was seen ridiculing the state visit months later; ''[[The New York Times]]'' provided counterpoints saying, "what civilized purpose is served by making a point of the fact months later to the probable embarrassment of the Ethiopian diplomatic representatives in this country?". It also said NBC News "cannot afford to be a handmaiden of the [[United States Department of State|State Department]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 4, 1964 |title=TV: A Question of Taste; N.B.C. Documentary Comes Close to Ridiculing Selassie's 1963 State Visit |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/04/archives/tv-a-question-of-taste-nbc-documentary-comes-close-to-ridiculing.html |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vestal |first=Theodore M. |date=2009 |title=The Lion of Judah at Camelot: U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Ethiopia as Reflected in the Second State Visit of Emperor Haile Selassie to the United States |volume=4 |issue=1/2 |pages=135–152 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828908 |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies|jstor=27828908}}</ref>
During the 1950s, when the [[Silver jubilee|Silver Jubilee]] of the Emperor's reign was celebrated, he adopted the [[1955 Constitution of Ethiopia|1955 Constitution]] which legally gave more democratic rights to the public, and legally restricted the Monarch's power. Since World War II ended it played a major role towards the new administration, he limited and weakened the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Orthodox Church's]] power. He was widely viewed as a modern and good leader in Ethiopia during the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Percy |date=August 1965 |title=Haile Selassie I: the Conquering Lion by Leonard Mosley London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/haile-selassie-i-the-conquering-lion-by-leonard-mosley-london-weidenfeld-nicolson-1964-pp-iv-279-36s/9266620775A8FF0BB364A78B9DCC364F |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=314–315 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X0002382X |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=David |first=Talbot |title=Haile Selassie I: Silver Jubilee |publisher=W.P. van Stockum |year=1955 |isbn=978-0-9793619-3-7 |location=Ethiopia |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keller |first=Edmond J. |date=2010 |title=Constitutionalism, Citizenship and Political Transitions In Ethiopia: Historic and Contemporary Process |url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/Constitutionalism_2010.pdf |journal=UCLA World Press |pages=66–67}}</ref> Nonetheless, subsequently, in the 1970s, due to [[1973 oil crisis|economic turmoil]] and a famine, Selassie's reputation suffered. Mass protests involving intellectuals and the common people occurred. It was widely believed that due to his [[old age]] and failed land reform policy implementation he should abdicate, which ultimately led to Selassie's removal from power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellucci |first=Stefano |date=18 September 2022 |title=The 1974 Ethiopian Revolution at 40: Social, Economic, and Political Legacies |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/622235/pdf |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.14321/nortafristud.16.1.0001 |s2cid=148384238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Selassie I |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/haile-selassie-i |website=South African History Online}}</ref>

Although Haile Selassie's image and legacy has differed views, he is notably thought of as a moderniser, as one of the leading persons founding [[Addis Ababa University|Haile Selassie University]], and the [[Organisation of African Unity]] which later turned into the [[African Union|Africa Union]] and an anti-colonial movement leader.