Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Fixed link consisting of tunnel and multiple bridges}}

{{Use Hong Kong English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox bridge
|fetchwikidata=coordinates
| name                = Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
| native_name         = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|港珠澳大橋}}<br />{{lang|zh-hans|港珠澳大桥}}<br />
{{lang|pt|Ponte de Hong Kong-Macau-Zhuhai}}}}
| image               = File:West section of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (20180902174105).jpg
| image_upright       = 1
| alt                 =
| caption             = 
| os_grid_reference   = 
| carries             = 6 lanes of the [[File:China Expwy G94 sign no name.svg|27px]] [[G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway]]
| crosses             =
* [[Pearl River Delta|Pearl River Estuary]]
** [[Lingdingyang|Lingding Channel]]
** [[Jiuzhouyang|Jiuzhou Channel]]
| locale              = [[Pearl River Delta]]
| official_name       = Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge
| other_name          = HZMB, HZM Bridge
| named_for           = 
| owner               = 
| maint               = 
*[[National Immigration Administration|National Immigration Administration (mainland China)]]
*[[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)]]
*[[Public Security Police Force of Macau|Public Security Police Force (Macau)]]
| heritage            = 
| id                  = 
| id_type             = 
| preceded            = 
| followed            = 
| design              = [[Bridge–tunnel]] system
| material            = 
| material1           = 
| material2           = 
| length              = {{convert|55|km|mi}}
| width               = 
| height              = 
| depth               = 
| traversable         = 
| towpath             = 
| mainspan            = 
| number_spans        = 3 
| piers_in_water      = 
| load                = 
| clearance_above     = 
| clearance_below     = 
| lanes               = 3 lanes per direction
| life                = 120 years 
| architect           = 
| designer            = 
| contracted_designer = 
| winner              = 
| engineering         = 
| builder             = 
| fabricator          = 
| begin               = {{Start date and age|df=y|2009|12|15}}
| complete            = {{End date and age|df=y|2018|2|6}}<ref name="complete">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-06 |script-title=zh:港珠澳大桥主体工程完成交工验收 具备通车试运营条件 |url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-02/06/content_5264425.htm |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035523/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-02/06/content_5264425.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| cost                = [[Renminbi|¥]]127 billion (US$18.8 billion)<ref name="Xin201810">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-23 |title=Xinhua Headlines: World's longest cross-sea bridge opens, integrating China's Greater Bay Area |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/23/c_137553194.htm |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=Xinhua Net |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195326/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/23/c_137553194.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| open                = 24 October 2018, 09:00 UTC+8<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-24 |title=Cars and buses begin crossing the Pearl River Delta as Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge opens to traffic |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2169893/first-cars-and-buses-begin-crossing-pearl-river-delta-hong |access-date=2018-10-24 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510091026/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2169893/first-cars-and-buses-begin-crossing-pearl-river-delta-hong |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Xi Jinping declares opening of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge |url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/2169817/chinese-president-xi-jinping-declares-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-open |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228074037/https://www.scmp.com/video/china/2169817/chinese-president-xi-jinping-declares-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-open |url-status=live }}</ref>
| inaugurated         = {{Start date and age|df=y|2018|10|23}}
| rebuilt             = 
| collapsed           = 
| closed              = 
| replaces            = 
| replaced_by         = 
| traffic             = 
| toll                = [[Renminbi|¥]]80 - [[Renminbi|¥]]300
| coordinates         = {{coord|22|16|59|N|113|46|50|E|region:GR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| map_type            = 
| map_relief          = 
| map_dot_label       = 
| map_image           = 
| map_size            = 
| map_alt             = 
| map_caption         = 
| extra               = {{Infobox building
 | embed = yes
| website = {{URL|https://www.hzmb.org/|hzmb.org}} (mainland China)<br />{{URL|http://www.customs.gov.cn/gongbei_customs/374281/374286/374288/2350533/index.html|customs.gov.cn}} (mainland China)<br />{{URL|https://www.hzmb.gov.hk/en/|hzmb.gov.hk}} (Hong Kong)<br />{{URL|https://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/land_based_cross_boundary_transport/access_to_hzmb_hong_kong_port/index.html|td.gov.hk}} (Hong Kong)<br />{{URL|http://www.dsat.gov.mo/hzmb/|dsat.gov.mo/hzmb}}  (Macau)<br />{{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20221224073532/https://www.fsm.gov.mo/psp/por/psp_org_map_HKZM.html|fsm.gov.mo}} (Macau)
}}
}}
{{Chinese
| s              = 港珠澳大桥
| t              = 港珠澳大橋
| showflag       = jp
| p              = Gǎngzhū'ào Dàqiáo
| tp             = Gǎng-zhu-ào Dà-ciáo
| w              = {{tone superscript|Kang3-chu1-ao4 Ta4-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|iao2}}
| mi             = {{IPAc-cmn|g|ang|3|.|zh|u|1|.|ao|4|-|d|a|4|.|q|iao|2}}
| bpmf           = ㄍㄤˇ ㄓㄨ ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄑㄧㄠˊ
| y              = Góngjyūou Daaihkìuh
| j              = gong2 zyu1 ou3 daai6 kiu4
| ci             = {{IPAc-yue|g|ong|2|-|z|yu|1|-|ou|3|-|d|aai|6}}
| lang1          = Portuguese
| lang1_content  = Ponte Hong&nbsp;Kong–Zhuhai–Macau 
| pic            = HZMB route.svg
| piccap         = Map of the bridge highway and the undersea tunnel (shown dotted) route of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, between [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].
}}
The '''Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge''' ('''HZMB''') is a {{convert|55|km|mi|adj=on}} [[bridge–tunnel]] system consisting of a series of three [[cable-stayed bridge]]s, an [[undersea tunnel]], and four [[artificial island]]s. It is both the longest sea crossing<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-23 |title=China opens longest sea-crossing bridge |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45937924 |access-date=2018-10-28 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023231721/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45937924 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-25 |title=Smooth start for world's longest state of the art sea crossing |language=en |publisher=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/smooth-start-for-worlds-longest-sea-crossing |access-date=2018-10-28 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151542/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/smooth-start-for-worlds-longest-sea-crossing |url-status=live }}</ref> and the longest [[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links|open-sea fixed link]] in the world. The HZMB spans the [[Lingdingyang|Lingding]] and [[Jiuzhouyang|Jiuzhou]] channels, connecting [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] with [[Zhuhai]]— a major city on the [[Pearl River Delta]] in [[China]].

