Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Honoré Mercier

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|9th Premier of Quebec (1887–1891)}}
{{About|the politician}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Honoré Mercier
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = Honoré Mercier.png
| imagesize           = 
| order               = 9th
| office              = Premier of Quebec
| predecessor         = [[Louis-Olivier Taillon]]
| successor           = [[Charles Boucher de Boucherville]]
| monarch             = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| lieutenant_governor = [[Louis-Rodrigue Masson]]<br />[[Auguste-Réal Angers]]
| term_start          = January 27, 1887
| term_end            = December 21, 1891
| riding1             = [[Rouville (federal electoral district)|Rouville]]
| parliament1         = Canadian
| predecessor1        = [[Guillaume Cheval dit St-Jacques]]
| successor1          = Guillaume Cheval dit St-Jacques
| term_start1         = October 12, 1872
| term_end1           = January 22, 1874
| office2             = [[Saint-Hyacinthe (provincial electoral district)|MNA for Saint-Hyacinthe]]
| term_start2         = June 3, 1879
| term_end2           = June 17, 1890
| predecessor2        = [[Pierre Bachand]]
| successor2          = [[Odilon Desmarais]]
| office3             = [[Bonaventure (provincial electoral district)|MNA for Bonaventure]]
| term_start3         = June 17, 1890
| term_end3           = October 30, 1894
| predecessor3        = [[Henri-Josué Martin]]
| successor3          = [[François-Xavier Lemieux (Quebec MLA)|François-Xavier Lemieux]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1840|10|15}}
| birth_place         = [[Saint-Athanase, Montérégie, Quebec|Saint-Athanase]], [[Lower Canada]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age |1894|10|30|1840|10|15}}
| death_place         = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| nationality         = Canadian
| spouse              = Léopoldine Boivin (death)<br />Virginie Saint-Denis
| party               = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] /<br />[[Parti National]]
| relations           = 
| children            = 
| residence           = 
| alma_mater          = [[Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal|Jesuit College Sainte-Marie]]
| occupation          = Lawyer, newspaper editor
| profession          = politician
| cabinet             = 
| committees          = 
| portfolio           = 
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
| honorific_prefix    = [[The Honourable]]
}}
'''Honoré Mercier''' (October 15, 1840 – October 30, 1894) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist and politician in [[Quebec]]. He was the ninth [[premier of Quebec]] from January 27, 1887, to December 21, 1891, as leader of the [[Parti National (Quebec)|Parti National]]  or [[Quebec Liberal Party]] (PLQ).  He rose to power by mobilizing the Francophone opposition to the execution of [[Louis Riel]], denouncing it as a betrayal by [[John A. Macdonald]]'s Conservative government.

==Early background==

Mercier was born in [[Saint-Athanase, Montérégie, Quebec|Saint-Athanase]], [[Lower Canada]] to farmer Jean-Baptiste Mercier and Marie Kimener. Mercier is descended from Julien Mercier (1621-1676) who arrived from [[Tourouvre]], France in 1647. Mercier studied at the Jesuit College Sainte-Marie in [[Montreal]], and was called to the [[Bar of Quebec]] in April 1865. As the age of 22, Mercier became the editor of ''Le Courrier de St-Hyacinthe'' newspaper. He opposed the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] project as early as 1864, believing that it would be detrimental to [[French Canadian]]s.

==Member of Parliament==

In 1871, he was instrumental in creating the short-lived Parti National. Mercier successfully ran as a [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] candidate in the [[1872 Canadian federal election|1872 election]]. He became Member of the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] for the district of [[Rouville (federal electoral district)|Rouville]]. He did not run for re-election in the [[1874 Canadian federal election|1874 election]]. In the [[1878 Canadian federal election|1878 election]], Mercier was candidate in the district of [[St. Hyacinthe (electoral district)|St. Hyacinthe]]. He was defeated by the [[Louis Tellier]], his [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] opponent.<ref name="dnb">{{cite DNBSupp|wstitle=Mercier, Honoré |first=Thomas Blair|last=Browning|pages=161-162}}</ref>

