Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hurricane Andrew

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1992}}
{{Other hurricanes|List of storms named Andrew}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
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{{Infobox weather event
| image = Andrew 1992-08-23 1231Z (Cropped).png
| caption = Hurricane Andrew at peak intensity near the Bahamas on August 23
| formed = {{start date|August 16, 1992}}
| extratropical = August 28, 1992
| dissipated = {{end date|August 29, 1992}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 150
| pressure = 922
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1992
| fatalities = 65
| damage = 27300000000
| areas = [[The Bahamas]], Florida, [[Louisiana]], [[Southeastern United States]], [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic states]]
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1992 Atlantic hurricane season]]
| related = {{Hurricane Andrew related}}
}}

'''Hurricane Andrew''' was a compact, but very powerful and destructive [[Saffir–Simpson scale#Category 5|Category 5]] [[Atlantic hurricane]] that struck the [[Bahamas]], Florida, and [[Louisiana]] in August&nbsp;1992. It is the most destructive hurricane to ever hit Florida in terms of structures damaged or destroyed, and remained the costliest in financial terms until [[Hurricane Irma]] surpassed it [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season|25 years later]]. Andrew was also the strongest landfalling hurricane in the United States in decades and the [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|costliest hurricane]] to strike anywhere in the country, until it was surpassed by [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]]. In addition, Andrew is one of only four tropical cyclones to make landfall in the continental United States as a Category&nbsp;5, alongside the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]], [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season|1969's]] [[Hurricane Camille|Camille]], and [[2018 Atlantic hurricane season|2018's]] [[Hurricane Michael|Michael]]. While the storm also caused major damage in the [[Bahamas]] and [[Louisiana]], the greatest impact was felt in [[South Florida]], where the storm made landfall as a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane, with 1-minute sustained wind speeds as high as {{convert|165|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a gust as high as {{convert|174|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. Passing directly through the cities of [[Cutler Bay, Florida|Cutler Bay]] and [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]] in [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade County]] (now known as Miami-Dade County), the hurricane stripped many homes of all but their concrete foundations and caused catastrophic damage. In total, Andrew destroyed more than 63,500&nbsp;houses, damaged more than 124,000&nbsp;others, caused $27.3 billion in damage (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|27.3|1992}}&nbsp;billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}),{{#tag:ref|All damage figures are in 1992 [[United States dollar|USD]], unless otherwise noted|group="nb"}} and left 65&nbsp;people dead.

Andrew began as a [[Tropical cyclone#Tropical depression|tropical depression]] over the eastern Atlantic Ocean on August&nbsp;16. After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, the storm [[rapidly intensified]] into a powerful Category&nbsp;5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August&nbsp;23. Though Andrew briefly weakened to Category&nbsp;4 status while traversing the Bahamas, it regained Category&nbsp;5 intensity before making landfall in Florida on [[Elliott Key]] and then Homestead on August&nbsp;24. With a barometric pressure of {{cvt|922|hPa|inHg|2}} at the time of landfall in Florida, Andrew is the sixth most-intense hurricane to strike the United States. Several hours later, the hurricane emerged over the [[Gulf of Mexico]] at Category&nbsp;4 strength, with the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]] in its dangerous path. After turning northwestward and weakening further, Andrew moved ashore near [[Morgan City, Louisiana]], as a low-end Category&nbsp;3 storm. The small hurricane curved northeastward after landfall and rapidly lost its intensity, becoming [[extratropical]] on August&nbsp;28, and merging with the remnants of [[Hurricane Lester (1992)|Hurricane Lester]] and a [[weather front|frontal system]] over the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]] on August&nbsp;29.

Andrew first inflicted structural damage as it moved through the Bahamas, especially in [[Cat Cays]], lashing the islands with [[storm surge]], [[hurricane-force winds]], and [[tornado]]es. About 800&nbsp;houses were destroyed in the archipelago, and there was substantial damage to the transport, water, sanitation, agriculture, and fishing sectors. Andrew left four dead and $250&nbsp;million in damage throughout the Bahamas. In parts of southern Florida, Andrew produced severe winds; a wind gust of {{convert|177|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was observed at a house in [[Perrine, Florida|Perrine]]. The cities of [[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]], Homestead, [[Cutler Ridge, Florida|Cutler Ridge]], and parts of [[Kendall, Florida|Kendall]] received the brunt of Andrew. As many as 1.4&nbsp;million people lost power at the height of the storm; some for more than one month. In the [[Everglades]], {{convert|70,000|acre|km2}} of trees were downed, while invasive [[Burmese python]]s began [[Burmese pythons in Florida|inhabiting the region]] after a nearby facility housing them was destroyed. Though Andrew was moving fast, rainfall in Florida was substantial in a few areas (less in others); the rainfall peaked at {{convert|13.98|in|mm}} in western Dade County. Andrew was considered a "dry hurricane" by multiple media networks.<ref>{{cite report|author=Kym Klass|title=The Wrath of Hurricane Andrew on Biscayne Bay|newspaper=Islander Media|url=https://www.islandernews.com/news/the-wrath-of-hurricane-andrew-on-kb/article_1db2dd16-e7dc-11e9-b294-4b22adff1db7.html|date=May 21, 2021|access-date=October 10, 2021|location=Key Biscayne, Florida}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Andrew – The Diary of Devastation|date=October 11, 2005|author=David Olinger|newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1992/08/30/diary-of-devastation|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> In Florida, Andrew killed 44 and left a then-record $25&nbsp;billion in damage.

Prior to making landfall in Louisiana on August&nbsp;26, Andrew caused extensive damage to [[Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)|oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico]], leading to $500&nbsp;million in losses for oil companies. It produced hurricane-force winds along its path through Louisiana, damaging large stretches of power lines that left about 230,000&nbsp;people without electricity. Over 80% of trees in the [[Atchafalaya River]] basin were downed, and the agriculture there was devastated. Throughout the basin and [[Bayou Lafourche]], 187&nbsp;million freshwater fish were killed in the hurricane. With 23,000&nbsp;houses damaged, 985&nbsp;others destroyed, and 1,951&nbsp;mobile homes demolished, property losses in Louisiana exceeded $1.5&nbsp;billion. The hurricane caused the deaths of 17&nbsp;people in the state, 6 of whom drowned offshore. Andrew spawned at least 28&nbsp;tornadoes along the Gulf Coast, especially in [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[Mississippi]]. In total, Andrew left 65&nbsp;dead and caused $27.3&nbsp;billion in damage. Andrew is currently the ninth-costliest Atlantic hurricane to hit the United States. It is also the third-strongest hurricane to hit the U.S. mainland by wind speed ({{convert|165|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/by-the-numbers-michael-ranked-as-3rd-most-intense-hurricane-to-hit-continental-us/70006313|title=By the numbers: Michael ranked as 3rd-most intense hurricane to hit continental US|date=July 10, 2019|author=Brian Lada|publisher=AccuWeather|access-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014601/https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/by-the-numbers-michael-ranked-as-3rd-most-intense-hurricane-to-hit-continental-us/70006313|archive-date=October 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{main|Meteorological history of Hurricane Andrew}}
{{Storm path|alt=The path of Hurricane Andrew, which starts in the open Atlantic Ocean and tracks northwestward. It curves westward while between Puerto Rico and Bermuda, eventually crossing the Bahamas and Florida. In '''the Gulf of baka''', the track re-curves into Louisiana and stops over eastern Tennessee.|Andrew 1992 path.png|colors=new}}

A [[tropical wave]] moved off the west coast of Africa on August 14. A [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] of high pressure to its north caused the wave to move quickly westward. An area of [[convection]] developed along the wave axis to the south of the [[Cape Verde]] islands, and on August 15, [[meteorologist]]s began classifying the system with the [[Dvorak technique]]. The thunderstorm activity became more concentrated, and narrow spiral [[Rainband#Tropical cyclones|rainbands]] began to develop around a [[atmospheric circulation|center of circulation]]. It is estimated that Tropical Depression Three developed late on August 16, about {{convert|1630|mi|km|abbr=on}} east-southeast of [[Barbados]].<ref name="tcr">{{cite report|author=Edward Rappaport|date=December 10, 1993|title=Hurricane Andrew|type=Preliminary Report|work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[National Weather Service]]|location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906055141/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html|archive-date=September 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Embedded within the deep easterlies, the depression tracked west-northwestward at {{convert|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="disc1">{{cite report|author=Max Mayfield|date=August 17, 1992|title=Tropical Depression Three discussion one|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.001|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|work=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112101/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.001|archive-date=October 22, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, moderate [[wind shear]] prevented strengthening, until a decrease in shear allowed the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Andrew at 12:00&nbsp;[[UTC]] on August 17.<ref name="tcr"/>

