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[[File:Coat of arms of Moscow.svg|right|thumb|200px|The modern [[coat of arms of Moscow]] (adopted 1993) shows [[Saint George and the Dragon]], based on a heraldic tradition originating in the 11th century with [[Yaroslav I the Wise|Yaroslav I]] of Kiev and adopted by the rulers of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] in the 12th century ([[Alexander Nevsky]]) and eventually by Muscovy in the 14th century ([[Dmitry Donskoy]]).]]
The city of [[Moscow]] gradually grew around the [[Moscow Kremlin]], beginning in the 14th century. It was the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] (or Muscovy) and then the [[Tsardom of Russia]] until the capital was moved to [[Saint Petersburg]] by [[Peter the Great]]. Moscow was the capital of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] from 1918, which then became the [[Soviet Union]] (1922 to 1991), and since 1991 has served as capital of the [[Russian Federation]].<ref>Robert Argenbright, "Moscow On The Rise: From Primate City To Megaregion," ''Geographical Review'' (2013) 103#1 pp 20–36.</ref>

Situated on either bank of the eponymous [[Moskva River]], the city during the 16th to 17th centuries grew up in five concentric divisions, formerly separated from one another by walls: the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] ("fortress"), [[Kitaigorod]] ("walled town", but interpreted as "Chinatown" by [[folk etymology]]), [[Bielygorod]] ("white town"), [[Zemlianoigorod]] ("earthworks town"), and [[Miestchanskygorod]] ("bourgeois town") outside the city walls.

After the [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|fire of 1812]], the city ramparts were replaced with the [[Boulevard Ring]] and [[Garden Ring]] roads, replacing the walls around Bielygorod and Zemlianoigorod, respectively. The city's population grew from 250,000 to over a million in the 19th century, and from one to ten million in the 20th century, putting it among the top twenty of the [[World's largest cities|world's most populous cities]] today.

==Prehistory==
The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the [[Neolithic]] Schukinskaya site on the [[Moscow River]]. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered to be a burial ground of the [[Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture|Fatyanovskaya culture]], as well as the site of an [[Iron Age]] settlement of the [[Dyakovo culture]], on the territory of the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]], [[Sparrow Hills]], [[Setun River]] and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc.

The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the [[Moskva River]].<ref name="Vasmer">{{Vasmer|Москва}}</ref><ref name="Smol">{{cite book|last1=Smolitskaya|first1=G.P.|title=Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii|date=2002|pages=211–2017|language=ru|script-title=ru:Топонимический словарь Центральной России}}</ref> There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river. Finnic [[Volga Finns|Merya]] and [[Muromians|Muroma]] people, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes which originally inhabited the area, called the river supposedly ''Mustajoki'', in English: ''Black river''. It has been suggested that the name of the city derives from this term.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|title=Ruotsin itämaa|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|page=19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia|url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/early-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html|access-date=December 10, 2018|website=Study.com|language=en|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328092408/https://study.com/academy/lesson/early-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 9th century, the [[Oka River]] was part of the [[Volga trade route]], and the upper Volga watershed became an area of contact between the indigenous Uralic peoples such as the [[Merya people|Merya]] and the expanding [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ([[Volga Bulgars]]), [[Germanic people|Germanic]] ([[Varangians]]) and [[early Slavs|Slavic]] peoples.

The earliest [[early East Slavs|East Slavic]] tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the [[Vyatichi]] and [[Krivichi]].
The Moskva River was incorporated as part of [[Rostov-Suzdal]] into the [[Kievan Rus]] in the 11th century. By CE 1100, a minor settlement had appeared on the mouth of the [[Neglinnaya River]].

==Early history (1147–1283)==
{{Further|Kievan Rus|Vladimir-Suzdal}}
The first reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place of [[Sviatoslav Olgovich]] and [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]]. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.

In 1156, [[Kniaz]] [[Yury Dolgoruky]] fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat. In the course of the [[Mongol invasion of Rus]],  the [[Golden Horde]] burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.