<ref>Pearce, Jeff, 1963- (18 July 2017). ''Prevail : the inspiring story of ethiopia's victory over Mussolini's invasion, 1935–1941''. {{ISBN|978-1-5107-1865-4}}. {{OCLC|954669620}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2020 |title=The last emperor of Ethiopia: Haile Selassie's legacy remains divisive |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20200515-revisited-the-last-emperor-of-ethiopia-haile-selassie-s-legacy-remains-divisive |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019 |title=Commemorating Haile Selassie's Pan-African Legacy |work=[[Ethiopian News Agency]] |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/en_6148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 15, 2018 |title=Haile Selassie - Ethiopia's 'Lion of Judah' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/haile-selassie-ethiopias-lion-of-judah/a-44009647 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615192031/https://www.dw.com/en/haile-selassie-ethiopias-lion-of-judah/a-44009647 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> He also has been listed by [[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]] among one of the most important figures in political history, even adding him in the "Top 25 Political Icons" of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 25 Political Icons |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2046285,00.html |website=[[Time Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2011 |title=Mahatma Gandhi tops TIME's list of top 25 political icons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/mahatma-gandhi-tops-times-list-of-top-25-political-icons-9100#photo-116126 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
[[File:H.I.M. Haile Selassie I opening the Conference of the Heads of the Oriental Orthodox Churches at the Africa Hall, Addis Ababa.png|thumb|230x230px|Speech at the Conference of the Heads of the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox churches]] held at [[Africa Hall]] in [[Addis Ababa]]]]
In 2016 the Canadian-Ethiopian singer [[The Weeknd]] tweeted with the image of Selassie in his full uniform "anbessa" amharic for lion: which can be interpreted as a homage courageous leader or individual.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abel |first=Tesfaye |date=October 17, 2016 |title=Abel Tesfaye on X: "anbessa ⭐️" |url=https://twitter.com/theweeknd/status/788157552492105729 |website=[[Twitter|X]]}}</ref>

A battle which took over a decade regarding his [[Patek Philippe|Patek Phillipe watch]] which was initially on a [[Christie's|Christie’s]] auction for over 1 million dollars, took place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Hugo |date=May 19, 2016 |title=The $1 Million Patek, an Ethiopian Emperor and a Prosecutor |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-19/the-1-million-patek-haile-selassie-and-the-swiss-prosecutor |url-access=subscription |work=[[Bloomberg L.P]]}}</ref> Nonetheless after the feud ended, the watch was pulled out of auction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heil |first=Emily |date=November 12, 2015 |title=Haile Selassie's wristwatch pulled from auction block |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/11/12/haile-selassies-wristwatch-pulled-from-auction-block/ |url-access=registration |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mulier |first=Thomas |date=November 10, 2015 |title=Ethiopian Emperor's Patek Philippe Pulled From Christie's Sale |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-10/ethiopian-emperor-s-patek-philippe-pulled-from-christie-s-sale-igt6wd7r |url-access=registration |work=[[Bloomberg L.P]]}}</ref> 

Over recent years a false headline of [[Elizabeth II]], and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Phillip]] during their state visit to Ethiopia at [[Jubilee Palace (Ethiopia)|Jubilee palace]] bowing down to him, and his wife, [[Menen Asfaw|Empress Menen Asfaw]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swenson |first=Ali |date=September 20, 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II not pictured bowing to Ethiopian emperor |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-queen-elizabeth-not-bowing-ethiopia-179342106838 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> It has been circulated online and has given a false impression of actual events which occurred when the British monarch visited Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 24, 2021 |title=Photo does not show Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip bowing to Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen Asfaw |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-selassie-elizabethii/fact-check-photo-does-not-show-queen-elizabeth-ii-and-prince-philip-bowing-to-ethiopian-emperor-haile-selassie-and-empress-menen-asfaw-idUSL1N2LM26S/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Neguede |first=Amanuel |date=February 24, 2021 |title=British monarch's first visit to Ethiopia came 10 years after this photo was taken |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/british-monarchs-first-visit-ethiopia-came-10-years-after-photo-was-taken |work=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> In 2021 a documentary by Selassie's granddaughter was released showcasing the life of the Ethiopian royal family.