Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{merge from|Count Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec Montfa|discuss=Talk:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec#Merge proposal|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|French painter and illustrator (1864–1901)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name             = Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
| image            = Photolautrec.jpg
| birth_name       = Henry Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1864|11|24}}
| birth_place      = [[Albi]], [[Tarn (department)|Tarn]], [[Second French Empire]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1901|9|9|1864|11|24}}
| death_place      = [[Saint-André-du-Bois]], [[French Third Republic]]
| resting_place    = Cimetière de Verdelais
| field            = Painting, printmaking, drawing, draughting, illustration
| training         = 
| movement         = [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Art Nouveau]]
| works            = ''[[At the Moulin Rouge]]''<br/>''[[Le Lit (Toulouse-Lautrec)|Le Lit]]''<br/>''[[La Toilette (Toulouse-Lautrec)|La Toilette]]''
| patrons          = 
| awards           = 
| education        = [[René Princeteau]]<br>[[Léon Bonnat]]<br>[[Fernand Cormon]]
| caption          = Photo taken in 1894
|module={{Infobox person|child=yes
| signature        = Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa, Henri Marie Raymond de 1864-1901 13 Signature.jpg}}
}}

'''[[Count|Comte]] Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa''' (24 November 1864&nbsp;– 9 September 1901), known as '''Toulouse Lautrec''' ({{IPA-fr|tuluz lotʁɛk|lang}}), was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 19th century allowed him to produce a collection of enticing, elegant, and provocative images of the sometimes decadent affairs of those times.

Born into the aristocracy, Toulouse-Lautrec broke both his legs around the time of his adolescence and, due to the rare condition [[pycnodysostosis]], was very short as an adult due to his undersized legs. In addition to his alcoholism, he developed an affinity for brothels and prostitutes that directed the subject matter for many of his works recording many details of the late-19th-century bohemian lifestyle in Paris. Toulouse-Lautrec is among the painters described as being [[Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionists]], with [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Paul Gauguin]], and [[Georges Seurat]] also commonly considered as belonging in this loose group.

In a 2005 auction at [[Christie's]] auction house, ''[[La Blanchisseuse (Toulouse-Lautrec)|La Blanchisseuse]]'', his early painting of a young laundress, sold for US$22.4&nbsp;million, setting a new record for the artist for a price at auction.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berwick |first=Carly |url=http://www.nysun.com/arts/toulouse-lautrec-drives-big-night-at-christies/22410/ |title=Toulouse-Lautrec Drives Big Night at Christie's |publisher=Nysun.com |date=2 November 2005 |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Henri<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-22|title=Toulouse-Lautrec: The art of bacchanalia|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/toulouse-lautrec-the-art-of-bacchanalia-423646.html|access-date=2020-12-26|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa was born at the Château du Bosc, Camjac, Aveyron in the south of France, the firstborn child of Alphonse Charles ''[[Count|Comte]]'' de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (1838–1913)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/count-alphonse-charles-de-toulouse-lautrec-monfa-1838-1913-news-photo/113625662|title=Count Alphonse Charles de Toulouse Lautrec Monfa 1838–1913 Father of Henri de Toulouse Lautrec|publisher=gettyimages.co.uk}}</ref> and his wife Adèle Zoë Tapié de Celeyran (1841–1930).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genealogie87.fr/pages/genealogie-monographie-familiale-qui-ont-marque-l-histoire/toulouse-lautrec.html |title=Histoire et généalogie de la famille de Toulouse-Lautrec Montfa et de ses alliances |publisher=genealogie87.fr|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> He was a member of an aristocratic family (descended from both the [[Count of Toulouse|Counts of Toulouse]] and [[Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec|Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec]] and the [[Viscount]]s of [[Montfa, Tarn|Montfa]], in southern France). His younger brother was born in 1867 but died the following year. Both sons enjoyed the [[courtesy title|''titres de courtoisie'']] of ''[[Count|Comte]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=C. |first1=Ives |title=Toulouse-Lautrec in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0k6xtdWZkXIC&q=toulouse+lautrec+henri+comte&pg=PA61 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996 |isbn=9780870998041 |access-date=17 September 2019 |quote=Comte Henri-Marie-Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec 1864-1901}}</ref> If Henri had outlived his father, he would have been accorded the family [[Nobility of France|title]] of ''[[Count|Comte]] de Toulouse-Lautrec''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bellet |first1=H. |title=Toulouse-Lautrec gallery at the Palais de Berbie - review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/24/toulouse-lautrec-gallery-reopening-review |access-date=17 September 2019 |work=UK Guardian|date=24 April 2012 |quote=From his father he would have inherited the title of Count of Toulouse-Lautrec.}}</ref>