The timber fort ''na Moskvě'' "on the Moscow river" was inherited by [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century |first=John |last=Meyendorff |author-link=John Meyendorff |page=147 |quote=A very minor city, first mentioned in the chronicles under the year 1147, Moscow had been given in appanage to the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniel. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521135337 |year=1981 |chapter=Byzantium and Moscow |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumriseofr0000meye |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>  the youngest son of [[Alexander Nevsky]], in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions.
Daniel was still a child at the time, and the fort was governed by {{transl|ru|tiuns}} (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, [[Yaroslav of Tver]].

Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother [[Dmitry of Pereslavl|Dmitry]] in his bid for the rule of Novgorod. From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir.
Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel.

==Grand Duchy (1283–1547)==
{{Main|Grand Duchy of Moscow}}
Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city which would eventually eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s.

In 1282 Daniel founded the first monastery of Moscow on the right bank of the [[Moskva River]], the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite. It is now known as the [[Danilov Monastery]]. Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.

Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large numbers of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing [[primogeniture]], whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304, [[Yury of Moscow]] contested with [[Mikhail of Tver]] for the throne of the principality of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]. [[Ivan I of Russia|Ivan I]] eventually defeated [[Mikhail of Tver|Tver]] to become the sole collector of taxes for the [[Mongol]] rulers, making Moscow the capital of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the [[Khan (title)|Khan]].

While the Khan of the [[Golden Horde]] initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince [[Dmitry Donskoy]] of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]]. Afterwards, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] had [[Great standing on the Ugra river|finally broken the Russians free]] from Tatar control and overthrew the Mongols. Moscow later became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and [[Siberia]], and parts of many other lands.
[[File:Andronikov monastery (Fall, 2012) by shakko 01.JPG|thumb|Church of the Holy Mandylion at Andronikov Monastery was built in the 15th century.]]
[[File:Ivan III of Russia.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Ivan III]]
In 1462 [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great]] (1440–1505) became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]], and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. By this conquest [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] enlarged his territory seven-fold, expanding from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometers. He took control of the ancient "[[Novgorod Chronicle]]" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.<ref>J. L. I. Fennell, ''Ivan the Great of Moscow'' (1961) p 354</ref><ref>Sergei M. Soloviev,  and John J. Windhausen, eds. ''History of Russia. Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III'' (1979)</ref>

The original [[Moscow Kremlin]] was built during the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from [[Renaissance Italy|Italy]], such as [[Petrus Antonius Solarius]], who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and [[Marco Ruffo]] who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600.
A trading settlement, or ''posad'', grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as ''Zaradye'' (Зарядье). In the time of Ivan III, the [[Red Square]], originally named the Hollow Field (Полое поле) appeared.

In 1508–1516, the Italian architect [[Aloisio the New|Aleviz Fryazin (Novy)]] arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Neglinnaya River|Neglinnaya]] and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the [[Alevizov moat]] and having a length of 541 meters, width of 36 meters, and a depth of 9.5–13&nbsp;m was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, 4-meter thick cogged brick walls.

{{anchor|Tsardom}}
{{Clear}}

==Tsardom (1547–1721)==
{{Further|Russian Tsardom}}
[[File:Расцвет Кремля. Всехсвятский мост и Кремль в конце XVII века. 1922, бумага на картоне, уголь, акварель, карандаш.jpg|thumb|View of 17th-century Moscow (1922 drawing by [[Apollinary Vasnetsov]])]]
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built: [[Kitay-gorod]] (Китай-город), the White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Tatars]] captured Moscow, [[Fire of Moscow (1571)|burning]] everything except the Kremlin. The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named [[Fyodor Kon]]. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the [[Novodevichy Convent]] and [[Donskoy Monastery|Donskoy]], [[Danilov Monastery|Danilov]], [[Simonov Monastery|Simonov]], [[Novospassky Monastery|Novospasskiy]], and [[Andronikov Monastery|Andronikov]] monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as ''Bielokamennaya'', the "White-Walled". The limits of the city as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the [[Garden Ring]].

[[File:1638 moscow Oleariy.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Map of Moscow by [[Adam Olearius]] in 1638]]
Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as: Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Savior and St. Nicholas which hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.

