Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hiller OH-23 Raven

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Family of light helicopters}}
{{Redirect-synonym|OH 23|{{Ushr|Ohio|23}}}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2020}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name = OH-23 Raven
| image = File:OH-23 inflight colour photo.jpg
| caption = Hiller OH-23G Raven
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type = Multipurpose light helicopter
| manufacturer = [[United Helicopters]] <br> [[Hiller Aircraft]]
| designer = 
| first flight = 
| introduced = 1948
| retired = 
| status = Retired
| primary user = [[United States Army]]
| more users = [[Colombian Air Force]]
| produced = 1948-1965
| number built = 
| unit cost = 
| variants with their own articles = 
}}
|}

The '''Hiller OH-23 Raven''' is a three-place, military light observation [[helicopter]] based on the Hiller Model 360. The Model 360 was designated by the company as the '''UH-12''' ("UH" for [[United Helicopters]]),<ref name="Donald">Donald, David. ''The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft''. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1998.{{page needed|date=February 2020}}</ref> which was first flown in 1948.
A Hiller UH-12 was the first helicopter to make a transcontinental flight across the USA, in 1949.

== Development ==
In 1947, [[United Helicopters]] (later renamed [[Hiller Aircraft]]) developed the prototype Model 360X helicopter. A year later, on 14 October 1948 the [[United States government role in civil aviation#Civil Aeronautics Authority|Civil Aeronautics Authority]] (CAA) issued a production certificate for the Model 360. United Helicopters began producing the Model 360 as the UH-12. In 1949, the UH-12 became the first helicopter to make a transcontinental flight from California to New York. When Hiller upgraded the engine and the rotor blades, the company designated the new model as the UH-12A. The UH-12A would be adopted by both the French and United States militaries, as well as being used by civil commercial operators in several countries.

It was produced until 1965, with over 2000 produced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiller 360 / UH-12 / OH-23 helicopter - development history, photos, technical data |url=http://www.aviastar.org/helicopters_eng/hiller_oh-23.php |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.aviastar.org}}</ref>

== Operational history ==
The H-23 Raven performed as a utility, observation, and MedEvac helicopter during the [[Korean War]]. Model numbers ranged A through D, F and G. The '''H-23A''' had a sloping front windshield. The '''H-23B''' was used as a primary helicopter trainer. Beginning with the '''UH-23C''', all later models featured the "Goldfish bowl" canopy similar to the [[Bell 47]].

The Raven used Hiller's "Rotor-Matic" cyclic control system, with two small servo rotor paddles offset 90 degrees to the main rotor blades. The paddles were attached to the control column, so that movement of the column would cause the pitch of the servo paddles to change, loading the main rotor blade so that the desired cyclic changes to the rotor occurred.<ref name="jawa53 p240-1">Bridgman 1953, pp. 240–241.</ref> The OH-23 had a top speed of {{cvt|97|mph|km/h kn}}. The Raven had a two-bladed main rotor, a metal two-bladed tail rotor. Both the OH-23B and the OH-23C were powered by one [[Franklin O-335]]-5D engine.

The '''OH-23D''' was a purely military version with a [[Lycoming O-435|Lycoming O-435-23C]] engine and a more reliable transmission. Most OH-23Ds were replaced by the '''OH-23G''', the most common version of the Raven, with a more powerful [[Lycoming O-540]]-9A six-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled {{cvt|305|hp|kW}} engine. The OH-23G could seat three. The [[Medical evacuation|MEDEVAC]] version carried two external skid-mounted litters or pods. The Raven saw service as a scout during the early part of the [[Vietnam War]] before being replaced by the [[Hughes OH-6 Cayuse|Hughes OH-6A Cayuse]] in early 1968. A Raven piloted by [[Hugh Thompson, Jr.]] played a crucial role in curtailing the [[My Lai Massacre]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Angers|first1=Trent|title=The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story|publisher=Acadian House|date=2014|isbn=978-0925417909|edition=Rev|pages=69-66}}</ref> When a Raven of the 59th Aviation Company strayed north of the [[Korean DMZ Conflict|Korean DMZ]] in August 1969 it was shot down and the crew were kept prisoner until released on December 2.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bolger|first=Daniel|title=Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low intensity conflict in Korea 1966–1969|publisher=Diane Publishing Co|isbn=978-0788112089|year=1991|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA245460.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907061520/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA245460.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=7 September 2021|pages=107-9}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

The Raven could be armed with twin [[M1919 Browning machine gun#M37|M37C .30-caliber machine guns]] on the XM1 armament subsystem or twin M60C 7.62&nbsp;mm machine guns on the M2 armament subsystem. The XM76 sighting system was used for aiming the guns.