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=March 24, 2023 |title='Grandpa Was An Emperor' Documentary Exec Produced By Cynthia Erivo Sets Freestyle Release |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/grandpa-was-an-emperor-release-date-freestyle-digital-media-1235309414/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Friel |first=Mikhaila |date=June 3, 2023 |title=Yeshi Kassa, the great-granddaughter of Ethiopia's last emperor, said the late Queen Elizabeth privately supported her new documentary about the horrors her family faced in prison and exile |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.insider.com/yeshi-kassa-grandpa-was-an-emperor-documentary-queen-elizabeth-2023-6}}</ref> The documentary, titled ''Grandpa Was An Emperor'', has a 100 percent score on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GRANDPA WAS AN EMPEROR |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/grandpa_was_an_emperor |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> In 2024, a movie dedicated to [[Bob Marley]] '[[Bob Marley: One Love|One Love]],' depicted Selassie in Rastafarian religious lore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Jordan |date=February 14, 2024 |title=5 Essential Bob Marley Facts That Didn't Make It Into One Love |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/bob-marley-one-love-stories-not-in-movie |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Giorgis |first=Hannah |date=February 17, 2024 |title=The Missing Piece of the Bob Marley Biopic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2024/02/bob-marley-one-love-review/677500/ |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Michael |date=February 12, 2024 |title=Bob Marley biopic turns a complicated subject into the Messiah |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/2024/02/12/bob-marley-one-love-movie-review/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> There is a part where Selassie whilst riding a horse takes alongside him a young Marley.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abdulbaki |first=Mae |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Bob Marley: One Love Ending Explained |url=https://screenrant.com/bob-marley-one-love-ending-explained/ |work=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

He has been depicted by photographers, portraits and sculptors such as [[Edward Bainbridge Copnall|Edward Copnall]], [[Beulah Woodard]], [[Jacob Epstein]], [[William H. Johnson (artist)|William H. Johnson]], and [[Yevonde Middleton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw143535/Haile-Selassie-I-Emperor-of-Ethiopia?LinkID=mp06547&sText=madame+yevonde&OConly=true&displayNo=60&wPage=4&rNo=269 |website=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait Of Haile Selassie I, Emperor Of Ethiopia (1892 – 1975) Wearing The Order Of The Garter By Edward Bainbridge Copnall 1907-1973 |url=https://www.sellingantiques.co.uk/142519/portrait-of-haile-selassie-i-emperor-of-ethiopia-1892-1975-wearing-the-order-of-the-garter-by-edward-bainbridge-copnall-19071973/ |website=Selling Antiques}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mask of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie by artists Beulah Woodward, Los Angeles, circa September 1935 |date=September 1935 |url=https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/21198/zz00254wdq/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Selassie |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/haile-selassie-32430 |website=[[Smithsonian American Art Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Selassie (1892-1975) |url=https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/228352}}</ref>

=== Memorials ===
In recent years multiple memorials were built and unveiled for Selassie. Mainly in Ethiopia, and one in Jamaica. One of these memorials is in the African Union's Headquarters in Addis Ababa unveiled in 2019, the other memorial in Addis Ababa is that of a wax statue in [[Unity Park]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeffrey |first=James |date=October 18, 2019 |title=Ethiopia opens its secretive Imperial Palace for first time |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/imperial-palace-ethiopia/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 10, 2019 |title=African Union Unveiles a Statue of Former Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I |work=[[African Union]] |url=https://au.int/fr/node/35812}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Getache |first1=Addis |last2=Twessema |first2=Seleshi |date=October 2, 2019 |title=African leaders unveil statue of last Ethiopian emperor |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/african-leaders-unveil-statue-of-last-ethiopian-emperor/1388674}}</ref> Selassie's memorial in the African Union was due to his long efforts of Pan-Africanism and anti-colonial efforts during his rule. Nonetheless the statue caused some concern between groups which howbeit was ultimately ignored and futile in effort.