The [[Russian famine of 1601–1603]] killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] [[Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow|occupied Moscow]], as its ruler [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, the people of [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and other Russian cities conducted by prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]] and [[Kuzma Minin]] rose against the Lithuanians occupants, [[Time of Troubles|besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them]]. In 1613, the [[Zemsky sobor]] elected [[Michael I of Russia|Michael Romanov]] tsar, establishing the [[Romanov dynasty]].

During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]] abducted from their hometowns in the course of [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)]]. These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the ''Meshchanskaya [[sloboda]]'', after Ruthenian ''meshchane'' "town people". The term ''meshchane'' (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".<ref>П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.</ref>

The entire city of the late 17th century, including the [[sloboda]]s which grew up outside of the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow's [[Central Administrative Okrug]].

Numerous disasters befell the city. The [[Second plague pandemic|plague]] killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55.  Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.<ref>M.S. Anderson, ''Peter the Great'' (1978) p 13</ref>

==Empire (1721–1917)==
{{Main|Moscow Governorate}}
{{Further|Russian Empire}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Moscow gubernia (Russian empire).png|thumb|upright|The coat of arms of [[Moscow Governorate]]]]
Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital (except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of the [[Supreme Privy Council]]) when [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] moved his government to the newly built [[Saint Petersburg]] on the Baltic coast in 1712.

After losing the status as capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915.

[[File:Kniznije lavki.jpg|thumb|Book shops at the Spassky bridge, by [[Apollinary Vasnetsov]]]]
By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the [[Prechistinskiye Gates]], arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 25 miles long, the [[Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier]], with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a number of streets called ''val'' (“ramparts”).
Between 1781 and 1804 the [[Mytischinskiy water-pipe]] (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813 a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-center. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time were the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] and the [[Kremlin Armoury]], the [[Moscow University]], the [[Moscow Manege]] (Riding School), and the [[Bolshoi Theatre]]. In 1903 the [[Moskvoretskaya water-supply]] was completed.
In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns - "raskats". The [[Tsar Cannon]] was located on the platform of the [[Lobnoye mesto]].
[[File:Chumbunt.png|thumb|left|210px|[[Moscow plague riot of 1771]]]]
The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the [[M10 highway (Russia)|M10 highway]],  was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old [[Tver]] road which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as  ''[[Leningradsky Prospekt|Peterburskoye Schosse]]'' after it was paved in the 1780s. [[Petrovsky Palace]] was built in 1776–1780 by [[Matvey Kazakov]] as a railway station specifically reserved for royal journeys from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, while coaches for lesser classes arrived and departed from [[Vsekhsvyatskoye]] station.
[[File:Pozhar Moskvy v 1812.jpg|thumb|French troops in Moscow in 1812]]
When [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|invaded]] Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected today that the [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Moscow fire]] which ensued initially started as a result of Russian sabotage.<ref name=Hecker>{{cite magazine|title=Schaurig-grandioses Schauspiel |trans-title=A horrific and terrific spectacle |language=German |first=Hans |last=Hecker |magazine=[[Damals]] |year=2012 |volume=44 |issue=9  |pages=72–77}}</ref> In the fire's wake, an estimated three-quarters of the city lay in ruin.

[[Moscow State University]] was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by [[Domenico Giliardi]]. The ''[[Moskovskiye Vedomosti]]'' newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

The [[Arbat Street]] had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.

In the 1830s, general [[Alexander Bashilov]] planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. [[Khodynka Field|Khodynka field]] south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-day [[Belorussky Rail Terminal]]) was inaugurated in 1870. [[Sokolniki Park]], in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside of Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban [[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]] was built in 1902.
[[File:Moskva riverfront.jpg|thumb|left|265px|Moscow in late 19th century]]
In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or [[Mayor]], was officially introduced in Moscow, and [[Alexander Adrianov]] became Moscow's first official mayor.

