Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hugh Clifford (colonial administrator)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|British colonial administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = Sir
| name                = Hugh Clifford
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG|GBE}}
| image               = Hugh Charles Clifford (The Straits Times, 15 October 1929).jpg
| order               = [[List of Governors of Singapore|19th Governor of the Straits Settlements]]
| term_start          = 3 June 1927
| term_end            = 21 October 1929
| predecessor         = Sir [[Laurence Guillemard]]
| successor           = Sir [[John Scott (colonial administrator)|John Scott]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br>Sir [[Cecil Clementi]]
| monarch             = [[George V]]
| order1              = 24th
| office1             = Governor of British Ceylon
| term_start1         = 30 November 1925
| term_end1           = June 1927
| predecessor1        = [[Edward Bruce Alexander]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor1          = [[Arthur George Murchison Fletcher]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| monarch1            = [[George V]]
| order2              = [[List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria|Governor of Nigeria]]
| term_start2         = 8 August 1919
| term_end2           = 13 November 1925
| predecessor2        = [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Sir Frederick Lugard]]<br>''{{small|(Governor-General of Nigeria)}}''
| successor2          = Sir [[Graeme Thomson]]
| monarch2            = [[George V]]
| order3              = [[List of governors of the Gold Coast#Governors of the Gold Coast (1843–1960)|Governor of Gold Coast]]
| term_start3         = 26 December 1912
| term_end3           = 1 April 1919
| predecessor3        = [[James Thorburn (governor)|James Jamieson Thorburn]]<br>Herbert Bryan {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor3          = Alexander Ransford Slater
| monarch3            = [[George V]]
| order4              = Acting
| office4             = Governor of British Ceylon
| term_start4         = 11 July 1907
| term_end4           = 24 August 1907
| predecessor4        = [[Henry Arthur Blake]]
| successor4          = [[Henry Edward McCallum]]
| monarch4            = [[Edward VII]]
| office5             = Governor of [[North Borneo]]
| term_start5         = 1900
| term_end5           = 1901
| predecessor5        = [[Leicester Paul Beaufort|Leicester P. Beaufort]]
| successor5          = [[Ernest Woodford Birch|Ernest W. Birch]]
| monarch5            = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1866|3|5|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Roehampton]], [[London]], England, United Kingdom
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1941|12|18|1866|3|5|df=y}}
| death_place         = Roehampton, London, England, United Kingdom
| spouse              = {{plainlist}}
* {{marriage|Minna à Beckett|15 April 1896|14 January 1907|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Mrs Henry de la Pasture|Elizabeth de la Pasture]]| 24 September 1910<!--|18 December 1941-->}}
{{endplainlist}}
| children            = 3
| father              = [[Henry Hugh Clifford]]
| mother              = Josephine Elizabeth Anstice
| profession          = Colonial administrator
<!--|religion           = [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]]-->}}

'''Sir Hugh Charles Clifford''', {{post-nominals|sep=,|size=100|country=GBR|GCMG|GBE}} (5 March 1866 – 18 December 1941) was a British colonial administrator.

==Early life==
Clifford was born in [[Roehampton]], [[London]], the sixth of the eight children of Major-General Sir [[Henry Hugh Clifford]] and his wife Josephine Elizabeth, née Anstice; his grandfather was [[Hugh Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh]].

==Family==
Clifford married Minna à Beckett, daughter of [[Gilbert Arthur à Beckett]], on 15 April 1896. They had one son and two daughters: Hugh Gilbert Francis Clifford, Mary Agnes Philippa and Monica Elizabeth Mary. Minna Clifford died on 14 January 1907. 

On 24 September 1910 Hugh Clifford remarried, to [[Mrs Henry de la Pasture|Elizabeth Lydia Rosabelle Bonham]],<ref>''The Catholic Who's Who & Yearbook'', 1930</ref> [[CBE]],<ref>''Everyman's Dictionary of Literary Biography'', 3rd ed. (1962)</ref> daughter of Edward Bonham of [[Bramling]], [[Kent]], a British [[consul]]. A [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]], she was the widow of Henry Philip Ducarel de la Pasture of [[Llandogo]] Priory, [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]]. Clifford thus became stepfather to [[E. M. Delafield]], author of the ''Provincial Lady'' series.