The HZM Bridge was designed to last for 120 years and cost [[Renminbi|¥]]127 billion (US$18.8 billion) to build.<ref name=Xin201810/> The cost of constructing the [[#Main Bridge|Main Bridge]] was estimated at [[Renminbi|¥]]51.1 billion (US$7.56 billion) funded by bank loans and shared among the governments of mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lazarus |first=Sarah |title=China unveils world's longest sea-crossing bridge |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/04/asia/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge/index.html |access-date=2018-10-28 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411194418/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/04/asia/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Originally set to be opened to traffic in late 2016,<ref name="asia.nikkei.com">{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge construction set to finish this year |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau-Bridge-construction-set-to-finish-this-year |access-date=2018-10-28 |publisher=Nikkei Asian Review |language=en-GB |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608210616/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau-Bridge-construction-set-to-finish-this-year |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chinadaily7july2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=The Standard |title=Bridge to open in one go despite HK delays |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=173208 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022223108/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=173208 |archive-date=22 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> the structure was completed on 6 February 2018<ref name="complete" /> and journalists were subsequently taken for a ride over the bridge.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lazarus |first=Sarah |title=China unveils world's longest sea-crossing bridge |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/04/asia/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge/index.html |access-date=2018-08-16 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411194418/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/04/asia/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=好消息！港珠澳大桥七一前正式通车 |url=http://gd.qq.com/a/20180121/010630.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002714/http://gd.qq.com/a/20180121/010630.htm |archive-date=9 February 2018 |access-date=2018-02-08 |publisher=gd.qq.com |language=zh-CN}}</ref> On 24 October 2018 the HZMB was opened to the public after its inauguration a day earlier by Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]].

== Planning ==
=== Background ===
[[Hopewell Holdings]] founder and then-managing director [[Gordon Wu]] proposed the concept of a bridge-tunnel linking [[Mainland China]], [[British Hong Kong]] and [[Portuguese Macau]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tsang |first=Denise |date=2018-10-23 |title=Tycoon's 35-year dream finally realised as mega bridge opens |publisher=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/2169864/property-tycoon-gordon-wus-35-year-dream-massive |access-date=2018-10-23 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023200046/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/2169864/property-tycoon-gordon-wus-35-year-dream-massive |url-status=live }}</ref> Wu stated that he got the idea in 1983 from the [[Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel]]. In 1988 Wu pitched the concept to Guangdong and Beijing officials. He envisaged a link farther north than the current design, beginning at Black Point near [[Tuen Mun]], Hong Kong and crossing the Pearl River estuary via [[Nei Lingding Island]] and [[Qi'ao Island]]. His proposed bridge would have ended at the Chinese village of Tangjia, and a new road would have continued south through Zhuhai before terminating at Macau.<ref name="bridgetochina">{{Cite news |last=Stoner |first=Tad |date=3 November 1988 |title=$6b bridge to China plan |page=1 |publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Discussions stalled after the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square protests]] in mid-1989 "unnerved" Wu and other foreign investors, and caused Hopewell's Hong Kong share prices to plunge.<ref name="entrepreneurbecomes">{{Cite news |last=Hunt |first=Christopher |date=29 December 1989 |title=Entrepreneur Becomes a Weather Vane For Resuming Business in China Now |page=1 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition}}</ref>

The route proposed by Wu was promoted by the [[Zhuhai]] government under the name [[Lingdingyang Bridge]]. In the mid-1990s, Zhuhai built [[Qi'ao Bridge|a bridge between the Zhuhai mainland and Qi'ao Island]] that was intended as the first phase of this route, though the full scheme had not been approved by either the Chinese or Hong Kong governments at the time.<ref name="firstlingdingyang">{{Cite news |last=Cheung |first=Agnes |date=29 March 1995 |title=First Lingdingyang link nearly ready |page=11 |publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref> China's central government showed support for this project on 30 December 1997.<ref name="beijingapproves97">{{Cite news |last1=Szeto |first1=Wanda |last2=Ng |first2=Kang-chung |date=31 December 1997 |title=Beijing approves Zhuhai-HK bridge |page=1 |publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref> The new Hong Kong government was reluctant, stating that it was still awaiting cross-border traffic study results, and Hong Kong media questioned the environmental impact of the project with regard to air pollution, traffic and marine life.<ref name="toofar">{{Cite news |date=2 January 1998 |title=A bridge too far |page=12 |publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

