Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hong Kong

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Redirect|HK||Hong Kong (disambiguation)|and|HK (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
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{{Use Hong Kong English|date = April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox political division
| name = Hong Kong
| native_name = 香港
| native_name_lang = zh-Hant-HK
| settlement_type = [[Special administrative regions of China|Special administrative region]]
| official_name = {{raise|0.2em|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China}}{{collapsible list
  | titlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; line-height:normal; font-size:90%;
  | title = {{resize|1.0 em|Other official names}}
  | {{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;
  | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]:|data1={{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}}
  | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2=[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]] [[Yale romanisation of Cantonese|Yale romanisation]]: |data2=''Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui''
  | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3=[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]] [[Jyutping|Jyutping romanisation]]: |data3=''zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1''
}}
}}
| image_skyline = [[File:TE-Collage_Hong_Kong.png|250px]]
| image_caption = {{Center|(Clockwise from top)}} [[Victoria Peak]], [[Tsing Ma Bridge]], [[Tian Tan Buddha]], [[Government House, Hong Kong|Government House]], [[International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)|International Finance Centre]], [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong|Avenue of Stars]], [[Nathan Road]], and [[Kennedy Town]].
| image_flag = Flag of Hong Kong.svg
| flag_size = 125px
| flag_alt = A flag with a white 5-petalled flower design on solid red background
| flag_link = Flag of Hong Kong
| image_seal = Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg
| seal_size = 85px
| seal_alt = A red circular emblem, with a white 5-petalled flower design in the centre, and surrounded by the words "Hong Kong" and "{{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}}"
| seal_type = Emblem
| seal_link = Emblem of Hong Kong
| image_map = Hong Kong in China (zoomed) (+all claims hatched).svg
| map_alt = Location of Hong Kong
| map_caption = Location of Hong Kong within China
| mapsize = 250px
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| established_title = [[Convention of Chuenpi|British possession]]
| established_date = 26 January 1841
| established_title1 = [[Treaty of Nanking]]
| established_date1 = 29 August 1842
| established_title2 = [[Convention of Peking]]
| established_date2 = 24 October 1860
| established_title3 = [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|New Territories lease]]
| established_date3 = 9 June 1898
| established_title4 = [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Imperial Japanese occupation]]
| established_date4 = 25 December 1941 to 30 August 1945
| established_title5 = [[British Overseas Territories|Redesignated as a British Dependent Territory]] 
| established_date5  = 1 January 1981
| established_title6= [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]]
| established_date6 = 19 December 1984
| established_title7 = [[Handover of Hong Kong|Handover to China]]
| established_date7 = 1 July 1997
| official_languages = {{hlist|Chinese{{efn|name=chinese-varieties|No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak [[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]], the ''de facto'' regional standard.<ref>{{harvnb|Leung|2016}}.</ref><ref name="OfficialLanguagesOrd">{{harvnb|Official Languages Ordinance}}.</ref><ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|pp=31, 51–52}}</ref>}}|[[Hong Kong English|English]]{{efn|name=language-status|For all government use, documents written using [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are authoritative over ones inscribed with [[Simplified Chinese characters]].<ref>{{harvnb|Legislative Council Disclaimer and Copyright Notice}}</ref> English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.<ref name="ChineseInCourt">{{harvnb|Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings|2011}}</ref>}}}}
| capital_type = [[Administrative centre]]
| capital = [[Tamar, Hong Kong|Tamar]]
| largest_settlement_type = [[Districts of Hong Kong|district]]<br />{{nobold|by population}}
| largest_settlement = [[Sha Tin District|Sha Tin]]
| languages_type = [[Regional language]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages = [[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties}}
| languages2_type = [[Official script]]s
| languages2_sub = yes
| languages2 = [[Traditional Chinese]]{{efn|name=language-status}}<br />[[English alphabet]]
| demonym = [[Hongkongers|Hongkonger]]<br />Hongkongese
| ethnic_groups = 91.6% [[Chinese people|Chinese]]<br />2.7% [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipino]]<br />1.9% [[Indonesians in Hong Kong|Indonesian]]<br />0.8% [[White people|White]]<br />0.6% [[South Asians in Hong Kong|Indian]]<br />0.4% [[South Asians in Hong Kong|Nepalese]]<br />2% other<ref name="demographics">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|p=46}}.</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Executive (government)|executive-led]] government within a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[one-party state]]<ref>{{cite web|title=China (People's Republic of) 1982 (rev. 2004)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en|publisher=Constitute project|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717104412/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]]<!--- DO NOT insert Head of State of PRC here; HK is not a sovereign state and the Hong Kong Government's website (http://www.gov.hk) indicates there is no such position as Head of State of Hong Kong.
--->
| leader_name1 = [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]]
| leader_title2 = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Chief Secretary]]
| leader_name2 = [[Eric Chan]]
| leader_title3 = [[President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Council President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Andrew Leung]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[Andrew Cheung]]
| legislature = [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[National People's Congress]]
| national_representation1 = [[2022 National People's Congress election in Hong Kong|36 deputies]]
| national_representation_type2 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Chinese People's<br />{{nowrap|Political Consultative}}<br />Conference]]
| national_representation2 = 203 delegates<ref name="NationalReps">{{harvnb|Cheung|2017}}.</ref>
| area_km2 = 2,754.97<ref name="landsd area">{{cite web | title=Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications | url=https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html | publisher=Survey and Mapping Office | access-date=20 October 2020 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331083925/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_sq_mi = 1,063.7 <!-- Do not remove as per WP:MOSNUM -->
| area_rank = 168th
| area_label2 = Land
| area_data2 = 1,114.35 km{{smallsup|2}}<br />(430.25 sq mi)<ref name="landsd area"/> <!-- Do not remove as per WP:MOSNUM -->
| percent_water = 59.70%<br />(1,640.62 km{{smallsup|2}};<br />633.45 sq mi)<ref name="landsd area"/>
| elevation_max_m = 957
| elevation_max_point = [[Tai Mo Shan]]
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[South China Sea]]
| population_estimate = {{increaseNeutral}} 7,498,100<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mid-year population for 2023 |date=15 August 2023 |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department]] |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/press_release_detail.html?id=5265 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122540/https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/press_release_detail.html?id=5265 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_census = {{increaseNeutral}} 7,413,070<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/media/Table(EN).pdf |title=Key statistics of the 2021 and 2011 Population Census |publisher=census2021.gov.hk |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313082407/https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/media/Table%28EN%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 6,801<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/main_tables.html |title=Main Tables – 2021 Population Census |publisher=census2021.gov.hk |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114005052/https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/main_tables.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_sq_mi = 17,614 <!-- Do not remove as per WP:MOSNUM -->
| population_density_rank = 4th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $548.999 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=532,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (HK) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015170917/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=532,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 45th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $72,861<ref name="IMFWEO.HK" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $385.546 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.HK" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 40th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $51,168<ref name="IMFWEO.HK" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 21st
| Gini = 53.9 <!-- number only --><!--- DO NOT USE CIA World Factbook. The Gini index is a parameter in calculating the HDI so the Gini index and the HDI should be from the same source, i.e. Human Development Report 2009. --->
| Gini_year = 2016
| Gini_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| Gini_ref =<ref name="GiniRef">{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2016|p=7}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.956 <!-- number only -->
| HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = steady<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 4th
| currency = [[Hong Kong dollar]] (HK$)
| currency_code = HKD
| timezone = [[Hong Kong Time|HKT]]
| utc_offset = +08:00
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy<br />yyyy年mm月dd日
| electricity = 220 V–50 Hz
| drives_on = left{{efn|Except for the [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge#Hong Kong Link Road|Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Link Road]], which drives on the right.<ref>{{harvnb|Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge|2017}}</ref>}}
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Hong Kong|+852]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Vehicle registration plates of China#Cross-border with Hong Kong and Macau|Number plate prefixes]]
| blank_info_sec1 = None for local vehicles, {{lang|zh-cn|粤Z}} for cross-boundary vehicles
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:HK|HK]]|[[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-HK]]}}
| cctld = {{hlist|[[.hk]]|[[.香港]]}}
}}

'''Hong Kong''' ({{IPAc-en|US|'|h|Q|N|k|Q|N}} or {{IPAc-en|UK|h|Q|N|'|k|Q|N}}){{efn|{{zh|t={{linktext|香港}}|j=Hoeng1 gong2|cy=Hēunggóng}}, {{small|[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]]:}} {{IPA-yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ||Yue-heung1gong2.ogg}}; officially the '''Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China''', [[abbr.]] '''Hong Kong SAR''' or '''HKSAR'''; {{zh|t=中華人民共和國香港特別行政區|cy=Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui}}}} is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. With 7.4 million residents of various nationalities{{efn|[[Hong Kong permanent resident]]s can be of any nationality. A person without Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided there for a continuous period not less than seven years, and is permanently domiciled in the territory would be legally recognised as a [[Hong Kong people|Hongkonger]].<ref name="BasicLawA24">{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter III}} Article 24.</ref>}} in a {{convert|1104|km2|adj=on}} territory, Hong Kong is one of the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated territories]] in the world.

Hong Kong was established as a [[British Hong Kong|colony of the British Empire]] after the [[Qing dynasty]] ceded [[Hong Kong Island]] in 1841–1842 as a consequence of losing the [[First Opium War]]. The colony expanded to the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a [[99-year lease]] of the [[New Territories]] in 1898. Hong Kong was [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|occupied]] by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] from [[Battle of Hong Kong|1941]] to [[Liberation Day (Hong Kong)|1945]] during [[World War II]]. The territory was [[Handover of Hong Kong|handed over from the United Kingdom to China]] in 1997. Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of [[mainland China]] under the principle of "[[one country, two systems]]".{{Efn|However, decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, the State Council may enforce national law in the region under specific circumstances.|name=|group=}}

Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages,<ref name="CarrollEarlyHistory">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=15–21}}.</ref>{{sfn|Ren|2010|p=221}} the territory is now one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. Hong Kong is the world's [[Global Financial Centres Index|fourth-ranked global financial centre]], ninth-largest exporter, and eighth-largest importer. Its currency, the [[Hong Kong dollar]], is the [[Template:Most traded currencies|ninth most traded currency]] in the world. Home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|second-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the largest number of [[ultra high-net-worth individual]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/10-cities-globally-most-high-net-worth-wealthy-people-2023-9 |title=The top 10 cities around the world with the most ultra-wealthy people |last=Kirschner |first=Kylie |date=10 September 2023 |website=Business Insider |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115120539/https://www.businessinsider.com/10-cities-globally-most-high-net-worth-wealthy-people-2023-9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the city has one of the highest [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|per capita incomes]] in the world, severe [[List of countries by income equality|income inequality]] exists among the population. Despite having [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|the largest number of skyscrapers]] of any city in the world, [[housing in Hong Kong]] has been well-documented to experience a chronic persistent shortage.

Hong Kong is a [[Developed country|highly developed territory]] and has a [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) of 0.956, [[List of countries by Human Development Index|ranking fourth in the world]]. The city has the [[List of countries by life expectancy#United Nations (2021)|highest life expectancy in the world]], and a public transport rate exceeding 90 per cent.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Etymology ==
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Hong Kong
| c = 香港
| l = "Fragrant Harbour"<ref name="HerbariumName">{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/SpecialTopicsDetails.aspx?oneId=10&SectionId=1 |title=Aquilaria sinensis and origin of the name of Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Herbarium]] |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040456/http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/SpecialTopicsDetails.aspx?oneId=10&SectionId=1 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CarrollHKName">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=1}}</ref>
| ci = {{unbulleted list|{{IPA-yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ|}}|''or''|{{IPA-yue|hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ|}}}}
| y = {{unbulleted list|{{Audio|Yue-heung1gong2.ogg|Hēunggóng|help=no}}|''or''|Hèunggóng}}
| j = hoeng1 gong2
| gd = {{tone superscript|Hêng1gong2}}
| h = {{tone superscript|Hiong1gong3}}
| p = Xiānggǎng
| w = {{tone superscript|Hsiang1-kang3}}
| bpmf = ㄒㄧㄤ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄤˇ
| gr = Shianggaang
| myr = Syānggǎng
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|x|iang|1|.|g|ang|3}}
| wuu = shian<sup>平</sup>kaon<sup>上</sup>
| poj = Hiong-kang
| pic2 = Hong Kong in Chinese 2.svg
| piccap2 = "Hong Kong" in Chinese characters
| picupright2 = 0.45
| picsize2 = 100px
| altname = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| t2 = {{unbulleted list|香港特別行政區|(香港特區)}}
| s2 = {{unbulleted list|香港特别行政区|(香港特区)}}
| y2 = {{unbulleted list|Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui|(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)|''or''|Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui|(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)}}
| j2 = {{unbulleted list|hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1|(hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)}}
| gd2 = {{unbulleted list|{{tone superscript|Hêng1gong2 Deg6⁠bid6 Heng4⁠jing3⁠kêu1|(Hêng1gong2 Deg6kêu1)}}}}
| ci2 = {{unbulleted list|{{IPA-yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y|}}|({{IPA-yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y|}})|''or''|{{IPA-yue|hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y|}}|({{IPA-yue|hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y|}})}}
| h2 = {{unbulleted list{{tone superscript|Hiong1gong3 Tet6⁠piet6 Hang2⁠zin4⁠ki1|(Hiong1gong3 Tet6ki1)}}}}
| w2 = {{unbulleted list|{{tone superscript|Hsiang1-kang3 T}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|e4-⁠pieh2 Hsing2-⁠cheng4-⁠ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ü1|(Hsiang1-kang3 T}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|e4-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ü1)}}}}
| p2 = {{unbulleted list|Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū|(Xiānggǎng Tèqū)}}
| gr2 = {{unbulleted list|Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu|(Shianggaang Tehchiu)}}
| bpmf2 = {{unbulleted list|ㄒㄧㄤ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄤˇ|ㄊㄜˋ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄅㄧㄝˊ|ㄒㄧㄥˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄓㄥˋ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄑㄩ|(ㄒㄧㄤ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄤˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄊㄜˋ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄑㄩ)}}
| myr2 = {{unbulleted list|Syāngggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū|(Syānggǎng Tèchyū)}}
| mi2 = {{unbulleted list|{{IPAc-cmn|x|iang|1|.|g|ang|3|-|t|e|4|.|b|ie|2|-|x|ing|2|.|zh|eng|4|.|qu|1|}}|({{IPAc-cmn|x|iang|1|.|g|ang|3|-|t|e|4|.|q|u|1|}})}}
| wuu2 = {{unbulleted list|shian<sup>平</sup>kaon<sup>上</sup> deh<sup>入</sup>⁠bih<sup>入</sup>|ghan<sup>平</sup>⁠tsen<sup>去</sup>⁠chiu<sup>平</sup>|(shian<sup>平</sup>kaon<sup>上</sup> deh<sup>入</sup>chiu<sup>平</sup>)}}
| poj2 = {{unbulleted list|Hiong-kang Te̍k-⁠pia̍t Hêng-⁠chèng-⁠khu|(Hiong-kang Te̍k-khu)}}
| showflag = jy
}}
<!-- [[Name of Hong Kong]] redirects here -->

The name of the territory, first [[Romanization|romanised]] as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780,<ref>{{harvnb|Empson|1992|p=94}}.</ref> originally referred to a small inlet located between [[Ap Lei Chau|Aberdeen Island]] and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]] was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.<ref>{{harvnb|Bishop|Roberts|1997|p=218}}.</ref> Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the [[Cantonese]] (or [[Tanka people#Dialect|Tanka Cantonese]]) phrase ''hēung góng''. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour".<ref name="HerbariumName" /><ref name="CarrollHKName" /><ref name="etym">{{harvnb|Room|2005|p=168}}.</ref> "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern [[Kowloon]]. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before [[Victoria Harbour]] was developed.<ref name="etym" /> [[John Francis Davis|Sir John Davis]] (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|1841|p=6}}.</ref>