By early August 18, the storm maintained convection near the center with spiral bands to its west as the winds increased to {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="disc5">{{cite report|author=Edward Rappaport|date=August 18, 1992|title=Tropical Storm Andrew discussion five|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|work=National Hurricane Center|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112108/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.005|archive-date=October 22, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the storm began weakening because of increased southwesterly wind shear from an upper-level low.<ref name="tcr"/> On August 19, a [[Hurricane Hunters]] flight into the storm failed to locate a well-defined center<ref name="disc13">{{cite report|author=Miles Lawrence|date=August 20, 1992|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Miami, Florida|title=Tropical Storm Andrew discussion thirteen|work=National Hurricane Center|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410194625/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.013|archive-date=April 10, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and on the following day, a flight found that the cyclone had degenerated to the extent that only a diffuse low-level circulation center remained; observations indicated the [[barometric pressure]] rose to an unusually high {{convert|1015|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}. The flight indicated that Andrew maintained a vigorous circulation aloft. After the [[cold-core low|upper-level low]] weakened and split into a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]], the wind shear decreased over the storm. A strong high pressure system then developed over the southeastern United States, which built eastward and caused Andrew to turn to the west.<ref name="tcr"/> Convection became more organized as upper-level [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] became better established.<ref name="disc20">{{cite report|author=Max Mayfield|date=August 21, 1992|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Miami, Florida|title=Tropical Storm Andrew discussion twenty|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|work=National Hurricane Center|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112125/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.020|archive-date=October 22, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] formed, and Andrew attained hurricane status early on August 22, about {{convert|650|mi|km|abbr=on}} east-southeast of [[Nassau, Bahamas]].<ref name="tcr"/> In the forecast issued six hours after becoming a hurricane, the cyclone was predicted to make [[landfall]] near [[Jupiter, Florida]], with winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on August 25.<ref name="disc23">{{cite report|author=Max Mayfield|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Miami, Florida|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|date=August 22, 1992|title=Hurricane Andrew discussion twenty-three|work=National Hurricane Center|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112137/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.023|archive-date=October 22, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> This underestimated both the strength and the speed of the storm, which would eventually make landfall in South Florida.<ref name="tcr"/>

[[File:Hurricane Andrew sequence.jpg|thumb|right|A sequence of satellite images depicting Hurricane Andrew (from right to left) on August 23–25|alt=A combination of three satellite views of Hurricane Andrew: approaching Florida, emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, and approaching Louisiana|upright=1.25]]
The hurricane accelerated westward into an area of highly favorable conditions, and began to rapidly intensify late on August 22; in a 24‑hour period the atmospheric pressure dropped by {{convert|47|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} to a minimum of {{convert|922|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="tcr"/> On August 23, the storm attained Category 5 status on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale]], reaching [[maximum sustained wind|peak winds]] of {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} a short distance off [[Eleuthera]] island in the Bahamas at 18:00 UTC.{{#tag:ref|All wind speeds in the article are [[maximum sustained wind]]s sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.|group="nb"}}<ref name="upgrade">{{cite journal|doi=10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1699|author1=Christopher Landsea|author2=James Franklin|author3=Colin McAdie|author4=John Beven II|author5=James Gross|author6=Brain Jarvinen|author7=Richard Pasch|author8=Edward Rappaport|author9=Jason Dunion|author10=Peter Dodge|date=November 2004|title=A re-analysis of Hurricane Andrew's intensity|access-date=June 22, 2012|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/landseabams2004.pdf|pages=1707–1708|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|volume=85|issue=11|bibcode=2004BAMS...85.1699L|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614043512/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/landseabams2004.pdf|archive-date=June 14, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite its intensity, Andrew was a small tropical cyclone, with winds of {{convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} extending out only about {{convert|90|mi|km|abbr=on}} from the center.<ref>{{cite report|author=Christopher Landsea|date=August 20, 2009|title=Aren't big tropical cyclones also intense tropical cyclones?|work=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C3.html|location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731202157/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C3.html|archive-date=July 31, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> After reaching that intensity, the hurricane underwent an [[eye (cyclone)#Eyewall replacement cycles|eyewall replacement cycle]].<ref name="disc31">{{cite report|author1=Edward Rappaport|author2=Harold Gerrish|author3=Richard Pasch|date=August 23, 1992|orig-year=11 p.m. EDT Sunday|title=Hurricane Andrew discussion thirty-one|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Miami, Florida|work=National Hurricane Center|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.031|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112151/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.031|archive-date=October 22, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> At 21:00 UTC on August 23, Andrew made landfall on Eleuthera as a Category 5 hurricane, with winds of {{convert|160|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="upgrade"/> The cyclone weakened further while crossing the [[Bahama Banks]], and at 01:00 UTC on August 24, Andrew hit the southern [[Berry Islands]] of the Bahamas as a Category 4 hurricane, with winds of {{convert|150|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="upgrade"/> As it crossed over the warm waters of the [[Gulf Stream]], the hurricane rapidly re-intensified as the eye decreased in size and its eyewall convection deepened.<ref name="tcr"/> At 08:40 UTC on August 24, Andrew struck [[Elliott Key]] as a Category 5 hurricane, with winds of {{convert|165|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a pressure of {{convert|926|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}. About 25&nbsp;minutes after its first Florida landfall, Andrew made another landfall just northeast of Homestead, with a slightly lower pressure of {{convert|922|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="upgrade"/> This barometric pressure made Andrew the most intense hurricane to strike the United States since [[Hurricane Camille]] in [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season|1969]] and the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in Florida since the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane|Labor Day hurricane]] of [[1935 Atlantic hurricane season|1935]].<ref name="tcr"/> The United States would not experience another landfall from a hurricane at Category 5 intensity until [[Hurricane Michael]] in [[2018 Atlantic hurricane season|2018]].<ref name="MichaelTCR">{{cite web| author1=John L. Beven II |author2=Robbie Berg |author3=Andrew Hagan|date=April 19, 2019| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael| access-date=2019-04-19| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL142018_Michael}}| agency=NOAA| format=PDF |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]}}</ref>
{{Most intense US hurricanes|align=left}}
As the eye moved onshore in Florida, the convection in the eyewall strengthened due to increased convergence, and Hurricane Hunters reported a warmer eyewall temperature than two hours prior. However, Andrew weakened as it continued further inland, and after crossing southern Florida in four hours, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico with winds of {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tcr"/> In the Gulf of Mexico, the eye remained well-defined as the hurricane turned to the west-northwest, a change due to the weakening of the ridge to its north.<ref name="disc35">{{cite report|author1=Lixion Avila|author2=Max Mayfield|date=August 24, 1992|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Miami, Florida|title=Hurricane Andrew discussion thirty-five|work=National Hurricane Center|access-date=June 21, 2012|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020151921/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.035|archive-date=October 20, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Andrew steadily re-intensified over the Gulf of Mexico, reaching winds of {{convert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} late on August 25.<ref name="upgrade"/> As the high pressure system to its north weakened, a strong mid-latitude trough approached the area from the northwest. This caused the hurricane to decelerate to the northwest, and winds decreased as Andrew approached the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]].<ref name="tcr"/>

At 08:30 UTC on August 26, the cyclone made landfall about {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} west-southwest of Morgan City, Louisiana, with winds of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="upgrade"/> Andrew weakened rapidly as it turned to the north and northeast, falling to tropical storm intensity within 10 hours. After entering Mississippi, the cyclone deteriorated to tropical depression status early on August 27. Accelerating northeastward, the depression began merging with the approaching [[weather front|frontal system]], and by midday on August 28, Andrew had lost its tropical identity while located over the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name="tcr"/> The storm's remnants continued moving towards the northeast, fully merging with the remnants of [[Hurricane Lester (1992)|Hurricane Lester]] and the frontal zone over the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Mid-Atlantic]], in [[Pennsylvania]], on August 29.<ref name="rain">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima Rainfall Data|chapter-url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/andrew1992.html|chapter=Hurricane Andrew – August 23–28, 1992|date=May 2, 2007|author=David Roth|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=June 21, 2012|location=College Park, Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060536/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/andrew1992.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ams">{{cite web |author= Michael Dickinson and L. F. Bosart and K. L. Corbosiero |year= 2006 |title= The extratropical transitions of eastern Pacific Hurricane Lester (1992) and Atlantic Hurricane Andrew (1992) |publisher= American Meteorological Society |access-date= 2007-01-26 |url= http://ams.confex.com/ams/27Hurricanes/techprogram/paper_108829.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061004194551/http://ams.confex.com/ams/27Hurricanes/techprogram/paper_108829.htm |archive-date= October 4, 2006 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="fhstoday">{{cite web|author=Florida Historical Society |year=2003 |title=Today in Florida's History |access-date=2007-01-31 |url=http://list.florida-historical-soc.org/pipermail/fhstoday/2003-August/001097.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151047/http://list.florida-historical-soc.org/pipermail/fhstoday/2003-August/001097.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>

Post-analysis on Andrew revealed that the storm was often stronger than operationally reported between early on August 22 and early on August 26. In real time, the [[National Hurricane Center]] assessed its peak intensity as {{convert|150|mph|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref name="disc30">{{cite report|author=Max Mayfield|date=August 23, 1992|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Miami, Florida|title=Hurricane Andrew discussion thirty|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=June 21, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.030|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112143/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/tropdisc/nal0492.030|archive-date=October 22, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> which was upgraded to {{convert|155|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in a post-storm analysis after the season ended.<ref name="tcr"/> However, a 2004 paper by [[Christopher Landsea]] and others concluded that Andrew became a Category 5 hurricane near the Bahamas on August 23 and reached maximum sustained winds of {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The paper also indicated that Andrew briefly re-intensified into a Category 5 hurricane around the time of landfall in South Florida early on August 24. The storm was found to have been slightly stronger than originally assessed while approaching Louisiana, but the landfall winds were decreased from {{convert|120|to|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="upgrade"/>