In December 2001 the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] passed a motion urging the Administration to develop the logistics industry including the construction of a bridge connecting Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macao. In September 2002, the China/Hong Kong Conference on Co-ordination of Major Infrastructure Projects agreed to a joint study on a transport link between Hong Kong and Pearl River West.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region - Database on Particular Policy Issues - Transport Hong Kong - Zhuhai - Macao Bridge (HZMB) |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/database/english/data_tp/tp-zhuhzi-macao-bridge.htm |website=www.legco.gov.hk |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027185725/https://www.legco.gov.hk/database/english/data_tp/tp-zhuhzi-macao-bridge.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Preparation ===
To coordinate the project, the Advance Work Coordination Group of HZMB was set up in 2003. Officials from three sides solved issues such as landing points and alignments of the bridge, operation of the Border Crossing Facilities, and project financing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge - Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridg |url=http://www.hzmb.org/en/bencandy.asp?id=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143359/http://www.hzmb.org/en/bencandy.asp?id=2 |archive-date=27 October 2018 |access-date=2018-10-27 |website=www.hzmb.org}}</ref>

In August 2008 China's central government, the governments of [[Guangdong]], Hong Kong and Macau agreed to finance 42 percent of the total costs. The remaining 58% consisted of loans (approximately [[Renminbi|¥]]22 billion or US$3.23 billion) from the [[Bank of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bi |first=Mingxin |date=14 April 2009 |title=Bank of China to lead loan consortium for Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge |publisher=Window of China Xinhuanet |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/14/content_11186292.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=17 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024042455/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/14/content_11186292.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>

In March 2009 it was further reported that China's central government, Hong Kong and Macau agreed to finance 22 percent of the total costs. The remaining 78 percent consisted of loans (approximately [[Renminbi|¥]]57.3 billion or US$8.4 billion) from a consortium of banks led by [[Bank of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Jonathan |date=15 December 2009 |title=China Builds Bridge to Link Southern Cities |publisher=Dow Jones & Company WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126088119555891949?mod=googlenews_wsj |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013144446/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126088119555891949?mod=googlenews_wsj |archive-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

== Construction ==
Construction of the HZMB project began on 15 December 2009 on the Chinese side,<ref>[[Arup Group Limited|Arup]]: [http://www.arup.com/News/2010-02_February/09_Feb_2010_Ground-breaking_HK-Zhuhai-Macao_Bridge.aspx "Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge ground breaking"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719083538/http://www.arup.com/News/2010-02_February/09_Feb_2010_Ground-breaking_HK-Zhuhai-Macao_Bridge.aspx |date=19 July 2013 }}, 9 February 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</ref> with the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing member]] and [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|Vice Premier of China]] [[Li Keqiang]] holding a commencement ceremony. Construction of the Hong Kong section of the project began in December 2011 after a delay caused by a legal challenge regarding the environmental impact of the bridge.<ref>[[Macau Daily Times]]: [http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/32406-Pearl-River-Delta-Bridge-work-begins.html "Pearl River Delta Bridge work begins"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610180541/http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/32406-Pearl-River-Delta-Bridge-work-begins.html |date=10 June 2012 }}, 15 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</ref>

The last bridge tower was erected on 2 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HK-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge about to open to traffic |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0603/c90000-9067785.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608012540/http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0603/c90000-9067785.html |archive-date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final HZMB Bridge Tower Erected |url=http://www.hzmb.org/en/bencandy.asp?id=3075 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224511/http://www.hzmb.org/en/bencandy.asp?id=3075 |archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> The last straighted-element of the {{convert|4860|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} straight section of the undersea tunnel was installed on 12 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HongKong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge |url=http://en.cccchzmb.com/P29-6459.biz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018234725/http://en.cccchzmb.com/P29-6459.biz |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> While the final tunnel joint was installed on 2 May 2017. Construction of the Main Bridge, consisting of a [[viaduct]] and an undersea tunnel was completed on 6 July 2017.<ref name="chinadaily7july2017">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Main structure of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is completed |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-07/07/content_30035204.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720210129/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-07/07/content_30035204.htm |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=3 October 2017 |publisher=China Daily}}</ref> The entire construction project was completed on 6 February 2018.<ref name="complete" /> During the construction 19 workers died.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=【港珠澳血橋】工會促為殉職工人立碑 政府無反應 工程公司70年代萬宜水庫立碑紀念工人 |url=https://thestandnews.com/society/港珠澳血橋-工會促為殉職工人立碑-政府無反應-工程公司70年代萬宜水庫立碑紀念工人/ |access-date=2019-06-15 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229135942/https://www.thestandnews.com/society/%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E8%A1%80%E6%A9%8B-%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83%E4%BF%83%E7%82%BA%E6%AE%89%E8%81%B7%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%A2%91-%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%84%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89-%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B870%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E8%90%AC%E5%AE%9C%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%AB%E7%AB%8B%E7%A2%91%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-18 |title=未來城市：建工傷紀念碑 是療傷也是讓民族向前行 |url=https://news.mingpao.com/pns/副刊/article/20181118/s00005/1542479324654/未來城市-建工傷紀念碑-是療傷也是讓民族向前行 |access-date=2019-06-15 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214104726/https://news.mingpao.com/pns/%e5%89%af%e5%88%8a/article/20181118/s00005/1542479324654/%e6%9c%aa%e4%be%86%e5%9f%8e%e5%b8%82-%e5%bb%ba%e5%b7%a5%e5%82%b7%e7%b4%80%e5%bf%b5%e7%a2%91-%e6%98%af%e7%99%82%e5%82%b7%e4%b9%9f%e6%98%af%e8%ae%93%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f%e5%90%91%e5%89%8d%e8%a1%8c |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Site HK view 201506.jpg|Hong Kong section under construction in 2015 off the coast of [[Lantau Island]]
File:Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Eastern Artificial Island 8-May-2017 02.jpg|The eastern artificial island in May 2017
File:201805 Artificial Island of HKZMBridge.jpg|The Artificial Island in May 2018
File:HK-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge HK link.jpg|The completed Hong Kong section of the bridge in November 2018
</gallery>