After the death of his brother, Toulouse-Lautrec's parents separated and a nanny cared for him.<ref name=TL-Book1>Author Unknown, "Toulouse-Lautrec" – published Grange Books. {{ISBN|1-84013-658-8}} [http://www.bookfinder.com/dir/i/Toulouse_Lautrec/1840136588/ Bookfinder – Toulouse Lautrec]</ref> At the age of eight, Toulouse-Lautrec lived with his mother in Paris, where he drew sketches and caricatures in his exercise workbooks. A friend of his father, [[René Princeteau]], sometimes visited to give informal lessons. Some of Toulouse-Lautrec's early paintings are of horses, a speciality of Princeteau, and a subject Lautrec revisited in his "Circus Paintings".<ref name=TL-Book1/><ref>ArT Blog: Toulouse-Lautrec at the Circus: The "Horse and Performer" Drawings [http://blogs.princeton.edu/writingart14/archives/2004/12/horse_and_rider.html blogs.princeton.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728053558/http://blogs.princeton.edu/writingart14/archives/2004/12/horse_and_rider.html |date=28 July 2009}}</ref>

In 1875, Toulouse-Lautrec returned to Albi because his mother had concerns about his health. He took thermal baths at [[Amélie-les-Bains]], and his mother consulted doctors in the hope of finding a way to improve her son's growth and development.<ref name=TL-Book1/>

===Disability and health problems===
[[File:Guibert 2.jpg|thumb|Mr. Toulouse paints Mr. Lautrec ({{Circa|1891}}), a photomontage by [[Maurice Guibert]]]]
Toulouse-Lautrec's parents were [[first cousins]] (their mothers were sisters),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=David |date=2013-11-25 |title=The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks: Toulouse-Lautrec: family trees and networks |url=https://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2013/11/toulouse-lautrec-family-trees-and.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks}}</ref> and his [[Congenital disorder|congenital health conditions]] were attributed to a family history of [[inbreeding]].<ref>Toulouse-Lautrec, H., Natanson, T., & Frankfurter, A. M. (1950). ''Toulouse-Lautrec: the man''. N.p. p. 120. {{OCLC|38609256}}</ref>

At the age of 13, Toulouse-Lautrec fractured his right [[femur]], and at 14, he fractured his left femur.<ref name="TheTimes">{{cite web |title = Why Lautrec was a giant |work=The Times |location=UK |date = 10 December 2006 |url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article662158.ece |access-date =8 December 2007 }}</ref> The breaks did not heal properly. Modern physicians attribute this to an unknown [[genetic disorder]], possibly [[pycnodysostosis]] (sometimes known as Toulouse-Lautrec Syndrome),<ref name="Valdes-Socin 2021">{{cite journal |last=Valdes-Socin |first=H. |title=The syndrome of Toulouse-Lautrec |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |date=2021-01-09 |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=2013–2014 |issn=1720-8386 |doi=10.1007/s40618-020-01490-4 |pmid=33423220 |s2cid=231576363 |oclc=8875586623}}</ref><ref name="Angier">{{cite news| first = Natalie | last = Angier |title = What Ailed Toulouse-Lautrec? Scientists Zero in on a Key Gene |newspaper=The New York Times |date = 6 June 1995 |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7D61338F935A35755C0A963958260 |access-date =8 December 2007}}</ref> or a variant disorder along the lines of [[osteopetrosis]], [[achondroplasia]], or [[osteogenesis imperfecta]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Noble figure |newspaper=The Guardian |location=UK |date = 20 November 2004 | url = http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,1355241,00.html |access-date =8 December 2007}}</ref> Toulouse-Lautrec's legs ceased to grow when he reached {{convert|5|ft|0|in|abbr=on|order=flip|disp=or}}.<ref>Harris, Nathaniel (1989). ''The Art of Toulouse-Lautrec''. New York: Gallery Books. p. 27. {{OCLC|1193360125}}.</ref> He developed an adult torso while retaining his child-sized legs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameanet.org/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec |title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec". AMEA – World Museum of Erotic Art |publisher=Ameanet.org |date=22 February 1999 |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172040/http://ameanet.org/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Paris==
[[File:1882, Toulouse-Lautrec, The Marble Polisher.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Marble Polisher]]'', 1882–1887, [[Princeton University Art Museum]], probably painted while a student of Fernand Cormon, demonstrating his classical training<ref>{{cite web |title=The Marble Polisher (1992-16) |url=http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/33681 |website=Princeton University Art Museum |publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>]]

During a stay in [[Nice, France]], his progress in painting and drawing impressed Princeteau, who persuaded Toulouse-Lautrec's parents to allow him to return to Paris and study under the portrait painter [[Léon Bonnat]]. He returned to Paris in 1882.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/laut/hd_laut.htm |title=Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901) |website=www.metmuseum.org |access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> Toulouse-Lautrec's mother had high ambitions and, with the aim of her son becoming a fashionable and respected painter, used their family's influence to gain him entry to Bonnat's studio.<ref name="TL-Book1" /> He was drawn to [[Montmartre]], the area of Paris known for its bohemian lifestyle and the haunt of artists, writers, and philosophers. Studying with Bonnat placed Toulouse-Lautrec in the heart of Montmartre, an area he rarely left over the next 20 years.