When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and smell of sewage was depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly life styles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda.<ref>Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880," ''Russian Review'' (2008) 67#2 pp 243-274.</ref>

==Soviet era (1917–1991)==
{{Further|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic}}
[[File:Plan of Moscow 1917.jpg|upright|thumb|Plan of Moscow, 1917]]
{{external media
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In November 1917, upon learning of [[October Revolution|the uprising happening in Petrograd]], Moscow’s Bolsheviks [[Moscow Bolshevik Uprising|also began their uprising]]. On November 2 (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, [[Soviet power]] was established in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |title=Revolutionary history. Moscow |access-date=2021-10-23 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411165331/http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Then [[Vladimir Lenin]], fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Petrograd ([[Saint Petersburg]]) back to Moscow on March 12, 1918.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |title=Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet state |website=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library |access-date=2019-03-12 |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151158/https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:mayak.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Mayakovskaya metro station during siege of Moscow]] -->
[[File:Moskve-plakat.jpg|thumb|150px|Soviet poster, issued on the 800th anniversary of Moscow. The inscription reads: "glory to you, invincible Moscow, beauty and pride of the Russian people".]]

During the [[Great Patriotic War]], the [[USSR|Soviet]] State Committee of Defense and the General Staff of the [[Red Army]] were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people) and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. On 6 December 1941, German [[Army Group Centre]] was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the [[Battle of Moscow]]. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944 a medal "For the defense of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" were instituted.

During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved by the invention of [[Tower block|high-rise apartments]]. There are about 13,000 {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} of these standardized and prefabricated apartment block, housing the majority of Moscow's population.  Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film ''[[Irony of Fate]]'' parodies this construction method.

The city of [[Zelenograd]] was built in 1958 at 37&nbsp;km from the city center to the north-west, along the [[Leningradskoye Shosse]], and incorporated as one of Moscow's [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|administrative okrugs]]. [[Moscow State University]] moved to its campus on [[Sparrow Hills]] in 1953.

On May 8, 1965 due to the actual 20th [[Victory Day (9 May)|anniversary of the victory]] in [[World War II]] Moscow was awarded a title of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero City]]. In 1980 it hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]].

The [[MKAD]] ring road was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109&nbsp;km along the city borders.
The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated.

In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|coup attempt]] by conservators opposed to the [[Perestroika|liberal reforms]] of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].

===Metro===
The [[Moscow Metro]] opened in 1935 and immediately became the centerpiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and control the populace{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. [[Lazar Kaganovich]] was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilization as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus." (Soviet man).<ref>Isabel Wünsche, "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design of the Dynamo Metro Station," ''Studies in the Decorative Arts'' (2000) 7#2 pp 65-90</ref>  The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.<ref>Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount," ''Technology & Culture'' (2000) 41#4 pp 697-723p</ref>  Soviet workers did the labor and the art work, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground.  The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.<ref>Michael Robbins, "London Underground and Moscow Metro," ''Journal of Transport History,'' (1997) 18#1 pp 45-53.</ref>  The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.<ref>Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the Metro-Vickers Affair, Moscow 1933," ''Intelligence and National Security'' (1994) 9#3 pp 520-533.</ref>

Until nowadays Moscow metro is one of the most important heritage of architecture of the USSR period.  The most inspiring [http://www.sputnik8.com/en/activities/279 metro stations] of the Stalin's era are Revolution Square, Kievskaya, Beloruskaya, Mayakovskaya, Novoslobodskaya, Dostoevskaya, Prospekt mira, Komsomolskaya and Taganskaya.

==Recent history (1991 to present)==
[[File:Марш мира Москва 21 сент 2014 L1450083.jpg|thumb|[[2014 anti-war protests in Russia|2014 anti-war protests]] in Moscow]]
When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow became the capital of the [[Russian Federation]]. Since then a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.