== Sections and elements ==
[[File:HZMB map.png|center|frameless|600x600px]]
The 55-km ({{Convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=out}}) HZMB consists of three main sections: the Main Bridge ({{Convert|29.6|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the middle of the Pearl River estuary, the Hong Kong Link Road ({{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the east and the Zhuhai Link Road ({{Convert|13.4|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in the west of the estuary.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China border control at sea crossing |language=en-US |work=The Standard |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=116030&sid=3 |access-date=2018-10-27 |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027102045/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=116030&sid=3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong - Zhuhai - Macao Bridge |url=https://www.hzmb.gov.hk/en/ |access-date=2018-10-27 |website=www.hzmb.gov.hk |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151420/https://www.hzmb.gov.hk/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Main Bridge ===
[[File:HongKong-Macau Bridge S2 2022.jpg|thumb|center|750px|Satellite imagery of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge 2022]]
The Main Bridge, the largest part of the HZMB project, is a bridge-tunnel system constructed by the mainland Chinese authorities.<ref name="hkMainBridge">{{Cite web |title=HZMB Main Bridge |url=http://www.hzmb.hk/eng/about_overview_01.html |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=[[Highways Department]] (Hong Kong) |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728084426/http://www.hzmb.hk/eng/about_overview_01.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It connects [[Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island]], an artificial island housing the Boundary Crossing Facilities (BCF) for both mainland China and Macau in the west, to the [[#Hong Kong Link Road|Hong Kong Link Road]] in the east.

This section includes a 22.9-km ({{Convert|22.9|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=out|adj=on}}) bridge construction and a 6.7-km ({{Convert|6.7|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=out|adj=on}}) [[immersed tube]] undersea tunnel that runs between two artificial islands, the [[Blue Dolphin Island]] on the west and the [[White Dolphin Island]] on the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hzmb.org/Public/UsersGuidetotheHongKongZhuhaiMacaoBridge.pdf |title=Users' Guide to the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211022817/https://www.hzmb.org/Public/UsersGuidetotheHongKongZhuhaiMacaoBridge.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cnbayarea.org.cn/english/News/content/post_229162.html | title=News-Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area }}</ref> The bridge construction crosses the Pearl River estuary with three [[cable-stayed bridge]]s spanning between 280 and 460 metres (920 and 1,510&nbsp;ft), allowing shipping traffic to pass underneath.<ref>Website of [[Transport and Housing Bureau]] ([[Hong Kong|HKSAR]]): [http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/policy/transport/issues/cbt_3.htm "Cross boundary traffic: Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118160158/http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/policy/transport/issues/cbt_3.htm |date=18 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</ref><ref>[[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] (a consulting company involved in the design of the bridges): [http://www.arup.com/Projects/Hong_Kong_Zhuhai_Macau_Bridge.aspx "Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge overview"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115102007/http://www.arup.com/Projects/Hong_Kong_Zhuhai_Macau_Bridge.aspx|date=15 January 2010}}. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</ref>

=== Hong Kong Link Road ===
[[File:Hong_Kong-Zhuhai-Macau_Bridge_near_Hong_Kong-Guangdong_border_%2820190221090137%29.jpg|thumb|View from the Hong Kong Link Road towards the Main Bridge]]
{{see also|Scenic Hill Tunnel}}
Administered under Highways Department of [[Hong Kong|HKSAR]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Challenges in HZMB Hong Kong Link Road Project |url=https://www.ywlgroup.com/a04.pdf |journal=Man CHAN, Project Director}}</ref> the Hong Kong Link Road connects the main bridge-tunnel to an artificial island housing the Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities (HKBCF). This section includes a 9.4-km ({{Convert|9.4|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=out}}) bridge construction, a 1-km ({{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=out}}) [[Scenic Hill Tunnel]] and a 1.6-km (1.0-mi) at-grade road along the east coast of the [[Chek Lap Kok]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2018 |title=Bridge Link Road Surfacing Completed |url=https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2018/01/20180120/20180120_113410_060.html |access-date=2018-10-27 |website=news.gov.hk |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143041/https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2018/01/20180120/20180120_113410_060.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plot of Hong Kong - Zhuhai - Macao Baridge - Hong Kong Link Road |url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/hzmb_projects/6787th/HZM6844TH-PD0005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009031253/https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/hzmb_projects/6787th/HZM6844TH-PD0005.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=25 November 2018 |language=en |type=Plot |via=hyd.gov.hk}}</ref>