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 10, 2019 |title=Haile Selassie: Why the African Union put up a statue |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47172020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211020701/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47172020 |archive-date=February 11, 2019 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Selassie Statue, AU Headquarters |url=https://contestedhistories.org/wp-content/uploads/Ethiopia_-Haile-Selassie-Statue-AU-Headquarters-in-Addis-Ababa-.pdf |website=Contested Histories}}</ref> Another memorial although not a statue is a marker for a Kingston High School, not only a memorial but the school being named "Haile Selassie High School." Other memorials exist although being very hold, such as in Addis Ababa where the Emperor is seen teaching 12 children roundabout.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scourfield |first=Stephen |date=May 8, 2014 |title=The legacy of Haile Selassie |work=[[The West Australian]] |url=https://thewest.com.au/travel/africa/the-legacy-of-haile-selassie-ng-ya-370491}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2016 |title=50th Anniversary Founders Day Celebration Haile Selassie High School (Jamaica) |work=Rita Marley Foundation |url=https://ritamarleyfoundation.org/2016/04/50th-anniversary-founders-day-celebration-haile-selassie-high-school-jamaica/}}</ref> In 2020, a [[Bust of Haile Selassie|bust statue]] which was built in 1957 was destroyed by protestors allegedly claiming Haile Selassie's rule and legacy played a part with Ethiopian singer [[Hachalu Hundessa]] assassination.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Braddick |first=Imogen |date=July 2, 2020 |title=Statue of former Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie destroyed 'by group of 100 people' in Wimbledon park |work=[[Evening Standard]] |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/statue-haile-selassie-wimbledon-park-smashed-a4486356.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 2, 2020 |title=London Police Probe Destruction Of Haile Selassie Statue |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] via [[Barrons]] |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/london-police-probe-destruction-of-haile-selassie-statue-01593683405}}</ref> Selassie also has a road, being one of the three major express ways in [[Nairobi]] being named after him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lenser |first=Loise |date=January 20, 2024 |title=Nairobi Expressway Launches New Exit at Haile Selassie |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/96673-nairobi-expressway-launches-new-haile-selassie-exit-plaza |work=Boxraft Limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mbuthia |first=Bashir |date=January 20, 2024 |title=Transport CS Murkomen To Launch Nairobi Expressway Haile Selassie Exit Plaza |url=https://citizen.digital/news/transport-cs-murkomen-to-launch-nairobi-expressway-haile-selassie-exit-plaza-n335149 |work=[[Citizen TV]]}}</ref><gallery widths="170" heights="170">
File:Emperor Haile Selassie I cropped image.png|Haile Selassie I's statue located at the AU Conference HQ, [[Addis Ababa]]
File:Haile Selassie Wax.png|Wax figurine statue of the Emperor in [[Unity Park]], Addis Ababa
File:Cannizaro Park, Wimbledon, The statue of Emperor Haile Selassie.jpg|Former standing statue of the Emperor in [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], England
File:Haile Selassie by Jacob Epstein 06.jpg|A plaster figure of Selassie by [[Jacob Epstein]] in 1936, [[The New Art Gallery Walsall]], England
</gallery>

==Titles, styles, arms, honours==
{{Infobox manner of address
| name         = Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
| image        = [[File:Imperial Coat of Arms of Ethiopia (Haile Selassie).svg|80px]]
| reference    = {{ubl|[[Imperial Majesty (style)|His Imperial Majesty]]|{{lang-am|ግርማዊ}}; ''girmāwī''}}