Hugh Gilbert Francis Clifford was killed on 1 July 1916, on the first day of the [[Battle of the Somme]], aged 19.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lieutenant Hugh Gilbert Francis Clifford |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/545659/hugh-gilbert-francis-clifford/ |website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref>

==Career==
Hugh Clifford intended to follow his father, Sir Henry Hugh Clifford, a distinguished [[British Army]] general, into the military, but later decided to join the civil service in the [[Straits Settlements]], with the assistance of his relative [[Frederick Weld|Sir Frederick Weld]], the then [[Governor of the Straits Settlements]] and also the [[British High Commissioner in Malaya]]. He was later transferred to the British Protectorate of the [[Federated Malay States]]. Clifford arrived in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] in 1883, aged 17.<ref name=about/>

He first became a cadet in the State of [[Perak]]. During his twenty years there and on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula in [[Pahang]], Clifford socialised with the local [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] and studied their [[Malay language|language]] and culture deeply. He came to sympathise strongly with and admire certain aspects of the traditional indigenous cultures, while recognising that their transformation as a consequence of the colonial project which he served was inevitable. He was a Government agent of Pahang (1887-1888), Superintendent of Ulu Pahang (1889), served as [[British Resident]] at Pahang, 1896–1900 and 1901–1903, and [[Governor of North Borneo]], 1900–1901.<ref name=about/>

In 1903, he left Malaya to take the post of [[Chief Secretary (British Empire)|Colonial Secretary]] of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Later he was appointed Governor of British Ceylon (1907-1912), Governor of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], 1912–1919, [[Colonial Nigeria|Nigeria]], 1919–1925, and [[Ceylon]], 1925–1927.<ref name=about/> During his service in Malaya and afterwards he wrote numerous stories, reflections and novels primarily about Malayan life, many of them imbued with an ambivalent nostalgia. His last posting was, for him, a welcome return to the Malaya he loved, as Governor of the Straits Settlements and British High Commissioner in Malaya, where he served from 1927 until 1929, after which Lady Clifford's ill-health forced his retirement.<ref name=about>{{cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19291015-1.2.37.1|title=H. E. to leave Singapore on Friday|work=The Straits Times|date=15 October 1929|page=11}}</ref> Alongside his other books he wrote ''[[Farther India]]'', which chronicles European explorations and discoveries in [[Southeast Asia]].

==Legacy==
Several schools in Malaysia are named Clifford School in his honour, such as;
* SK Clifford, [[Kuala Lipis]]
* SMK Clifford, [[Kuala Lipis]]
* SK Clifford, [[Kuala Kangsar]]
* SMK Clifford, [[Kuala Kangsar]]

Clifford is briefly referred to in [[V. S. Naipaul]]'s [[The Mimic Men]].<ref name="Mimic Men">{{cite book|last1=Naipaul|first1=V. S.|title=The Mimic Men|date=2011|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330522922|pages=148–149}}</ref> Though he was Colonial Secretary of Trinidad and Tobago (second in command to the Governor), in the book he is named as a former Governor of Isabella, a fictitious Caribbean island based on Trinidad.

[[Clifford Pier]] in Singapore was built between 1927 and 1933, and was named after Sir Hugh Clifford when he was the former Governor of the Straits Settlements between 1927 and 1930. It was opened on 3 June 1933.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Savage |first1=Victor R |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/toponymics-a-study-of-singapore-street-names |title=Toponymics: a study of Singapore street names |last2=Yeoh |first2=Brenda S. A |date=2013 |isbn=978-981-4408-35-6 |pages=56–57 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Editions |language=English |oclc=842138452}}</ref>

==Honours==
Clifford was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) in 1909, [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) in the [[1921 Birthday Honours]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32346|date=4 June 1921|page=4533|supp=y}}</ref> and [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] (GBE) in 1926.

==Death==
Clifford died peacefully on 18 December 1941 in his native Roehampton. His widow, Elizabeth, died on 30 October 1945.