=== Zhuhai Link Road ===
The Zhuhai Link Road starts from Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island, passes through the developed area of [[Gongbei Subdistrict|Gongbei]] via a tunnel towards Zhuhai, and connects to three major expressways, namely, the [[Jingzhu Expressway|Jing-Zhu Expressway]], Guang-Zhu West Expressway and Jiang-Zhu Expressway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HongKong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) : Connectivity to Pearl River West |url=http://www.hzmb.hk/eng/about_overview_06.html |access-date=2018-10-27 |website=hzmb.hk |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102173732/http://hzmb.hk/eng/about_overview_06.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Albert |date=2016 |title=Geotechnical Works of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Project |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292213640 |journal=Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.3208/jgssp.ESD-KL-3 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Left- and right-hand traffic ==
Although the HZMB connects two [[left-hand traffic]] (LHT) areas, namely Hong Kong and Macau, the crossing itself is [[right-hand traffic]] (RHT), the same as in Zhuhai and other regions of mainland China (the bridge is technically in Zhuhai for most of its length<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 December 2019|title=Government Statement in respect of the jurisdiction of the Eastern Artificial Island of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge|work=Govt of HK|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201912/17/P2019121700753.htm|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105093146/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201912/17/P2019121700753.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>). Thus, drivers from Hong Kong and Macau need to make use of crossing viaducts to switch to RHT upon entering the bridge, and back to LHT upon leaving the bridge when they are back to Hong Kong and Macau.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=2017-02-21 |title=Cars May Drive on The Right on Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, Despite City's Left-Hand Traffic Arrangement |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/02/21/cars-may-drive-right-hong-kong-zhuhai-macao-bridge-despite-citys-left-hand-traffic-arrangement/ |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://html2-f.scribdassets.com/4jy6fyf98g5q0dpy/images/15-456a6791f3.png|title=Interface of "Left-Driving" & "Right-Driving" Arrangement}}</ref> Traffic between Zhuhai and the bridge requires no left-right conversion as they are both RHT.<ref name="rightside">{{Cite news |last1=Su |first1=Xinqi |last2=Yeung |first2=Raymond |date=13 February 2018 |title=Right Side of Road the Only Way to Travel on Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge |language=en |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2133246/right-side-road-only-way-travel-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093811/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2133246/right-side-road-only-way-travel-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Shuttle buses ===
[[File:VR6495 at HZMB Zhuhai Port (20181024103741).jpg|thumb|Shuttle buses between Hong Kong and Zhuhai/Macau]]
[[File:20191224 macau cy photo 01.jpg|thumb|Shuttle bus from Macau arriving at Hong Kong]]
[[File:MC 澳門 Macau 港珠澳大橋 HK-Zhu-Macau Bridge port building Jan 2019 IX2 港澳1號巴士 OneBus 03.jpg|thumb|The OneBus Hong Kong Macau services]]
The HZMBus shuttle bus service (colloquially referred as the "golden buses") runs 24 hours a day with bus departures as frequent as every five minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gǎng zhū ào dàqiáo chuānsuō bāshì |script-title=zh:港珠澳大桥穿梭巴士 |trans-title=Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Shuttle Bus |url=http://www.hzmbus.com/about_us.html |access-date=2021-07-25 |website=hzmbus.com |language=zh |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411094907/https://www.hzmbus.com/about_us.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The journey across the HZMB takes about 40 minutes.

The HZMB Hong Kong Port can be reached from Hong Kong by taxi or various buses including [[Cityflyer (bus service)|Cityflyer]] airport routes A10, A11, A12, A17, A21, A22, A23, A25, A26, A28 and A29, Long Win Bus airport routes A30, A31, A32, A33X, A34, A36, A37, A41, A41P, A42, A43, A46 and A47X, NLB airport route A35, Green Minibus route 901, the B4 shuttle bus from Hong Kong International Airport, the B5 shuttle bus from [[Sunny Bay station|Sunny Bay MTR station]], or the B6 bus from [[Tung Chung]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xiānggǎng kǒu'àn jiāotōng pèitào |script-title=zh:香港口岸交通配套 |trans-title=Hong Kong Port Transportation Facilities |url=http://www.hzmbus.com/passenger_service.html?id=53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200913/http://www.hzmbus.com/passenger_service.html?id=53 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2018-11-23 |website=hzmbus.com |language=zh}}</ref> In addition, all overnight airport buses (NA-prefixed routes) which are operated by Cityflyer or Long Win stops or terminates at the Hong Kong Port.

The HZMB Zhuhai Port can be reached from Zhuhai by taxis or the L1 bus which uses historic tourist vehicles, or Line-12, 23, 25 or 3 buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhūhǎi kǒu'àn jiāotōng pèitào |script-title=zh:珠海口岸交通配套 |trans-title=Zhuhai Port Transportation Facilities |url=http://www.hzmbus.com/passenger_service.html?id=45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200945/http://www.hzmbus.com/passenger_service.html?id=45 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2018-11-23 |website=hzmbus.com |language=zh}}</ref>

The HZMB Macau Port can be reached from Macau by taxis or various buses including the 101X bus and the 102X bus from St Paul's and Taipa, or the HZMB Integrated Resort Connection bus from Taipa Ferry Terminal or the Exterior Ferry terminal, connecting with free casino shuttle buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Àomén kǒu'àn jiāotōng pèitào |script-title=zh:澳门口岸交通配套 |trans-title=Macau Port Transportation Facilities |url=http://www.hzmbus.com/passenger_service.html?id=60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200915/http://www.hzmbus.com/passenger_service.html?id=60 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2018-11-23 |website=hzmbus.com |language=zh}}</ref>