After Bonnat took a new job, Toulouse-Lautrec moved to the studio of [[Fernand Cormon]] in 1882 and studied for a further five years and established the group of friends he kept for the rest of his life. At this time, he met [[Émile Bernard (painter)|Émile Bernard]] and [[Vincent van Gogh]]. Cormon, whose instruction was more relaxed than Bonnat's, allowed his pupils to roam Paris, looking for subjects to paint. During this period, Toulouse-Lautrec had his first encounter with a prostitute (reputedly sponsored by his friends), which led him to paint his first painting of a prostitute in [[Montmartre]], a woman rumoured to be Marie-Charlet.<ref name="TL-Book1" />

[[File:(Albi) Rousse (La Toilette) - 1899 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - Musée d'Orsay, Paris.jpg|thumb|''[[La toilette (Toulouse-Lautrec)|La toilette]]'', oil on board, 1889|alt=A thin woman's back and hair are prominent. She faces away from the viewer and has on only a towel and socks.]]

=== Early career ===
In 1885, Toulouse-Lautrec began to exhibit his  work at the cabaret of Aristide Bruant's ''Mirliton''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.parisartstudies.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=240&Itemid=1 |title=Paris Art Studies - Toulouse Lautrec Posters 1864–1901|website=www.parisartstudies.com |access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref>

With his studies finished, in 1887, he participated in an exposition in Toulouse using the pseudonym "Tréclau", the [[verlan]] of the family name "Lautrec". He later exhibited in Paris with Van Gogh and [[Louis Anquetin]].<ref name="TL-Book1" />

In 1885, Toulouse-Lautrec met [[Suzanne Valadon]]. He made several portraits of her and supported her ambition as an artist. It is believed that they were lovers and that she wanted to marry him. Their relationship ended, and Valadon attempted suicide in 1888.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Toulouse Lautrec |last=Neret |first=Gilles |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=1999 |pages=196}}</ref>

=== Rise to recognition ===
In 1888, the Belgian critic [[Octave Maus]] invited Lautrec to present eleven pieces at the ''Vingt'' (the 'Twenties') exhibition in Brussels in February. [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theo van Gogh]], the artist's brother, bought ''Poudre de Riz'' (Rice Powder) for 150 francs for the [[Goupil & Cie]] gallery.

From 1889 until 1894, Toulouse-Lautrec took part in the [[Société des Artistes Indépendants|Salon des Indépendants]] regularly. He made several landscapes of Montmartre.<ref name="TL-Book1" /> Tucked deep into Montmartre in the garden of Monsieur Pere Foret, Toulouse-Lautrec executed a series of pleasant [[en plein air]] paintings of Carmen Gaudin, the same red-headed model who appears in ''The Laundress'' (1888).

In 1890, during the banquet of the XX exhibition in Brussels, he challenged to a duel the artist Henri de Groux who criticised van Gogh's works. [[Paul Signac]] also declared he would continue to fight for Van Gogh's honour if Lautrec was killed. De Groux apologised for the slight and left the group and the duel never took place.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Toulouse Lautrec |last=Gimferrer |first=Pere |publisher=Rizzoli |year=1990 |isbn=0-8478-1276-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Martin |date=2019-09-12 |title=New discoveries: Paul Signac painted watercolours of Van Gogh's asylum |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/blog/discovered-paul-signac-watercolours-of-van-gogh-s-asylum |access-date=2021-09-23 |website=The Art Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

Toulouse-Lautrec contributed several illustrations to the magazine ''[[Le Rire]]'' during the mid-1890s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toulouselautrec.free.fr/litholerire_en.htm |title=Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec > Lithographies > Le Rire |website=www.toulouselautrec.free.fr}}</ref>

=== Interactions with women ===
In addition to his growing alcoholism, Toulouse-Lautrec also visited prostitutes.<ref name="wittels" /> He was fascinated by their lifestyle and the lifestyle of the "urban underclass" and incorporated those characters into his paintings.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00powe |url-access=limited |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-30422-4 |editor1=Powell, John |page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00powe/page/n433 417] |editor2=Blakeley, Derek W. 
|editor3=Powell, Tessa}}</ref> Fellow painter [[Édouard Vuillard]] later said that while Toulouse-Lautrec did engage in sex with prostitutes, "the real reasons for his behaviour were moral ones&nbsp;... Lautrec was too proud to submit to his lot, as a physical freak, an aristocrat cut off from his kind by his grotesque appearance. He found an affinity between his condition and the moral penury of the prostitute."<ref>{{harv|Toulouse-Lautrec, Donson|1982|p=XIV}}</ref>