Even with Russia's population shrinking by 6 million after the fall of the USSR, Moscow has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by a heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–1997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. In December 2002 [[Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo]] became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]], intermediate between the early 19th-century [[Garden Ring]] and the Soviet era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion.<ref>Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," ''Geographical Review'' (2011) 101#3 pp 316-333.</ref>

==Historical demographics==
[[File:Population Development Moscow.png|500px|right|thumb|Graphic: population progress]]
The city's population is rapidly increasing. The ubiquitous presence of legal and illegal permanent and temporary migrants plus merging suburbs raise the total population to about 13.5 mln people.<ref>Robert Argenbright,  "Moscow On The Rise: From Primate City To Megaregion," ''Geographical Review'' (2013) 103#1 pp 20–36.</ref>

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"
| valign="top" |
{|
! style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;text-align:right;" | Population
|-
| 1350 || align="right" | 30 000
|-
| 1400 || align="right" | 40 000
|-
| 1600 || align="right" | 100 000
|-
| 1638 || align="right" | 200 000
|-
| 1710 || align="right" | 160 000
|-
| 1725 || align="right" | 145 000
|-
| 1738 || align="right" | 138 400
|-
| 1750 || align="right" | 130 000
|-
| 1775 || align="right" | 161 000
|-
| 1785 || align="right" | 188 700
|-
| 1800 || align="right" | 250 000
|-
| 1811 || align="right" | 300 000
|-
| 1813 || align="right" | 215 000
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{|
! style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;text-align:right;" | Population
|-
| 1825 || align="right" | 241 500
|-
| 1840 || align="right" | 349 100
|-
| 1852 || align="right" | 373 800
|-
| 1858 || align="right" | 336 400
|-
| 1864 || align="right" | 351 600
|-
| 1868 || align="right" | 416 400
|-
| 1871 || align="right" | 601 969
|-
| 1886 || align="right" | 753 459
|-
| 1891 || align="right" | 822 400
|-
| 1897 || align="right" | 1 038 600
|-
| 1900 || align="right" | 1 175 000
|-
| 1908 || align="right" | 1 359 200
|-
| 1912 || align="right" | 1 617 157
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{|
! style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;text-align:right;" | Population
|-
| 1915 || align="right" | 1 817 000
|-
| 1920 || align="right" | 1 028 200
|-
| 1926 || align="right" | 2 019 500
|-
| 1936 || align="right" | 3 641 500
|-
| 1939 || align="right" | 4 137 000
|-
| 1956 || align="right" | 4 847 000
|-
| 1959 || align="right" | 5 032 000
|-
| 1970 || align="right" | 6 941 961
|-
| 1979 || align="right" | 7 830 509
|-
| 1989 || align="right" | 8 769 117
|-
| 2002 || align="right" | 10 126 424
|-
| 2005 || align="right" | 10 407 000
|-
| 2012 || align="right" | 11 500 000
|-
|}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Moscow#Bibliography}}
* Argenbright, Robert. "Remaking Moscow: New Places, New Selves," ''Geographical Review'' (1999) 89#1 pp: 1-22.
* Argenbright, Robert. "Moscow On The Rise: From Primate City To Megaregion," ''Geographical Review'' (2013) 103#1 pp 20–36 [https://www.academia.edu/download/30631567/moscow_on_the_rise_gr_article.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
* Badyina, Anna, and Oleg Golubchikov. "Gentrification in central moscow‐a market process or a deliberate policy? money, power and people in housing regeneration in ostozhenka." ''Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography'' 87.2 (2005): 113–129. [https://courses.arch.ntua.gr/fsr/132606/GentrificationMoscow.pdf online]
* Behrends, Jan C. "Visions of civility: Lev Tolstoy and Jane Addams on the urban condition in fin de siecle Moscow and Chicago." ''European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire'' 18.03 (2011): 335–357.
* Berton, Kathleen. '' Moscow: an architectural history'' (1978) [https://archive.org/details/moscowarchitectu00murr online]
* Bohn, Tomas M. “Soviet History as a History of Urbanization.” ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History''  16#2 (2015): 451-458 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/582488/summary online]