==Preparations==
[[File:Andrew-Floyd.jpg|thumb|alt=A comparison of two hurricanes, with the one of the left, Floyd, noticeably larger than the other, Andrew|Visual comparison of [[Hurricane Floyd]] and Hurricane Andrew while at similar positions and nearly identical intensities]]

===Bahamas===
{{Main|Effects of Hurricane Andrew in The Bahamas}}
[[Prime Minister of the Bahamas|Bahamas Prime Minister]] [[Hubert Ingraham]], who took office while the storm was active, urged residents to "take this hurricane seriously".<ref name="sutton">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/08/23/Andrew-heads-through-Bahamas-toward-Miami/4403714542400/|title=Andrew heads through Bahamas toward Miami|author=Jane Sutton|date=August 23, 1992|work=[[United Press International]]|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808075254/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/08/23/Andrew-heads-through-Bahamas-toward-Miami/4403714542400/|archive-date=August 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the hurricane passed through the Bahamas, forecasters predicted a [[storm surge]] of up to {{convert|18|ft|m|abbr=on}}, as well as up to {{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain.<ref name="nhc30">{{cite report |url= http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/public/pal0492.030 |date= August 23, 1992 |orig-year= 5 p.m. EDT |title= Hurricane Andrew public advisory thirty |author= Max Mayfield |series= Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives |location= Miami, Florida |publisher= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service |work= National Hurricane Center |access-date= May 8, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111121085103/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/public/pal0492.030 |archive-date= November 21, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> On August 22, [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|hurricane watches]] were issued from [[Andros, Bahamas|Andros]] and [[Eleuthera]] islands northward through [[Grand Bahama]] and [[Andros, Bahamas|Great Abaco]]. They were upgraded to hurricane warnings later that day, and on August 23, additional warnings were issued for the central Bahamas, including [[Cat Island (Bahamas)|Cat Island]], [[Exuma]], [[San Salvador Island]], and [[Long Island, Bahamas]]. All watches and warnings were discontinued on August 24.<ref name="tcr"/> Advance warning was credited for the low death toll in the country.<ref name="wp">{{cite news |author=Jonathan Freedland |date=September 2, 1992 |title=Storm ravaged island in Bahamas |agency=[[The Washington Post]] |newspaper=[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=December 8, 2008 |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N36/bahamas.36w.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005042654/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N36/bahamas.36w.html |archive-date=October 5, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> A total of 58&nbsp;shelters were opened at churches, government buildings, and schools.<ref name="sutton"/>

===Florida===
{{main|Effects of Hurricane Andrew in Florida}}
[[File:HurricaneAndrew.jpg|thumb|right|Hurricane Andrew shortly after landfall near Homestead|alt=Infrared satellite image of Andrew, with its eye clearly visible]]
Initially, forecasters predicted tides up to {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal along the east coast of Florida, near the potential location of landfall.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/public/pal0492.027 |title=Hurricane Andrew special advisory number twenty-seven |author=Harold Gerrish |work=National Hurricane Center |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service |date=August 23, 1992 |access-date=May 8, 2012 |location=Miami, Florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216163328/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/public/pal0492.027 |archive-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rainfall was projected to be between {{convert|5|and|8|in|mm|abbr=on}} along the path of the storm. In addition, the National Hurricane Center noted the likelihood of isolated tornadoes in Central and South Florida during the passage of Andrew on August 23 and 24.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/public/pal0492.031 |title=Hurricane Andrew advisory number thirty-one |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service |work=National Hurricane Center |author1=Edward Rappaport |author2=Richard Pasch |author3=Harold Gerrish |date=August 24, 1992 |access-date=May 8, 2012 |location=Miami, Florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121075436/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/public/pal0492.031 |archive-date=November 21, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several tropical storm and hurricane warnings were issued for much of Central and South Florida, from [[Titusville, Florida|Titusville]] on the east coast to [[Venice, Florida|Venice]] on the west coast. Included in the warnings were [[Lake Okeechobee]] and all of the [[Florida Keys]]. By 18:00 UTC on August 24, all watches and warnings issued were discontinued after Andrew progressed into the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="tcr"/>

[[Governor of Florida|Governor]] [[Lawton Chiles]] declared a [[state of emergency]] and activated about one-third of the [[Florida National Guard]]. Many residents evacuated, most voluntarily, from [[Broward County, Florida|Broward]], [[Charlotte County, Florida|Charlotte]], [[Collier County, Florida|Collier]], [[Lee County, Florida|Lee]], [[Martin County, Florida|Martin]], [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade]], [[Monroe County, Florida|Monroe]], [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach]], and [[Sarasota County, Florida|Sarasota]] counties. A total of 142&nbsp;shelters opened in these counties and collectively housed at least 84,340&nbsp;people.<ref>{{cite report |url= http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hes/docs/postStorm/H_ANDREW_ASSESSMENT_REVIEW_HES_UTILIZATION_INFO_DISSEMINATION.pdf |title=Hurricane Andrew assessment – Florida|date=January 1993 |author=((Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.)) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=31, 32, 43, and 44 |access-date=May 31, 2017 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305094502/http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hes/docs/postStorm/H_ANDREW_ASSESSMENT_REVIEW_HES_UTILIZATION_INFO_DISSEMINATION.pdf |archive-date= March 5, 2012 }}</ref> In Dade County alone, 515,670&nbsp;people were ordered to evacuate.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/pshmia03.gif |title=Post storm hurricane report updated |author=Paul J. Hebert |date=September 3, 1992 |page=3 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service |work=[[National Weather Service Miami, Florida]] |access-date=May 31, 2017 |series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives |format=GIF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810091910/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/pshmia03.gif |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> As Andrew was approaching, an estimated 20,000–30,000&nbsp;tourists were in the Florida Keys (Monroe County).<ref name="psheyw">{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/psheyw.gif |title=Hurricane Andrew Post Storm Report |author=Dennis Henize |date=August 30, 1992 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service |work=National Weather Service Key West, Florida |access-date=May 8, 2012 |series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives |location=Key West, Florida |format=GIF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235858/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/psheyw.gif |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Overall, almost 1.2&nbsp;million people evacuated, which contributed to the low number of fatalities, despite the intensity of the storm.<ref name="tcr"/> Many evacuees also checked into hotels, with rooms completely booked as far north as [[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]]. Ultimately, the sheer number of evacuees led to likely the largest traffic jam in the history of Florida, mostly along [[Interstate 95 in Florida|Interstate 95]]. [[United States Coast Guard]] vessels on or near the Florida coastline were either secured onshore or sent to ride out the storm at sea.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/dn0826p2.gif |title=Storm: Andrew could be strongest |date=August 26, 1992 |page=3A |newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]] |access-date=May 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034141/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/dn0826p2.gif |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Government offices and public and private schools were closed from Monroe County northward to [[St. Lucie County, Florida|St. Lucie County]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11450937/the_palm_beach_post |title=Winds rip Bahamas, head for U.S. |author=Gary Kane |date=August 24, 1992 |newspaper=[[The Palm Beach Post]] |page=9A |access-date=June 3, 2017 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810091140/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11450937/the_palm_beach_post/ |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |url-status=live }} {{free access}}</ref> Many colleges and universities in southeast Florida also closed.<ref name="miketyson">{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-08-24/news/9201170556_1_hurricane-forecasters-tropical-storm-national-hurricane-center|title='A Mike Tyson storm' unpredictable Hurricane Andrew caught South Florida off guard|author=Seth Borenstein|date=August 24, 1992|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=June 3, 2017|location=Deerfield Beach, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810091035/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-08-24/news/9201170556_1_hurricane-forecasters-tropical-storm-national-hurricane-center|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Major airports such as the [[Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport|Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood]],<ref name="miketyson"/> [[Key West International Airport|Key West]],<ref name="mh0827p1"/> [[Miami International Airport|Miami]],<ref name="sutton"/> and [[Palm Beach International Airport|Palm Beach]] international airports closed.<ref name="miketyson"/>

===Gulf Coast of the United States===
[[File:Hurricaneandrewlouisiana.JPG|thumb|left|alt=A satellite imagery showing a hurricane approaching Louisiana|Satellite image of Hurricane Andrew approaching Louisiana]]
Shortly after the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico from southern Florida, the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane watches and warnings for the Gulf Coast of the United States beginning at 13:00 UTC on August 24. After the initial hurricane watch from [[Mobile, Alabama]], to [[Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas|Sabine Pass, Texas]], the watches and warnings were expanded to eventually include areas from Mobile, Alabama, to [[Freeport, Texas]]. All watches and warnings on the Gulf Coast were discontinued late on August 26 after the hurricane moved inland over Louisiana.<ref name="tcr"/>

Due to the hurricane's threat, workers fled oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, while the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] moved their boats inland.<ref name="frantz1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-26/news/mn-5918_1_morgan-city|title=Hurricane rips into Louisiana|author=Douglas Frantz and Glenn Bunting|date=August 26, 1992|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=1|access-date=May 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213458/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-26/news/mn-5918_1_morgan-city|archive-date=May 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Officials in [[Mississippi]] suggested that about 100,000&nbsp;people evacuate the [[List of counties in Mississippi|coastal counties]].<ref name="frantz2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-26/news/mn-5918_1_morgan-city/2|title=Hurricane rips into Louisiana|author=Douglas Frantz and Glenn Bunting|date=August 26, 1992|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=2|access-date=May 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213313/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-26/news/mn-5918_1_morgan-city/2|archive-date=May 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelters were opened in [[Hancock County, Mississippi|Hancock]] and [[Harrison County, Mississippi|Harrison]] counties, though only 68&nbsp;people went to a shelter in the former.<ref name="al"/> [[Riverboat casino|Gambling ships]] were moved into harbors and inland canals. Two run-offs for special [[Mississippi Legislature|legislative]] elections scheduled for August 25 were postponed.<ref name="frantz2"/>