The women in the brothels inspired Toulouse-Lautrec. He would frequently visit one located in Rue d'Amboise, where he had a favourite called Mireille.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Toulouse Lautrec|last=Neret|first=Gilles|publisher=Taschen|year=1999|isbn=3-8228-6524-9|location=Germany|pages=134–135}}</ref> He created about a hundred drawings and fifty paintings inspired by the life of these women. In 1892 and 1893, he created a series of two women in bed together called ''[[Le Lit (Toulouse-Lautrec)|Le Lit]]'', and in 1894 painted ''[[Salón de la Rue des Moulins]]'' from memory in his studio.<ref name=":0" />

He declared, "A model is always a stuffed doll, but these women are alive. I wouldn't venture to pay them the hundred [[French sol|sous]] to sit for me, and god knows whether they would be worth it. They stretch out on the sofas like animals, make no demand and they are not in the least bit conceited." He was well appreciated by the women, saying, "I have found girls of my own size! Nowhere else do I feel so much at home".<ref name=":0" />

=== The Moulin Rouge ===
When the [[Moulin Rouge]] cabaret opened in 1889,<ref name="auto"/> Toulouse-Lautrec was commissioned to produce a series of posters. His mother had left Paris and, though he had a regular income from his family, making posters offered him a living of his own. Other artists looked down on the work, but he ignored them.<ref name="Ch4-TL">{{cite web| title = Toulouse Lautrec: The Full Story |publisher=Channel 4 |location=UK | url = http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/T/toulouse_lautrec/lautrec.html | access-date =1 October 2010}}</ref> The cabaret reserved a seat for him and displayed his paintings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wondersmith.com/heroes/lautrec.htm |title=Blake Linton Wilfong ''Hooker Heroes'' |publisher=Wondersmith.com |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> Among the works that he painted for the Moulin Rouge and other Parisian nightclubs are depictions of the singer [[Yvette Guilbert]]; the dancer Louise Weber, better known as [[La Goulue]] (The Glutton) who created the [[Can-can|French can-can]]; and the much subtler dancer [[Jane Avril]].

==London==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Woman at the Tub from the Portfolio Elles (Femme au Tub ) - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.jpg|thumb|''[[Woman at the Tub]]'' from the portfolio ''Elles'' (1896)]]
Toulouse-Lautrec's family were  [[Anglophile]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-review--short-and-not-sweet-toulouselautrec-a-life--julia-frey-weidenfeld-pounds-25-1412821.html|title=Book Review/ Short and not sweet: Toulouse-Lautrec: A Life - Julia Frey: Weidenfeld, pounds 25|last=Smith|first=Joan|date=10 July 1994 |newspaper=independent.co.uk|access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> and though he was not as fluent as he pretended to be, he spoke English well enough.<ref name="Ch4-TL" /> He travelled to London, where he was commissioned by the J. & E. Bella company to make a poster advertising their paper confetti (plaster confetti was banned after the 1892 [[Mardi Gras]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Toulouse-Lautrec|first1=Henri de |last2=Donson |first2=Theodore B. |others=Griepp, Marvel M. |title=Great Lithographs by Toulouse-Lautrec |year=1982 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-24359-7 |page=XII}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yaneff.com/html/plates/tl_14.html |title=Toulouse-Lautrec - TL. 14 - Confetti |website=www.yaneff.com |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> and the bicycle advert ''La Chaîne Simpson''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdmart.org/collections/Europe/item/1987.71 |title=La Chaîne Simpson |publisher=San Diego Museum of Art |access-date=28 March 2013 |author=Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec |year=1896 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311161425/http://www.sdmart.org/collections/europe/item/1987.71 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

While in London, he met and befriended [[Oscar Wilde]].<ref name="Ch4-TL" /> When Wilde faced imprisonment in Britain, Toulouse-Lautrec became a very vocal supporter of him, and his portrait of Oscar Wilde was painted the same year as Wilde's trial.<ref name="Ch4-TL" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mystudios.com/art/post/lautrec/lautrec-oscar-wilde.html |title='Oscar Wilde' 1895 by Toulouse-Lautrec |publisher=Mystudios.com |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>