The simplified name ''Hong Kong'' was frequently used by 1810.<ref>{{harvnb|Empson|1992|p=96}}.</ref> The name was also commonly written as the single word ''Hongkong'' until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name.<ref>{{harvnb|Hong Kong Government Gazette|1926}}, No. 479.</ref> Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including [[Hongkong Land]], [[Hongkong Electric Company]], [[Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels]] and [[the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] (HSBC).<ref>{{harvnb|HSH Annual Report|2017|p=6}}.</ref><ref name="HSBC">{{harvnb|HSBC Annual Report|2011|p=2}}.</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hong Kong}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Hong Kong history}}

=== Prehistory and Imperial China ===
Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the [[Paleolithic]] period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in [[Wong Tei Tung]], [[Sai Kung Peninsula|Sai Kung]] in 2003. The archaeological works revealed [[Knapping|knapped]] [[stone tool]]s from deposits that were dated using optical [[luminescence dating]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Vin|last2=Ixer|first2=Rob|date=2009|title=The Petrology of the Wong Tei Tung Stone Tool Manufacturing Site, Sham Chung, Hong Kong Sar, China|url=http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue26/davisixer_index.html|journal=Internet Archaeology|issue=26|doi=10.11141/ia.26.8|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326063250/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue26/davisixer_index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Neolithic|Middle Neolithic]] period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans.<ref name="Meacham2">{{harvnb|Meacham|1999|p=2}}.</ref> Neolithic to [[Bronze Age]] Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] in the Middle Neolithic period and later the [[Baiyue|Yue]] people.<ref name="Meacham2" /> As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since [[Late Neolithic]] period.<ref name="Li38">{{harvnb|Li|2012|p=38}}.</ref> Bronze Age Hong Kong featured coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.<ref name="Meacham2" />

The [[Qin dynasty]] incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after [[Qin campaign against the Yue tribes|conquering the indigenous Baiyue]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ban|Ban|Ban|111}}.</ref> The region was consolidated under the [[Nanyue]] kingdom (a predecessor state of [[Vietnam]]) after the Qin collapse<ref name="KeatGinOoi">{{harvnb|Keat|2004|p=932}}.</ref> and recaptured by China after the [[Han conquest of Nanyue|Han conquest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=9}}.</ref> During the [[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty|Mongol conquest of China]] in the 13th century, the [[Song dynasty|Southern Song]] court was briefly located in modern-day [[Kowloon City]] (the [[Sung Wong Toi]] site) before its final defeat in the 1279 [[Battle of Yamen]] by the Yuan Dynasty.<ref name="Barber">{{harvnb|Barber|2004|p=48}}.</ref> By the end of the [[Yuan dynasty]], seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=10}}.</ref>

The earliest European visitor was [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Jorge Álvares]], who arrived in 1513.<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1996|p=63}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Edmonds|2002|p=1}}.</ref> Portuguese merchants established a trading post called [[Tamão]] in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after [[Battle of Tunmen|military clashes]] in the 1520s,<ref>{{harvnb|von Glahn|1996|p=116}}.</ref> Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|re-established by 1549]]. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for [[Macau]] in 1557.<ref>{{harvnb|Wills|1998|pp=342–344}}.</ref>

After the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Qing conquest]], maritime trade was banned under the ''[[Haijin]]'' policies. From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming present day Hong Kong was cleared under the [[Great Clearance]], turning the region into a wasteland.<ref name="HK story">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/download/the_hk_story_exhibition_materials_e.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213756/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/download/the_hk_story_exhibition_materials_e.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials|archivedate=18 April 2009}}</ref> The [[Kangxi Emperor]] lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684.<ref>{{harvnb|Zhihong|2006|pp=8–9}}.</ref> Qing authorities established the [[Canton System]] in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>{{harvnb|Schottenhammer|2007|p=33}}.</ref> Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian [[opium]] to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.<ref>{{harvnb|Chen|2011}}.</ref>

=== British colony ===
{{Main|British Hong Kong}}
[[File:Hong Kong 1868.jpg|thumb|left|Hong Kong in 1868, photograph by [[John Thomson (photographer)|John Thomson]]]]

In 1839, the [[Daoguang Emperor]] rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner [[Lin Zexu]] to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade,<ref>{{harvnb|Hoe|Roebuck|1999|pp=82, 87}}.</ref> triggering a British military response and the [[First Opium War]]. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the [[Convention of Chuenpi]]. British forces began controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26 January 1841.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_02.html|title=Hong Kong 2003 – History|website=www.yearbook.gov.hk|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025152631/https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement.<ref>{{harvnb|Tsang|2007|p=12}}.</ref> After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] in the 1842 [[Treaty of Nanking]].<ref name="Courtauld">{{harvnb|Courtauld|Holdsworth|Vickers|1997|pp=38–58}}</ref>

Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the [[Taiping Rebellion]] in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony.<ref name="CarrollEarlyHistory" /> Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the [[Second Opium War]]. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and [[Stonecutters Island]] in the [[Convention of Peking]].<ref name="SecondOpiumWar">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=21–24}}.</ref> By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major [[entrepôt]]. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=30}}.</ref>

The colony was further expanded in 1898 when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories.<ref name="NTLease">{{harvnb|Scott|1989|p=6}}.</ref> The [[University of Hong Kong]] was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2005|p=90}}.</ref> [[Kai Tak Airport]] began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 [[Canton–Hong Kong strike]].<ref name="KaiTak">{{harvnb|Wordie|2007|p=243}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=103}}.</ref> At the start of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1937, Governor [[Geoffry Northcote]] declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port.<ref>{{harvnb|Yanne|Heller|2009|p=71}}.</ref> The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940.<ref>{{harvnb|Snow|2003|p=43}}.</ref> The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] [[Battle of Hong Kong|attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941]], the same morning as its [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Snow|2003|pp=53–73}}.</ref> Hong Kong was [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|occupied by Japan]] for almost four years before the British resumed control on 30 August 1945.<ref>{{harvnb|Kwong|2015}}.</ref>

[[File:Flag of Hong Kong 1959.svg|thumb|right|The [[Flag of Hong Kong (1871–1997)|flag of British Hong Kong]] from 1959 to 1997]]

Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the [[Chinese Civil War]] and more refugees crossed the border when the [[Chinese Communist Party]] took control of mainland China in 1949.<ref name="Wiltshire">{{harvnb|Wiltshire|1997|p=148}}.</ref> Hong Kong became the first of the [[Four Asian Tigers|Four Asian Tiger]] economies to industrialise during the 1950s.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckley|1997|pp=64, 92}}.</ref> With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government attempted reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The [[Public housing in Hong Kong|public-housing estate programme]], [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|Independent Commission Against Corruption]], and [[MTR|Mass Transit Railway]] were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more reliable transportation.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=145, 174–175}}.</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Forsyth, Neil (Director) |year=1990 | title=Underground Pride | medium=Motion picture | location=Hong Kong | publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]}}</ref>

Nevertheless, widespread public discontent resulted in multiple protests from the 1950s to 1980s, including pro-[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] and pro-[[Chinese Communist Party]] protests. In the [[1967 Hong Kong riots]], pro-[[China|PRC]] protestors clashed with the British colonial government. As many as 51 were killed and 802 were injured in the violence, including dozens killed by the [[Royal Hong Kong Police]] via beatings and shootings.<ref>Chu, Yingchi (2003). Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self! Routledge Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7007-1746-3}}.</ref>

Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global [[financial centre]] and shipping hub.<ref>{{harvnb|Dodsworth|Mihaljek|1997|p=54}}.</ref>

=== Chinese special administrative region ===
{{Further|Handover of Hong Kong}}
The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and [[Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch|Governor Murray MacLehose]] raised the question of Hong Kong's status with [[Deng Xiaoping]] in 1979.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=176–178}}.</ref> Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], in which the United Kingdom agreed the handover of the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the handover.<ref name="Carroll181">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=181}}.</ref> The impending handover triggered a [[Waves of mass migrations from Hong Kong|wave of mass emigration]] as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|1992|p=9}}.</ref> Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996.<ref name="2002Pop">{{harvnb|Population Policy Report|2002|pp=27–28}}</ref> The Legislative Council became a [[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|fully elected legislature]] for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gargan |first1=Edward A. |title=Pro-China Party Appears Big Loser in Hong Kong Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/world/pro-china-party-appears-big-loser-in-hong-kong-election.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 September 1995 |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508195434/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/world/pro-china-party-appears-big-loser-in-hong-kong-election.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The handover of Hong Kong to China was at midnight on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.<ref name="NYTHandover">{{harvnb|Gargan|1997}}.</ref>

Immediately after the handover, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The Hong Kong government was forced to use substantial [[foreign exchange reserves]] to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]],<ref name="Wiltshire" /> and the recovery from this was muted by an [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1 avian-flu]] outbreak<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=218}}</ref> and a housing surplus.<ref>{{harvnb|Cheung|Ho|2013}}.</ref> This was followed by the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak|2003 SARS epidemic]], during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2006|pp=63–70}}.</ref>

Political debates after the handover have centred around the region's [[Democratic development in Hong Kong|democratic development]] and the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|Chinese central government]]'s adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|democratic reforms]] following the handover,<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=200}}.</ref> the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact [[National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003|national security legislation]] pursuant to [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=226, 233}}.</ref> The central government decision to implement [[2014 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong|nominee pre-screening]] before allowing [[2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform|chief executive elections]] triggered a series of [[2014 Hong Kong protests|protests in 2014]] which became known as the Umbrella Revolution.<ref>{{harvnb|Kaiman|2014}}.</ref> Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016 Legislative Council elections]]<ref>{{harvnb|Bland|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Haas|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Huang|2016}}.</ref> and enforcement of national law in the [[Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station|West Kowloon high-speed railway station]] raised further concerns about the region's autonomy.<ref>{{harvnb|Siu|Chung|2017}}.</ref> In June 2019, [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|mass protests erupted]] in response to a [[2019 Hong Kong extradition bill|proposed extradition amendment bill]] permitting the extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong's history,<ref name="EconomistRestoreCalm">{{harvnb|"To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy", ''The Economist''}}</ref> with organisers claiming to have attracted more than three million Hong Kong residents.

The Hong Kong regional government and Chinese central government responded to the protests with a number of administrative measures to quell dissent. In June 2020, the Legislative Council passed the [[National Anthem Ordinance]], which criminalised "insults to the national anthem of China".<ref>{{cite web |title=CE signs National Anthem Ordinance (with photos) |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/11/P2020061100793.htm |website=HKSAR Government Press Releases |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612041953/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/11/P2020061100793.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chinese central government meanwhile enacted the [[Hong Kong national security law]] to help quell protests in the region.<ref name="cnn20200630">{{cite web|last=Regan|first=Helen|date=29 June 2020|title=China passes sweeping Hong Kong national security law: report|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/china/hong-kong-national-security-law-passed-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=29 June 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701113134/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/china/hong-kong-national-security-law-passed-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nine months later, in March 2021, the Chinese central government introduced [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|amendments to Hong Kong's electoral system]], which included the reduction of directly elected seats in the Legislative Council and the requirement that all candidates be vetted and approved by a Beijing-appointed [[Candidate Eligibility Review Committee]].<ref name="france2420210311">{{cite news|title=China approves plan to veto Hong Kong election candidates|date=11 March 2021|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates|access-date=6 September 2022|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312063804/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates|url-status=live}}</ref> 

In May 2023, the Legislative Council also introduced legislation to reduce the number of directly elected seats in the district councils, and a [[District Council Eligibility Review Committee]] was similarly established to vet candidates.<ref name="dc2023_freepress01">{{cite news|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2023/07/06/hong-kong-cuts-directly-elected-district-council-seats-as-overhaul-unanimously-approved/|title=Hong Kong cuts directly elected District Council seats as overhaul unanimously approved|publisher=Hong Kong Free Press|date=6 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="dc2023_gld01">{{cite web|url=https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/egn2023274569.pdf|title=Ordinance passed and promulgated|publisher=Hong Kong Government Gazette|date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710090226/https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/egn2023274569.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dc2023_gld02">{{cite web|url=https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/es12023274519.pdf|title=District Councils (Amendment) Ordinance 2023—Ordinance No. 19 of 2023|publisher=Hong Kong Government Gazette|date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710090315/https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/es12023274519.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Hong Kong|Politics of Hong Kong|Elections in Hong Kong|Separation of powers in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Legislative Council Complex 2011 Chamber.JPG|thumb|alt=Large, round room with desks and a dais|Since 2012, the legislature has met in the [[Tamar, Hong Kong|Tamar]] [[Legislative Council Complex]].]]

Hong Kong is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region of China]], with executive, legislative, and judicial powers [[Devolution|devolved]] from the [[Government of China|national government]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|p=80}}</ref> The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the handover,<ref name="Carroll181" /> resulting in an [[Executive (government)|executive-led]] governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony.<ref name="BasicLaw15">{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|pp=66, 80–81}}</ref> Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law of Hong Kong]] is the regional constitution.<ref>{{harvnb|''Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration''}}</ref> The regional government is composed of three branches:
* ''Executive:'' The [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] is responsible for enforcing regional law,<ref name="BasicLaw15" /> can force reconsideration of legislation,<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|p=77}}</ref> and appoints [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Council]] members and [[Principal officials of Hong Kong|principal officials]].<ref>{{harvnb|Young|Cullen|2010|p=39}}.</ref> Acting with the Executive Council, the [[King-in-Council#The Commonwealth|Chief Executive-in-Council]] can propose new bills, issue [[Primary and secondary legislation|subordinate legislation]], and has authority to [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolve]] the legislature.<ref>{{harvnb|Adaptation of Laws Guidelines|1998|p=7}}</ref> In [[state of emergency|states of emergency]] or public danger, the Chief Executive-in-Council is further empowered to enact any regulation necessary to restore public order.<ref>{{harvnb|Emergency Regulations Ordinance}}.</ref>
* ''Legislature:'' The unicameral [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to [[impeachment|impeach]] a sitting chief executive.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|p=73}}</ref>
* ''[[Judiciary of Hong Kong|Judiciary]]:'' The [[Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Final Appeal]] and lower courts interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law.<ref name="Gittings150">{{harvnb|Gittings|2009|p=150}}.</ref> Judges are appointed by the chief executive on the advice of a recommendation commission.<ref>{{harvnb|Gittings|2009|p=153}}.</ref>

The chief executive is the [[head of government]] and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] (led by the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]]) appoints the chief executive after nomination by the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]], which is composed of 1500 business, community, and government leaders.<ref>{{harvnb|Young|Cullen|2010|pp=13–16}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter IV}} Article 45.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I}}</ref>

The Legislative Council has 90 members, each serving a four-year term. Twenty are directly elected from [[Geographical constituency|geographical constituencies]], thirty-five represent [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]] (FC), and forty are chosen by an [[Election Committee (constituency)|election committee]] consisting of representatives appointed by the Chinese central government.<ref name="overhaul_HK">{{cite news|title=China moves to overhaul Hong Kong politics, squeezing democratic opposition|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-hongkong/chinas-parliament-moves-to-overhaul-hong-kongs-electoral-system-idUSKBN2B30RC|date=11 March 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=6 September 2022|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312063854/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-hongkong/chinas-parliament-moves-to-overhaul-hong-kongs-electoral-system-idUSKBN2B30RC|url-status=live}}</ref> Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups,<ref name="LegCoVoting">{{harvnb|Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election|2016|pp=3–4}}</ref> and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting [[District councils of Hong Kong|district council]] members and selected in region-wide [[double direct election]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election|2016|pp=3, 52–53}}</ref> All popularly elected members are chosen by [[proportional representation]]. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] or [[Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff]] voting.<ref name="LegCoVoting" />

Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016 election]].<ref>{{harvnb|LegCo and DC Member Political Affiliations|2017}}</ref> These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|pro-Beijing camp]] (the current government), the [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]], and [[Localism in Hong Kong|localist groups]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bush|Whelan-Wuest|2017}}.</ref> The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections.<ref>{{harvnb|Sala|2016}}.</ref> Hong Kong is represented in the [[National People's Congress]] by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] appointed by the central government.<ref name="NationalReps" />

[[File:HK Chater Road LegCo view.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Court of Final Appeal Building]] formerly housed the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]] and the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]].|alt=The grey dome and front gable of a granite neo-classical building, with a skyscraper in the background against a clear blue sky]]

[[Law of the People's Republic of China|Chinese national law]] does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction.<ref name="Gittings150" /> Its judicial system is based on [[common law]], continuing the legal tradition established during British rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|pp=80–81}}</ref> Local courts may refer to precedents set in [[English law]] and overseas jurisprudence.<ref>{{harvnb|Gittings|2009|p=148}}.</ref> However, [[Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China|mainland criminal procedure law]] applies to cases investigated by the [[Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR]].<ref name="NPC Observer">{{cite web |title=Legislation Summary: Hong Kong National Security Law |url=https://npcobserver.com/2020/06/30/legislation-summary-hong-kong-national-security-law/ |website=NPC Observer |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702162405/https://npcobserver.com/2020/06/30/legislation-summary-hong-kong-national-security-law/ |archive-date=2 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's [[socialist law|socialist]] [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system.<ref>{{harvnb|Jordan|1997|p=335}}.</ref> Decisions made by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] override any territorial judicial process.<ref name="HCAL185/2016">{{harvnb|''Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council''}}</ref> Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.<ref name="BasicLawA18">{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter II}} Article 18.</ref>

The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its [[Visa policy of Hong Kong|immigration]] and taxation policies. The [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department]] issues [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|passports for permanent residents]] which differ from those of the mainland or Macau,<ref>{{harvnb|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance}}</ref> and the region maintains a [[Boundaries of Hong Kong|regulated border]] with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/contactus/control_points.html |title=Control Point Locations |publisher=[[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department]] |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122092430/http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/contactus/control_points.html |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mainland Chinese citizens do not have [[right of abode in Hong Kong]] and are subject to immigration controls.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter II}} Article 22.</ref> Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter V}} Article 106.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Public Finance Facts|2018}}.</ref>

The [[Hong Kong Garrison]] of the [[People's Liberation Army]] is responsible for the region's defence.<ref>{{harvnb|Lendon|2017}}.</ref> Although the [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] is [[Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China|supreme commander]] of the armed forces,<ref>{{harvnb|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}} Chapter 3 §&nbsp;4 (93).</ref> the regional government may request assistance from the garrison.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter II}} Article 14.</ref> Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service, and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|Lee|2015}}.</ref>

The central government and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural [[Foreign relations of Hong Kong|relations with foreign nations]].<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter VII}} Article 152.</ref> The territory actively participates in the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, the [[International Olympic Committee]], and many [[United Nations]] agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org.hk/en/ |title=Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171638/https://www.unicef.org.hk/en/ |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/hk/en/ |title=UNHCR Hong Kong |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054213/http://www.unhcr.org/hk/en/ |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/interlaw.html |title=List of Treaties in Force and Applicable to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |publisher=[[Department of Justice (Hong Kong)|Department of Justice]] |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054117/http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/interlaw.html |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The regional government maintains [[Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office|trade offices]] in [[Greater China]] and other nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/oohk.htm |title=Offices Outside Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614040108/https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/oohk.htm |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The imposition of the [[Hong Kong national security law]] by the [[National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation|central government in Beijing]] in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland.<ref name=rgmsus/> The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.<ref name="rgmsus">{{cite news |title=Ireland suspends its extradition treaty with Hong Kong |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ireland-suspends-its-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong/ |agency=Reuters |publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc |date=23 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235610/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ireland-suspends-its-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbcpref">{{cite news |title=Trump ends preferential economic treatment for Hong Kong |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53412598 |publisher=BBC |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117140801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53412598 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, the national security law was expanded to grant officials "even more powers to crack down on opposition to [[Government of China|Beijing]] and the Hong Kong government" and includes penalties such as life imprisonment for political crimes such as [[treason]] and [[insurrection]]. Critics state that this expansion "will strike a lasting blow to the partial autonomy the city had been promised by China."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Hong Kong Adopts Sweeping Security Laws, Bowing to Beijing - The New York Times |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320033023/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-article-23.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|List of towns in Hong Kong|Districts of Hong Kong}}

The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a [[District councils of Hong Kong|district council]]. These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. {{As of|2019|post=,}} there are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected.<ref name=district>{{harvnb|District Administration Facts|2016}}</ref> [[Rural committee]] chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats.<ref>{{harvnb|District Councils Ordinance}}.</ref> In May 2023, the government proposed [[2023 Hong Kong electoral changes|reforms to the District Council electoral system]] which further cut the number of directly elected seats from 452 to 88, and total seats from 479 to 470. A requirement that district council candidates be vetted and approved by the [[District Council Eligibility Review Committee]] was also proposed. The Legislative Council approved the reforms in July 2023.<ref name="dc2023_freepress01" /><ref name="dc2023_gld01" /><ref name="dc2023_gld02" />

{{Hong Kong districts imagemap}}

=== Political reforms and sociopolitical issues ===
{{Main|Democratic development in Hong Kong|Human rights in Hong Kong}}

[[File:190616 HK Protest Incendo 03.jpg|thumb|[[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests]]]]

Hong Kong is governed by a [[hybrid regime]] that is not fully [[Representative democracy|representative]] of the population. Legislative Council members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to these narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the handover. Similarly, the chief executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected.<ref name="hybridregime">{{harvnb|Cheng|2016|p=387}}.</ref> Although [[universal suffrage]] for the chief executive and all Legislative Council elections are defined goals of Basic Law [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45|Articles 45]] and 68,<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter IV}} Articles 45, 68.</ref> the legislature is only partially directly elected, and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body.<ref name="hybridregime" /> The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|Lim|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ming|2006}}.</ref>

Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment.<ref>{{harvnb|Ngo|Cheung|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Zhao|2015}}.</ref> Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners.<ref>{{harvnb|Chao|2013}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lhatoo|2015}}.</ref> [[Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong|Foreign domestic helpers]], predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law. Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and do not have the right of abode in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms", Immigration Department}}</ref> [[Sex trafficking in Hong Kong]] is an issue. Local and foreign women and girls are often forced into [[Prostitution in Hong Kong|prostitution]] in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims|title=New ways to help Hong Kong's human trafficking victims|date=22 October 2015|website=CN Monitor|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161341/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight|title=Human trafficking in Hong Kong: hidden in plain sight|date=16 January 2016|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161241/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil|title=Fed up with human trafficking, Hong Kong migrant workers hold vigil demanding justice|date=25 February 2018|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161445/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather|title=Hong Kong must lead the fight against human trafficking, rather than just do the bare minimum|date=8 July 2016|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161532/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Joint Declaration guarantees the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]] for 50 years after the handover.<ref name="Carroll181" /> It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.<ref>{{harvnb|Cheung|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cheung|2015}}.</ref> However, in response to [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|large-scale protests in 2019 and 2020]], the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] passed the controversial [[Hong Kong national security law]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hernández |first1=Javier C. |title=Harsh Penalties, Vaguely Defined Crimes: Hong Kong's Security Law Explained |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701032003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html |archive-date=1 July 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The New York Times |access-date=2 July 2020 |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> The law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign elements and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. Some of the aforementioned acts were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law.<ref name="NPC Observer" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Hong Kong National Security Law Promulgated, Came into Effect June 30, 2020 |url=https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html |website=[[Morrison & Foerster]] |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702163941/https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |date=1 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.<ref>{{cite web |last1=James |first1=William |title=UK says China's security law is serious violation of Hong Kong treaty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL |website=Reuters |access-date=2 July 2020 |date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702015311/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2020, Hong Kong police arrested seven pro-[[democracy]] politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209|title=Hong Kong pro-democracy politicians arrested|work=BBC News|date=November 2020|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101110236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209|url-status=live}}</ref> Annual commemorations of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] were also cancelled amidst fears of violating the national security law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong churches drop Tiananmen tributes after 33 years amid arrest fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Agence France-Presse |via=The Guardian |date=30 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530185147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021, the Chinese central government unilaterally [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|changed Hong Kong's electoral system]] and established the [[Candidate Eligibility Review Committee]], which would be tasked with screening and evaluating political candidates for their "patriotism".<ref name="france2420210311"/>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Hong Kong|Environment of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Hong Kong, China.jpg|alt=Satellite image showing areas of vegetation and conurbation.|thumb|Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this satellite image.]]

Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the [[Pearl River Delta|Pearl River estuary]]. It is surrounded by the [[South China Sea]] on all sides except the north, which neighbours the [[Guangdong]] city of [[Shenzhen]] along the [[Sham Chun River]]. The territory's {{convert|1110.18|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications|url=https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm|access-date=9 March 2021|website=www.landsd.gov.hk|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210534/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> area (2,754.97&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><ref name=":0" /> if the maritime area is included) consists of [[Hong Kong Island]], the [[Kowloon Peninsula]], the [[New Territories]], Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, {{convert|1073|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|35|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=Hong Kong |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/ |access-date=2 October 2018 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610100924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The territory's highest point is [[Tai Mo Shan]], {{convert|957|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>{{harvnb|Owen|Shaw|2007|p=13}}.</ref> Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in [[New towns of Hong Kong|new towns]] throughout the New Territories.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|pp=34–35}}</ref> Much of this is built on [[Land reclamation in Hong Kong|reclaimed land]]; {{convert|70|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (6% of the total land or about 25% of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.<ref name="reclamation">{{harvnb|Land Policy Report|2017|p=1}}.</ref>

Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland.<ref>{{harvnb|Owen|Shaw|2007|p=2}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|"Land Use in Hong Kong 2017", Planning Department}}</ref> About 40% of the remaining land area is [[Conservation in Hong Kong|country parks]] and nature reserves.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|Harper|1995|p=9}}.</ref> The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.<ref>{{harvnb|Hu|2003}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/naturalenvplantsanimals.htm |title=The Natural Environment, Plants & Animals in Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115215525/https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/naturalenvplantsanimals.htm |archive-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Hong Kong has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the [[Tropic of Cancer]], although closely bordering on a [[tropical climate]]. Summers are long, hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. The humid nature of Hong Kong exacerbates the warmth of summer. [[Typhoon]]s occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are short, mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February. Frequent cold fronts bring strong, cooling winds from the north and occasionally result in chilly weather. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy.<ref name="HKClimate">{{cite web |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm |title=Climate of Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602080336/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm |archive-date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Snowfall has been extremely rare in Hong Kong; the last reported instance was on [[Tai Mo Shan]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last time it snowed in Hong Kong |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/education/climate/general-climatology/00247-last-time-it-snowed-in-hong-kong.html |website=www.hko.gov.hk |language=en |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212060956/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/education/climate/general-climatology/00247-last-time-it-snowed-in-hong-kong.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year.<ref>{{harvnb|Geography and Climate|2010}}.</ref> Historic temperature extremes at the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] are {{convert|36.6|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} on 22 August 2017 and {{convert|0.0|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} on 18 January 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm |title=Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884 and 1939 and 1947–2017 for Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324065716/http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm |archive-date=24 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are {{convert|39.0|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} at [[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] on 22 August 2017,<ref>{{harvnb|"HK records hottest day before typhoon", ''EJ Insight''}}</ref> and {{convert|−6.0|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} at [[Tai Mo Shan]] [[January 2016 East Asia cold wave|on 24 January 2016]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Automatic Weather Observations yearly Extract|url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsYearlyExtract.htm|access-date=17 January 2021|website=Hong Kong Observatory|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193538/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsYearlyExtract.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Hong Kong ([[Hong Kong Observatory]]), normals 1991–2020,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
|Jan record high C = 26.9
|Feb record high C = 28.3
|Mar record high C = 30.1
|Apr record high C = 33.4
|May record high C = 36.1
|Jun record high C = 35.6
|Jul record high C = 36.1
|Aug record high C = 36.6
|Sep record high C = 35.9
|Oct record high C = 34.6
|Nov record high C = 31.8
|Dec record high C = 28.7
|year record high C = 36.6
|Jan avg record high C = 24.0
|Feb avg record high C = 25.1
|Mar avg record high C = 27.5
|Apr avg record high C = 30.2
|May avg record high C = 32.3
|Jun avg record high C = 33.6
|Jul avg record high C = 34.1
|Aug avg record high C = 34.2
|Sep avg record high C = 33.4
|Oct avg record high C = 31.3
|Nov avg record high C = 28.4
|Dec avg record high C = 25.1
|year avg record high C = 34.7
|Jan high C = 18.7
|Feb high C = 19.4
|Mar high C = 21.9
|Apr high C = 25.6
|May high C = 28.8
|Jun high C = 30.7
|Jul high C = 31.6
|Aug high C = 31.3
|Sep high C = 30.5
|Oct high C = 28.1
|Nov high C = 24.5
|Dec high C = 20.4
|year high C = 26.0
|Jan mean C = 16.5
|Feb mean C = 17.1
|Mar mean C = 19.5
|Apr mean C = 23.0
|May mean C = 26.3
|Jun mean C = 28.3
|Jul mean C = 28.9
|Aug mean C = 28.7
|Sep mean C = 27.9
|Oct mean C = 25.7
|Nov mean C = 22.2
|Dec mean C = 18.2
|year mean C = 23.5
|Jan low C = 14.6
|Feb low C = 15.3
|Mar low C = 17.6
|Apr low C = 21.1
|May low C = 24.5
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.9
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.1
|Oct low C = 23.9
|Nov low C = 20.3
|Dec low C = 16.2
|year low C = 21.6
|Jan avg record low C = 9.1
|Feb avg record low C = 10.2
|Mar avg record low C = 12.2
|Apr avg record low C = 16.3
|May avg record low C = 20.7
|Jun avg record low C = 23.6
|Jul avg record low C = 24.2
|Aug avg record low C = 24.3
|Sep avg record low C = 23.5
|Oct avg record low C = 20.1
|Nov avg record low C = 15.3
|Dec avg record low C = 10.1
|year avg record low C = 7.8
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = 2.4
|Mar record low C = 4.8
|Apr record low C = 9.9
|May record low C = 15.4
|Jun record low C = 19.2
|Jul record low C = 21.7
|Aug record low C = 21.6
|Sep record low C = 18.4
|Oct record low C = 13.5
|Nov record low C = 6.5
|Dec record low C = 4.3
|year record low C = 0.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 33.2
|Feb rain mm = 38.9
|Mar rain mm = 75.3
|Apr rain mm = 153.0
|May rain mm = 290.6
|Jun rain mm = 491.5
|Jul rain mm = 385.8
|Aug rain mm = 453.2
|Sep rain mm = 321.4
|Oct rain mm = 120.3
|Nov rain mm = 39.3
|Dec rain mm = 28.8
|year rain mm = 2431.2
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 5.70
|Feb rain days = 7.97
|Mar rain days = 10.50
|Apr rain days = 11.37
|May rain days = 15.37
|Jun rain days = 19.33
|Jul rain days = 18.43
|Aug rain days = 17.50
|Sep rain days = 14.90
|Oct rain days = 7.83
|Nov rain days = 5.70
|Dec rain days = 5.30
|year rain days = 139.90
|Jan humidity = 74
|Feb humidity = 79
|Mar humidity = 82
|Apr humidity = 83
|May humidity = 83
|Jun humidity = 82
|Jul humidity = 81
|Aug humidity = 81
|Sep humidity = 78
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 72
|Dec humidity = 70
|year humidity = 78
 | Jan dew point C = 11.7
 | Feb dew point C = 13.2
 | Mar dew point C = 16.1
 | Apr dew point C = 19.7
 | May dew point C = 23.0
 | Jun dew point C = 24.9
 | Jul dew point C = 25.2
 | Aug dew point C = 25.1
 | Sep dew point C = 23.6
 | Oct dew point C = 20.2
 | Nov dew point C = 16.7
 | Dec dew point C = 12.4
 | year dew point C = 19.3
|Jan sun = 145.8
|Feb sun = 101.7
|Mar sun = 100.0
|Apr sun = 113.2
|May sun = 138.8
|Jun sun = 144.3
|Jul sun = 197.3
|Aug sun = 182.1
|Sep sun = 174.4
|Oct sun = 197.8
|Nov sun = 172.3
|Dec sun = 161.6
|year sun = 1829.3
|Jan percentsun = 43
|Feb percentsun = 32
|Mar percentsun = 27
|Apr percentsun = 30
|May percentsun = 34
|Jun percentsun = 36
|Jul percentsun = 48
|Aug percentsun = 46
|Sep percentsun = 47
|Oct percentsun = 55
|Nov percentsun = 52
|Dec percentsun = 48
|year percentsun = 41
|source 1 = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref name="met_norms">{{cite web |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/normal/1991_2020/normals.htm |title=Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong (1991–2020) |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208043254/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/normal/1991_2020/normals.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="extremeshko">{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/en/cis/extreme/mon_extreme.htm |title=Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2020 for Hong Kong) |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208053745/http://www.weather.gov.hk/en/cis/extreme/mon_extreme.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="meanmaxmin">{{cite web |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/monthlyElement.htm |title=Monthly Data for Single Element |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209091006/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/monthlyElement.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Hong Kong}}[[File:Montane Mansion Quarry Bay.B.JPG|thumb|alt=Tall blocks of flats, attached on three sides|A residential building in [[Quarry Bay]]]]
Hong Kong has the world's [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|largest number of skyscrapers]], with 482 towers taller than {{convert|150|m|ft}},<ref name="SkyscraperCenter">{{cite web |title=Hong Kong |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/hong-kong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111114955/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/hong-kong |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]]}}</ref> and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |title=Skyline Ranking |publisher=[[Emporis]] |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623034606/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |archive-date=23 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential [[tenement]]s and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land.<ref>{{harvnb|Tong|Wong|1997}}.</ref> [[Single-family detached home]]s are uncommon and generally only found in outlying areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Forrest|La Grange|Yip|2004|pp=215, 222}}</ref> The [[International Commerce Centre]] and [[International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)|Two International Finance Centre]] are the [[List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong|tallest buildings in Hong Kong]] and are among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings |title=The World's Tallest Buildings |publisher=[[Emporis]] |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624121309/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings |archive-date=24 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the [[HSBC Building (Hong Kong)|HSBC Main Building]], the [[anemometer]]-topped triangular [[Central Plaza (Hong Kong)|Central Plaza]], the circular [[Hopewell Centre (Hong Kong)|Hopewell Centre]], and the sharp-edged [[Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)|Bank of China Tower]].<ref name="FengShui">{{harvnb|Kohlstedt|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hollingsworth|Zheng|2017}}.</ref>

Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises.<ref>{{harvnb|Zheng|2017}}.</ref> However, many examples of European and [[Lingnan architecture]] are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 [[Flagstaff House, Hong Kong|Flagstaff House]], the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|McKercher|Ho|du Cros|2004}}.</ref> Some (including the [[Court of Final Appeal Building]] and the [[Hong Kong Observatory]]) retain their original function, and others have been [[Adaptive reuse|adapted and reused]]; the [[Former Marine Police Headquarters]] was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex,<ref name="TourismFacts">{{harvnb|Tourism Facts|2016}}.</ref> and [[Béthanie (Hong Kong)|Béthanie]] (built in 1875 as a [[sanatorium]]) houses the [[Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts]].<ref>{{harvnb|Béthanie|2015|p=3}}.</ref> The [[Tin Hau Temple, Joss House Bay|Tin Hau Temple]], dedicated to the sea goddess [[Mazu]] (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure.<ref>{{harvnb|Ingham|2007|p=225}}.</ref> The [[Ping Shan Heritage Trail]] has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the [[Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda]] (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda).<ref>{{harvnb|Declared Monuments|2007|pp=5–6}}.</ref>

''[[Tong lau]]'', mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants.<ref>{{harvnb|Xue|2016|p=99}}.</ref> Examples include [[Lui Seng Chun]], the [[Blue House (Hong Kong)|Blue House]] in [[Wan Chai]], and the [[Nos. 600–626 Shanghai Street|Shanghai Street shophouses]] in [[Mong Kok]]. Mass-produced [[Public housing in Hong Kong|public-housing estates]], built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in [[Modern architecture|modernist style]].<ref>{{harvnb|Xue|2016|p=41}}.</ref>

{{wide image|Hong Kong at night.jpg|1150px|align-cap=center|alt=Skyline at night, with building lights reflected in water|The Hong Kong Island skyline, viewed from the [[Victoria Harbour]] waterfront}}
{{wide image|Kowloon Panorama by Ryan Cheng 2010.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island, and the Hong Kong skyline}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Hong Kong|Hong Kong people}}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+ style="text-align: right;" | Death rates (No. of Deaths per 100000 Population) by leading causes of death, based on ICD 10th Revision.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/117.html | title=Death Rates by Leading Causes of Death, 2001 – 2021 | access-date=8 April 2023 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408181119/https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/117.html | url-status=live }}</ref> <span style="color:crimson">Red</span>: increased compared with 2001.
! Cause of Death !! 2001 !! 2011 !! 2021
|-
| 1. Malignant neoplasms || 169.9 || 187.2 || <span style="color:crimson">203.8</span>
|-
| 2. Pneumonia || 45.1 || 87.8 || <span style="color:crimson">'''132.6'''</span>
|-
| 3. Diseases of heart || 70 || 89.6 || <span style="color:crimson">89</span>
|-
| 4. Cerebrovascular || 46.6 || 47.2 || 42.2
|-
| 5. External causes of <br />morbidity and mortality || 27.5 || 22.2 || 26.7
|-
| 6. Nephritis, nephrotic <br />syndrome and nephrosis || 15.7 || 21.8 || <span style="color:crimson">24</span>
|-
| 7. Dementia || 3.8 || 10.6 || <span style="color:crimson">'''20.2'''</span>
|-
| 8. Septicaemia || 6.3 || 10.8 || <span style="color:crimson">16.8</span>
|-
| 9. Chronic lower <br />respiratory diseases || 31.5 || 27.8 || 14.3
|-
| 10. Diabetes mellitus || 10.1 || 6.5 || 7.4
|-
| All other causes || 69.7 || 85 || <span style="color:crimson">118.1</span>
|-
| All causes || 496 || 596.6 ||<span style="color:crimson" >695.2</span>
|}
[[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Hongkong 2016.png|thumb|alt=Population graph|2016 [[population pyramid]]]]

The [[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,413,070 in 2021. The overwhelming majority (91.6%) is [[Han Chinese]],<ref name="demographics" /> most of whom are [[Sze Yap people in Hong Kong|Taishanese]], [[Teochew people|Teochew]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]], and other [[Cantonese people]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Fan|1974}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=144–147}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yu|2013}}.</ref> The remaining 8.4% are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipinos]], [[Indonesians in Hong Kong|Indonesians]], and [[South Asians in Hong Kong|South Asians]].<ref name="demographics" /><ref>{{harvnb|Erni|Leung|2014|pp=18, 22}}.</ref> However, most Filipinos and Indonesians in Hong Kong are short-term workers. According to a 2021 thematic report by the Hong Kong government, after excluding foreign domestic helpers, the real number of non-Chinese ethnic minorities in the city was 301,344, or 4% of Hong Kong's population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistical Product|url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1120100&scode=459|access-date=28 November 2021|website=www.censtatd.gov.hk|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407171137/https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1120100&scode=459|url-status=live}}</ref> About half the population have [[British nationality law|some form of British nationality]], a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4&nbsp;million residents have [[British National (Overseas)]] status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|FCO Written Evidence|2014}}.</ref> The vast majority also hold [[Chinese nationality law|Chinese nationality]], automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the handover.<ref>{{harvnb|Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong}}</ref> Headline [[population density]] exceeds 7,060 people/km<sup>2</sup>, and is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|fourth-highest]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=HK|title=Population density (people per sq km of land area) – Hong Kong SAR, China|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516120537/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=HK|url-status=live}}</ref>

The predominant language is [[Cantonese]], a [[varieties of Chinese|variety of Chinese]] originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 93.7% of the population, 88.2% as a first language and 5.5% as a second language.<ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages"/> Slightly over half the population (58.7%) speaks [[English language|English]], the other official language;<ref name="OfficialLanguagesOrd" /> 4.6% are native speakers, and 54.1% speak English as a second language.<ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages" /> [[Code-switching in Hong Kong|Code-switching]], mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2012}}.</ref> Post-handover governments have promoted [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], which is currently about as prevalent as English; 54.2% of the population speak Mandarin, with 2.3% native speakers and 51.9% as a second language.<ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages" /> [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are used in writing, rather than the [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified characters]] used in the [[Mainland China|mainland]].<ref>{{harvnb|Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students|2008|p=9}}</ref>

[[File:Sik Sik Yuen Wong Tai Sin Temple (1944336752).jpg|thumb|[[Wong Tai Sin Temple (Hong Kong)|Wong Tai Sin Temple]] is dedicated to the [[Taoism|Taoist]] deity [[Wong Tai Sin]].]]
Among the religious population, the traditional "[[three teachings]]" of China, [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]], have the most adherents (20%), followed by [[Christianity]] (12%) and [[Islam in Hong Kong|Islam]] (4%).<ref name="religionFacts">{{harvnb|Religion and Custom Facts|2016}}.</ref> Followers of other religions, including [[Sikhism]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Judaism]], generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.<ref name="religionFacts" />

Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 81.3 years for males and 87.2 years for females in 2022, one of the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/111.html |title=Life Expectancy at Birth (Male and Female), 1971 – 2022 |publisher=Hong Kong Government Centrer of Health Protection |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816122342/https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/111.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy.html |title=Life Expectancy by Country and in the World |work=Life expectancy of the world population|publisher=[[worldometer]] |access-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cancer]], [[pneumonia]], [[cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death.<ref name="2017HealthFacts">{{harvnb|Health Facts|2017}}.</ref> The [[Universal health care|universal public healthcare system]] is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95% of healthcare costs are covered by the government.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|Yeoh|Chau|Yam|2015|p=262}}.</ref>

The city has a severe amount of income inequality,<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2018 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> which has risen since the handover, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people.<ref>{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2016|p=1}}</ref> Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2016, the wage gap remained high;<ref name="IncomeDistribution">{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2016|p=86}}</ref> the 90th percentile of earners receive 41% of all income.<ref name="IncomeDistribution" /> The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people,<ref>{{harvnb|Desjardins|2018}}.</ref> as well as the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|second-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world,<ref>{{cite web |author=Gigi Zamora |title=The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2023 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gigizamora/2023/04/08/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Forbes |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604161409/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gigizamora/2023/04/08/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of [[ultra high-net-worth individual]]s of any city in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Liu|2018}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2018}}.</ref> Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity,<ref>{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2016|p=5}}</ref> median income for the top 10% of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10%.<ref>{{harvnb|Yau|Zhou|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2016|p=80}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Hong Kong|Tourism in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Kwai Tsing Container Terminals.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] is one of the world's [[List of busiest container ports|busiest container ports]].]]

One of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports,<ref>{{harvnb|Global Financial Centres Index|2017}}</ref> Hong Kong has a [[market economy]] focused on [[service economy|services]], characterised by [[Taxation in Hong Kong|low taxation]], minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market.<ref>{{harvnb|Jiang|Tang|Law|Sze|2003}}.</ref> It is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|35th-largest economy]], with a [[Gross domestic product|nominal GDP]] of approximately US$373&nbsp;billion.<ref name="IMFWEO.HK" /> Hong Kong's economy ranked at the top of [[the Heritage Foundation]]'s [[economic freedom]] index between 1995 and 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201201/12/P201201120303.htm |title=Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028215314/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201201/12/P201201120303.htm |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Countries |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/topten.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124041217/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/topten.cfm|archive-date=24 January 2008|access-date=1 February 2008}}</ref> However, Hong Kong was removed from the index by the Heritage Foundation in 2021, with the Foundation citing a "loss of political freedom and autonomy{{nbsp}}... [making Hong Kong] almost indistinguishable in many respects from other major Chinese commercial centers like Shanghai and Beijing".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feulner |first1=Edwin |title=Hong Kong Is No Longer What It Was |url=https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/hong-kong-no-longer-what-it-was |website=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=13 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912185725/https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/hong-kong-no-longer-what-it-was |url-status=live }}</ref> Hong Kong is highly developed, and ranks fourth on the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|UN Human Development Index]].<ref name="cia" /> The [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] is the [[List of stock exchanges|seventh-largest in the world]], with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4&nbsp;trillion (US$3.87&nbsp;trillion) {{As of|2018|12|lc=y}}.<ref>{{harvnb|HKSE Market Statistics|2018|p=2}}.</ref> Hong Kong is ranked as the 17th most innovative territory in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and 3rd in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI">{{cite web |date=March 2022 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 31 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_31_Report_2022.03.24_v1.0.pdf |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=Long Finance |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324124055/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_31_Report_2022.03.24_v1.0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is sometimes referred to as "Silicon Harbor",<ref name="Tech Monitor 1999">{{cite web | title=US Bank Leads Development of Hong Kong's "Silicon Harbor" | website=Tech Monitor | date=8 July 1999 | url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/us_bank_leads_development_of_hong_kongs_silicon_harbor | access-date=6 July 2022 | archive-date=1 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001231008/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/us_bank_leads_development_of_hong_kongs_silicon_harbor | url-status=live }}</ref> a nickname derived from [[Silicon Valley]] in [[California]]. Hong Kong hosts several [[high tech]] and [[innovation]] companies,<ref name="Rohwer 2001 p. 168">{{cite book | last=Rohwer | first=J. | title=Remade in America: How Asia Will Change Because America Boomed | publisher=Crown | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-609-50412-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IyjcoJ1BtMC&pg=PT168 | access-date=6 July 2022 | page=168 | archive-date=10 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210235434/https://books.google.com/books?id=_IyjcoJ1BtMC&pg=PT168#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> including several multinational companies.<ref name="Bloomberg 1991">{{cite web | author=Pete Engardio | title=How Motorola Took Asia By The Tail | website=Bloomberg | date=12 April 1989 | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0412/fhong.html | access-date= | archive-date=6 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706071811/https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0412/fhong.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cragg 1993 p. 85">{{cite book | last=Cragg | first=C. | title=Hunting with the Tigers: Doing Business with Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam | publisher=Pfeiffer | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-89384-204-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhVWl7-NcY8C&pg=PA85 | access-date=6 July 2022 | page=85 | archive-date=10 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210235517/https://books.google.com/books?id=QhVWl7-NcY8C&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