| spoken       = {{ubl|Your Imperial Majesty|{{lang-am|ጃንሆይ}}; ''djānhoi''|lit. ''"O [esteemed] royal"''}}
| alternative  = {{ubl|Our Lord (familiar)|{{lang-am|ጌቶቹ}}; ''getochu''|lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.)}}}}
{{main|List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie}}
* 23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: ''[[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Lij|Lij]]'' Tafari Makonnen<ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20" /><ref name="Vestal p.19">{{cite book |last1=Vestal |first1=Theodore M. |title=The Lion of Judah in the New World: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Shaping of Americans' Attitudes Toward Africa |date=2011 |publisher=Praeger |location=United States |isbn=978-0-313-38620-6 |page=19}}</ref>
* 1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: ''[[Dejazmach]]'' Tafari Makonnen<ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20" /><ref name="Steffanson 2" />
* 11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: ''Le'ul-''[[Rastafari|''Ras'' Tafari]] Makonnen<ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) pp.48-50" /><ref name="KING OF KINGS p. 325" /><ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.155">{{cite book |last1=Selassie |first1=Haile I |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-19-713589-7 |page=155}}</ref>
* 7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: ''[[Negus]]'' Tafari Makonnen<ref name="Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.172">{{cite book |last1=Selassie |first1=Haile I |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-19-713589-7 |page=172}}</ref>
* 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: ''His Imperial Majesty'' Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Elect of God.<ref name="Steffanson 2"/><ref name="KING OF KINGS p. 325"/><ref name="Rastafari Coalition"/><ref name="Charles F. Rey"/><ref name="Boston Daily Globe">{{cite news |last1=McPartlin |first1=Joan |date=29 May 1954 |title=Boston to Welcome Ruler of Ethiopia |publisher=Boston Daily Globe}}</ref><ref name="Lee, V. 1983"/>

===National orders===
* [[File:ETH Order of the Star of Ethiopia - Grand Cross BAR.png|60px]] Chief Commander of the [[Order of the Star of Ethiopia]] (1909)<ref>{{cite book |last1=ከበደ |first1=በሪሁን |title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ |date=21 September 1993 |publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት |location=Addis Ababa |page=903}}</ref>
* [[File:ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png|60px]] Grand Collar of the [[Order of Solomon]] (1930)<ref>Religious, Traditional & Ceremonial. [http://www.ethiopiancrown.org ''The Official Website of The Crown Council of Ethiopia'']. The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 13 August 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=ከበደ |first1=በሪሁን |title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ |date=21 September 1993 |publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት |location=Addis Ababa |page=891}}</ref>
* [[File:ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Seal of Solomon]]<ref>Religious, Traditional & Ceremonial. [http://www.ethiopiancrown.org ''The Official Website of The Crown Council of Ethiopia'']. The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=ከበደ |first1=በሪሁን |title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ |date=21 September 1993 |publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት |location=Addis Ababa |page=893}}</ref>
* [[File:Order of The Queen of Sheba (Ethiopia) ribbon.gif|60px]] Grand Cordon with Collar of the [[Order of the Queen of Sheba]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=ከበደ |first1=በሪሁን |title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ |date=21 September 1993 |publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት |location=Addis Ababa |pages=895–897}}</ref>
* [[File:Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia) - ribbon bar.gif|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)|Order of the Holy Trinity]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=ከበደ |first1=በሪሁን |title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ |date=21 September 1993 |publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት |location=Addis Ababa |page=899}}</ref>
* [[File:ETH Order of Menelik II - Grand Cross BAR.png|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Menelik II]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=ከበደ |first1=በሪሁን |title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ |date=21 September 1993 |publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት |location=Addis Ababa |page=901}}</ref>