=== Private vehicles ===
Since the Hong Kong government imposes significant fees, taxes and administrative paperwork on private vehicle ownership and usage to deal with road congestion,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-07 |title=The Cost of Owning a Car in Hong Kong |url=https://www.moneyhero.com.hk/blog/en/how-much-does-it-cost-to-own-a-car-in-hong-kong |access-date=2018-10-22 |website=Money Hero |language=en-HK |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153407/https://www.moneyhero.com.hk/blog/en/how-much-does-it-cost-to-own-a-car-in-hong-kong |url-status=live }}</ref> driving a car on the HZMB would incur the same restrictions as current cross-border traffic. These include applying for separate driving licenses for both Hong Kong and mainland China, a Hong Kong Closed Road Permit for cross-boundary vehicles, and an Approval Notice from the Guangdong Public Security Bureau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cross-Boundary Driving |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/xb_driving.htm |access-date=2018-10-22 |website=GovHK |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153430/https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/xb_driving.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Closed Road Permit for Cross-Boundary Vehicles |url=https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/closed_road_permit_for_cross_boundary_vehicles/index.html |access-date=2018-10-22 |website=Transport Department |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025051040/https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/closed_road_permit_for_cross_boundary_vehicles/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vehicle owners also need to ensure they have the appropriate insurance coverage for the regions they are travelling to.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motor Insurance for Using Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) |url=https://www.ia.org.hk/en/infocenter/faqs/faqs_13.html |website=Insurance Authority |language=en |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024152555/https://www.ia.org.hk/en/infocenter/faqs/faqs_13.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the end of 2017 only 10,000 permits for private vehicles to drive across the HZMB from Hong Kong to Zhuhai had been issued.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Su |first=Xinqi |date=12 December 2017 |title=Zhuhai Bridge to Allow 7,000 More Cars After High Demand |language=en |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2124010/hong-kongs-bridge-zhuhai-allow-7000-extra-cars-cross-after |access-date=2018-10-25 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025150103/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2124010/hong-kongs-bridge-zhuhai-allow-7000-extra-cars-cross-after |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the number of vehicles permitted to enter Hong Kong and Macau from other regions is subject to a daily quota.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regular Quota for Hong Kong Private Cars to Macao (Access to City Centre) |url=https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/closed_road_permit_for_cross_boundary_vehicles/rq_hk_private_cars_to_macao_access_city_centre/index.html |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=Transport Department |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153604/https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/closed_road_permit_for_cross_boundary_vehicles/rq_hk_private_cars_to_macao_access_city_centre/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition, to help compact Macau tackle its road congestion problems, drivers arriving from other regions are strongly encouraged to use a [[park and ride]] scheme, leaving their vehicles at a car park on the edge of Macau. A small quota of 300 vehicles are allowed to enter Macau directly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2018 |title=Rules for Using Macao Car Park at HKZM Bridge Published |url=https://www.gov.mo/en/news/92341/ |website=Macao SAR Government Portal |language=en |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103001/https://www.gov.mo/en/news/92341/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2018 |title=Macau Sets 300 Quota for HK Cars Driving via Mega Bridge |language=en |work=thestandard.com.hk |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=103151&sid=4 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195819/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=103151&sid=4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economic effects ==
The HZMB links three major cities—Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau—which are geographically close but separated by water. With the bridge in place, travelling time between Zhuhai and Hong Kong was cut down from about 4 hours to 30 minutes on the road.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-23 |title=World's Longest Sea Crossing: Hong Kong-Zhuhai Bridge Opens |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45937924 |access-date=2018-10-27 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023231721/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45937924 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-07 |title=Main Structure of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Is Completed |language=en |work=chinadaily.com.cn |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-07/07/content_30035204.htm |access-date=2018-10-28 |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720210129/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-07/07/content_30035204.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The HZMB project is part of a [[Beijing]]-driven strategy to create an economic hub and promote the economic development of the whole area of the [[Pearl River Delta]], which is also known as Greater Bay Area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2018 |title=China's President Launches Hong Kong-Mainland Mega Bridge |language=en |work=The Star |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2018/10/23/chinas-president-launches-hong-kong-mainland-mega-bridge/ |access-date=2018-10-27 |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143129/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2018/10/23/chinas-president-launches-hong-kong-mainland-mega-bridge/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hoping to leverage the bridge and create an economic zone linking the three cities, Zhuhai's [[Hengqin]] area was designated as a free trade zone in 2015.<ref name="asia.nikkei.com" />

== Controversies ==

=== White elephant project ===
Some residents have complained that the bridge had been a waste of taxpayers' money due to the restrictive criteria to be met and administrative paperwork needed in order to use the bridge with their own vehicle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2018 |title=World's Longest Sea Bridge Opens With Underwater Tunnel, Links China and Hong Kong to Gambling Den |language=en |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/worlds-longest-sea-bridge-opens-with-underwater-tunnel-links-china-and-hong-kong-to-gambling-den-1916689.html |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318224234/https://www.news18.com/news/world/worlds-longest-sea-bridge-opens-with-underwater-tunnel-links-china-and-hong-kong-to-gambling-den-1916689.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Delays and budget overruns ===
The artificial island housing the Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities (HKBCF) was reported drifting due to an unconventional method, hitherto unused in Hong Kong, for land reclamation using a row of circular steel cells pile-driven into the mud and filled with inert material to form a seawall.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 2012 |title=Xiānggǎng kǒu'àn gōngchéng cǎiyòng zhǎnxīn bù jùn wā shì tián hǎi jìshù / New Non-dredge Reclamation Method for Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities |url=http://www.hzmb.hk/eng/doc/BCF%20Newsletter%20Issue%201%20E-A4.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=Gǎng zhū ào dàqiáo jí xiānggǎng xiāngguān gōngchéng xiàngmù tōngxùn / Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and Related Hong Kong Projects Newsletter |language=zh,en |publisher=Highways Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126121032/http://www.hzmb.hk/eng/doc/BCF%20Newsletter%20Issue%201%20E-A4.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2015}}</ref>