In [[Louisiana]], [[Governor of Louisiana|Governor]] [[Edwin Edwards]] declared a state of emergency.<ref name="frantz1"/> About 1.25&nbsp;million people evacuated from the central and southeast Louisiana,<ref name="tcr"/> while approximately 60,000&nbsp;others fled [[List of parishes in Louisiana|parishes]] in southwest Louisiana.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/pshlch01.gif|title=Final Storm Report&nbsp;... Hurricane Andrew&nbsp;... correction for date|date=September 4, 1992|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|work=National Weather Service Lake Charles, Louisiana|access-date=May 31, 2017|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025120343/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/pshlch01.gif|archive-date=October 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> A mandatory evacuation from [[Grand Isle, Louisiana|Grand Isle]] was ordered by Mayor Andy Valence and the city council.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mh0827p2.gif|title=Mayors of N.O., Grand Isle call for preparedness|date=August 27, 1992|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[Miami Herald]]|page=1|access-date=May 30, 2017|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123341/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mh0827p2.gif|archive-date=December 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[New Orleans]], Mayor [[Sidney Barthelemy]] ordered the evacuation of about 200,000&nbsp;residents in the low-lying areas of the city.<ref name="standard">{{cite news|title=Gulf coast gets ready|author=Alan Sayre|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Standard-Speaker|page=2|date=August 25, 1992|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11373927/standardspeaker/|access-date=May 31, 2017|location=Hazleton, Pennsylvania|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120043231/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11373927/standardspeaker/|archive-date=January 20, 2019|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> Nine shelters were opened in the city, which were occupied by thousands of people.<ref name="frantz2"/> In response to computer simulations showing that storm surge from a tropical cyclone like Hurricane Andrew could over-top [[Drainage in New Orleans|the levees]], workers closed 111&nbsp;[[floodgate]]s.<ref name="standard"/> The [[Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport|New Orleans International Airport]] closed, with jumbo jets being flown to other airports. A total of 250&nbsp;members of the [[Louisiana National Guard]] patrolled the streets during the storm. The [[American Red Cross|Red Cross]] assisted with opening a shelter at the [[University of Southwest Louisiana]]'s [[Cajundome]] in [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]], equipped to handle about 2,000&nbsp;people.<ref name="frantz2"/>

In Texas, about 250,000&nbsp;people evacuated [[Orange County, Texas|Orange]] and [[Jefferson County, Texas|Jefferson]] counties.<ref name="tcr"/> [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] City Manager Doug Matthews advised residents to develop an evacuation plan in case the city chose to call for evacuations.<ref name="nbhz"/> The city later decided against ordering an evacuation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11373607/the_galveston_daily_news/|title=Islanders advised to remain|author=Lora Bernard|date=August 26, 1992|newspaper=The Daily News|page=1|access-date=May 31, 2017|location=Galveston, Texas|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810092140/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11373607/the_galveston_daily_news/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> School was canceled on August 25 for [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]], [[Port Arthur, Texas|Port Arthur]], and other areas of central Jefferson County,<ref name="nbhz"/> while schools were closed in [[Dickinson, Texas|Dickinson]], [[High Island, Texas|High Island]], [[Hitchcock, Texas|Hitchcock]], [[La Marque, Texas|La Marque]], [[Santa Fe, Texas|Santa Fe]], and [[Texas City, Texas|Texas City]] on August 26. [[College of the Mainland]], [[Galveston College]], and [[Texas A&M University at Galveston]] were also closed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11373858/the_galveston_daily_news/|title=At a glance|date=August 26, 1992|newspaper=The Daily News|page=10|access-date=May 31, 2017|location=Galveston, Texas|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810092124/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11373858/the_galveston_daily_news/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> Emergency management crews in [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] began testing emergency generators and severe weather gear.<ref name="nbhz">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11371602/new_braunfels_heraldzeitung/|title=Hurricane Andrew threatens Texas coast|date=August 25, 1992|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung]]|page=2|access-date=May 31, 2017|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810092132/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11371602/new_braunfels_heraldzeitung/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> The [[Comal County, Texas|Comal County]] chapter of the Red Cross placed their disaster alert teams on standby and ready to respond if the hurricane threatened the [[Corpus Christi metropolitan area|Corpus Christi area]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11371677/new_braunfels_heraldzeitung/|title=Local agency preparing for evacuations|author=Stephanie Ferguson|date=August 25, 1992|newspaper=New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung|page=1|access-date=May 31, 2017|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810091642/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11371677/new_braunfels_heraldzeitung/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref>

==Impact==
{{Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes|align=right}}
Even though Andrew was a small tropical cyclone for most of its lifespan, it caused extreme damage, especially in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. The vast majority of the damage was as a result of extremely high winds, although a few tornadoes spawned by Andrew caused considerable damage in Louisiana. Throughout the areas affected, almost 177,000&nbsp;people were left homeless. Outside of the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana, effects were widespread, although damage was minimal. Overall, $27.3&nbsp;billion in losses<ref name="Costliest TC's"/><!-- defined by template:Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes --> and 65&nbsp;fatalities were attributed to Andrew,<ref name="tcr"/> although many other estimates range as high as $36&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|date=June 10, 2017|chapter=Chapter 29. The Economic Consequences of Disasters due to Asteroid and Comet Impacts|author=Peter T. Bobrowsky|isbn=978-3540327110|author2=Hans Rickman|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gpwgm022ltMC&pg=PA483|access-date=April 3, 2020|location=New York City, New York}}</ref> Andrew was the costliest hurricane in U.S. history at the time, but is now ninth following hurricanes [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] (2005), [[Hurricane Ike|Ike]] (2008), [[Hurricane Sandy|Sandy]] (2012), [[Hurricane Harvey|Harvey]] (2017), [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] (2017), [[Hurricane Maria|Maria]] (2017), [[Hurricane Ida|Ida]] (2021), and [[Hurricane Ian|Ian]] (2022).<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf|title=The deadliest, costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts)|author1=Eric Blake|author2=Christopher Landsea|author3=Ethan Gibney|page=47|access-date=August 10, 2011|date=August 10, 2011|type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221124852/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf|archive-date=December 21, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bahamas===
{{Main|Effects of Hurricane Andrew in The Bahamas}}
In the Bahamas, Andrew produced hurricane-force winds in [[North Eleuthera]], [[New Providence]], [[North Andros]], [[Bimini]], and the Berry Islands.<ref name="bah2">{{cite report|author=Arthur Rolle|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=October 30, 1992|title=Hurricane Andrew in the Bahamas|page=2|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|work=Bahamas Meteorological Service|access-date=October 11, 2008|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/bahamas2.gif|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223901/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/bahamas2.gif|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The storm first struck North Eleuthera,<ref name="reanal">{{cite report|author=Edward Rappaport|date=February 7, 2005|title=Hurricane Andrew Report Addendum|location=Miami, Florida|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=May 8, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew_add.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219040743/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew_add.html|archive-date=December 19, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> where it produced a high storm surge.<ref name="wp"/> At a small village in the northwestern portion of the island, more than half of the houses were destroyed and the rest of the buildings sustained minor to major damage. One person drowned from the surge in Lower Bogue, Eleuthera, and two others died in [[The Bluff, Bahamas|The Bluff]]. On Current Island, the hurricane destroyed 24 of the 30 houses.<ref name="bah4">{{cite report|author=Arthur Rolle|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=October 30, 1992|title=Hurricane Andrew in the Bahamas|page=4|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|work=Bahamas Meteorological Service|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=October 12, 2008|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/bahamas4.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121083458/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/bahamas4.gif|archive-date=November 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Harbour Island, Bahamas|Harbour Island]], near Eleuthera, reported wind gusts of {{convert|138|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} – the strongest gust speed observed in the Bahamas during Andrew's passage.<ref name="tcr"/> News reports indicated severe damage to 36 houses on Harbor Island.<ref name="rw"/>

Andrew produced several tornadoes in the area.<ref name="bah3">{{cite report|author=Arthur Rolle|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=October 30, 1992|title=Hurricane Andrew in the Bahamas|page=3|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|work=Bahamas Meteorological Service|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=October 11, 2008|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/bahamas3.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211106/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/bahamas3.gif|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At the capital city of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], sustained winds reached {{convert|92|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, while gusts up to {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} were reported.<ref name="tcr"/> Only minor damage occurred in Nassau, according to the Bahamas Red Cross,<ref name="rw"/> but on the private island of Cat Cay, many expensive homes sustained heavy damage.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|author=Edwin McDowell|date=September 27, 1992|title=After the storms: three reports; Bahamas|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 29, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/travel/after-the-storms-three-reports-bahamas.html?pagewanted=all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905182726/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/travel/after-the-storms-three-reports-bahamas.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=September 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the northwestern Bahamas received damage,<ref name="bah3"/> with estimated monetary losses reaching $250&nbsp;million.<ref name="tcr"/> A total of 800 houses were destroyed, leaving 1,700 people homeless. Additionally, the storm caused severe damage to the sectors of transport, communications, water, sanitation, agriculture, and fishing.<ref name="rw"/> Four deaths in the country were attributed to the hurricane, of which three were direct;<ref name="tcr"/> the indirect fatality was due to heart failure during the passage of the storm.<ref name="bah4"/>{{#tag:ref|An indirect death is defined as a fatality that can be linked to the hurricane, but not caused by its direct effects. For example, several of the victims died of a heart attack induced by the storm.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/98bf59ecce8dd183a44bfac25ea35aaa|title=List of Hurricane Andrew's victims, how they died with PM hurricane|date=September 4, 1992|agency=Associated Press|access-date=May 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503052859/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1992/List-of-Hurricane-Andrew-s-Victims-How-They-Died-With-PM-Hurricane-Aftermath-Bjt/id-98bf59ecce8dd183a44bfac25ea35aaa|archive-date=May 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="nb"}}