==Alcoholism==
[[File:La Promeneuse by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.jpg|thumb|''[[La Promeneuse]]'' by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Oil on cardboard, dated 1892.]]
Toulouse-Lautrec was mocked for his short stature and physical appearance, which may have contributed to his abuse of alcohol.<ref name=info>{{cite web|url=http://www.lautrec.info/biography.html |title=Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Biography |work=lautrec.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621061437/http://www.lautrec.info/biography.html |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref>{{dubious|date=May 2019}}

He initially drank only beer and wine, but his tastes expanded into liquor, namely [[absinthe]].<ref name="wittels">{{cite book|last1=Wittels|first1=Betina|last2=Hermesch|first2=Robert|editor=Breaux, T. A.|title=Absinthe, Sip of Seduction: A Contemporary Guide|year=2008|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing|isbn=978-1-933-10821-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/absinthesipofsed00witt/page/35 35]|url=https://archive.org/details/absinthesipofsed00witt/page/35}}</ref> The "Earthquake Cocktail" ''(Tremblement de Terre)'' is attributed to Toulouse-Lautrec: a potent mixture containing half absinthe and half [[cognac (drink)|cognac]] in a wine goblet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Absinthe Service and Historic Cocktails |publisher=AbsintheOnline.com |url=http://www.absintheonline.com/acatalog/Cocktails.html |access-date=8 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023053548/http://www.absintheonline.com/acatalog/Cocktails.html |archive-date=23 October 2007}}</ref> Due to his underdeveloped legs, he walked with the aid of a cane, which he hollowed out and kept filled with liquor in order to ensure that he was never without alcohol.<ref name="Ch4-TL" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gately|first1=Iain|title=Drink, A Cultural History of Alcohol|date=2008|publisher=Gotham books|isbn=978-1-592-40303-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/drinkculturalhis00gate_0/page/338 338]|url=https://archive.org/details/drinkculturalhis00gate_0/page/338}}</ref>

==Cooking skills==
A fine and hospitable cook, Toulouse-Lautrec built up a collection of favourite recipes – some original, some adapted – which were posthumously published by his friend and dealer Maurice Joyant as ''L'Art de la Cuisine''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/toulouse-lautrec-the-art-of-bacchanalia-423646.html|title=Toulouse-Lautrec: The art of bacchanalia|date=12 November 2006|website=The Independent}}</ref> The book was republished in English translation in 1966 as ''The Art of Cuisine''<ref>Grigson, J. ''Jane Grigson's Vegetable Book'' (1984), p. 422.</ref>&nbsp;– a tribute to his inventive (and wide-ranging) cooking.

==Death==
[[File:Verdelais HTL Tombe02.jpg|thumb|right|Toulouse-Lautrec's grave in [[Verdelais]]]]

By February 1899, Toulouse-Lautrec's alcoholism began to take its toll and he collapsed from exhaustion. His family had him committed to [[Folie Saint James|Folie Saint-James]], a sanatorium in [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] for three months.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Clair, Jean|others=Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (France), National Gallery of Canada|title=The Great Parade: Portrait of the Artist as Clown|year=2004|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10375-5|page=170}}</ref> While he was committed, he drew 39 circus portraits. After his release, he returned to the Paris studio and travelled throughout France.<ref>{{harv|Toulouse-Lautrec, Donson|1982|p=V}}</ref> His physical and mental health began to decline because of alcoholism and [[syphilis]].<ref name="foundationbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.toulouse-lautrec-foundation.org/biography.html|title=Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec Biography|publisher=toulouse-lautrec-foundation.org|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

On Monday 9 September 1901, at the age of 36, he died from complications due to alcoholism and syphilis at his mother's estate, [[Château Malromé]], in [[Saint-André-du-Bois]]. He is buried in Cimetière de [[Verdelais]], [[Gironde]], a few kilometres from the estate.<ref name="foundationbio"/><ref name="bennett">{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/16/Floridian/More_than_art_s_poste.shtml|title=More than art's poster boy|last=Bennett|first=Lennie|date=16 November 2003|publisher=sptimes.com|access-date=24 March 2015|location=St. Petersburg, Florida}}</ref> His last words reportedly were "Le vieux con!" ("The old fool!"), his goodbye to his father.<ref name="Ch4-TL"/>

After Toulouse-Lautrec's death, his mother, Adèle ''[[Countess|Comtesse]]'' de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa, and his art dealer, Maurice Joyant, continued promoting his artwork. His mother contributed funds for a museum to be created in [[Albi]], his birthplace, to show his works. This [[Musée Toulouse-Lautrec]] owns the most extensive collection of his works.