The drifting of parts of the reclaimed island allegedly caused a delay in the HZMB project. The Highways Department denied various reports of movement up to {{convert|20|m}} but admitted that parts of the reclaimed land had moved "up to six or seven metres",<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2015 |title=Island Drift Threatens Further Delays in Cross-Border Bridge |language=en |work=Hong Kong Economic Journal |url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150923-island-drift-threatens-further-delays-in-cross-border-bridge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126120958/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150923-island-drift-threatens-further-delays-in-cross-border-bridge/ |archive-date=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="hkfp1">{{Cite news |last=Winn |first=Howard |date=25 November 2015 |title=Delays of Up to 5 Years for HK$30bn 'Moving' Macau Bridge Crossing Facilities |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2015/11/25/delays-of-up-to-5-years-for-hk30bn-moving-macau-bridge-crossing-facilities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126102937/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2015/11/25/delays-of-up-to-5-years-for-hk30bn-moving-macau-bridge-crossing-facilities/ |archive-date=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Siu |first1=Phila |last2=Lee |first2=Eddie |date=24 September 2015 |title=Seven-Metre Drift on Hong Kong Artificial Island Reclaimed for Bridge Project is Normal, Say Officials |language=en |work=South China Morning Post |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1860898/seven-metre-drift-hong-kong-artificial-island-reclaimed-bridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185623/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1860898/seven-metre-drift-hong-kong-artificial-island-reclaimed-bridge |archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> claiming that some movement was expected and safety had not been jeopardised.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ng |first=Kang-chung |date=25 September 2015 |title=Shifting Sands: 'Flaws' Blamed for Problems at Artificial Island for Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge |language=en |work=South China Morning Post |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/article/1861223/shifting-sands-flaws-blamed-problems-artificial-island-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130023339/http://www.scmp.com/news/article/1861223/shifting-sands-flaws-blamed-problems-artificial-island-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau |archive-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

Mainland contractors also reportedly had difficulty constructing immersed tubes for their section of the project, with the director of the [[Guangdong National Development and Reform Commission]] stating that 2020 would be a difficult target to meet.<ref name="hkfp1" />

By 2017, the Main Bridge of the HZMB project had experienced a cost overrun of about [[Renminbi|¥]]10 billion, blamed on increased labour and material costs, as well as changes to the design and construction schemes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=2017-11-22 |title=China Stretch of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hits Another Budget Overrun Totalling HK$11.7 Billion |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/11/22/china-stretch-hong-kong-zhuhai-macao-bridge-hits-another-budget-overrun-totalling-hk11-7-billion/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206161803/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/11/22/china-stretch-hong-kong-zhuhai-macao-bridge-hits-another-budget-overrun-totalling-hk11-7-billion/ |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Worker deaths and injuries ===
The number of deaths and injuries during the construction project came under scrutiny in Hong Kong. In addition to 9 fatalities on the mainland side,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-23 |title=China Opens Longest Sea-Crossing Bridge |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45937924 |access-date=2018-10-27 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023231721/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45937924 |url-status=live }}</ref> more than ten deaths were reported on the Hong Kong side of the construction project, plus between 234 and 600 injuries, depending on the source.<ref name="slam">{{Cite news |last=Ng |first=Ellie |date=11 April 2017 |title=Lawmakers Slam Gov't Over 'Misleading' Death Rates Related to HK-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Project |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/04/11/lawmakers-slam-govt-misleading-death-rates-related-hk-zhuhai-macau-bridge-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235316/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/04/11/lawmakers-slam-govt-misleading-death-rates-related-hk-zhuhai-macau-bridge-project/ |archive-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> In April 2017, the Construction Site Workers General Union, the [[Labour Party (Hong Kong)|Labour Party]] and the [[Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions|Confederation of Trade Unions]] demonstrated at the [[Central Government Complex]], demanding the government take action.<ref name="regrets">{{Cite news |last=Ng |first=Ellie |date=12 April 2017 |title=Gov't 'Regrets' Fatalities at Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Project, as Workers Demand Halt to 'Murders' |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/04/12/govt-regrets-fatalities-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-project-workers-demand-halt-murders/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414080754/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/04/12/govt-regrets-fatalities-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-project-workers-demand-halt-murders/ |archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>

Lawmaker [[Fernando Cheung]] also expressed concern over the unknown death toll on the Chinese side of the project, speculating: "the project is known as the 'bridge of blood and tears' and we are only talking about the Hong Kong side. We don't even know what is happening in China. I suppose the situation could be 10 times worse than that in Hong Kong." He said that the Hong Kong Government had a responsibility to consider worker safety on the Chinese side.<ref name="regrets" />