===Florida===
{{Main|Effects of Hurricane Andrew in Florida}}
[[File:Hurricane andrew fema 2563.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A community with nearly every trailer flattened|Damage from Hurricane Andrew in a large mobile home community]]
{{Strongest U.S. landfalling hurricanes}}
Overall, Andrew caused about $25.3&nbsp;billion in damage in Florida,<ref name="tcr"/> making it the costliest hurricane to hit the state at the time.<ref name=floridarecord>{{cite news|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100202/COLUMNISTS0207/2020311/Changes-wind-hurricane-insurance-discounts-calculators|title=Changes in wind for hurricane insurance discounts calculators|date=February 10, 2010|newspaper=Florida Today|author=Matt Reed|type=Column|access-date=September 30, 2015|location=Melbourne, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001014604/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100202/COLUMNISTS0207/2020311/Changes-wind-hurricane-insurance-discounts-calculators|archive-date=October 1, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some estimates in Florida put the damage as high as $34&nbsp;billion (1992 [[United States dollar|USD]], ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|34000000000|1992}}}} {{#time:Y}}&nbsp;USD).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Focus on Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9Zesh7cd0gC&q=hurricane+andrew+%22%2434+billion%22&pg=PA50|access-date=September 16, 2018|isbn=9781590332849|author=Edward V. Linden|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|page=50|year=2002|location=New York City, New York}}</ref> Almost all of the damage in Florida was caused by strong winds, rather than [[storm surge]] or flooding that is usually associated with a major hurricane.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Idalia Strengthens, Other Florida Hurricanes|publisher=The Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/tropical-storm-idalia-forecasted-hit-053514878.html|access-date=January 24, 2024}}</ref><ref name="tcr"/><ref name="journals.ametsoc.org">{{cite journal|author=Ann Bostrom|author2=Rebecca E. Morss|author3=Jeffrey K. Lazo|author4=Julie L. Demuth|author5=Heather Lazrus|author6=Rebecca Hudson|date=April 2016|page=124|title=A Mental Models Studies of Hurricane Forecast and Warning Production|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/8/2/wcas-d-15-0033_1.xml|journal=[[Weather, Climate, and Society]]|issn=1948-8335|volume=8|issue=2|doi=10.1175/WCAS-D-15-0033.1|s2cid=55438976 |access-date=October 10, 2021|doi-access=free}}</ref> Of the 44&nbsp;deaths attributed to the storm, 15&nbsp;were direct fatalities, while 29&nbsp;were indirectly caused by the storm. It was later noted that if Andrew had been slightly larger or made landfall a few miles further north, it would have significantly affected [[Miami]] and [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], which would have resulted in an even higher damage and death toll.<ref name="tcr"/> An analysis by the [[American Meteorological Society]] indicated that unlike most hurricanes, wind damage from Andrew was mostly north of the geometric center and occurred primarily on the eastern edge of the storm.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Roger Wakimoto|author2=Peter Black|date=February 1994|title=Damage survey of Hurricane Andrew and its relationship to the eyewall|volume=75|issue=2|pages=189 and 193|issn=1520-0477 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<0189:DSOHAA>2.0.CO;2|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|bibcode=1994BAMS...75..189W|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some officials in Florida considered Andrew the worst storm in the state since the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane|Labor Day hurricane in 1935]].<ref name="mt2">{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mt0825p2.gif|title=Andrew aims for Gulf Coast|page=A4|date=August 25, 1992|newspaper=[[East Valley Tribune|Mesa Tribune]]|access-date=May 9, 2012|format=GIF|location=Tempe, Arizona|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000200/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mt0825p2.gif|archive-date=December 31, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> But most others (particularly the media, former National Hurricane Center director [[Max Mayfield]]) in retrospect stated that Andrew was hardly "The Big One",<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Andrew – The Legacy|author=Greg Allen|date=August 23, 2012|newspaper=National Public Radio|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/23/159613339/hurricane-andrews-legacy-like-a-bomb-in-florida|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Andrew is Hardly the Big One|date=August 19, 2012|author=Sheila Stieglitz|newspaper=The Miami Community News|url=https://communitynewspapers.com/pinecrest-tribune/hurricane-andrew-was-not-the-big-one-max-mayfield|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> but still very devastating.<ref>{{cite news|title=Miami-Dade map changes affect Keys|page=2A|author=Kevin Wadlow|newspaper=[[Florida Keys Keynoter]]|date=May 25, 2013|url=http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/05/13/00660/05-25-2013.pdf|access-date=October 10, 2021|location=Marathon, Florida}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=August 24, 2017|title=Hurricane Andrew – Monster Storm Who Devastated South Florida|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/hurricane-andrew-25-years-monster-storm-devastated-south/story?id=49389188|newspaper=ABC News|author=Julio Jacobo|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref>

The storm surge from Andrew was very limited in its overall coverage due the compactness of the hurricane,<ref>{{cite news|title=Max Mayfield: Reflections on Hurricane Andrew 25 years later|date=August 24, 2017|newspaper=[[WPLG]]|url=https://www.local10.com/weather/2017/08/24/max-mayfield-reflections-on-hurricane-andrew-25-years-later|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="journals.ametsoc.org"/> although it caused between $96&nbsp;million and more than $500&nbsp;million in losses to boats and buildings, based on various sources.<ref name="tcr"/><ref>{{cite report|title=Hurricane Damage to Residential Structures: Risk and Mitigation (Natural Hazards Research Working Paper #94)|date=November 1996|author=John K. Ayscue|work=The Natural Hazards Center|url=https://hazards.colorado.edu/research/working-papers/94|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/fw0824p2.gif|title=Andrew hits with horrific vengeance|page=2|agency=Associated Press|date=August 24, 1992|newspaper=[[The News-Sentinel]]|location=Fort Wayne, Indiana|access-date=June 22, 2012|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117231337/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/fw0824p2.gif|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> At the height of the storm, more than 1.4&nbsp;million people lost electricity and another 150,000&nbsp;were without telephone service.<ref name="facts">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mCAfAAAAIBAJ&pg=3668,3958333&dq|page=47|title=Hurricane facts|date=September 24, 1994|newspaper=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]|access-date=May 9, 2012|via=[[Google News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119110439/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mCAfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P30EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3668,3958333&dq|archive-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is estimated that throughout Florida, the storm damaged 101,241&nbsp;homes and destroyed approximately 63,000&nbsp;others – the vast majority in Dade County – with about 175,000&nbsp;people rendered homeless.<ref name="tcr"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mh0828p1.gif|title=The hurricane that changed everything|author=John Dorschner|page=1|date=August 30, 1992|newspaper=The Miami Herald|access-date=May 9, 2012|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233803/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mh0828p1.gif|archive-date=December 30, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Smaller tropical cyclones like Andrew or [[Hurricane Charley|Charley]] tend to produce less overall coverages and damages from the storm surge, in contrast to hurricanes such as [[Hurricane Hugo|Hugo]], [[Hurricane Ike|Ike]], [[Hurricane Ivan|Ivan]], and [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Hurricane Ike Storm Surge|url=http://doctorflood.rice.edu/sspeed/downloads/December%2011/Presentation5_Hafele%20-%20HURRICANE%20IKE%20SSPEED.pdf?m_b_c=hurricane|date=June 9, 2009|publisher=[[Rice University]]|page=12|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> In addition to homes, the storm damaged or destroyed 82,000&nbsp;businesses, {{convert|32,900|acres|abbr=on}} of farmland, 31&nbsp;public schools, 59&nbsp;health facilities/hospitals, 9,500&nbsp;traffic signals, {{convert|3300|mi|km|abbr=on}} of power lines, and 3,000&nbsp;watermains.<ref name="facts"/> Approximately 20&nbsp;million cubic yards (15&nbsp;million [[Cubic metre|m<sup>3</sup>]]) of debris left by the storm were disposed of.<ref>{{cite book|author1=David Godschalk|author2=Timothy Beatley|author3=Philip Berke|author4=David Brower|author5=Edward Kaiser|title=Natural hazard mitigation: recasting disaster policy and planning|publisher=[[Island Press]]|year=1999|isbn=978-1-55963-602-5|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WN_RgufVR6YC&q=Hurricane+Andrew&pg=PA103|location=Washington, DC|access-date=June 1, 2012}}</ref>