* [[File:ETH Order of the Star of Ethiopia - Member BAR.png|60px]] Order of Fidelity<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mr. and Mrs. |journal=Jet Magazine |date=20 May 1954 |volume=VI |issue=2 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xL8DAAAAMBAJ |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Foreign Coat of arms ===
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| total_width       = 400
| perrow            = 
| image1            = Coat of Arms of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (Order of Charles III).svg
| caption1          = Coat of arms in Spain under the order of Charles III of Spain
| image2            = Garter-encircled Arms of Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia.png
| caption2          = Coat of arms as Emperor in the [[United Kingdom]] under the Order of Garter
| image3            = Coat of Arms of Haile Selassie (Order of the Seaphim).svg
| caption3          = Coat of arms as Emperor under the [[Order of Seraphim|Swedish Order of the Seraphim]]
| footer            = 
}}

=== As sovereign ===
{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 450
| image1            = Ethiopian imperial standard of Haile Selassie I (obverse).svg
| caption1          = Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I obverse
| image2            = Ethiopian imperial standard of Haile Selassie I (reverse).svg
| caption2          = Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I reverse
| align             = center
}}

==Military ranks==
Haile Selassie held the following ranks:
* [[Field Marshal]], [[Ethiopian Ground Forces|Imperial Ethiopian Army]]<ref>Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p.119</ref><ref name="Consolidated Laws Vol. I p. 261">{{cite book |last1=Ewing |first1=William H. |last2=Abdi |first2=Beyene |title=Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I |date=1972 |publisher=The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University |location=Addis Ababa |page=261}}</ref>
* [[Admiral of the Fleet]], [[Ethiopian Navy|Imperial Ethiopian Navy]]<ref name="Consolidated Laws Vol. I p. 261" />
* [[Marshal of the air force|Marshal]] of the [[Ethiopian Air Force|Imperial Ethiopian Air Force]]<ref name="Consolidated Laws Vol. I p. 261" />
* Honorary [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]], [[British Army]], 20 January 1965<ref name="The London Gazette, Issue: 43567 Page: 1235">{{cite web| url = https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43567/page/1235| title = The London Gazette, Issue: 43567 Page: 1235. Retrieved op 17 January 2017.}}</ref><ref name="Copley p. 195">{{cite book |last1=Copley |first1=Gregory R. |title=Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World |date=1998 |publisher=Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association |isbn=1-892998-00-9 |page=195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/02/ethiopia-queen-elizabeth-1965-royal-visit|title=Ethiopia welcomes the Queen: Archive, 2 February 1965|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=2 February 2016}}</ref>

== Issue ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background-color:#cccccc"
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|data-sort-value="Princess Romanework"|[[Princess Romanework]]||1909||14 October 1940||Married Dejazmatch [[Beyene Merid]] in the late 1920s, died in 1937. Had four issues: 	Lij Getachew Beyene, Dejazmatch Merid Beyene, Dejazmatch Samson Beyene, and Lij Gideon Beyene
|-
|data-sort-value="Princess Tenagnework"|[[Princess Tenagnework]]||	12 January 1912||6 April 2003||Married 1924 to 1937 (death), Ras [[Desta Damtew]];6 Issues including: Lij Amha Desta, Rear Admiral [[Iskinder Desta]], Princess [[Aida Desta]], Princess [[Seble Desta]], Princess [[Sophia Desta]], Princess, [[Hirut Desta]]. Married again with [[Andargachew Messai]] till 1981 (death) had 2 Issues: Emebet Tsige Mariam Abebe, Emebet Mentewab Andargatchew
|-
|data-sort-value="Crown Prince Amha Selassie"|[[Amha Selassie|Crown Prince Amha Selassie]]||	27 July 1916||	17 January 1997||Married [[Wolete Israel Seyoum]] in 1931 had 1 issue from Amha Selassie being [[Princess Ijigayehu Amha Selassie]], Amha divorced and married [[Medferiashwork Abebe]] in 1945 and had 4 Issues from her being: [[Princess Maryam Senna]], [[Princess Sehin Azebe]], Crown Prince [[Zera Yacob Amha Selassie]], and [[Princess Sifrash Bizu]]