=== Faked safety testing ===

In 2017, Hong Kong's [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|Independent Commission Against Corruption]] (ICAC) arrested 21 employees (2 senior executives, 14 laboratory technicians, and 5 laboratory assistants) of Jacobs China Limited, a contractor of the Civil Engineering and Development Department for falsifying concrete test results, thus potentially risking the safety of the bridge for public use.<ref name="fakelab">{{Cite news |last=Ng |first=Ellie |date=24 May 2017 |title='Fake' Lab Tests at Mega Bridge Project Damage Trust in Gov't, Lawmakers Warn |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/05/24/arrests-fake-lab-tests-mega-bridge-project-damages-trust-govt-lawmakers-warn/ |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122192843/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/05/24/arrests-fake-lab-tests-mega-bridge-project-damages-trust-govt-lawmakers-warn |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2017, a lab technician pleaded guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for eight months, while the others await sentencing. Hong Kong's Highways Department conducted tests again after the falsified results were exposed and found all test results met safety standards.<ref name="labtechnician">{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=1 December 2017 |title=Lab Technician Jailed for 8 Months After Falsifying Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Test Records |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/12/01/lab-technician-jailed-8-months-falsifying-hong-kong-zhuhai-macao-bridge-test-records/ |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206142650/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/12/01/lab-technician-jailed-8-months-falsifying-hong-kong-zhuhai-macao-bridge-test-records/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Seawall integrity ===
In April 2018, the public and media raised questions over the integrity of the seawalls protecting the artificial islands at both ends of the undersea tunnel. In footage taken by drone users and mariners, the [[dolos]]se installed at the edges of the artificial islands appear to have dislodged. Some civil engineers suggested that there was an error in design.<ref name="bridgeproblem">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Robert |date=5 April 2018 |title=This Week's Bridge Problem: Tunnel Faces Flooding Threat |language=en |work=Lantau News |url=https://lantaunews.com/2018/04/05/this-weeks-bridge-problem-tunnels-face-flooding-threat/ |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090424/https://lantaunews.com/2018/04/05/this-weeks-bridge-problem-tunnels-face-flooding-threat/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="illusion">{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=3 April 2018 |title=HK-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Components Found Drifting from Artificial Island, as Authority Claims it May Be an 'illusion' |language=en |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/04/03/hk-zhuhai-macao-bridge-components-found-drifting-artificial-island-authority-claims-may-illusion/}}</ref> In dismissing the safety concerns, the HZMB Authority said the dolosse were designed to be submerged and the design was working as intended.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cannix Yau |last2=Sum Lok-kei |date=5 April 2018 |title=Drifting Away? Concerns Over Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Dismissed |language=en |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2140330/safety-concerns-over-artificial-island-mega-hong-kong-zhuhai |access-date=2018-10-29 |archive-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152201/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2140330/safety-concerns-over-artificial-island-mega-hong-kong-zhuhai |url-status=live }}</ref> Director of [[Highways Department]] Daniel Chung denied on 8 April 2018 that the breakwater components had been washed away by waves.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=2018-04-10 |title=Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Breakwater Design Scientific, Reasonable and Safe, Says Top Gov't Official |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/04/10/hong-kong-zhuhai-macao-bridge-breakwater-design-scientific-reasonable-safe-says-top-govt-official/ |access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref>

Subsequent aerial footage posted online showed a section of the dolosse breakwater completely underwater. Civil engineer So Yiu-kwan told Hong Kong media on 12 April 2018 that the water level, at the time the photos were taken, was about 1.74 mPD (metres above Principal Datum), but the maximum water level could reach 2.7 mPD. He said the dolosse would offer no wave protection if entirely submerged, and further alleged that they had been installed backwards.<ref name="underwaterhightide">{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=12 April 2018 |title=Sea Bridge Island's Breakwater Blocks Offer No Protection as They Are Underwater at High Tide, Says Veteran Engineer |language=en |work=Hong Kong Free Press |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/04/12/sea-bridge-islands-breakwater-blocks-offer-no-protection-underwater-high-tide-says-veteran-engineer/}}</ref>

===Impact on wildlife===
Conservationists at [[WWF Hong Kong]] blamed the construction of the HZMB for the falling number of [[Sousa chinensis|white dolphins]] in the waters near the bridge.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keegan |first=Matthew |date=11 August 2020 |title=The World's Growing Concrete Coasts |language=en |work=BBC Future Planet |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete |access-date=2020-08-18 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205522/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete |url-status=live }}</ref> The dolphins found near waters of [[Lantau]] were worst hit with numbers dropping by 60 percent between April 2015 and March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chan |first=Lauren |date=16 July 2016 |title=Experts Blame Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge for Falling Dolphin Numbers |language=en |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1990312/experts-blame-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151537/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1990312/experts-blame-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Transport|Engineering|China|Hong Kong}}
* {{annotated link|Bohai Strait tunnel}}
* {{annotated link|Ecology of Hong Kong|Environment of Hong Kong}}
* {{annotated link|Environment of China}}
* {{annotated link|Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area}}
* {{annotated link|Hong Kong–Macau relations}}
* {{annotated link|Qiongzhou Strait#Transportation|Qiongzhou Strait tunnel}}
* {{annotated link|Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project}}
* {{annotated link|Transport in China}}
* {{annotated link|Transport in Hong Kong}}
** [[List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong]]
** [[List of streets and roads in Hong Kong]]
** [[List of tunnels and bridges in Hong Kong]]
* {{annotated link|Transport in Macau}}
* {{annotated link|Tuen Mun - Chek Lap Kok Link}} − (short TM-CLK), tunnel from HZMB HK BCF to New Territories

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge}}
* [http://hzmb.org/cn/default.asp Official website (Chinese website)]
* [https://www.hzmb.gov.hk/en/index.html Official website (Hong Kong website)]
** [http://www.hzmb.hk/eng/ Official Project website (Hong Kong Project website)]
** [https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/hzmb_projects/index.html Highways Department page]
* [https://www.dsat.gov.mo/hzmb/index.aspx Official website (Macau website)]
* [http://www.hzmbus.com Official website (shuttle bus operator)]
* [http://www.saveourshorelines.bizland.com/project03.html Save our Shoreline]
* [http://www.designinghongkong.com/tungchung Designing HK, Tung Chung Sustainable Development]
* {{Structurae|id=20011451|title=Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge}}
* [http://multimedia.scmp.com/bridge/ Three cities, one bridge], graphics package by ''South China Morning Post'' with Landsat satellite images of the bridge

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{{Economy of Hong Kong navbox|state=autocollapse}}
{{China–Hong Kong border crossings}}
{{Immigration Control Stations in Hong Kong}}
{{China–Macau border crossings}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge}}
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