==Art==
[[File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - At the Moulin Rouge - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[At the Moulin Rouge]]'', 1892, [[Art Institute of Chicago]]. Self-portrait in the crowd (background center-left).]]
[[File:Lautrec moulin rouge, la goulue (poster) 1891.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Moulin Rouge: La Goulue]]'', poster (1891)]]
In a career of less than 20 years, Toulouse-Lautrec created:
* 737 paintings on canvas
* 275 watercolours
* 363 prints and posters
* 5,084 drawings
* some ceramic and stained-glass work
* an unknown number of lost works<ref name="Angier" />
His debt to the [[Impressionism|Impressionists]], particularly the more figurative painters like [[Édouard Manet|Manet]] and [[Edgar Degas|Degas]], is apparent, that within his works, one can draw parallels to the detached barmaid at ''[[A Bar at the Folies-Bergère]]'' by Manet and the behind-the-scenes ballet dancers of Degas. His style was also influenced by the [[Ukiyo-e]] genre of Japanese woodblock prints, which became [[Japonisme|popular in the Parisian art world]].<ref>[[Klaus Berger (art historian)|Berger, Klaus]]. (1992) ''Japonisme in Western Painting from Whistler to Matisse''. Translated by David Britt. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 199. {{ISBN|9780521373210}}.</ref>

He excelled at depicting people in their working environments, with the colour and movement of the gaudy nightlife present but the glamour stripped away. He was a master at painting crowd scenes where each figure was highly individualised. At the time they were painted, the individual figures in his larger paintings could be identified by silhouette ''alone'', and the names of many of these characters have been recorded.{{Citation needed|date = November 2015}} His treatment of his subject matter, whether as portraits, in scenes of Parisian nightlife, or as intimate studies, has been described as alternately "sympathetic" and "dispassionate".{{Citation needed|date = November 2015}}

Toulouse-Lautrec's skilled depiction of people relied on his highly [[Line art|linear]] approach emphasising [[Contour line|contour]]s. He often applied paint in long, thin brushstrokes leaving much of the board visible. Many of his works may be best described as "drawings in coloured paint."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lefevrefineart.com/henri-toulouse-lautrec|title=Henri Toulouse-Lautrec|website=Lefevre Fine Art|language=en-GB|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>

On 20 August 2018, Toulouse-Lautrec was the featured artist on the BBC television programme ''[[Fake or Fortune?]]''. Researchers attempted to discover whether he had created two newly-discovered sketchbooks.<ref name="BBC 2018">{{cite web |title=Fake or Fortune?, Series 7, Toulouse-Lautrec |website=BBC |date=19 August 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bgtg9h |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

==Media==
===Films===
*''[[Moulin Rouge (1952 film)|Moulin Rouge]]'' (1952): A film about the artist, portrayed by [[José Ferrer]] 
*''[[Lautrec (film)|Lautrec]]'' (1998): A French biographical film directed by [[Roger Planchon]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Variety|last2=Cowie|first2=Peter|editor=Variety|title=The Variety Insider|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Group USA|isbn=978-0-399-52524-7|page=173}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
*''Sacré Bleu: A Comedy d'Art'', by [[Christopher Moore (author)|Christopher Moore]], in which the ''bon vivant'' artist plays the role of co-detective with the fictional lead, Lucien Lessard, in trying to unravel the death of mutual friend [[Vincent van Gogh]].
*''[[Moulin Rouge (novel)]]'', by [[Pierre La Mure]] (1950), historical novel based on the life of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.

==Selected works==
:''See also [[:Category:Paintings by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]].''