* Bradley, Joseph. "Pictures at an exhibition: science, patriotism, and civil society in imperial Russia." ''Slavic Review'' (2008): 934–966 on the Polytechnical Exposition of 1872 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27653032 online]
* Braithwaite, Rodric. ''Moscow 1941: a city and its people at war'' (2006) [https://archive.org/details/moscow1941cityit0000brai online]
* Brooke, Caroline. ''Moscow: A cultural history'' (Oxford UP, 2006).
* Chase, William J. ''Workers, society, and the Soviet state: Labor and life in Moscow, 1918–1929'' (U of Illinois Press, 1987)
* [[Timothy Colton|Colton, Timothy J.]] ''Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis'' (Harvard U.P.  1995), 912pp; the major English-language history of Soviet Moscow
* Forest, Benjamin, and Juliet Johnson. "Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet–Era Monuments and Post–Soviet National Identity in Moscow." ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' (2002) 92#3 pp: 524–547. [http://www.csulb.edu/~dsidorov/Materials/Moscow_Monuments_Annals32(9)2002.pdf online]
* Hoffmann, D. L. ''Peasant Metropolis: Social Identities in Moscow, 1929–1941'' (Cornell UP, 1994)
* Koenker, Diane. ''Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution'' (Princeton UP, 1981).
* Kolossov, V., and J. O'Loughlin. "How Moscow Is Becoming a Capitalist Mega-City," ''International Social Science Journal'' (2004).  56 (181): 413–427.
* Lilly, Ian K. "Conviviality in the Prerevolutionary 'Moscow Text' of Russian Culture." ''Russian Review'' 63.3 (2004): 427–448. [http://www.academia.edu/download/51176753/j.1467-9434.2004.00325.x20170104-22273-g440vm.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Martin, Alexander M.  "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880," ''Russian Review'' (2008) 67#2 pp 243–274.
* Maslova, Sabina, and Francesco Chiodelli. "Expatriates and the city: The spatialities of the high-skilled migrants’ transnational living in Moscow." ''Geoforum'' 97 (2018): 209-218.
* O'Loughlin, John, and Vladimir Kolossov. "Moscow: post-Soviet developments and challenges." ''Eurasian geography and economics'' 43.3 (2002): 161–169. [http://www.academia.edu/download/35636776/IntroR2.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Owen, T.C. ''Capitalism and Politics in Russia A Social History of Moscow Merchants 1855 1905'' (Cambridge UP. 1981) [https://archive.org/details/capitalismpoliti0000owen online]
* Porter, Cathy. ''Moscow in World War II'' (1987) [https://archive.org/details/moscowinworldwar0000port online]
* Roosa, Ruth A. "Capitalism and politics in Russia: A social history of the Moscow merchants, 1855–1905." (1982): 204–206.
* Rowland, Richard, “Selected Urban Population Characteristics of Moscow,” ''Post-Soviet Geography'' (1992) 33#2:569-590.
* Ruckman, Jo Ann. ''The Moscow Business Elite: A Social and Cultural Portrait of Two Generations, 1840–1905'' (1984).
* Ruder, Cynthia A. ''Building Stalinism: The Moscow Canal and the Creation of Soviet Space'' (Bloomsbury, 2018).
* Shevchenko, Olga. ''Crisis and the everyday in postsocialist Moscow'' (Indiana UP,  2008).
* Schlögel, Karl. ''Moscow, 1937'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2014).
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Moscow |author=Shipman, Andrew J. }}
* Simon, E. D., Shena D. Simon, William A. Robinson, and John Jewkes. ''Moscow in the Making'' (Routledge, 2015).
* Thurston, Robert W. ''Liberal city, conservative state : Moscow and Russia's urban crisis, 1906–1914'' (Oxford UP, 1987) [https://archive.org/details/liberalcityconse00thur_0 online]
* Voyce, Arthur. ''Moscow Kremlin: Its History, Architecture, and Art Treasures'' (1954) [https://www.questia.com/library/99004543/moscow-kremlin-its-history-architecture-and-art online]
* West, James L., and Iurii A. Petrov, eds. ''Merchant Moscow: images of Russia's vanished bourgeoisie'' (Princeton UP, 2014)
* Zlatar, Zdenko. "'For the sake of Slavdom' II. M.P. Pogodin and the Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee: a collective portrait of 1870." ''East European Quarterly'' 40.3 (2006): 255.

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