The Royal Navy's No. 705 Training Squadron used Hiller HTE-2s for several years from 1953 and later operated Hiller 12E's for many further years as its basic helicopter trainer based at [[RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk)|RNAS Culdrose]] located in [[Cornwall]], England.

== Variants ==
[[File:Hiller HT.1 XB474 FAA Stretton 25.07.53 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|Royal Navy Hiller HTMk1 (HTE-2) of 705 Squadron in 1953]]
[[File:Hiller UH-12 (H-23) bw.jpg|right|thumb|U.S. Army H-23B Raven]]
[[File:Hiller UH-12A G-ANOC Fison-Awk RWY 09.07.55 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|Hiller UH-12A in 1955 when used as a crop spraying demonstrator in England]]

=== Military ===
;YH-23
:One Model UH-12A, modified with two-seat cabin and 178 hp Franklin engine for U.S. Army evaluation.<ref name="Harding p141">Harding 1990, p.141.</ref>
;H-23A
:Initial production version with 178&nbsp;hp (133&nbsp;kW) [[Franklin O-335]]-4 piston engine and two-seat cockpit, 100 built for the U.S. Army<ref name="Harding p142">Harding 1990, p.142.</ref> and 5 for evaluation by the U.S. Air Force.<ref name="Swan Mil p274">Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p.274.</ref>
;H-23B
:H-23A with skid/wheel undercarriage and 200&nbsp;hp (149&nbsp;kW) O-335-6 engine (some later re-engined with a 250 hp VO-435-23B), re-designated OH-23B in 1962, 273 built for the U.S. Army<ref name="Harding p142" /> and 81 for military export.
;H-23C
:Model UH-12C with three-seat cabin, one-piece canopy and metal rotor blades, 145 built for the U.S. Army. Re-designated OH-23C in 1962.<ref name="Harding p142" />
;H-23D
:H-23C with new rotor, transmission and 250&nbsp;hp (187&nbsp;kW) Lycoming VO-435-23B engine, 348 built for U.S. Army. Re-designated OH-23D in 1962.<ref name="Harding p142" />
;H-23E
:Model UH-12E, not bought
;H-23F
:Model UH-12E-4, four-seat model with 25-inch cabin extension and a 305&nbsp;hp VO-540-A1B engine, redesignated OH-23F in 1962, 22 built for U.S. Army.<ref name="Harding p142" />
;H-23G
:Three-seat dual control version of H-23F, redesignated OH-23G in 1962, 793 built.<ref name="Harding p142" />
;HTE-1
:U.S. Navy version of the Model UH-12A with Franklin O-335 engine, two-seater with dual controls, and wheeled tricycle undercarriage, 17 built.<ref name="Swan Navy p440">Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p.440.</ref>
;HTE-2
:U.S. Navy version of H-23B with Franklin O-335-6 engine, 35 built.<ref name="Swan Navy p440" /><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171704/http://www.aero-web.org/specs/hiller/hte-2.htm Hiller HTE-2 'Raven']". ''Aero-web.org''. Retrieved 15 November 2009.</ref>
;Hiller HT Mk 1
:Royal Navy designation for 20 former U.S. Navy HTE-2s.<ref name="Thetford Navy p400" />
;Hiller HT Mk 2
:UH-12Es for Royal Navy. 21 supplied.<ref name="Thetford Navy p400">Thetford 1978, p.400.</ref>
;CH-112 Nomad
:Canadian military designation for the UH-12Es.