===Paintings===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
File:14 oct 14 violets vase toulouse.jpg|''Bouquet of violets in a vase'', 1882, oil on panel, [[Dallas Museum of Art]]
File:Portrait de Suzanne Valadon (Madame Suzanne Valadon, artiste peintre) - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.jpg|''[[Portrait of Suzanne Valadon (Toulouse-Lautrec)|Portrait de Suzanne Valadon]]'', 1885, oil on canvas, [[Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)|Museum, Buenos Aires]]
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 018.jpg|''[[La Blanchisseuse (Toulouse-Lautrec)|The Laundress]]'', 1884–1888, oil on canvas, private collection
File:Toulouse-Lautrec de Henri Vincent van Gogh Sun.jpg|''[[Portrait of Vincent van Gogh (1887)|Portrait of Vincent van Gogh]]'', 1887, pastel on cardboard, [[Van Gogh Museum]], Amsterdam
File:Lautrec equestrienne (at the cirque fernando) 1887-8.jpg|''Equestrienne (At the [[Cirque Medrano|Circus Fernando]])'', 1888, oil on canvas, [[Art Institute of Chicago]]
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French - At the Moulin Rouge- The Dance - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[At the Moulin Rouge, The Dance|At the Moulin Rouge]]'' 1890, oil on canvas, [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]
File:Lautrec gabrielle 1891.jpg|''Portrait of Gabrielle'', 1891, oil on cardboard, [[Musee Toulouse-Lautrec|Museum Toulouse-Lautrec]]
File:Toulouse-Lautrec - La Goulue arrivant au Moulin Rouge.jpg|''[[La Goulue]] arriving at the [[Moulin Rouge]]'', 1892, oil on cardboard, [[Museum of Modern Art]]
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1892, Deux femmes dansant au Moulin-Rouge, oil on cardboard, 93 x 80 cm, National Gallery in Prague.jpg|''At the Moulin Rouge (Two Women Waltzing)'', 1892, oil on cardboard, [[National Gallery in Prague]]
File:Lautrec a corner in a dance hall 1892.jpg|''Un coin du Moulin de la Galette'', [[National Gallery of Art]],  Washington D.C.
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, The Englishman at the Moulin Rouge, 1892.jpg|''[[The Englishman at the Moulin Rouge]]'', 1892, oil on cardboard, Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Toulouse-Lautrec - Quadrille NGA.jpg|''Quadrille at the [[Moulin Rouge]]'', 1892, oil and gouache on cardboard, [[National Gallery of Art]] 
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1892, Wadsworth Atheneum.jpg|''[[Jane Avril]] leaving the Moulin Rouge'', {{Circa|1892}}, oil and gouache on cardboard, [[Wadsworth Atheneum|Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art]]
File:Lautrec in bed 1893.jpg|''[[Le Lit (Toulouse-Lautrec)|In Bed]]'', 1893, oil on cardboard, [[Musée d'Orsay]] 
File:Rue des Moulins, 1894 sc001208.jpg|''The Medical Inspection'' at the Rue des Moulins [[Brothels in Paris|Brothel]], 1894, oil on cardboard on wood, [[National Gallery of Art]]
File:Marcelle Lender Dancing the Bolero in Chilpéric A24275.jpg|''Marcelle Lender Dancing the Bolero in "Chilpéric"'', 1895–96, oil on canvas, [[National Gallery of Art]] 
(Albi) Un examen à la faculté de Médecine de Paris - Toulouse-Lautrec 1901 MTL.216.jpg|''Examination at faculty of medicine'', May–July 1901, oil on canvas – his last painting, [[Musee Toulouse-Lautrec|Museum Toulouse-Lautrec]] 
</gallery>

===Posters===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 003.jpg|''[[Aristide Bruant]] in his cabaret'', 1892, [[lithograph]]
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 002.jpg|''Ambassadeurs – Aristide Bruant'', 1892, lithograph
File:Lautrec reine de joie (poster) 1892.jpg|''Reine de Joie'', 1892, [[chromolithograph]] 
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - Divan Japonais - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Divan Japonais (lithograph)|Divan Japonais]]'', 1892–93, crayon, brush, spatter and transferred screen lithograph, printed in 4 color-layers
File:Jane Avril by Toulouse-Lautrec.jpeg|''Avril'' ([[Jane Avril]]), 1893, lithograph printed in five colours
File:Lautrec babylone d'allemagne (poster for 'the german babylon') 1894.jpg|''The German Babylon'', 1894, lithograph published by Victor Joze
</gallery>

=== Other ===
<gallery widths="170" heights="170">
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Au Nouveau Cirque, Papa Chrysanthème, c.1894, stained glass, 120 x 85 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris.jpg|With [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]], ''Au Nouveau Cirque, Papa Chrysanthème'', {{Circa|1894}}, stained glass, 120 x 85&nbsp;cm, [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris
File:HTLMissIdaHeath.JPG|''Miss Ida Heath'', 1894, crayon and brush lithograph with scraper<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1399066&partId=1&images=true | title=Miss Ida Heath, danseuse anglaise}}</ref>
File:HTLBoxWithGildedMask.png|''The Box with the Gilded Mask'', 1894, colour crayon, brush and spatter lithograph with scraper<ref name="The Box with the Gilded Mask 334189">{{cite web |title=Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec {{pipe}} The Box with the Gilded Mask |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/334189 |access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref>
File:(Albi) Le Jockey - 1899 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - Musée Toulouse-Lautrec.jpg|''The Jockey'', 1899, colour lithograph, [[Musée Toulouse-Lautrec]]
File:Paula Brébion (from Le Café Concert) MET DP835460.jpg|[[Paula Brébion]] (from Le Café Concert series) Brush lithograph printed in light olive-green on wove paper, 1893, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
File:Buste de Lender-Mlle Marcelle Lender by Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - ABDAG007134.jpg|''Buste de Lender-Mlle Marcelle Lender'' (1895), [https://emuseum.aberdeencity.gov.uk/objects/6318 Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection]
File:May Belfort - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - ABDAG007136.jpg|''May Belfort'' (1895), [https://emuseum.aberdeencity.gov.uk/objects/6320 Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums]
</gallery>