Tides were generally between {{convert|4|and|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal in the Biscayne Bay area, though near the [[Burger King|Burger King International Headquarters]], tides reached as high as {{convert|16.9|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal. Storm surge on the west coast was widespread but generally light, with a peak height of {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} in [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]] and [[Goodland, Florida|Goodland]]. Strong winds from the storm were confined to a relatively small area, stretching from [[Key Largo]] to the [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] area. A house near [[Perrine, Florida|Perrine]] initially reported a wind gust of {{convert|212|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} before the structure and instrument were destroyed; this measurement was reduced to {{convert|177|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, after wind-tunnel testing at the [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] of the same type of anemometer revealed a 16.5% error. Several other anemometers measuring the highest wind speeds on land were destroyed or failed. At the National Hurricane Center building in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], sustained winds of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and gusts to {{convert|164|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} were measured before the anemometer failed. The highest sustained wind speed for the storm was {{convert|146|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, recorded at the [[Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station]], before instruments also failed there. In Key Largo, a 13-minute wind speed of {{convert|114|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was reported. Tropical storm force winds reached as far north as [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]]. On the west coast of Florida, sustained winds remained just below tropical storm force on [[Marco Island, Florida|Marco Island]], though a wind gust of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was reported in Collier County. Rainfall was generally light, possibly as a result of the storm's relatively fast movement.<ref name="tcr"/> Overall, precipitation from Andrew peaked at nearly {{convert|14|in|mm|abbr=on}} in western Dade County. Heavy rainfall in other areas was sporadic, with precipitation reported as far north as [[Central Florida]].<ref name="rain"/>
[[File:Destruction following hurricane andrew.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A close-up view of houses with evident wind damage|Damage in [[Lakes by the Bay, Florida|Lakes by the Bay]]]]
Although effects from Andrew were catastrophic, the extent of damage was limited mainly from [[Kendall, Florida|Kendall]] to Key Largo due to the small wind field of the storm. The hurricane destroyed 90% of mobile homes in the county, including 99% of mobile homes in [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]].<ref name="tcr"/> At the [[Homestead Air Reserve Base|Homestead Air Force Base]], most of the 2,000&nbsp;buildings on the base were severely damaged or rendered unusable.<ref name="wp0825p1">{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/wp0825p1.gif|title=At least 10 killed; City under curfew|page=1|author1=William Booth|author2=Mary Jordan|date=August 25, 1992|location=Washington, D.C.|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=May 9, 2012|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714142252/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/wp0825p1.gif|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Damage to the base was extensive enough that it was recommended for closure.<ref name="homesteadafbclosing"/> Nearby, in the small town of [[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]], over 120&nbsp;homes were demolished and 700&nbsp;others were damaged, while a number of other buildings were damaged beyond repair, including City Hall.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tiNUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3553%2C4438149|title=A city reborn|date=May 29, 2001|newspaper=[[Boca Raton News]]|agency=Associated Press|access-date=May 24, 2017|via=Google News}}</ref> Further north, damage to poorly constructed homes in communities such as [[Country Walk, Florida|Country Walk]] and Saga Bay resembled that of an [[Fujita scale|F3 tornado]]. Winds in the area were estimated to have ranged from {{convert|130|to|150|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, slightly below the threshold for an F3 tornado.<ref>{{cite report|author=Michael Koziara|date=September 10, 1992|title=Hurricane Andrew Damage Assessment|page=3|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|work=National Weather Service New Orleans, Louisiana|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=June 8, 2017|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/newdam03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042416/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/newdam03.gif|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Four of the five condominiums at Naranja Lakes were destroyed.<ref name="SPT"/> The [[Southland Mall (Miami)|Cutler Ridge Mall]] suffered severe wind and water damage; after the storm, significant looting was reported at that location.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IolKAAAAIBAJ&pg=1553,8853585&dq=cutler+ridge+mall+hurricane+andrew&hl=en|location=Youngstown, Ohio|title=Debartolo rebuilding damaged Fla. mall|date=August 31, 1992|newspaper=[[The Vindicator]]|access-date=May 9, 2012|via=Google News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119060522/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IolKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nYYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1553,8853585&dq=cutler+ridge+mall+hurricane+andrew&hl=en|archive-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 50&nbsp;streets were blocked by fallen trees and power lines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/we0825p2.gif|title=Floridians mop up; Gulf Coast is next|page=4A|author1=Mark Silva|author2=Charles Strouse|author3=John Donnelly|date=August 25, 1992|agency=[[Knight Ridder]]|access-date=June 1, 2012|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215903/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/we0825p2.gif|archive-date=May 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Agriculture suffered extensively as well, with an 85% loss to fruit crops such as avocados, limes, and mangoes. Crop damage in Dade County totaled about $509&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/08/Dade-agriculture-hit-hard-by-hurricane/4418715924800/|title=Dade agriculture hit hard by hurricane|date=September 8, 1992|work=United Press International|access-date=May 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804052845/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/08/Dade-agriculture-hit-hard-by-hurricane/4418715924800/|archive-date=August 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The county suffered the vast majority of the damage from the hurricane, totaling approximately $25&nbsp;billion. Andrew left at least 40&nbsp;deaths in the county, 15&nbsp;direct and 25&nbsp;indirect.<ref name="tcr"/>
[[File:Dadeland Mobile Home Park after Andrew - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|left|The Dadeland Mobile Home Park after Andrew|alt=An aerial view of destroyed mobile homes with copious amounts of debris]]
Elsewhere, effects were relatively minimal, except in Broward, Monroe, and Collier counties. In Broward County, on the north side of the storm's path, damage in several municipalities was primarily limited to downed trees, several of which fell onto roads and power lines. In [[Pembroke Park, Florida|Pembroke Park]], one of the worst affected cities in the county, approximately 260&nbsp;mobile homes were damaged. Storm surge left [[coastal flooding]] in some areas, especially along state roads [[Florida State Road A1A|A1A]] and [[Florida State Road 858|858]].<ref>{{cite news|title=City by city, Broward takes inventory, gets to work|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77475244/the-miami-herald/|date=August 26, 1992|newspaper=Miami Herald|page=2BR|access-date=May 10, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{free access}}</ref> Property damage reached about $100&nbsp;million and three fatalities were reported in Broward County.<ref name="tcr"/> In [[Everglades National Park]] and [[Biscayne National Park]], more than 25% of trees were damaged or destroyed, including one-fourth of the [[royal palm]]s and one-third of the pine trees in the former.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/andrew.html|location=Reston, Virginia|title=Effects of Hurricane Andrew (1992) on wetlands in Southern Florida and Louisiana|author1=John Lovelace|author2=Benjamin McPherson|date=June 24, 1998|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=May 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043945/https://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/andrew.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the damage at Everglades National Park, effects in Monroe County were significant, especially in the Upper Florida Keys. Strong winds damaged billboards, awnings, commercial signs, several boats, planes, trees,<ref name="mh0827p1">{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mh0827p1.gif|title=Keys are islands in every sense after Andrew|author1=Dan Keating|author2=Nancy Klingener|page=1|date=August 27, 1992|newspaper=[[The Miami Herald]]|access-date=December 6, 2011|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214456/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/mh0827p1.gif|archive-date=May 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 1,500&nbsp;homes, with 300&nbsp;of those becoming uninhabitable.<ref name="psheyw"/> Damage in that county was about $131&nbsp;million.<ref name="tcr"/> In [[Collier County, Florida|Collier County]], to the north of the storm's path, sustained winds up to {{convert|98|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} were observed in [[Chokoloskee, Florida|Chokoloskee]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/collier2.gif|title=Hurricane Andrew fact sheet|date=1992|page=2|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Collier County, Florida|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811005912/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/collier2.gif|archive-date=August 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Storm surge flooded low-lying areas, particularly in Goodland, Everglades City, and Marco Island. Many boats were damaged or destroyed by the rough seas and strong winds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.coastalbreezenews.com/2010/07/30/hurricane-andrew-1992/|title=Hurricane Andrew 1992: The "Greatest Storms on Earth" – Part VI|date=July 30, 2010|newspaper=Coastal Breeze News|location=Marco Island, Florida|access-date=May 31, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001080042/http://coastalbreezenews.com/2010/07/30/hurricane-andrew-1992/|archive-date=October 1, 2010}}</ref> The storm destroyed 80&nbsp;mobile homes and severely damaged 400&nbsp;others.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/collier2.gif|title=Hurricane Andrew fact sheet|date=1992|page=1|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|location=Collier County, Florida|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811005912/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/collier2.gif|archive-date=August 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Property damage in the county reached about $30&nbsp;million.<ref name="tcr"/>