==Provincial politics==

In 1879, Mercier was appointed Solicitor General of Quebec in the [[Executive Council of Quebec|Cabinet]] of [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière]] and served in that position for less than a year.  He won a [[by-election]] and became Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Quebec|Legislative Assembly]] for the district of [[Saint-Hyacinthe (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Hyacinthe]]. He was re-elected in the [[1881 Quebec general election|1881]] and [[1886 Quebec general election|1886]] elections and won another by-election in 1887.<ref name="dnb"/>

He left an impact on a later leader, [[Henri Bourassa]].

==Party leader==
He became the leader of the PLQ in 1883. A practising lawyer, from 1885 to 1887 he was President of the [[Bar of Montreal]]. He strongly opposed the execution of [[Louis Riel]] in 1885; this event helped him win popular support, and the [[Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)|Quebec Conservative Party]] lost support because its federal counterparts had ordered Riel's execution.<ref name="dnb"/>

Seizing the opportunity to build a coalition with dissident Conservatives, Mercier revived the "Parti National" name for the [[1886 Quebec general election|1886 Quebec provincial election]], and won a majority of seats. However, the coalition consisted of mostly Liberals and only a few Conservatives, so the "Liberal" name was soon reinstituted. The Conservatives, reduced to a minority in the [[Legislative Assembly of Quebec|Legislative Assembly]], clung to power for a few more months, but Mercier became Premier of Quebec in 1887.

==Premier of Quebec==
[[File:Honore Mercier Quebec.JPG|thumb|left|[[Paul Chevré]]'s Honoré Mercier sculpture in front of [[Parliament Building (Quebec)]]]]

Seeing provincial autonomy as the political expression of Quebec nationalism, he collaborated with Ontario Premier [[Oliver Mowat]] to roll back federal centralism. Mercier initiated the idea of interprovincial conferences in 1887. He was the first Quebec premier to defend the principle of provincial autonomy within the confederation, campaigning to abolish the federal government's claimed right to veto provincial legislation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul-André Linteau|title=Quebec: A History 1867-1929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vA0o0e0PdgC&pg=PA261|year=1983|pages=261–62|publisher=James Lorimer & Company |isbn=9780888626042|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

With his strong nationalist stance, Mercier was very much a precursor of later nationalist premiers in future decades who confronted the federal government and tried to win more power for Quebec. He promoted contacts with [[Francophone]]s in other parts of North America outside of Quebec including [[Western Canada]] and [[New England]]. Those francophones had not yet been assimilated into the English-Canadian or American culture to the extent they would be in the future. Mercier promoted reform, economic development, Catholicism, and the French language. He won popularity but also made enemies. He was returned to the legislature as the Member for the district of [[Bonaventure (provincial electoral district)|Bonaventure]] and his party won the [[1890 Quebec general election|1890 election]] with an increased majority. In 1891, he was created a [[count]] by the Pope.

==Political downfall==
On December 16, 1891, he was dismissed by Lieutenant Governor [[Auguste-Réal Angers]] after a report concluded that his government had diverted public funds. He lost the [[1892 Quebec general election|1892 election]],<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Honore_Mercier.aspx Honore Mercier Facts, information, pictures &#124; Encyclopedia.com articles about Honore Mercier]{{dead link|date=September 2018}}</ref> and gave up the party leadership to [[Félix-Gabriel Marchand]]. He was brought to trial later that year and found not guilty when a second report concluded differently on the matter. However, his health had greatly deteriorated and his political career was over. He died in 1894 at the age of 54, and was interred in the [[Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]] in Montreal, Quebec.