===Photos of Toulouse-Lautrec===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
File:Guibert 5.jpg|Photo by [[Maurice Guibert]] {{Circa|1887}}
File:Guibert 3.jpg|Photo by Maurice Guibert, 1892
File:Guibert 4.jpg|Photo by Maurice Guibert 
File:Toulouse-Lautrec in his workshop with a nude model (photo by Maurice Guibert).jpg|With a nude model in his studio, by Maurice Guibert {{circa|1895}}
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Art Nouveau posters and graphic arts]]
* [[Salon des Cent]]
* [[Les Maîtres de l'Affiche]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<!-- 
???
*Sawyer, Kenneth B. "Art Notes: Lautrec Works Shown at Gutman Memorial", ''The Sun'', 15 April 1956, 100.
*"Rites for Nelson Gutman to be at 11 A.M. Tomorrow", ''The Sun'', 17 August 1955, 13.
*Henry, Helen. "Juanita Greif Gutman Art Treasures: Works form the Collection She Left the Baltimore Museum of Art Go on Exhibit Next Sunday", ''The Sun'', 16 February 1964, SM9.
*"Gutman Show-Savor it Slow", ''The Sun'', 8 March 1964 D4.
*"Mrs. Gutman Funeral Set: Noted Collector of Art, Rare Books Traveled Widely", ''The Sun'', 7 September 1963, 1.
 -->

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Duret |first1=Théodore  |author1-link=Théodore Duret  |title=Lautrec |date=1920 |publisher=Bernheim-Jeune |location=Paris |url=https://archive.org/details/lautrec00dure <!-- https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha000417601 --> |via=[[archive.org]]}}
* Frey, Julia (1994). ''Toulouse-Lautrec: A Life''. Viking. {{ISBN|978-0670808441}}
*{{cite book | author=Ives, Colta |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/108845/rec/216 |title=Toulouse-Lautrec in the Metropolitan Museum of Art | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1996 | isbn=9780870998041}}
* [[David Sweetman|Sweetman, David]] (1999). ''Explosive Acts: [[Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Oscar Wilde]], Félix Fénéon, and the Art & Anarchy of the Fin de Siecle''. Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|0684811790}}
* {{cite book |last1=Toulouse-Lautrec |first1=Henri de |last2=Donson |first2=Theodore B. |last3=Griepp |first3=Marvel M. |title=Great Lithographs by Toulouse-Lautrec |date=1982 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486243597 |ref={{harvid|Toulouse-Lautrec, Donson|1982}} |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|milieu}}
{{Commons and category|Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{MoMA artist|5910}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128055805/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2005/toulouse/index.shtm Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre at the National Gallery of Art]
<!-- *[http://www.clarkart.edu/exhibitions/toulouse-lautrec/content/exhibition.cfm ''Toulouse-Lautrec and Paris'' exhibition at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute] # 210313 404 -->
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/toulouse-lautrec_henri_de.html Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – Artcyclopedia]
*[https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0274V1962 ''Young woman at a table'', 'Poudre de riz', 1887 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Collection Van Gogh Museum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170801160929/http://www.museetoulouselautrec.net/ Toulouse Lautrec Museum]
* [http://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr/collection?navigation=default&perpage=20&page=1&search=Henri+de+Toulouse-Lautrec&fulltext=&bookmarks=&sort=_score#page Bibliothèque numérique de l'INHA - Estampes de Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (French National Institute of Art – Prints of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/gallery/exhibitions/2011/Lautrec.shtml ''Toulouse-Lautrec and Jane Avril beyond the Moulin Rouge'' - Courtauld Gallery, London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205082544/http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/gallery/exhibitions/2011/Lautrec.shtml |date=5 February 2015 }}
<!--*[https://www.check123.com/videos/1357-henri-de-toulouse-lautrec Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec] page on Check123 - Video Encyclopedia # 210313 Connection refused -->

{{Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|state=expanded}}
{{Post-Impressionism}}
{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri}}
[[Category:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec| ]]
[[Category:French male painters]]
[[Category:Post-impressionist painters]]
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau illustrators]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau painters]]
[[Category:French erotic artists]]
[[Category:French illustrators]]
[[Category:French poster artists]]
[[Category:Counts of France]]
[[Category:French artists with disabilities]]
[[Category:Lycée Condorcet alumni]]
[[Category:People from Albi]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in France]]
[[Category:Deaths from syphilis]]
[[Category:Burials in Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Category:19th-century French painters]]
[[Category:19th-century French male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century French painters]]
[[Category:20th-century French male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century French printmakers]]
[[Category:People of Montmartre]]
[[Category:Moulin Rouge]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]