|-
|data-sort-value="Princess Zenebework"|[[Princess Zenebework]]||25 July 1917||24 March 1934||Married Dejazmach [[Haile Selassie Gugsa]] had no Issues
|-
|data-sort-value="Princess Tsehai"|[[Princess Tsehai]]||13 October 1919||17 August 1942||Married in 1941, Lij [[Abiye Abebe]]; had one daughter (died in miscarriage)
|-
|data-sort-value="Prince Makonnen"|[[Prince Makonnen|Prince Makonnen, Duke of Harar]]||16 October 1924||13 May 1957||Married [[Sara Gizaw]], died (1957), they had five Issues including: Prince Paul Wossen-Seged, Duke of Harar, Prince Mikael, Prince Dawit, Prince Taffari, Prince Beede Mariam
|-
|data-sort-value="Prince Sahle Selassie"|[[Prince Sahle Selassie|His Imperial Highness, Prince Sahle Selassie Haile Selassie]]||27 February 1932||24 April 1962||Married Princess [[Mahisente Habte Mariam]] had one issue: Prince [[Ermias Sahle Selassie]]
|-
|}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia '''
|2= 2. [[Makonnen Wolde Mikael|''Ras'' Mäkonnen Wäldä-Mika'él Guddisa]]
|3= 3. [[Yeshimebet Ali|''Woizero'' Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar]]  
|4= 4. ''Dejazmach'' Wolde Mikael Gudessa 
|5= 5.  ''Immabet'' Tenagnework Sahle Selassie 
|6= 6. Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar of [[Oromo People|Woreilu]]
|7= 7. Immabet-Hoy Walatta Ihata Giyorgis Yimeru
|8= 8. Dejazmach Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos
|9= 9. Woizero Kalama Worq
|10= 10. Negus (King) [[Sahle Selassie]]
|11= 11. Woizero Yimegnushal Ayele
|14= 14. Ato Yimeru of [[Gurage]]
|15= 15. Woizero Araza-Aregai
}}

==See also==
* [[Black Lions]]
* [[List of people who have been considered deities]]
* [[List of unsolved deaths]]
* [[Ethiopian Empire]]
* [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Monarchs]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|25em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Marcus}} |first=Harold G. |last=Marcus |title=A History of Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi00marc |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |year=1994 |location=London |isbn=978-0-520-22479-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi00marc/page/316 316]}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Mockler}} |last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |year=2003 |publisher=Signal Books |isbn=978-1-902669-53-3}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Murrell}} |last1=Murrell |first1=Nathaniel Samuel |last2=Spencer |first2=William David |last3=McFarlane |first3=Adrian Anthony |year=1998 |title=Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-584-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chantingdownbaby0000unse}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Roberts}} |last=Roberts |first=Andrew Dunlop |author-link=Andrew D. Roberts |title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940 |volume=7 |publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |year=1986 |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-22505-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Safire |first=William |year=1997 |title=Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-04005-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Shinn}} |last1=Shinn |first1=David Hamilton |last2=Ofcansky |first2=Thomas P. |year=2004 |title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6566-2}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758326,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524112010/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758326,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2007 |title=Distressed Negus |work=Time Magazine |date=15 November 1937 |access-date=19 January 2010 |ref={{SfnRef | Time | 1937}}}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|De Waal}} |last=De Waal |first=Alexander |title=Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia |year=1991 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-038-4 |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf}}
* {{Citation |first=Haile I |last=Selassie |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I |others=translated from Amharic by [[Edward Ullendorff]] |place=New York |publisher=Frontline Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-948390-40-1}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|White}} |editor-link=Timothy White (writer) |editor-last=White |editor-first=Timothy |title=Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley |year=2006 |publisher=Henry Holt & Co |isbn=978-0-8050-8086-5}}{{refend}}.