Hong Kong is the ninth largest trading entity in [[List of countries by exports|exports]] and eighth largest in [[List of countries by imports|imports]] (2021),<ref name="CIAExports">{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: Exports |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427111612/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="CIAImports">{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: Imports |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |access-date=16 June 2019 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product.<ref name="CIAExports" /><ref name="CIAImports" /> Over half of its cargo throughput consists of [[transshipment]]s (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40% of that traffic.<ref name="LegcoEconomy">{{harvnb|Economic Statistical Highlights|2017}}</ref> The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port<ref>{{harvnb|Park|2019}}.</ref> and the busiest airport for international cargo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Annual-Traffic-Data/Cargo/2016-final-summary |title=Cargo Traffic 2016 |publisher=[[Airports Council International]] |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141937/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Annual-Traffic-Data/Cargo/2016-final-summary |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States.<ref name="cia" /> Hong Kong is a key part of the [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lam|first1=Jasmine Siu Lee|last2=Cullinane|first2=Kevin Patrick Brendan|last3=Lee|first3=Paul Tae-Woo|title=The 21st-century Maritime Silk Road: challenges and opportunities for transport management and practice|volume=38|issue=4|pages=413–415|date=3 May 2018|doi=10.1080/01441647.2018.1453562|journal=Transport Reviews|publisher=[[Routledge]]|s2cid=158856945 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90% of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all of its meat and rice.<ref>{{harvnb|Kong|2013}}.</ref> Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.<ref>{{harvnb|Agriculture and Fisheries Facts|2017}}</ref>

Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7% of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10%.<ref>{{harvnb|Economy Facts|2016}}.</ref> Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87.<ref>{{harvnb|Preston|Haacke|2003}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yeung|2008|p=16}}.</ref> The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27% in 1993; it fell to less than 3% in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.<ref>{{harvnb|"HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality", ''EJ Insight''}}</ref> Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of [[Chinese economic reform|market liberalisation]] on the mainland. Since resumption of [[Guangzhou–Kowloon through train|cross-boundary train service]] in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed, facilitating trade between regions.<ref>{{harvnb|Lung|Sung|2010|p=5}}.</ref><ref name="HZMBridge">{{harvnb|Griffiths|Lazarus|2018}}.</ref> The [[Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement|Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement]] formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment.<ref name="MainlandCEPA">{{cite web |url=https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/legaltext/cepa_legaltext.html |title=Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) |publisher=[[Trade and Industry Department]] |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131207/https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/legaltext/cepa_legaltext.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/ita/fta/hkmacao/index.html |title=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (HK-Macao CEPA) |publisher=[[Trade and Industry Department]] |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229113132/https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/ita/fta/hkmacao/index.html |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the handover. Mainland firms represent over half of the [[Hang Seng Index]] value, up from 5% in 1997.<ref>{{harvnb|Baldwin|Lee|Jim|2014}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Qiu|2017}}.</ref>

[[File:Hong Kong Exchange Trade Lobby 2007.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Large, empty room, with many desks and computer terminals|Former trading floor of the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]]]

As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Half of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13% by 2015.<ref name="Commons5R18">{{harvnb|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report|2015|p=18}}</ref> The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia.<ref name="Commons5R18" /> The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{harvnb|Cushman & Wakefield RHQ Report|2016|p=8}}</ref> Hong Kong is a gateway for [[foreign direct investment]] in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with [[Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect|the Shanghai]] and [[Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect|Shenzhen stock exchanges]]. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for [[dim sum bond|renminbi-denominated bonds]], and is one of the largest hubs for offshore [[renminbi]] trading.<ref>{{harvnb|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report|2015|pp=18–19}}</ref> In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MUIR|first=PAUL|date=17 February 2021|title=Crypto body warns new HK law will backfire|url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/hk-crypto-body-warns-new-law-will-backfire/|access-date=24 February 2021|archive-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222034554/https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/hk-crypto-body-warns-new-law-will-backfire/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong dollar]], the local currency, is the eighth most traded currency in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Triennial Central Bank Survey|2016|p=10}}</ref> Due to extremely compact house sizes and the extremely high [[Urban density|housing density]], the city has the [[List of most expensive houses in Hong Kong|most expensive housing]] market in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Hong Kong conundrum: sky-high prices and flats the size of parking spaces |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e4fb2779-44c0-466f-a3e7-0ff61d5e61f9 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e4fb2779-44c0-466f-a3e7-0ff61d5e61f9 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saiidi |first=Uptin |date=10 April 2017 |title=Here's why Hong Kong housing is so expensive |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/09/heres-why-hong-kong-housing-is-so-expensive.html |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903092809/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/09/heres-why-hong-kong-housing-is-so-expensive.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chan |first1=Vanesse |last2=Molloy |first2=Claire |date=22 July 2021 |title=Why rent in Hong Kong is so high, even though there's undeveloped land |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/hong-kong-most-expensive-housing-market-in-the-world-2021-7 |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903092811/https://www.businessinsider.com/hong-kong-most-expensive-housing-market-in-the-world-2021-7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little [[industrial policy]] and implemented almost no [[Trade restriction|trade controls]]. Under the doctrine of "[[positive non-interventionism]]", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth.<ref name="ceo">{{cite press release |url=https://www.ceo.gov.hk/archive/2012/eng/press/oped.htm |title=Big Market, Small Government |first=Donald |last=Tsang |date=18 September 2006 |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612235339/https://www.ceo.gov.hk/archive/2012/eng/press/oped.htm |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s,<ref name="ceo" /> late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including [[Export credit agency|export-credit]] guarantees, a [[Mandatory Provident Fund|compulsory pension scheme]], a minimum wage, [[anti-discrimination law]]s, and a state mortgage backer<!--Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation-->.<ref name="EconomistEnd">{{harvnb|"End of an experiment", ''The Economist''}}</ref>

Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for 5% of GDP.<ref name="TourismFacts" /> In 2016, 26.6&nbsp;million visitors contributed HK$258&nbsp;billion (US$32.9&nbsp;billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the [[World Tourism rankings|14th most popular destination for international tourists]]. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70% more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau).<ref>{{harvnb|WTO|2017|p=6}}.</ref> The city is ranked as one of the [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive cities for expatriates]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html |title=Despite worldwide changes, multinationals focus on mobile workforces to support career growth and ensure competitiveness |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] |location=New York |date=21 June 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113110140/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 |date=29 June 2010 |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] |access-date=25 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215323/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref> However, since 2020, there has been a sharp decline in incoming visitors due to tight COVID-19 travel restrictions. Additionally, due to the closure of Russian airspace in 2022, multiple airlines decided to cease their operations in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2022 |title=Virgin Atlantic drops Hong Kong route after nearly 30 years |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/virgin-atlantic-drops-hong-kong-route-after-nearly-30-years-2022-10-05/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033254/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/virgin-atlantic-drops-hong-kong-route-after-nearly-30-years-2022-10-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an attempt to attract tourists back to Hong Kong, the Hong Kong government announced plans to give away 500,000 free airline tickets in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Goh Chiew Tong |author2=Vivian Kam |title=Hong Kong will give away half a million plane tickets. Here's who can get them first |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/03/hong-kong-to-give-away-half-a-million-air-tickets-to-boost-tourism.html |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=CNBC |date=3 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203103636/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/03/hong-kong-to-give-away-half-a-million-air-tickets-to-boost-tourism.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{wide image|Hong Kong Skyline view from the peak 2017.jpg|800px|[[Victoria Peak]] is a major tourist attraction that offers views of [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Victoria Harbour]].}}

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Cross Harbour Tunnel (1).JPG|thumb|alt=Tunnel entrance at night, with heavy traffic|Entrance to the [[Cross-Harbour Tunnel]] in [[Hung Hom]], [[Kowloon]]]]

Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90% of daily trips are made on public transport, the highest percentage in the world.<ref name="pubtransport">{{harvnb|Public Transport Strategy Study|2017|p=1}}</ref> The [[Octopus card]], a [[Contactless payment|contactless]] [[Smart card|smart]] [[Digital currency|payment]] card, is widely accepted on railways, trams, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.<ref>{{harvnb|Poon|Chau|2001|p=102}}.</ref>

The [[Peak Tram]], Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided [[funicular]] rail transport between [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Victoria Peak]] since 1888.<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|2018}}.</ref> The [[Central and Western District]] has an extensive system of escalators and [[Moving walkway|moving pavements]], including the [[Central–Mid-Levels escalator|Mid-Levels escalator]] (the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system).<ref>{{harvnb|Gold|2001}}.</ref> [[Hong Kong Tramways]] covers a portion of Hong Kong Island. The [[MTR|Mass Transit Railway]] (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 93 [[rapid transit|metro]] stations throughout the territory.<ref name="RailwayFacts">{{harvnb|Railway Network Facts|2018}}.</ref> With a daily ridership of almost five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city<ref name="LegcoTransport">{{harvnb|Transport Statistical Highlights|2016}}</ref> and has an on-time rate of 99.9%.<ref>{{harvnb|Report on Rail Service|2014|p=1}}.</ref> Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the [[East Rail line]], and longer-distance [[Inter-city rail|inter-city trains]] [[Guangzhou–Kowloon through train|to Guangzhou]], [[Shanghai–Kowloon through train|Shanghai]], and [[Beijing–Kowloon through train|Beijing]] are operated from [[Hung Hom station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/cbs_introduction_tourist.html |title=Cross Boundary Train Services |publisher=[[MTR Corporation]] |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119030307/http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/cbs_introduction_tourist.html |archive-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hong Kong Express Rail Link|Connecting service]] to the [[China Railway High-speed|national high-speed rail system]] is provided at [[Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station|West Kowloon railway station]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kwok|2018}}.</ref>

Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|Vehicle Registration and Licensing|2018}}</ref> Automobiles drive [[Left- and right-hand traffic|on the left]] (unlike in mainland China), because of historical influence of the British Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Labarre|2010}}.</ref> Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles.<ref>{{harvnb|Traffic Congestion Study|2014|pp=2–3}}</ref> More than 18,000 [[Taxis of Hong Kong|taxicabs]], easily identifiable by their bright colour, are licensed to carry riders in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Transport Facts|2016}}.</ref> [[Bus services in Hong Kong|Bus services]] operate more than 700 routes across the territory,<ref name="LegcoTransport" /> with smaller [[public light bus]]es (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly.<ref>{{harvnb|Cullinane|2002}}.</ref> Highways, organised with the [[Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System]], connect all major areas of the territory.<ref>{{cite map |title=Hong Kong Strategic Route Map |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/images/diagram.pdf |publisher=[[Transport Department]] |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615112730/http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/images/diagram.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]] provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.<ref name="HZMBridge" />

[[File:V813 entering Sunny Bay Station (20181013082946).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Light-rail train on a straightaway|MTR train on the [[Tung Chung line]]]]

[[Hong Kong International Airport]] is the territory's primary airport. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based [[Cathay Pacific]] ([[flag carrier]]), [[Hong Kong Airlines]], low-cost airline [[HK Express]] and cargo airline [[Air Hong Kong]].<ref>{{harvnb|HKIA Annual Report|2017|p=152}}.</ref> It was the [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic]]<ref>{{harvnb|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017|p=32}}</ref> pre-COVID and handles [[List of busiest airports by cargo traffic|the most air-cargo traffic in the world]].<ref>{{harvnb|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017|p=58}}</ref> Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through [[Shek Kong Airfield]], under the supervision of the [[Hong Kong Aviation Club]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wordie|2007|p=242}}.</ref>

The [[Star Ferry]] operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starferry.com.hk/en/operationalInfo |title=Operational Information |publisher=[[Star Ferry]] |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130062543/http://www.starferry.com.hk/en/operationalInfo |archive-date=30 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller [[kai-to]] boats serve the most remote coastal settlements.<ref>{{harvnb|Cushman|1993|p=57}}.</ref> Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/ferryservices.htm |title=Ferry Services to Macau and the Mainland Ports |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119151136/https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/ferryservices.htm |archive-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Junk (ship)|Junks]], once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatlow|2017}}.</ref>
The large size of the port gives Hong Kong the classification of Large-Port Metropolis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Toby |last2=Williams |first2=Ian |last3=Preston |first3=John |date=19 May 2021 |title=The Southampton system: a new universal standard approach for port-city classification |journal=Maritime Policy & Management |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=530–542 |doi=10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 |s2cid=225502755 |issn=0308-8839|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Utilities ===
{{Main|Energy in Hong Kong|Electricity sector in Hong Kong|Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong}}

Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally.<ref name="energystats2016p1">{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=1}}</ref> The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum.<ref>{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=9}}</ref> The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China.<ref>{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=29}}</ref> Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=6}}</ref> Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed,<ref name="energystats2016p1" /> and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2017}}.</ref>

With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The [[Dong River (China)|Dongjiang River]] in Guangdong supplies 70% of the city's water,<ref name="LeeWater">{{harvnb|Lee|2013}}.</ref> and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater.<ref>{{harvnb|Water Supply Facts|2016}}.</ref> Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use.<ref name="LeeWater" />

Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6% of households connected. Connections over [[Fiber to the x|fibre-optic infrastructure]] are increasingly prevalent,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/media_focus/data_statistics/key_stat/ |title=Key Communications Statistics |publisher=[[Office of the Communications Authority]] |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153354/https://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/media_focus/data_statistics/key_stat/ |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest).<ref>{{harvnb|Akamai's State of the Internet|2017|p=54}}</ref> Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous;<ref>{{harvnb|IT and Internet Usage|2017|p=9}}.</ref> there are more than 18 million [[List of countries by number of mobile phones in use|mobile-phone accounts]],<ref>{{harvnb|Monthly Statistics for June|2019|p=242}}</ref> more than double the territory's population.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hong Kong}}
{{See also|Cantonese culture}}

Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western culture|West]]. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=169}}.</ref> Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=167–172}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|He|2013}}.</ref> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lam|2015}}.</ref> Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-handover: The majority of the population (52%) identifies as "Hongkongers", while 11% describe themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |title=HKU POP releases survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity and the 2018 review and 2019 forecast survey |publisher=Public Opinion Programme, University of Hong Kong |date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090214/https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Traditional Chinese family values, including [[family honor|family honour]], [[filial piety]], and a [[Sex selection|preference for sons]], are prevalent.<ref>{{harvnb|Family Survey|2013|pp=12–13}}.</ref> [[Nuclear family|Nuclear families]] are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|p=77}}.</ref> Spiritual concepts such as ''[[feng shui]]'' are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to ''feng shui'' is believed to determine the success of a business.<ref name="FengShui" /> ''[[Bagua]]'' mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits,<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|Fowler|2008|p=263}}.</ref> and buildings often lack [[Chinese numerology|floor numbers with a 4]];<ref>{{harvnb|Xi|Ingham|2003|p=181}}.</ref> the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|Chow|2006|p=3}}.</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Hong Kong cuisine}}
{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=right |caption_align=center |total_width=350
|image1=Dim Sum Breakfast.jpg |height1=600 |width1=800
|alt1=An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal
|image2=Cha Chaan Teng.jpg |height2=1200 |width2=1600
|alt2=French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right
|footer=Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant (left); ''[[cha chaan teng]]'' breakfast food with [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]] (right)
}}

Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on [[Cantonese cuisine]], despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes.<ref name="LongHKFood">{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=271}}.</ref> Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at [[wet market]]s, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible.<ref>{{harvnb|Curry|Hanstedt|2014|pp=9–12}}.</ref> There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and ''[[siu yeh]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=272}}.</ref> [[Dim sum]], as part of ''[[yum cha]]'' (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include [[congee]], ''[[cha siu bao]]'', ''[[siu yuk]]'', [[egg tart]]s, and [[mango pudding]]. Local versions of Western food are served at ''[[cha chaan teng]]'' (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common ''cha chaan teng'' menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]].<ref name="LongHKFood" />

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose|Statue of Bruce Lee on the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong|Avenue of Stars]], a tribute to the city's film industry]]

Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.<ref>{{harvnb|Fu|2008|pp=381, 388–389}}.</ref> By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as ''[[The World of Suzie Wong (film)|The World of Suzie Wong]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=148}}.</ref> When [[Bruce Lee]]'s ''[[The Way of the Dragon]]'' was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'', ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]'', and ''[[Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain]]'' expanded global interest beyond [[martial arts film]]s; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=168}}.</ref>

Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as ''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]'', ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'', and ''[[Chungking Express]]''. The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. [[Jackie Chan]], [[Donnie Yen]], [[Jet Li]], [[Chow Yun-fat]], and [[Michelle Yeoh]] frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. Hong Kong films have also grown popular in oversea markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, earning the city the moniker "Hollywood of the East".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chu |first=Karen |date=16 February 2023 |title=Berlin Spotlight: How Hong Kong's Film Industry Made a Surprise Comeback |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/hong-kong-film-industry-comeback-berlin-1235326295/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.<ref>{{harvnb|Ge|2017}}.</ref>
{{clear left}}

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Hong Kong}}
{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=right |caption_align=center |total_width=300
|image1=Leslie Cheung.jpg |height1=241 |width1=316|alt1=Leslie Cheung with a microphone
|image2=Andy Lau (cropped).jpg |height2=500 |width2=483|alt2=A serious-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit
|footer=[[Leslie Cheung]] (left) is considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and [[Andy Lau]] has been an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.
}}

[[Cantopop]] is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style ''[[shidaiqu]]'', it is also influenced by [[Cantonese opera]] and Western pop.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=1–9, 24–25}}.</ref> Local media featured songs by artists such as [[Sam Hui]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Leslie Cheung]], and [[Alan Tam]]; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=77–85}}.</ref> The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the [[Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)|Four Heavenly Kings]] dominated Asian record charts.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=107–116}}.</ref> Despite a general decline since late in the decade,<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=9–10}}.</ref> Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as [[Eason Chan]], [[Joey Yung]], and [[Twins (group)|Twins]] are popular in and beyond the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=159–164}}.</ref>

Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remains a large part of local musical education.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Moir|Brennan|Rambarran|2017|p=101}}</ref> The publicly funded [[Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra]], the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas. The [[Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra]], composed of [[Chinese orchestra|classical Chinese instruments]], is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.<ref>{{harvnb|Ho|2011|p=147}}.</ref>

Hong Kong has never had a separate national anthem to the country that controlled it; its current official national anthem is therefore that of the People's Republic of China, ''[[March of the Volunteers]]''. The song ''[[Glory to Hong Kong]]'' has been used by protestors as an unofficial anthem of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1707883/glory-to-hong-kong-is-citys-new-unofficial-anthem/|title=Singing showdowns in Hong Kong pit the city's unofficial new anthem against China's|author=Vivienne Chow|date=12 September 2019|work=Quartz|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913230100/https://qz.com/1707883/glory-to-hong-kong-is-citys-new-unofficial-anthem/|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Listen to the Song That Hong Kong's Youthful Protesters Are Calling Their 'National Anthem' |url=https://time.com/5672018/glory-to-hong-kong-protests-national-anthem/ |accessdate=16 November 2022 |magazine=TIME |date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124103722/https://time.com/5672018/glory-to-hong-kong-protests-national-anthem/ |archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Sport and recreation ===
{{Main|Sport in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Crowd cheering, Hong Kong Sevens 2009.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands|The [[Hong Kong Sevens]], considered the premier tournament of the [[World Rugby Sevens Series]], is played each spring.]]

Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted numerous major sporting events, including the [[2009 East Asian Games]], the [[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events]], and the [[2007 Premier League Asia Trophy]].<ref name="ShenKee">{{harvnb|Shen|Kee|2017|p=247}}.</ref> The territory regularly hosts the [[Hong Kong Sevens]], [[Hong Kong Marathon]], [[Hong Kong Tennis Classic]] and [[Lunar New Year Cup]], and hosted the inaugural [[AFC Asian Cup]] and the [[1995 Dynasty Cup]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghoshal|2011}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Horne|Manzenreiter|2002|p=128}}.</ref>

Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions.<ref name="ShenKee"/> The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and has earned [[Hong Kong at the Olympics|nine medals]]. [[Lee Lai-shan]] won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta Olympics]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=141}}.</ref> and [[Cheung Ka Long]] won the second one in [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo 2020]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shum |first1=Michael |last2=Chow |first2=Carine |title=FENCE-TASTIC! Cheung Ka-long wins gold for HK |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/11/232551/Fence-tastic! |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]] |date=27 July 2021}}</ref> Hong Kong athletes have won [[Hong Kong at the Paralympics|126 medals at the Paralympic Games]] and [[Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games|17 at the Commonwealth Games]]. No longer part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the city's last appearance in the latter was in [[1994 Commonwealth Games|1994]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=99}}.</ref>

[[Dragon boat]] races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual [[Dragon Boat Festival|Tuen Ng Festival]]. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the [[Hong Kong Tourism Board|Tourism Board]]'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.<ref>{{harvnb|Sofield|Sivan|2003}}.</ref>

The [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]], the territory's largest taxpayer,<ref name="JockeyClub">{{harvnb|Littlewood|2010|pp=16–17}}.</ref> has a monopoly on gambling and provides over 7% of government revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|Inland Revenue Annual Report|2017|p=4}}</ref> Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.<ref name="JockeyClub" />

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Bishop's House, Anglican Church, Hong Kong.JPG|thumb|Old campus of [[St. Paul's College, Hong Kong|St. Paul's College]], the first school established in the colonial era]]
Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled on [[Education in the United Kingdom|that of the United Kingdom]], particularly the [[Education in England|English system]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|Leung|2003|p=24}}.</ref> Children are required to attend school from age 6 until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18.<ref name=nss>{{cite web |url=http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/secondary/highlights/index.html |title=Programme Highlights |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824010442/http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/secondary/highlights/index.html |archive-date=24 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HKEduLi">{{cite web |url=http://news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050518/html/050518en11001.htm |title=Creating a better education system |last=Li |first=Arthur |date=18 May 2005 |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303190339/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050518/html/050518en11001.htm |archive-date=3 March 2008}}</ref> At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and are awarded the [[Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education]] upon successful completion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/hkdse/ |title=HKDSE |date=12 October 2010 |publisher=Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016060315/http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/HkDSE |archive-date=16 October 2010 }}</ref>

Of residents aged 15 and older, 81% completed lower-secondary education, 66% graduated from an upper secondary school, 32% attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24% earned a bachelor's degree or higher.<ref>{{harvnb|Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics|2017|p=66}}</ref>

Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/education/7.7 |title=Adult literacy rate |publisher=[[The Hong Kong Council of Social Service]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172415/https://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/education/7.7 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The literacy rate is lower than that of other developed economies because of the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era; much of the elderly population were not formally educated because of war and poverty.<ref>{{harvnb|Cheng|Lum|Lam|Fung|2013}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|UNESCO Literacy Rates|2017|p=8}}.</ref>

Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the [[Direct Subsidy Scheme]]; international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.<ref name="HKEduLi"/>

=== Medium of instruction ===
At primary and secondary school levels, the government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the [[medium of instruction]], with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education include English and [[Standard Chinese|Putonghua]] (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Leung|2012}}.</ref>

English is the official medium of instruction and assessments for most university programmes in Hong Kong, although use of Cantonese is predominant in informal discussions among local students and professors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Teaching and Learning {{!}} HKU Teaching and Learning |url=https://tl.hku.hk/tl/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=HKU Teaching and Learning {{!}} Teaching and Learning in The University of Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Proof of English as Medium of Instruction {{!}} HKUST – Academic Registry |url=https://registry.hkust.edu.hk/resource-library/proof-english-medium-instruction |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=registry.hkust.edu.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University Language Policy {{!}} HKBU AR |url=https://ar.hkbu.edu.hk/quality-assurance/university-policy-and-guidelines/lang-policy |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=ar.hkbu.edu.hk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of instruction |url=https://www.hkmu.edu.hk/admissions/taught-postgraduate/non-local/postgraduate-programmes-at-hkmu/languages-of-instruction/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Hong Kong Metropolitan University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Study@PolyU |url=https://www51.polyu.edu.hk/eprospectus/ug/international/programme-features |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=www51.polyu.edu.hk |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517015558/https://www51.polyu.edu.hk/eprospectus/ug/international/programme-features |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Res – Frequently Asked Questions on Applications for Transcript/Letter of Certification/Report on Curriculum Details |url=http://www.res.cuhk.edu.hk/en-gb/applications/graduates-of-full-time-undergraduate-programmes/transcript-certifying-letter-report-on-curriculum-details/faq-transcript-certifyingletter-curriculum-details |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=www.res.cuhk.edu.hk}}</ref>

=== Tertiary education ===
[[File:Main Building HKU 20100926 03.JPG|thumb|[[University of Hong Kong]] main building]]

Hong Kong has eleven universities. The [[University of Hong Kong]] (HKU) was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=84–86}}.</ref> The [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (CUHK) was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction.<ref>{{harvnb|Fulton Commission|1963}}.</ref> Along with the [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] (HKUST) established in 1991, these universities are consistently ranked among the top 50 or top 100 universities worldwide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings}}</ref>

The [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]] (PolyU)<ref>{{harvnb|The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance}}</ref> and [[City University of Hong Kong]] (CityU), both granted university status in 1994, are consistently ranked among the top 100 or top 200 universities worldwide.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The [[Hong Kong Baptist University]] (HKBU) was granted university status in 1994 <ref>{{harvnb|Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance}}</ref> and is a liberal arts institution. [[Lingnan University]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lingnan University Ordinance}}.</ref> [[Education University of Hong Kong]],<ref>{{harvnb|The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Metropolitan University]] (formerly Open University of Hong Kong),<ref>{{harvnb|The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Shue Yan University]]{{sfn|LegCo Grant to Shue Yan University|2007}} and [[Hang Seng University of Hong Kong]] all attained full university status in subsequent years.

== Media ==
{{Main|Media of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Tvbcity-s1.png|thumb|alt=Modern, green-and-white building with dish antennas on top|[[TVB City]], headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station]]

Most of the newsapapers in Hong Kong are written in Chinese but there are also a few English-language newspapers. The major one is the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', with ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'' serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are ''[[Ming Pao]]'' and ''[[Oriental Daily News]]''. Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' and ''[[Wen Wei Po]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|"Hong Kong media profile", ''BBC News''}}</ref> Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[The New York Times International Edition]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]'', and ''[[The Nikkei]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Media Facts|2017}}.</ref>

Three [[free-to-air]] television broadcasters operate in the territory; [[TVB]], [[HK Television Entertainment|HKTVE]], and [[Fantastic Television|Hong Kong Open TV]] air eight [[Digital television|digital]] channels.<ref name="broadcasterList">{{harvnb|Licensed Broadcasting Services|2018}}</ref> TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80% viewer share.<ref>{{harvnb|Chow|2017}}.</ref> [[Television in Hong Kong|Pay TV services]] operated by [[Hong Kong Cable Television|Cable TV Hong Kong]] and [[PCCW]] offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences.<ref name="broadcasterList" /> [[RTHK]] is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and three television channels.<ref>{{harvnb|RTHK Budget|2018|pp=806, 809}}.</ref> Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population.<ref name="broadcasterList" /> Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the [[Great Firewall]], yet local control applies.<ref>{{harvnb|"Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'", ''NBC News''}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Hong Kong|China|}}
* [[Index of articles related to Hong Kong]]
* [[Outline of Hong Kong]]
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===

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* {{cite book |last=Hu |first=Qi-ming |date=2003 |title=Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong |publisher=[[Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department]] |url=http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&SectionId=1&ContentId=1 |chapter-url=http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&SectionId=2&ContentId=2 |chapter=Preface |isbn=978-988-201-616-3 |oclc=491712858 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ingham |first=Michael |title=Hong Kong: A Cultural History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-531496-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwcSDAAAQBAJ |date=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Keat |first=Ooi Gin |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |year=2004 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lam |first1=S.F. |last2=Chang |first2=Julian W. |date=2005 |title=The Quest for Gold: Fifty Years of Amateur Sports in Hong Kong, 1947–1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y45FBAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-962-209-765-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lam |first=Wai-man |title=Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhXICQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-317-45301-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=S.H. |title=SARS in China and Hong Kong |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YgpNtIL1VwC |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59454-678-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Leung |first=Julian Y.M. |chapter=Education in Hong Kong and China: Towards Convergence? |editor1-last=Chan |editor1-first=Ming K. |editor2-last=Postiglione |editor2-first=Gerard A. |title=The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-315-48835-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SckYDQAAQBAJ |date=2016 }}
* {{cite book |last=Li |first=Guo |date=<!-- to stop citation bot from breaking referencing -->2012 |chapter=A Site Catchment Analysis of Hong Kong's Neolithic Subsistence |editor1-last=Cheng |editor1-first=Pei-kai |editor2-last=Fan |editor2-first=Ka Wai |title=New Perspectives on the Research of Chinese Culture |pages=17–43 |publisher=Springer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6lGvyMZMMC |isbn=978-981-4021-77-7 |doi=10.1007/978-981-4021-78-4_2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Littlewood |first=Michael |title=Taxation Without Representation: The History of Hong Kong's Troublingly Successful Tax System |year=2010 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7eiOi2lbOkC |isbn=978-962-209-099-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Lucy M. |title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4422-2730-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Morton |first1=Brian |last2=Harper |first2=Elizabeth |title=An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCYHVVcM8IC |isbn=978-962-209-388-1 |year=1995 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Bernie |last2=Shaw |first2=Raynor |date=2007 |title=Hong Kong Landscapes: Shaping the Barren Rock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sO5vlJ7ETcC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-962-209-847-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Porter |first=Jonathan |title=Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsC6AAAAIAAJ |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8133-2836-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Preston |first1=Peter Wallace |last2=Haacke |first2=Jürgen |title=Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium |year=2003 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q79VGofCqIgC |isbn=978-0-7007-1637-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ren |first1=Hai |title=Neoliberalism and Culture in China and Hong Kong: The Countdown of Time |date=4 October 2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-136-92364-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAvGBQAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Schottenhammer |first=Angela |title=The East Asian Maritime World 1400–1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges |isbn=978-3-447-05474-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga-5mPOr2-wC |year=2007 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C |year=2005 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Scott |first=Ian |title=Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong |year=1989 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7NuSICc0lYC |isbn=978-0-8248-1269-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shen |first1=Jianfa |last2=Kee |first2=Gordon |date=2017 |title=Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UhxDQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-3-319-46420-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-46421-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Gareth Dylan |last2=Moir |first2=Zack |last3=Brennan |first3=Matt |last4=Rambarran |first4=Shara |last5=Kirkman |first5=Phil |date=2017 |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music Education |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JColDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4724-6498-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Snow |first=Philip |title=The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation |year=2003 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um5eZLwurzoC |isbn=978-0-300-10373-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Tam |first1=Maria Wai-chu |last2=Chan |first2=Eugene Kin-keung |last3=Choi Kwan |first3=Janice Wing-kum |last4=Leung |first4=Gloria Chi-kin |last5=Lo |first5=Alexandra Dak-wai |last6=Tang |first6=Simon Shu-pui |publisher=Working Group on Overseas Community of the Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee |chapter=Basic Law – the Source of Hong Kong's Progress and Development |title=The Basic Law and Hong Kong – The 15th Anniversary of Reunification with the Motherland |chapter-url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/publications/book/15anniversary_reunification_ch2_2.pdf |date=2012 |oclc=884571397 |access-date=3 January 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612205720/http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/publications/book/15anniversary_reunification_ch2_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Tsang |first=Steve |author-link=Steve Tsang |date=2007 |title=A Modern History of Hong Kong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC856mG72EC |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-419-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=von Glahn |first=Richard |title=Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700 |year=1996 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNlv4f9tV_AC |isbn=978-0-520-91745-3 }}
* Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. ''Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink'' (2020) [https://www.wsj.com/articles/vigil-hong-kong-on-the-brink-review-the-origins-of-deance-11581974256 Online review]
* {{cite book |last=Wills |first=John E. |chapter=Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662 |editor1-last=Twitchett |editor1-first=Denis |editor2-last=Mote |editor2-first=Frederick W. |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |volume=2 |pages=333–375 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC |isbn=978-0-521-24333-9 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wiltshire |first=Trea |title=Old Hong Kong Volume II: 1901–1945 |publisher=FormAsia Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fhjrgEACAAJ |edition=5th |year=1997 |isbn=978-962-7283-13-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wong |first=Siu Lun |title=Emigration and stability in Hong Kong |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Hong Kong]] |url=https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/42565/1/07.pdf |isbn=978-962-7558-09-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wordie |first=Jason |title=Streets: Exploring Kowloon |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyfPeYnp3-oC |year=2007 |isbn=978-962-209-813-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition |date=2017 |publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] |doi=10.18111/9789284419029 |isbn=978-92-844-1901-2 |url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202 |ref={{harvid|WTO|2017}} |last1=Magalhães |first1=Bianca dos Santos }}
* {{cite book |last1=Xi |first1=Xu |last2=Ingham |first2=Mike |title=City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-962-209-605-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Xue |first=Charlie Q.L. |title=Hong Kong Architecture 1945–2015: From Colonial to Global |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-1003-3 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-1004-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xZkDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Yanne |first1=Andrew |last2=Heller |first2=Gillis |date=2009 |title=Signs of a Colonial Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpOQrEVBcX4C |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-962-209-944-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Yeung |first=Rikkie |title=Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUfqAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-962-209-963-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Simon N.M. |last2=Cullen |first2=Richard |title=Electing Hong Kong's Chief Executive |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px1WflAKjwEC |isbn=978-988-8028-39-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zhihong |first=Shi |chapter=China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840 |pages=4–23 |editor1-last=Latham |editor1-first=A.J.H. |editor2-last=Kawakatsu |editor2-first=Heita |editor-link=Heita Kawakatsu |title=Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC |isbn=978-0-415-37207-7 }}
{{refend}}