==Legacy==
The following landmarks were named to honour Honoré Mercier:

*The [[Mercier Bridge]] that links the western part of the [[Island of Montreal]] with the South Shore;
*The town of [[Mercier, Quebec]];
*Avenue Mercier, located in downtown [[Shawinigan]], [[Quebec]], Canada;
*The provincial electoral district of [[Mercier (provincial electoral district)|Mercier]];
*An elementary school named Honoré-Mercier in Montreal;
*A high school named Honoré-Mercier in Montreal;
*A hospital in [[Saint-Hyacinthe]], Québec named [[Hôpital Honoré-Mercier]];
*Avenue Honoré-Mercier, located in the [[Quebec City]] centre;
*The borough of [[Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve]] and its contained district of [[Mercier, Montreal|Mercier]] in Montreal.

==Family==
His son [[Honoré Mercier, Jr.|Honoré Mercier ''fils'']] was a multi-term member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec and a Cabinet Minister; his grandson [[Honoré Mercier III]] served one term in the Legislative Assembly.

Mercier was [[Lomer Gouin]]'s father-in-law and is a great-great-grandfather of [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|NDP]] retired leader [[Thomas Mulcair]].

== Electoral record ==
{{1872 Canadian federal election/Rouville}}
{{1878 Canadian federal election/St. Hyacinthe}}

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
*[[Politics of Quebec]]
*[[History of Quebec]]
*[[Quebec general elections]]

== Archives ==
There is a Honoré Mercier [[fonds]] at [[Library and Archives Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honoré Mercier fonds, Library and Archives Canada|url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=99050&lang=eng}}</ref> There are also two fonds at [[Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec]].<ref>Fonds Famille Mercier (P74) and Fonds Famille Mercier-Gouin (P764), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (BAnQ).</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mercier, Honoré | volume= 18 |last1= Doughty |first1= Arthur George |author1-link= Arthur Doughty | page = 153 |short=1}}
* {{cite DCB |first1=Pierre |last1=Dufour |first2=Jean |last2=Hamelin |title=Mercier, Honoré |volume=12 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mercier_honore_12E.html}}
* Wade, Mason. ''The French Canadians 1760-1967'' (2 vol. 2nd ed. 1975), Vol. 2. pp 417–33 [https://www.questia.com/library/1220649/the-french-canadians-1760-1945 online]

===Primary sources===
* Mercier, Honoré. "Answer of the Hon. Honoré Mercier to the Pamphlet of the Equal Rights Association Against the Majority of the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec'' (1890) [https://books.google.com/books?id=BpgtAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CMERCIER%22+HONOR%C3%89++quebec&pg=PP12 online]

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Honoré Mercier |sopt=t}}
* {{Canadabio|ID=6295}}
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=14438}}
*{{QuebecMNAbio|mercier-%28pere%29-honore-4475}}
*[http://www.agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Honore_Mercier Extensive dossier on Mercier at ''L'Encyclopédie de l'Agora''] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10198a.htm 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia]

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{{succession box|title=[[Solicitor General of Quebec|Solicitor General]]|before=[[Alexandre Chauveau|Alexandre Chauveau (Liberal)]]|after=[[William Warren Lynch|William Warren Lynch (Conservative)]]|years=1879–1879}}
{{succession box|title=[[Attorney General]]|before=[[Louis-Olivier Taillon|Louis-Olivier Taillon (Conservative)]]|after=[[Arthur Turcotte|Arthur Turcotte (Conservative)]]|years=1887–1888}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of leaders of the Official Opposition (Quebec)|Leader of the Official Opposition]]|before=[[Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière|Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (Liberal)]]|after=[[Louis-Olivier Taillon|Louis-Olivier Taillon (Conservative)]]|years=1883–1887}}
{{s-end}}

{{QCPremiers}}
{{Quebec Liberal Leaders}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercier, Honore}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Journalists from Quebec]]
[[Category:Lawyers in Quebec]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Premiers of Quebec]]
[[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Quebec Liberal Party MNAs]]
[[Category:Quebec political party leaders]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:19th-century Canadian journalists]]
[[Category:Canadian male journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:Canadian nationalists]]
[[Category:Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]]
[[Category:Papal counts]]
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