* {{Citation |last=Talbot |first=David Abner |title=Haile Selassie I Silver Jubilee Get access Arrow |date=April 2, 1956 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=243–244 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/32/2/243/2689777?redirectedFrom=fulltext |publisher=International Affairs |doi=10.2307/2625882|jstor=2625882 }}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Brice |title=The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Sellassie I: "My Life and Ethiopia's Progress |last2=Ullendorff |first2=Edward |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=February 1977 |isbn=978-0-948390-40-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link2=Edward Ullendorff}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asserate |first=Asfa-Wossen |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pd2ktb |title=King of Kings: The Triumph and Tragedy of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |date=September 15, 2015 |publisher=Haus Publishing |jstor=j.ctt1pd2ktb |isbn=978-1-910376-64-5 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Asfa-Wossen Asserate |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Coltri |first1=Marzia A |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299728407 |title=Beyond RastafarI: An historical and theological introduction |date=March 2015 |publisher=Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften |isbn=978-3-0343-0959-2 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Selassie I |first=Haile |title=Selected Speeches of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, 1918-1967 |publisher=One Drop Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-5007-1943-2 |edition= |mode=cs2 |author-link=Haile Selassie}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yuajah |first=Empress |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31166804-jah-rastafari-prayers?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=jPsn9gxSIS&rank=1 |title=Jah Rastafari : Rasta prayers & healing scriptures |date=July 8, 2016 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5333-7905-4 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=River |first=Charles |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/45889080-haile-selassie |title=Haile Selassie : the life and legacy of the Ethiopian emperor revered as the Messiah by Rastafarians |date=16 May 2019 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |isbn=978-1-0990-5388-7 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yahudah |first=Abba |title=A journey to the roots of Rastafari : the Essene Nazarite link |date=2 July 2014 |publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4907-3316-6 |volume= |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Garvey |first=Marcus |title=Emancipated From Mental Slavery |date=2 May 2019 |publisher=The Mhotep Corporation |isbn=978-1-0960-1330-3 |location= |mode=cs2 |author-link=Marcus Garvey}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=John G. |title=Ethiopia and the origin of civilization |date=2020 |publisher=BN Publishing |isbn=978-0-592-43884-9 |mode=cs2 |author-link=John G. Jackson (writer)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pearce |first=Jeff |title=Prevail : the inspiring story of ethiopia's victory over Mussolini's invasion, 1935–1941 |date=18 July 2017 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5107-1865-4 |mode=cs2}}* 
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Citation |first=Ras |last=Nathaniel |title=50th Anniversary of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie I First Visit to the United States |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4120-3702-0}}{{ISBN|0-88229-342-7}}
* ''Haile Selassie's war: the Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941'', 1984, {{ISBN|0-394-54222-3}}
* ''Haile Selassie, western education, and political revolution in Ethiopia'', 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-313-38620-6}}
* ''The Lion of Judah in the New World'', 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-910376-14-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Mosley |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Mosley |title=Haile Selassie: The Conquering Lion. Prentice Hall 1965 LCCN 65-11882}}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/selassie.htm Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Haile Selassie I]
* [https://ethiopiancrown.org/ Imperial Crown Council of Ethiopia]
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022190043/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm |date=22 October 2015}} (full text)
* [http://www.life.com/gallery/59201/rare-and-unseen-haile-selassie#index/0 Rare and Unseen: Haile Selassie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230840/http://www.life.com/gallery/59201/rare-and-unseen-haile-selassie#index/0 |date=13 December 2011}} – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4537151.stm BBC article, memories of his personal servants]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080524042052/http://www.black-king.net/haile%20selassie%20library.htm Haile Selassie I Speaks -Text & Audio-]
* [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00091603/00003/allvolumes2 Collection by Martin Rikli in 1935–1936, including photos of Haile Selassie], open access through the [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/permissions University of Florida Digital Collections]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7kimI1Y0QO0C&pg=PT24 The Emperor's Clothes]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jX7-0ROBfyIC&pg=PA56 A History of Ethiopia]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/006961}}
* {{IMDb title|27449931|Grandpa Was an Emperor}}

{{Clear}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|date=20 January 2024|Haile Selassie Spoken.wav}}{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Solomonic dynasty|House of Solomon]]|23 July|1892|27 August|1975}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zewditu I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|years=2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974}}
{{s-non|reason=[[Derg|Monarchy abolished]]}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-new|loss|reason=[[Derg|Communist take-over]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|years=12 September 1974 – 27 August 1975}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Amha Selassie|Crown Prince Amha Selassie]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Emperors of Ethiopia}}
{{EthiopianPMs}}
{{African Union chairpersons}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{Time Persons of the Year |27–50}}
{{Rastafari}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Monarchy|Ethiopia|Eritrea|Christianity|Somerset|United Kingdom|History|Biography|Politics|Law|England|Africa|Conservatism|Liberalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selassie, Haile}}
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