===Louisiana===
[[File:Andrewlaplacetornado.png|thumb|right|Damage from an F3 tornado spawned by Andrew in LaPlace|alt=Significant tornado damage inflicted upon a home, with its exterior walls missing and some of its interior walls and roof destroyed]]
After hitting Florida, Andrew moved across the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall about {{convert|23|mi|km|abbr=on}} west-southwest of Morgan City in south-central Louisiana; at landfall, the maximum sustained winds were {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The highest sustained wind speed observed was {{convert|96|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, while a wind gust as strong as {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was recorded; both measurements were taken at the fire station in [[Berwick, Louisiana|Berwick]]. As it moved ashore, the hurricane produced storm tides of at least {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal, causing flooding along the coast from [[Vermilion Bay (Louisiana)|Vermilion Bay]] to [[Lake Borgne]].<ref name="tcr"/> Offshore, a group of six fishermen from Alabama drowned.<ref name="al"/> Heavy rains accompanied the storm's passage through the state, peaking at {{convert|11.02|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[Robert, Louisiana|Robert]].<ref name="tcr"/> River flooding was also reported, with the [[Tangipahoa River]] in Robert cresting at {{convert|3.8|ft|m|abbr=on}} above flood stage.<ref name="new2"/> Before making landfall, Andrew spawned an [[Fujita scale|F3]] tornado in [[LaPlace, Louisiana|LaPlace]], which killed two people and injured 32.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="new2"/> The tornado was on the ground for about 10&nbsp;minutes, during which it damaged or destroyed 163&nbsp;structures, leaving 60&nbsp;families homeless.<ref name="new2">{{cite report|date=September 15, 1992|title=Final Storm Report&nbsp;... Hurricane Andrew&nbsp;... corrected|page=2|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|work=[[National Weather Service New Orleans/Baton Rouge, Louisiana|National Weather Service New Orleans, Louisiana]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=May 10, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/new02.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233558/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/new02.gif|archive-date=October 4, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Collectively, 14&nbsp;tornadoes were reported in the parishes of [[Ascension Parish, Louisiana|Ascension]], [[Iberville Parish, Louisiana|Iberville]], [[Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana|Pointe Coupee]], and [[Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana|Avoyelles]], as well as in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]].<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="ncdc"/>

Along the Louisiana coastline, damages largely resembled those of a Category 2 hurricane. Damage was heaviest in [[St. Mary Parish, Louisiana|St. Mary Parish]], about {{convert|32|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of where Andrew made landfall. Twenty-six schools were affected, with damage totaling $2.6&nbsp;million. [[Berwick High School (Louisiana)|Berwick High School]], sheltering about 2,000&nbsp;people, was deroofed during the storm. Generally, single-family homes fared well, with most losing only roofing shingles, though others suffered severe damage after large trees fell on them. In [[Cypremort Point State Park]], several mobile homes were destroyed.<ref>{{cite report|author=Michael Koziara|date=September 10, 1992|title=Hurricane Andrew Damage Assessment|page=1|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|work=National Weather Service New Orleans, Louisiana|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=November 18, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/newdam01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220918/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/newdam01.gif|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Houses in Berwick, Morgan City, and [[Patterson, Louisiana|Patterson]] suffered major damage. Throughout the parish, 1,367&nbsp;dwellings were destroyed, 2,028&nbsp;were severely damaged, and 4,770&nbsp;others were impacted to a minor degree. Property damage alone in St. Mary Parish reached approximately $150&nbsp;million. [[Iberia Parish, Louisiana|Iberia Parish]] was also among the most severely impacted parishes. Two schools collectively sheltering about 3,600&nbsp;people in Jeanerette and New Iberia lost their roofs. One death occurred in the parish due to electrocution. A total of 407&nbsp;residences were demolished, 2,528&nbsp;others were extensively damaged, and 3,526&nbsp;others were inflicted with minor damage. Overall, the parish suffered $125&nbsp;million in property damage, while an additional $200&nbsp;million in damage was inflicted on sugar crops.<ref name="ncdc"/>

Across the state, the hurricane damaged 23,000&nbsp;homes and destroyed 985&nbsp;homes and 1,951&nbsp;mobile homes; private property damage was estimated at $1&nbsp;billion. The high winds destroyed large areas of sugar and soybean crops, estimated at $289&nbsp;million in damage.<ref name="ncdc"/> Strong winds also left at least 230,000&nbsp;people without electricity.<ref name="applebome"/> During the storm's passage, upwelling occurred in the [[Atchafalaya Basin]] and [[Bayou Lafourche]], killing 187&nbsp;million freshwater fish. Damage to the fishing industry was estimated at $266&nbsp;million. Overall, losses in the state of Louisiana reached approximately $1.56&nbsp;billion.<ref name="ncdc">{{cite journal|volume=34|number=8|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with late reports and corrections|author=Grant Goodge|journal=Storm Data|date=August 1992|pages=31–35, 42, 69–72, 88–89, 93, 123, 146–147, and 161|issn=0039-1972|access-date=June 1, 2017|url=https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-98485609-C49C-478E-A760-01E01157FE61.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6qsw4Tcdh?url=https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-98485609-C49C-478E-A760-01E01157FE61.pdf|archive-date=June 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> A total of 17&nbsp;deaths occurred in Louisiana, 8&nbsp;directly and 9&nbsp;from indirect causes.<ref name="tcr"/> At least 75&nbsp;injuries were reported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Louisiana hit hard by Hurricane Andrew|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A7FUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3132,2790149&dq=hurricane+andrew&hl=en|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=August 27, 1992|access-date=March 18, 2012|via=Google News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119060203/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A7FUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3132,2790149&dq=hurricane+andrew&hl=en|archive-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Remainder of the United States===
[[File:Andrew 1992 rainfall.gif|right|thumb|alt=A map of the United States showing various rainfall totals by color code|Rainfall summary of Hurricane Andrew in the United States|upright=1.3]]
While Andrew was entering the Gulf of Mexico, oil companies evacuated hundreds of employees from offshore drilling platforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/ad0825p2.gif|author=Alan Sayre|title=State|agency=Associated Press|date=August 25, 1992|page=A2|location=Alexandria, Louisiana|newspaper=The Town Talk|access-date=May 8, 2012|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060720/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/ad0825p2.gif|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The storm damaged 241&nbsp;oil and gas facilities and toppled 33&nbsp;platforms off the coast of Louisiana,<ref name="ngi">{{cite report|url=http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/8102-hurricane-andrew-in-92-toppled-platforms-damaged-241-offshore-installations|title=Hurricane Andrew in '92 toppled platforms, damaged 241 offshore installations|date=October 7, 2002|work=NGI The Weekly Gas Market Report|publisher=Natural Gas Intelligence|access-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120040/https://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/8102-hurricane-andrew-in-92-toppled-platforms-damaged-241-offshore-installations|archive-date=October 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> causing significant disruptions in production. Additionally, 83&nbsp;pipeline segments suffered damage to some degree. The oil industry lost about $12&nbsp;million per day in the days following Andrew and $4&nbsp;million daily by three weeks later.<ref name="ngi"/> Initially, a production loss of 240,000 to 270,000&nbsp;barrels per day occurred – approximately one-third of production throughout the Gulf of Mexico.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/03/Andrew-inflicts-severe-damage-on-oil-and-gas-platforms/4823715492800/|title=Andrew inflicts severe damage on oil and gas platforms|author=Harihar Krishnan|date=September 3, 1992|work=United Press International|access-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202081939/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/03/Andrew-inflicts-severe-damage-on-oil-and-gas-platforms/4823715492800/|archive-date=February 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, Hurricane Andrew caused about $500&nbsp;million in damage to oil facilities.<ref name="tcr"/>

As Andrew moved ashore in Louisiana, its outer fringes produced a storm tide of about {{convert|1.3|ft|m|abbr=on}} in [[Sabine Pass, Texas]]. Winds were generally light in the state, reaching {{convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Port Arthur, Texas|Port Arthur]].<ref name="tcr"/> As Andrew crossed into Mississippi, 3&nbsp;[[severe thunderstorm warning]]s, 21&nbsp;[[tornado warning]]s, and 16&nbsp;[[flood warning]]s were issued. [[Funnel cloud]]s were observed near the path of the storm,<ref name="jackson">{{cite report|author=Steve Rich|work=National Weather Service Jackson, Mississippi|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|date=September 3, 1992|title=Tropical Storm Andrew|page=1|access-date=March 27, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/jackson1.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121081403/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/jackson1.gif|archive-date=November 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> along with 26&nbsp;tornadoes.<ref>{{cite report|work=National Weather Service Jackson, Mississippi|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=September 22, 2010|title=A look back at Hurricane Rita|access-date=March 27, 2011|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/?n=2005_09_24_25_hurr_rita_tor|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042533/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/?n=2005_09_24_25_hurr_rita_tor|url-status=dead}}</ref> Structural damage was generally minimal, occurring from the tornadoes and severe thunderstorms. One tornado in [[Kemper County, Mississippi|Kemper County]] destroyed a mobile home, while another twister in [[Lauderdale County, Mississippi|Lauderdale County]] demolished a mobile home, damaged five other dwellings, and injured four people.<ref name="jackson3">{{cite report|author=Steve Rich|agency=National Weather Service Jackson, Mississippi|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|date=September 3, 1992|title=Tropical Storm Andrew|page=3|access-date=May 23, 2017|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/jackson2.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133225/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/jackson2.gif|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, a possible tornado damaged a home and two trailers in [[Lawrence County, Mississippi|Lawrence County]].<ref name="jackson"/> Strong winds knocked down trees in the southwestern portion of the state.<ref name="jackson"/> Much of Mississippi received {{convert|3|to|5|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain, while areas near the southwest corner of the state observed over {{convert|7|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation,<ref name="jackson2">{{cite report|author=Steve Rich|work=National Weather Service Jackson, Mississippi|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|date=September 3, 1992|title=Tropical Storm Andrew|page=2|access-date=March 27, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/jackson2.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121083627/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/jackson2.gif|archive-date=November 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> with a peak of {{convert|9.30|in|mm|abbr=on}} at [[Sumrall, Mississippi|Sumrall]].<ref name="gulfrain">{{cite web|author=David Roth|title=Tropical cyclone rainfall for the Gulf Coast|website=Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcgulfcoast.html|date=September 21, 2011|access-date=April 2, 2013|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|location=Camp Springs, Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055926/http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcgulfcoast.html|archive-date=July 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Flooding was mostly limited to the inundation of minor roads and low-lying areas in several counties.<ref name="jackson2"/>