==Publications==
* Clifford, Hugh (1989) ''In Court and Kampung''. Singapore : Graham Brash (Pte.) Ltd. {{ISBN|9971-4-9199-0}}
:First published as: ''East coast etchings''. Singapore : Straits Times Press, 1896.
* Clifford, Hugh (1993) ''At the court of Pelesu and other Malayan stories''. Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press, 1993.
:First published as: ''Stories by Sir Hugh Clifford''. Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press, 1966.
* Clifford, Hugh (1992) ''Report of an expedition into Trengganu and Kelantan in 1895''. Kuala Lumpur : MBRAS.
:"First published in the Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, v. 34 pt. 1 in 1961" --T.p. verso.
::"An expedition to Kelantan and Trengganu : 1895"--cover title.
* Clifford, Hugh (1989) ''Saleh : a prince of Malaya''. Singapore : Oxford University Press.
:Originally published: ''A prince of Malaya''. New York : Harper & Brothers, 1926.
* Clifford, Hugh (1978) ''Journal of a mission to Pahang : January 15 to April 11, 1887''. Honolulu : University of Hawaii, Southeast Asian Studies Program.
* Clifford, Hugh (1970) ''In a corner of Asia; being tales and impressions of men and things in the Malay Peninsula''. Freeport, New York : Books for Libraries Press.
* Clifford, Hugh (1911) ''The Downfall of the Gods''. Historical novel about the decline of the [[Khmer Empire]] in the 13th century AD. London, John Murray.<ref>[[Ernest A. Baker]], ''A Guide to Historical Fiction''. London : G. Routledge and Sons, 1914.(p. 402)</ref>
* Clifford, Hugh (1894-1902) ''A Dictionary of the Malay Language''. Co-authored with [[Frank Swettenham]], the dictionary, which was published in stages between 1894 and 1902, was abandoned after the letter 'G' as by then it had been made redundant by the publication of [[Richard James Wilkinson|R.J. Wilkinson]]'s ''A Malay English Dictionary''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://hids.arkib.gov.my/doc/2004/dis/18_12_1941_2004.htm Biografi Clifford]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Cowan, C. D. (Charles Donald)(1961) ''Nineteenth-century Malaya : the origins of British political control''. London : Oxford University Press.
* [[Frank Swettenham|Swettenham, Frank Athelstane]] (1907), ''[[British Malaya]]: an account of the origin and progress of British influence in Malaya''. London : John Lane the Bodley Head.
* Gailey, Harry A. (1982) ''Clifford, imperial proconsul''. London : [[Rex Collings]].
* Holden, Philip (2000) ''Modern subjects/colonial texts : Hugh Clifford & the discipline of English literature in the Straits Settlements & Malaya, 1895-1907''. Greensboro, North Carolina : ELT Press.
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=32870}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Hugh Charles Clifford |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2548}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003349}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | title=[[Federated Malay States#Pahang|British Resident of Pahang]]|before=[[John Pickersgill Rodger]]|after=Arthur Butler|years=1896–1900}}
{{succession box | title=[[Federated Malay States#Pahang|British Resident of Pahang]]|before=D.H. Wise|after=Cecil Wray|years=1901–1905}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of North Borneo]]|before=[[Leicester Paul Beaufort]]|after=Sir [[Ernest Woodford Birch]]|years=1900–1901}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Henry Arthur Blake]]
| title=Acting [[Governor of Ceylon]]|years=1907
| after=[[Henry Edward McCallum]]
}}
{{succession box | title=[[List of governors of the Gold Coast#Governors of the Gold Coast (1843–1960)|Governor of Gold Coast]]|before=Herbert Bryan ''(acting)'' |after=Sir Alexander Ransford Slater ''(acting)''|years=1912–1919}}
{{s-bef | before=Sir [[Frederick Lugard]] |as=Governor-General of Nigeria}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of Governors-General of Nigeria|Governor of Nigeria]]|years=1919–1925}}
{{s-aft | after=Sir [[Graeme Thomson]]}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Governor of Ceylon]] | years= 1925–1927
| before=[[Edward Bruce Alexander]]<br>{{small|''acting governor''}}
| after=[[Arthur George Murchison Fletcher]]<br>{{small|''acting governor''}}
}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Straits Settlements]] and<br>[[British High Commissioner in Malaya]]|before=Sir [[Laurence Nunns Guillemard]]|after=Sir [[John Scott (colonial administrator)|John Scott]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br>Sir [[Cecil Clementi]]|years=1927–1930}}
{{s-end}}

{{British Governor of Ceylon}}
{{Chief Secretary of Ceylon}}
{{Members of the 1924 Legislative Council of Ceylon}}
{{Governors of Singapore}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clifford, Hugh}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Roehampton]]
[[Category:Governors of North Borneo]]
[[Category:Governors of the Straits Settlements]]
[[Category:British Governors and Governors-General of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Governors of British Ceylon]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Colonial Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Governors of the Gold Coast (British colony)]]
[[Category:British expatriates in British Trinidad and Tobago]]

[[Category:British people in British Malaya]]
[[Category:Chief Secretaries of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Ceylonese Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:British historical novelists]]
[[Category:English orientalists]]
[[Category:Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Administrators in British Singapore]]
[[Category:Administrators in British Malaya]]
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon]]
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