===== Legislation and case law =====
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A111/amendment.html Instrument A111]) |ref={{sfnref|Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html Chapter II] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter II}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html Chapter III] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter III}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html Chapter IV] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter IV}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_5.html Chapter V] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter V}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_7.html Chapter VII] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter VII}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{Cite Hong Kong case |litigants=Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council |list=HCAL |number=185 |year=2016 |id=106799 |pinpoint=20}} |ref={{sfnref|''Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council''}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Constitution of the People's Republic of China ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A1/constitution.html Instrument A1]) |ref={{sfnref|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=District Councils Ordinance|547}} Schedule 3 |ref={{sfnref|District Councils Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=Emergency Regulations Ordinance|241}} |ref={{sfnref|Emergency Regulations Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance |1126}} |ref={{sfnref|Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance|539}} |ref={{sfnref|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=Lingnan University Ordinance |1165}} |ref={{sfnref|Lingnan University Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{Cite Hong Kong case |litigants=Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration |list=FACV |number=14 |year=1998 |id=34052 |pinpoint=63}} |ref={{sfnref|''Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration''}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=Official Languages Ordinance |5|3|1}} |ref={{sfnref|Official Languages Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Sino-British Joint Declaration ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A301/declaration.html Instrument A301]) |ref={{sfnref|Sino-British Joint Declaration}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A204/interpretation.html Instrument A204]) |ref={{sfnref|Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance |444}} |ref={{sfnref|The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance |1075}} |ref={{sfnref|The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance |1145}} |ref={{sfnref|The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance}}}}
{{refend}}

==== Academic publications ====
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chen |first=Li |year=2011 |title=Universalism and Equal Sovereignty as Contested Myths of International Law in the Sino-Western Encounter |journal=Journal of the History of International Law |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=75–116 |doi=10.1163/157180511X552054 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Edmund W. |title=Street Politics in a Hybrid Regime: The Diffusion of Political Activism in Post-colonial Hong Kong |journal=The China Quarterly |date=June 2016 |volume=226 |pages=383–406 |doi=10.1017/S0305741016000394 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Sheung-Tak |last2=Lum |first2=Terry |last3=Lam |first3=Linda C. W. |last4=Fung |first4=Helene H. |year=2013 |title=Hong Kong: Embracing a Fast Aging Society With Limited Welfare |journal=The Gerontologist |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=527–533 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnt017 |pmid=23528290 |doi-access= }}
* {{cite journal |last=Cullinane |first=S. |title=The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong |year=2002 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=29–39 |journal=Transport Policy |doi=10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Fan |first=Shuh Ching |title=The Population of Hong Kong |year=1974 |journal=World Population Year |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c21.pdf |oclc=438716102 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Forrest |first1=Ray |last2=La Grange |first2=Adrienne |last3=Yip |first3=Ngai-ming |title=Hong Kong as a Global City? Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation |journal=[[Urban Studies (journal)|Urban Studies]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=207–227 |year=2004 |doi=10.1080/0042098032000155759 |bibcode=2004UrbSt..41..207F |citeseerx=10.1.1.1032.5974 |s2cid=154042413 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Fu |first=Poshek |title=Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema |journal=The China Quarterly |year=2008 |volume=194 |issue=194 |pages=380–394 |doi=10.1017/S030574100800043X |jstor=20192203|s2cid=154730809 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Fulton Commission |title=Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong |journal=Minerva |year=1963 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=493–507 |jstor=41821589 |doi=10.1007/bf01107190 |s2cid=189763965 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Ann D. |title=Lost in the Translation: Two Legal Cultures, the Common Law Judiciary and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |journal=[[Cornell International Law Journal]] |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1401&context=cilj |volume=30 |issue=2 |year=1997 |pages=335–380 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=John |title=2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing |chapter=A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech |date=2012 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.1109/IALP.2012.10 |isbn=978-1-4673-6113-2|s2cid=16210378 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Kwai Sang |last2=Leung |first2=Wai Mun |title=The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong |journal=Multilingual Education |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=2 |year=2012 |doi=10.1186/2191-5059-2-2 |doi-access=free |hdl=10397/98877 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Nelson K. |title=The Changing Nature of Border, Scale and the Production of Hong Kong's Water Supply System since 1959 |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=903–921 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.12060 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=McKercher |first1=Bob |last2=Ho |first2=Pamela S.Y. |last3=du Cros |first3=Hilary |title=Attributes of Popular Attractions in Hong Kong |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=393–407 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.008 |hdl=10397/29409 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Meacham |first=William |title=Neolithic to Historic in the Hong Kong Region |journal=Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=1999 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11707 |doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |eissn=0156-1316 |url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11707/10336 |hdl=10722/208530 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Ming |first=Sing |title=The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |volume=15 |issue=48 |year=2006 |pages=517–532 |doi=10.1080/10670560600736558 |s2cid=154949190 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Poon |first1=Simpson |last2=Chau |first2=Patrick |title=Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong |journal=Electronic Markets |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=97–106 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f800/672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034146/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f800/672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2018 |doi=10.1080/101967801300197016 |s2cid=18766585 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sofield |first1=Trevor H.B. |last2=Sivan |first2=Atara |title= From Cultural Festival to International Sport – The Hong Kong Dragon Boat Races |journal=Journal of Sport & Tourism |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–20 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/14775080306242 |s2cid=144106613 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=C. O.|last2=Wong |first2=S. C. |year=1997 |title=The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development |journal=Transportation |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=295–307 |doi=10.1023/A:1004987422746 |s2cid=152365622}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Eliza L.Y. |last2=Yeoh |first2=Eng-kiong |last3=Chau |first3=Patsy Y.K. |last4=Yam |first4=Carrie H.K. |last5=Cheung |first5=Annie W.L. |last6=Fung |first6=Hong |title=How shall we examine and learn about public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector? Realist evaluation of PPPs in Hong Kong |journal=[[Social Science & Medicine]] |volume=147 |year=2015 |pages=261–269 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.012 |doi-access=free |pmid=26605970 }}
{{refend}}

==== Institutional reports ====
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite report |title=A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong |publisher=[[Office of the Communications Authority]] |date=1 June 2018 |url=https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_108/channel_list_eng.pdf |ref={{harvid|Licensed Broadcasting Services|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Adaptation of Laws Programme – Guiding Principles and Guideline Glossary of Terms |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=November 1998 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/bc/bc55/papers/p739e1.pdf |ref={{harvid|Adaptation of Laws Guidelines|1998}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Agriculture and Fisheries |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2017 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/agriculture.pdf |ref={{harvid|Agriculture and Fisheries Facts|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Airport Traffic Report |publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |date=14 April 2017 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf |ref={{harvid|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017}} |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525172312/http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |title=Akamai's State of the Internet – Q1 2017 Report |publisher=[[Akamai Technologies]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/q1-2017-state-of-the-internet-connectivity-report.pdf |ref={{harvid|Akamai's State of the Internet|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2016/17 |publisher=[[Airport Authority Hong Kong]] |date=12 June 2017 |url=http://www.hongkongairport.com/iwov-resources/file/airport-authority/publications/annual-and-interim-reports/en/16_17/1617_Annual_Report_EN.pdf |ref={{harvid|HKIA Annual Report|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2016–17 |publisher=[[Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong)|Inland Revenue Department]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.ird.gov.hk/dar/2016-17/table/en/ar_1617.pdf |ref={{harvid|Inland Revenue Annual Report|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2017 |publisher=[[Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.hshgroup.com/-/media/Files/HSH/Financial-Reports/2017/EW00045-2017-Annual-Report.ashx |format=PDF |ref={{harvid|HSH Annual Report|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report and Accounts 2011 |publisher=[[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] |year=2011 |url=https://www.hsbc.com.hk/content/dam/hsbc/hk/docs/legal/regulatory-disclosures/report-and-accounts-11.pdf |ref={{harvid|HSBC Annual Report|2011}} }}
* {{cite report |title=APAC Regional Headquarters |publisher=[[Cushman & Wakefield]] |date=April 2016 |url=http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/reports/china/Cushman%20%20Wakefield%20RHQ%20Report_2016_F4.pdf |ref={{harvid|Cushman & Wakefield RHQ Report|2016}} |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143118/http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/reports/china/Cushman%20%20Wakefield%20RHQ%20Report_2016_F4.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |title=Béthanie – The Academy's Landmark Heritage Campus |publisher=[[Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts]] |date=September 2015 |url=https://www.hkapa.edu/files/guide/media-publications/Bethanie-Booklet.pdf |ref={{harvid|Béthanie|2015}} |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801204158/https://www.hkapa.edu/files/guide/media-publications/Bethanie-Booklet.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |title=Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=January 2008 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr07-08/english/panels/ed/papers/ed0229cb2-1238-1-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students|2008}} }}
* {{cite report |title=District Administration |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=April 2016 |url=http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf |ref={{harvid|District Administration Facts|2016}} |access-date=18 November 2008 |archive-date=7 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907000229/http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |title=Economic development: Statistical Highlights |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=26 April 2017 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh25-port-of-hong-kong-20170426-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Economic Statistical Highlights|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Family Survey 2013 |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=July 2014 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/ws/papers/ws0609cb2-2288-2-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Family Survey|2013}} }}
* {{cite report |title=The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |date=6 March 2015 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/649.pdf |ref={{harvid|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report|2015}} }}
* {{cite report |author=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |author-link=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |title=Written evidence from Foreign and Commonwealth Office |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |date=October 2014 |url=http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/the-uks-relations-with-hong-kong-30-years-after-the-joint-declaration/written/14357.pdf |ref={{harvid|FCO Written Evidence|2014}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Geography and Climate |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |year=2010 |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_810/geog.pdf |ref={{harvid|Geography and Climate|2010}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election |publisher=[[Electoral Affairs Commission]] |year=2016 |url=https://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/legco/2016lc_guide/en/lc_full_guide.pdf |ref={{harvid|Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election|2016}} |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122213234/https://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/legco/2016lc_guide/en/lc_full_guide.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |title=Health Facts of Hong Kong: 2017 Edition |publisher=[[Department of Health (Hong Kong)|Department of Health]] |year=2017 |url=http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/statistics/statistics_hs/files/Health_Statistics_pamphlet_E.pdf |ref={{harvid|Health Facts|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Hong Kong as a Service Economy |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=April 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/service_economy.pdf |ref={{harvid|Economy Facts|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Hong Kong Energy Statistics – 2016 Annual Report |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=April 2017 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11000022016AN16B0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Energy Statistics Report|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=The Hong Kong Government Gazette |via=[[University of Hong Kong]] |date=3 September 1926 |url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1926/100085.pdf |ref={{harvid|Hong Kong Government Gazette|1926}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Human Development Indices and Indicators – Statistical Update 2018 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |year=2018 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |ref={{harvid|UN Human Development Indices and Indicators|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |last1=Jiang |first1=Guorong |last2=Tang |first2=Nancy |last3=Law |first3=Eve |last4=Sze |first4=Angela |title=The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Monetary Authority]] |date=September 2003 |url=http://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/publication-and-research/quarterly-bulletin/qb200309/fa1.pdf }}
* {{cite report |title=June 2019 |work=Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=June 2019 |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/fd.jsp?file=B10100022019MM06B0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Monthly Statistics for June|2019}} }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite report |title=List of Political Affiliations of LegCo Members and DC Members |publisher=[[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Councils]] |date=19 June 2017 |url=http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/south/sc_chi/activities/files/Political_Affiliation_20170620_TC.pdf |ref={{harvid|LegCo and DC Member Political Affiliations|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=September 2017 |url=https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017.pdf |ref={{harvid|UNESCO Literacy Rates|2017}} |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020745/http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |last1=Lung |first1=Charles C P |last2=Sung |first2=Y F |title=A Century of Railway Development – The Hong Kong Story |publisher=Institution of Railway Signal Engineers |year=2010 |url=http://www.irse.org/knowledge/publicdocuments/1.07%20Lung%20-%20Century%20of%20Railway%20Development%20Hong%20Kong.pdf |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223254/http://www.irse.org/knowledge/publicdocuments/1.07%20Lung%20-%20Century%20of%20Railway%20Development%20Hong%20Kong.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |title=Main Results |work=2021 Population By-Census |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |year=2021 |url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/pub/21c-main-results.pdf |ref={{harvid|Population By-Census|2021}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Market Statistics 2018 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] |year=2018 |url=https://www.hkex.com.hk/-/media/HKEX-Market/News/News-Release/2018/181221news/181221news.pdf?la=en |ref={{harvid|HKSE Market Statistics|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |author=Panel on Education |title=Grant to the Hong Kong Shue Yan University for Establishing a General Development Fund |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=8 January 2007 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ed/papers/ed0108cb2-757-4-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|LegCo Grant to Shue Yan University|2007}} }}
* {{cite report |author=Panel on Home Affairs |chapter=List of Historical Buildings Declared as Monuments from 1997 to 2006 |title=The Queen's Pier |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=June 2007 |chapter-url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ha/papers/ha0601cb2-2102-1-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Declared Monuments|2007}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Public Finance |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2018 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/public_finance.pdf |ref={{harvid|Public Finance Facts|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Public Transport Strategy Study |publisher=[[Transport Department]] |date=June 2017 |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/publication/ptss_final_report_eng.pdf |ref={{harvid|Public Transport Strategy Study|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Radio Television Hong Kong |work=The 2018–2019 Budget |publisher=Hong Kong Government |year=2018 |url=https://www.budget.gov.hk/2018/eng/pdf/head160.pdf |ref={{harvid|RTHK Budget|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Railway Network |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=April 2018 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/railway.pdf |ref={{harvid|Railway Network Facts|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Registration and Licensing of Vehicles by Class of Vehicles |publisher=[[Transport Department]] |date=January 2018 |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_281/table41a.pdf |ref={{harvid|Vehicle Registration and Licensing|2018}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Religion and Custom |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/religion.pdf |ref={{harvid|Religion and Custom Facts|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |author=Subcommittee on Matters Relating to Railways |title=Follow-ups on the Service Suspension of Tseung Kwan O Line and Part of Kwun Tong Line on 16 December 2013, and Report on Subsequent Major Incidents on East Rail Line and Light Rail |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |year=2014 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/tp/tp_rdp/papers/tp_rdp0228cb1-980-5-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Report on Rail Service|2014}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Reclamation Outside Victoria Harbour |publisher=[[Development Bureau]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.devb.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_1054/Paper_07_2017.pdf |ref={{harvid|Land Policy Report|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Report of the Task Force on Population Policy |publisher=Hong Kong Government |year=2002 |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/info/population/eng/pdf/report_eng.pdf |ref={{harvid|Population Policy Report|2002}} }}
* {{cite report |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 22 |date=September 2017 |publisher=[[China Development Institute]] |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_22.pdf |ref={{harvid|Global Financial Centres Index|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=The Media |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=December 2017 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/media.pdf |ref={{harvid|Media Facts|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Thematic Report: Household Income Distribution in Hong Kong |work=2016 Population By-Census |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=July 2017 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11200962016XXXXB0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Household Income Distribution|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Tourism |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/tourism.pdf |ref={{harvid|Tourism Facts|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Transport |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/transport.pdf |ref={{harvid|Transport Facts|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong |publisher=[[Transport and Housing Bureau]] |date=December 2014 |url=http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf |ref={{harvid|Traffic Congestion Study|2014}} |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423133342/https://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite report |author=Transport and Housing Bureau |author-link=Transport and Housing Bureau |title=Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=19 April 2017 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr16-17/english/subleg/brief/2017ln060-065_brf.pdf |ref={{harvid|Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Transport: Statistical Highlights |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=28 October 2016 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh06-public-transport-20161028-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Transport Statistical Highlights|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 |publisher=[[Bank for International Settlements]] |date=September 2016 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx16fx.pdf |ref={{harvid|Triennial Central Bank Survey|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Usage of Information Technology and the Internet by Hong Kong Residents, 2000 to 2016 |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=November 2017 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B71711FB2017XXXXB0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|IT and Internet Usage|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |year=2011 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr11-12/english/sec/library/1112in17-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings|2011}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Water Supplies |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/water_supplies.pdf |ref={{harvid|Water Supply Facts|2016}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=July 2017 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11303032017AN17B0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |last1=Yu |first1=Jian Zhen |last2=Huang |first2=Hilda |last3=Ng |first3=Wai Man |title=Final Report for Provision of Service for Fine Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) Sample Chemical Analysis |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Department]] |date=June 2013 |url=http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/studyrpts/files/final_report_mvtmpms_2012.pdf }}
{{refend}}