=== Civilian ===
;UH-12A
:Original production model for the U.S. Army, powered by a six cylinder fan-cooled Franklin 6V4-178-B33 engine with a maximal power of 178hp at 3000 rpm. The main rotor blades (produced by the Parsons Industries Inc.) are of solid wood laminations. The body of the blade is in fact essentially made up of numerous strip and block wooden laminations designed to provide a strong but highly flexible blade. The entire blade surface is covered with fiberglass cloth with the leading edge covered with an additional stainless steel sheet. The tail rotor is of all metal construction.
;UH-12B (HTE-2)
:Training version for the U.S. Navy. U.S. Navy designation '''HTE-2''' prior to 1962.
;UH-12C
:Three-seat version, equipped with wood rotor blades and one-piece 'goldfish bowl' canopy.  U.S. Army designation '''H-23C'''.
;UH-12D
:Improved version of the H-23C for the U.S. Army. U.S. Army designation '''H-23D'''.
;UH-12E
:Three-seat dual-control version of the H-23D.
;UH-12ET
:Turbine-powered version of the UH-12E, fitted with an Allison 250 turboshaft engine.
;UH-12E-3
:New three-seat production version.
;UH-12E-3T
:New turbine-powered production version.
[[File:Hiller SE-HHU.jpg|right|thumb|Hiller UH-12E-4, four seater]]
;UH-12E-4
:Four-seat civilian version (pilot in front, with back seat for three passengers). United States Army designation '''H-23F'''. VO-540 powered. Conversion kit available for E-12 models.<ref>{{Cite journal | magazine=Flying Magazine | date=November 1960 | title=E-4 "Station Wagon" | author=A.C. Bass}}</ref>
;UH-12E-4T
:Four-seat turbine-powered production version.
;UH-12L-4
:Lengthened version with wider cabin windows.

== Operators ==
;{{ARG}} 
*[[Argentine Army Aviation]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202490.html | title=World Air Forces 1987 pg. 40 | publisher=flightglobal.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Buenos Aires Provincial Police]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/586/ | title=Policia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires UH-12E | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{BOL}} 
*[[Bolivian Air Force]]
;{{CAN}} 
* [[Canadian Army]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.canadianwings.com/Aircraft/aircraftDetail.php?NOMAD-174 | title=CH-112 Nomad | publisher=canadianwings.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{CHL}} 
*[[Chilean Air Force]]<ref name="World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 50">{{Cite web | title=World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 50 | publisher=bell47.net | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201206.html | access-date=2013-03-23}}</ref>
;{{COL}} 
*[[Colombian Air Force]]<ref name="World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 50" />
;{{DOM}} 
*[[Dominican Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201207.html | title=World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 51 | publisher=flightglobal.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{FRA}} 
*[[French Air Force]]
;{{FRG}}
* [[Bundesgrenzschutz]]<ref>Vesser 2005, p. 20</ref> 
;{{GTM}} 
*[[Guatemalan Air Force]]<ref name="World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 52">{{Cite web | title=World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 52 | publisher=bell47.net | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201208.html | access-date=2013-03-23}}</ref>
;{{IDN}} 
*[[Indonesian Air Force]]<ref name="World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 52" />
;{{ISR}} 
 [[File:Hiller OH23 IDF Air Force1952.jpg|thumb|[[Israeli Air Force]] H-23A (model UH-12A), Jerusalem 1952]]
* [[Israeli Air Force]]<ref name="World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 52" />
;{{MEX}} 
*[[Mexican Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201209.html | title=World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 53 | publisher=flightglobal.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{NLD}} 
* [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/202/ | title=Koninklijke Luchtmacht UH-12E | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{PRY}} 
* [[Armed Forces of Paraguay|Paraguayan Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202527.html | title=World Air Forces 1987 pg. 77 | publisher=flightglobal.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{PER}} 
*[[Peruvian Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201210.html | title=World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 54 | publisher=flightglobal.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{Flag | South Korea}} 
*[[Republic of Korea Army]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php | title=US→South Korea (1966-1967) | publisher=armstrade.sipri.org | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.airliners.net/photo/South-Korea--/Hiller-OH-23G-Raven/1482292/L/&sid=01dc45da79525a8bb08b52cb5e6b2cae | title=South Korean Army OH-23 | publisher=Demand media | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{THA}} 
* [[Royal Thai Police]]<ref name=" World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 55 ">{{Cite web | title=World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 55 | publisher=bell47.net | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201211.html | access-date=2013-03-23}}</ref>
;{{GBR}} 
*[[Bristow Helicopters]]<ref name=" World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 55 " />
* [[Royal Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/53/ | title=Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm UH-12B HTE-2 | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
;{{USA}} 
*[[Columbia Helicopters]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201215.html | title=World Helicopter Market 1968 pg. 59 | publisher=flightglobal.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[United States Army]]<ref name="H-23 Raven Helicopter">{{Cite web | title=The H-23 Raven Helicopter | publisher=bell47.net | url=http://olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_h23raven.php | access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref>
* [[United States Navy]]<ref name="H-23 Raven Helicopter" />
;{{URY}} 
*[[Uruguayan Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201692.html | title=World Air Forces 1975 pg. 314 | publisher=flightglobal.com | access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>