==== News and magazine articles ====
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite news |last1=Baldwin |first1=Clare |author1-link=Clare Baldwin |last2=Lee |first2=Yimou |last3=Jim |first3=Clare |date=30 December 2014 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-economy-specialreport/special-report-the-mainlands-colonization-of-the-hong-kong-economy-idUSKBN0K901320141231 |title=Special Report: The mainland's colonisation of the Hong Kong economy |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 December 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Bland |first=Ben |date=31 July 2016 |title=Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Chan |first=Bernice |date=17 July 2017 |title=Hong Kong villagers using solar energy to help power their homes – and show its potential as a source of electricity for city |url=http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2102674/hong-kong-villagers-using-solar-energy-help-power-their-homes-and-show-its |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=25 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Chao |first=York |date=25 May 2013 |title=Racist Hong Kong is still a fact |url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1245226/racist-hong-kong-still-fact |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Cheung |first=Stephanie |date=23 March 2015 |title=The case for extending Hong Kong's 2047 deadline |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1742930/case-extending-hong-kongs-2047-deadline |access-date=22 May 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Cheung |first=Tony |date=10 May 2016 |title=Too soon to talk about 2047? Legal experts split on when Hong Kong should debate its future |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1943075/too-soon-talk-about-2047-legal-experts-split-when-hong-kong |access-date=22 May 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Cheung |first=Tony |date=28 February 2017 |title=Who goes there? Hong Kong's participation in China's 'two sessions' explained |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2074786/who-goes-there-chinas-annual-two-sessions-event-explained |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=27 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Cheung |first1=Tony |last2=Ho |first2=Lauren |date=19 January 2013 |title=CY Leung insists housing policy won't cause property crash |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1131216/cy-leung-insists-housing-policy-wont-cause-property-crash |access-date=14 November 2017 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Chow |first=Vivienne |date=16 March 2017 |title=Hong Kong's TVB Targeting New Revenues With OTT Platform, Productions |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/asia/hong-kong-tvb-new-ott-platform-productions-1202010080/ |access-date=6 June 2018 }}
* {{cite magazine|last=Darrach|first=Amanda|date=14 June 2019|title=How many really marched in Hong Kong? And how should we best guess crowd size?|magazine=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/how-many-marched-protests-hong-kong-how-guess-crowd-size.php|access-date=23 October 2019 }}
* {{cite news |title=End of an experiment |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=15 July 2010 |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2010/07/15/end-of-an-experiment |access-date=5 September 2010 |ref={{sfnref|"End of an experiment", ''The Economist''}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Frank |first=Robert |date=5 September 2018 |title=Hong Kong topples New York as world's richest city |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/05/hong-kong-topples-new-york-as-worlds-richest-city.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=21 April 2019 }}
* {{cite news |last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |date=1 July 1997 |title=China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/01/world/china-resumes-control-of-hong-kong-concluding-156-years-of-british-rule.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 January 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Ge |first=Celine |date=28 July 2017 |title=It's fade out for Hong Kong's film industry as China moves into the spotlight |url=http://www.scmp.com/business/article/2104540/its-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=28 May 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Gold |first=Anne |date=6 July 2001 |title=Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322100224/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 October 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Griffiths |first1=James |last2=Lazarus |first2=Sarah |date=22 October 2018 |title=World's longest sea-crossing bridge opens between Hong Kong and China |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/world/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-intl/index.html |access-date=15 February 2019 }}
* {{cite news |last=Haas |first=Benjamin |date=14 July 2017 |title=Hong Kong pro-democracy legislators disqualified from parliament |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/14/hong-kong-pro-democracy-legislators-disqualified-parliament |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 July 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=He |first=Huifeng |date=13 January 2013 |title=Forgotten stories of the great escape to Hong Kong |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1126786/forgotten-stories-huge-escape-hong-kong |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=27 December 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Hollingsworth |first1=Julia |last2=Zheng |first2=Sarah |date=27 March 2017 |title=Top 10 Hong Kong skyscraper nicknames, from the Big Syringe to the Hong Kong Finger |url=http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2081852/top-10-hong-kong-skyscraper-nicknames-big-syringe-hong-kong-finger |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=26 June 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Huang |first=Echo |date=15 November 2016 |title=A Hong Kong court has disqualified two legislators who refused to take their oath "correctly" |url=https://qz.com/837562/a-hong-kong-court-has-disqualifed-yau-wia-ching-and-baggio-leung-from-the-legco-for-refusing-to-take-their-oath-correctly/ |newspaper=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=5 July 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Kaiman |first=Jonathan |date=30 September 2014 |title=Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/-sp-hong-kong-umbrella-revolution-pro-democracy-protests |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=3 February 2018 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Kong |first=Daniel |date=8 August 2013 |title=Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow? |url=http://modernfarmer.com/2013/08/hong-kong-imports-over-90-of-its-food-can-it-learn-to-grow/ |magazine=[[Modern Farmer (magazine)|Modern Farmer]] |access-date=26 October 2013 }}
* {{cite news |last=Kwok |first=Donny |date=22 September 2018 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-train/all-aboard-hong-kong-bullet-train-signals-high-speed-integration-with-china-idUSKCN1M301T |title=All aboard: Hong Kong bullet train signals high-speed integration with China |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 September 2018 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Labarre |first=Suzanne |date=15 June 2010 |title=Ingenious Flipper Bridge Melds Left-Side Drivers With Right-Side Drivers |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1660258/ingenious-flipper-bridge-melds-left-side-drivers-right-side-drivers |magazine=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |access-date=25 March 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Lendon |first=Brad |date=29 June 2017 |title=China makes its military more visible in Hong Kong |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/27/asia/china-military-hong-kong/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=22 December 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Lhatoo |first=Yonden |date=17 September 2015 |title=Racism is rife in Hong Kong and the Equal Opportunities Commission is a toothless hamster to tackle it |url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1859049/racism-rife-hong-kong-and-equal-opportunities-commission |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Liu |first=Alfred |date=5 September 2018 |title=These Are the Cities With the Most Ultra-Rich People |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-06/hong-kong-passes-new-york-as-home-to-the-most-ultra-rich-people |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=21 April 2019 }}
* {{cite news |last=Mok |first=Danny |date=14 February 2018 |title=Going up! Prices for Hong Kong's famous Peak Tram to increase for second time in less than two years |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2133393/going-prices-hong-kongs-famous-peak-tram-increased-second |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=2 July 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Mok |first1=Danny |last2=Lee |first2=Eddie |date=4 March 2015 |title=Let Hongkongers serve in China's People's Liberation Army, says top military official |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1729129/let-hongkongers-serve-chinas-peoples-liberation-army-says-top |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=27 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Ngo |first1=Jennifer |last2=Cheung |first2=Elizabeth |date=16 March 2016 |title=A case for inclusion: Carrie Lam pledges to tout list of 16 ethnic minority Hongkongers for government advisory positions |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1928626/case-inclusion-carrie-lam-pledges-tout-list-16-ethnic |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Park |first=Kyunghee |date=23 January 2019 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/hong-kong-port-falls-to-lowest-position-in-at-least-40-years |title=Once the World's Greatest Port, Hong Kong Sinks in Global Ranking |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=14 February 2019 }}
* {{cite news |last=Sala |first=Ilaria Maria |date=1 September 2016 |title=As Hong Kong goes to the polls, why isn't the Communist Party on the ballot? |url=https://qz.com/770620/as-hong-kong-prepares-to-go-to-the-polls-why-isnt-the-communist-party-on-the-ballot/ |newspaper=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=18 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Siu |first1=Phila |last2=Chung |first2=Kimmy |date=27 December 2017 |title=Controversial joint checkpoint plan approved for high-speed rail link as Hong Kong officials dismiss concerns over legality |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2125820/chinas-top-body-approves-plan-enforce-mainland-laws-joint |access-date=5 July 2018 }}
* {{cite news |last=Tam |first=Luisa |date=11 September 2017 |title=Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/2110645/self-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |location=Hong Kong |access-date=27 December 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Tatlow |first=Didi Kirsten |date=2 February 2017 |title=On Deck With China's Last Junk Builders, Masters of an Ebbing Craft |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/world/asia/china-junk-builders-hong-kong.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/world/asia/china-junk-builders-hong-kong.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=31 May 2018 }}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite news |title=To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/06/20/to-restore-calm-in-hong-kong-try-democracy |access-date=23 October 2019 |ref={{sfnref|"To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy", ''The Economist''}}}}
* {{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Joshua |last2=Lim |first2=Emily |date=23 February 2017 |title=We must resist until China gives Hong Kong a say in our future |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/23/we-must-resist-until-china-gives-hong-kong-a-say-in-our-future |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=16 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Yau |first1=Cannix |last2=Zhou |first2=Viola |date=9 June 2017 |title=What hope for the poorest? Hong Kong wealth gap hits record high |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2097715/what-hope-poorest-hong-kong-wealth-gap-hits-record-high |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=30 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Yu |first=Verna |date=6 January 2013 |title=Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1120852/veterans-who-fled-mainland-hong-kong-1970s-tell-their-stories |access-date=9 September 2013 }}
* {{cite news |last=Zhao |first=Shirley |date=6 September 2015 |title='If you tell them you are Pakistani, they won't give you the flat': Finding a Hong Kong home is battle against prejudice for ethnic minorities |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1855629/if-you-tell-them-you-are-pakistani-they-wont-give-you-flat-finding |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017 }}
* {{cite news |last=Zheng |first=Sarah |date=14 January 2017 |title=Hong Kong's heritage sites face continued threat despite government grading system |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2062004/hong-kongs-heritage-sites-face-continued-threat |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |location=Hong Kong |access-date=5 March 2018 }}
{{refend}}

==== Websites ====
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite web |last1=Bush |first1=Richard C. |last2=Whelan-Wuest |first2=Maeve |date=29 March 2017 |title=Another Hong Kong election, another pro-Beijing leader—why it matters |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/03/29/another-hong-kong-election-another-pro-beijing-leader-why-it-matters |website=Brookings Institution |access-date=18 November 2017 }}
* {{cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=14 March 2018 |title=These 25 countries have the most billionaires |website=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/these-25-countries-have-the-most-billionaires-2018-3 |access-date=3 April 2018 }}
* {{cite web |title=Disclaimer and Copyright Notice |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/english/disclaim.htm |website=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |access-date=27 November 2017 |ref={{sfnref|Legislative Council Disclaimer and Copyright Notice}} }}
* {{cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Amoy |date=1 July 2011 |title=Asian Cup: Know Your History – Part One (1956–1988) |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2011/01/07/2293901/asian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=5 March 2018 }}
* {{cite web |title=HK records hottest day before typhoon |date=23 August 2017 |website=EJ Insight |url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20170823-hk-records-hottest-day-before-typhoon/ |access-date=29 August 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"HK records hottest day before typhoon", ''EJ Insight''}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141559/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170823-hk-records-hottest-day-before-typhoon/ |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality |date=9 June 2017 |website=EJ Insight |url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20170609-hk-versus-china-gdp-a-sobering-reality/ |access-date=29 January 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality", ''EJ Insight''}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829090354/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170609-hk-versus-china-gdp-a-sobering-reality/ |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China' |date=29 September 2014 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hong-kong-protests/hong-kong-activists-stare-down-great-firewall-china-n213911 |access-date=21 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'", ''NBC News''}} }}
* {{Cite news |title=Hong Kong profile – Media |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16525992 |date=5 March 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 May 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"Hong Kong media profile", ''BBC News''}} }}
* {{cite web |last=Kohlstedt |first=Kurt |date=5 September 2016 |title=Here Be Dragons: How Feng Shui Shapes the Skyline of Hong Kong |url=https://99percentinvisible.org/article/dragons-feng-shui-shapes-skyline-hong-kong/ |website=[[99% Invisible]] |access-date=23 June 2018 }}
* {{cite web |last=Kwong |first=Chi Man |date=9 September 2015 |title=Hong Kong during World War II: A Transnational Battlefield |url=http://theasiadialogue.com/2015/09/09/hong-kong-during-world-war-ii-a-transnational-battlefield/ |publisher=[[University of Nottingham]] |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034106/http://theasiadialogue.com/2015/09/09/hong-kong-during-world-war-ii-a-transnational-battlefield/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last1=Lam |first1=Eric |last2=Qiu |first2=Yue |date=23 June 2017 |title=Hong Kong's Stock Market Tells the Story of China's Growing Dominance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-hang-seng-index/ |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=26 December 2017 }}
* {{cite web |title=Land Use in Hong Kong 2017 |url=http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html |website=[[Town Planning Board|Planning Department]] |access-date=1 September 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"Land Use in Hong Kong 2017", Planning Department}} |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019212830/http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms |url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/roa/term.html |website=[[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department]] |access-date=18 November 2017 |ref={{sfnref|"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms", Immigration Department}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Hong Kong|d=Q8646|Hong Kong}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/ Hong Kong]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16517764 Hong Kong] from [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HK Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong] from [[International Futures]]
* [https://arthistory.hku.hk/HKinTransition/ Hong Kong in Transition (1995–2020)], an open access photographic archive of recent Hong Kong history
'''Government'''
* [http://www.gov.hk/ GovHK] Hong Kong SAR government portal
* [http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/index.jsp Discover Hong Kong] Official site of the tourism board
'''Trade'''
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/HKG/Year/2019/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong]
'''Maps'''
* {{Wikiatlas|Hong Kong}}
* {{OSM relation|913110}}

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