== Specifications (H-23D) ==
[[File:Hiller H-23 Raven 3-view line drawing.png|frameless|right|3-view line drawing of the Hiller H-23 Raven]]

{{Aircraft specs
| ref = United States Military Aircraft since 1909<ref name="Swan Mil p276">Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p.276.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|capacity=
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|height ft=9
|height in=9.5
|height note=
|empty weight lb=1816
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=2700
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Lycoming VO-435-23B]]
|eng1 type=6-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine
|eng1 hp=250
|eng1 note=<ref name="Harding p143" />

|rot number=1
|rot dia ft=35
|rot dia in=5
|rot area sqft=985
|rot area note=<ref name="Harding p143">Harding 1990, p.143.</ref><br>
*'''Blade section:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 0012]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed mph=95
|max speed note=
|cruise speed mph=82
|cruise speed note=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=
|range miles=197
|range note=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling ft=13200
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ftmin=1050
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|disk loading lb/sqft=
|disk loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|more performance=
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{Aircontent
| related=
| similar aircraft=
* [[Bell 47]]
* [[Schweizer 300|Schweizer (Hughes) 300]]
| lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of the United States]]
}}

== References ==
<!-- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the<ref(erences/)> tags -->
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Bridgman, Leonard. ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1953–54''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd, 1953.
*{{cite magazine|last=Elliot|first=Bryn|title=Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective |magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|date=March–April 1997|issue=68|pages=46–51 |issn=0143-5450}} 
* Harding, Stephen. ''U.S. Army Aircraft since 1947''. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1990. {{ISBN|978-1-85310-102-1}}
*{{cite journal|title=Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation|journal=Air Enthusiast Quarterly |date=n.d. |issue=2 |pages=154–162 |issn=0143-5450}}
* Spenser, Jay. ''Vertical Challenge: The Hiller Aircraft Story''. AuthorHouse. 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7596-3398-8}}
* Swanborough, F.G. and Bowers, Peter M. ''United States Military Aircraft since 1909''. London: Putnam, 1963.
* Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter M. ''United States Navy Aircraft since 1911'' (second edition). London: Putnam, 1976. {{ISBN|978-0-370-10054-8}}]
* Thetford, Owen. ''British Naval Aircraft since 1912'' (fourth edition). London: Putnam, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-370-30021-4}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Vetter |first=Frank |title=Debrief: German Border Police 50th anniversary |magazine=International Air Power Review |volume=17 |year=2005 |pages=20–21 |issn=1473-9917}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101105085856/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/aviation/factsheets/oh23.html OH-23 Factsheet]

== External links ==
{{Commons|H-23 Raven}}
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Hiller360.html Hiller 360]
* [http://www.helis.com/timeline/hiller.php Hiller Helicopters on Helicopter History Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170603234753/http://helihiller.com/ Hiller Helicopter Owners and Pilots Forum]
* [http://www.unitedhelicopter.com/about-hiller UH-12 & Stanley Hiller at United Helicopter's site]

{{Hiller aircraft}}
{{US helicopters}}
{{USN helicopters}}
{{Canadian Forces aircraft}}
{{Thai helicopter designations}}
{{Spanish helicopters}}

[[Category:Hiller aircraft|OH-23]]
[[Category:1940s United States helicopters]]
[[Category:United States military helicopters|Hiller OH-23 Raven]]
[[Category:1940s United States military utility aircraft|H-23, Hiller]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1948]]
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