In Alabama, precipitation amounts in the state peaked at {{convert|4.71|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[Aliceville, Alabama|Aliceville]].<ref name="gulfrain"/> The rainfall caused flooding in low-lying areas and creeks, covering a few county roads but not entering many houses or businesses.<ref name="jackson2"/> Along the coast, the storm produced flooding and high tides.<ref name="al">{{cite report|author=Faulkner|work=National Weather Service Mobile, Alabama|date=August 28, 1992|series=Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|title=Post Storm Report&nbsp;... Hurricane Andrew|access-date=March 29, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/pshmob.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121084714/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/pshmob.gif|archive-date=November 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Along [[Dauphin Island]], high tides left severe [[Coastal erosion|beach erosion]], with portions of the island losing up to {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}} of sand.<ref name="al"/> Three damaging tornadoes occurred in the state. The most damaging tornado was spawned in [[Elmore County, Alabama|Elmore County]] and moved from an area northeast of [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]] to the south of [[Wetumpka, Alabama|Wetumpka]] and briefly lifted during its {{convert|0.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} track. The tornado destroyed 2&nbsp;homes and damaged 18&nbsp;homes, 1&nbsp;mobile home, 2&nbsp;barns, and 1&nbsp;vehicle. One person was injured by the twister.<ref name="ncdc"/> Sustained winds in the state were below tropical storm force, though a wind gust of {{convert|41|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was observed in [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]].<ref name="tcr"/> Although 48 [[List of counties in Alabama|counties in Alabama]] reported wind damage, impact across the state was generally minor.<ref name="al"/>

Tropical storm force wind gusts and damaging tornadoes extended eastward into Georgia. Several [[List of counties in Georgia (U.S. state)|counties]] in the northwest and west-central portions of the state reported downed trees and tree limbs and fallen power lines, causing scattered power outages, but structural damage was generally minor. In [[Carroll County, Georgia|Carroll County]], several dwellings and barns were damaged, with one mobile home destroyed. At the [[Columbus Metropolitan Airport]], buildings, billboards, and signs were damaged. Additionally, a tornado in [[Floyd County, Georgia|Floyd County]] near [[Rome, Georgia|Rome]] snapped and uprooted several trees, damaged several fences and homes, and flipped over a trailer, tossing it on top of four cars.<ref name="ncdc"/> Monetary losses in the state reached about $100,000.<ref name="tcr"/> In [[Tennessee]], thunderstorm winds and tornadoes associated with Andrew downed trees and power lines, but caused little overall impact to homes and buildings. Similarly, in [[North Carolina]], thunderstorm winds toppled trees and power lines at a number of locations in the mountainous areas of the state, especially in [[Avery County, North Carolina|Avery County]]. Rainfall from Andrew spread across the southeastern United States along the [[Appalachian Mountains]] corridor; totals of over {{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on}} were reported where Georgia and South Carolina meet North Carolina.<ref name="rain"/> In [[West Virginia]], the remnants of Andrew combined with a cold front to produce {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain over portions of the state, causing flooding in areas of [[Morgantown, West Virginia|Morgantown]] with poor drainage. The remnants of Andrew also spawned several tornadoes in [[Maryland]]. A tornado in [[Howard County, Maryland|Howard County]] damaged several homes, some extensively. The twister also tossed and wrecked a recreational vehicle and its trailer, downed trees, and flattened cornfields.<ref name="ncdc"/> Precipitation continued along the path of Andrew's remnants through the Mid-Atlantic and Ohio Valley, with precipitation measured as far north as [[Upstate New York]].<ref name="rain"/>

==Aftermath==
{{see also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names|Tropical cyclone naming#Retirement}}
After the season had ended, the World Meteorological Organization's RA IV Hurricane Committee retired the name ''Andrew'' from the list of future names for Atlantic tropical cyclones due to its impact and damage and replaced it with ''Alex.'' The name ''Andrew'' will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/names.html|title=Worldwide tropical cyclone names 1996–2001|date=March 17, 1997|author=John (Jack) Beven II|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=June 22, 2012|location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970427134620/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/names.html|archive-date=April 27, 1997|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="about names">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml|title=Tropical cyclone naming history and retired names|work=National Hurricane Center|date=April 13, 2012|location=Miami, Florida|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service|access-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627193026/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml#greek|archive-date=June 27, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bahamas===
Initially, the Bahamas National Disaster Coordinator believed that [[emergency management|foreign aid]] was not required, but shortly after the storm, the [[Government of the United Kingdom]] began distributing blankets, food, ice, and water. {{HMS|Cardiff|D108|6}}, a [[Royal Navy]] [[Type 42 destroyer]], was the operational guard ship at the time and assisted in relief operations in and around the Gregorytown area.<ref name="wp"/><ref name="rw">{{cite book|url=http://reliefweb.int/node/34555|title=Bahamas and U.S.A. – Hurricane Andrew Aug 1992 UN DHA Information Reports 1–3|publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs]]|type=Report|location=New York City, New York|via=ReliefWeb|date=August 26, 1992|access-date=June 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616134101/http://reliefweb.int/node/34555|archive-date=June 16, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, assistance came from Canada, Japan, and the United States, as well as the [[United Nations]]. The [[American Red Cross]] delivered 100&nbsp;tents, 100&nbsp;rolls of plastic sheeting, and 1,000&nbsp;cots.<ref name="rw"/> Rebuilding began quickly on the hardest hit islands. However, trees and vegetation were expected to take years to recover. Despite reconstruction efforts and the small number of resort lodgings affected (around 2%), officials expected a 10–20% decline in tourism.<ref name="nyt"/> The [[Government of the Bahamas|Bahamian Government]], observing that their response mechanisms were not sufficient, reformed the National Emergency and Management Agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/b5c3c82b-f3c4-4a32-9988-0b3436a574c5/Stamp+Brochure_Hurricane+Awareness.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|title=Hurricane awareness|date=September 28, 2010|publisher=[[Government of the Bahamas]]|page=2|access-date=June 2, 2017|location=Nassau, Bahamas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080156/https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/b5c3c82b-f3c4-4a32-9988-0b3436a574c5/Stamp+Brochure_Hurricane+Awareness.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|archive-date=October 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
After assessing the devastation in Florida and Louisiana, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George H. W. Bush]] initially proposed a $7.1&nbsp;billion aid package to provide disaster benefits, small-business loans, agricultural recovery, [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]], and public housing for victims of Hurricane Andrew.<ref name="nyt-gs">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cUFWAAAAIBAJ&pg=5502,3697034&dq=lawton+chiles+hurricane&hl=en|title=Chiles hints at future tax hike|author=Alan Judd|date=September 12, 1992|agency=The New York Times|newspaper=[[The Gainesville Sun]]|access-date=May 8, 2012|via=Google News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119050658/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cUFWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XeoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5502,3697034&dq=lawton+chiles+hurricane&hl=en|archive-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] appropriated aid to victims of [[Hurricane Iniki]] in Hawaii and [[Typhoon Omar]] in [[Guam]], the cost was later increased to $11.1&nbsp;billion. The bill, which was the most costly disaster aid package at the time, was passed by [[102nd United States Congress|Congress]] as House Resolution&nbsp;5620 on September 18,<ref name="os">{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-09-19/news/9209190402_1_hurricane-hugo-disaster-aid-florida|title=Disaster aid bill goes to Bush|author=Sean Holton|date=September 19, 1992|newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|access-date=January 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513000514/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-09-19/news/9209190402_1_hurricane-hugo-disaster-aid-florida|archive-date=May 13, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and signed into law by President Bush on September 23.<ref name="hr5620">{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HR05620:|title=Bill Summary & Status 102nd Congress (1991–1992) H.R.5620|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=January 17, 2013|location=Washington D.C.|date=September 23, 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215202605/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HR05620:|archive-date=December 15, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The state of Florida alone received $9&nbsp;billion through the disaster relief bill.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bush will stop in Homestead on Florida campaign swing|date=October 2, 1992|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107646020/tallahassee-democrat/|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[Tallahassee Democrat]]|page=3B|via=Newspapers.com|accessdate=August 15, 2022}} {{free access}}</ref>

The [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) was criticized for its slow response in both Florida and Louisiana. Even a month prior to Andrew, the [[United States House Committee on Appropriations|House Committee on Appropriations]] – which oversees the budget for FEMA – released a report calling the agency a "political dumping ground" and a "turkey farm" due to its "weak, inexperienced leaders". Congressman [[S. William Green]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], a member of the Appropriations Committee, stated that he believed the agency learned little from its botched response to [[Hurricane Hugo]] in 1989. However, Green also criticized local officials for expecting "them [FEMA] to come and run the whole show". Some FEMA officials responded that it was impossible to respond as they had been requested while also continuing to provide aid for the [[1992 Los Angeles riots|Los Angeles riots]]. FEMA spokesman Grant Peterson stated, "24 hours is not reasonable to expect to have all the resources of the federal government landing in the middle of a disaster."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11260865/santa_cruz_sentinel/|date=August 29, 1992|title=FEMA lambasted once again for another relief effort failure|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]]|page=6|access-date=May 26, 2017|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210543/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11260865/santa_cruz_sentinel/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref>  Some responsibility for the slow response must rest with Florida Governor [[Lawton Chiles]], who waited five days to submit the formal request for Federal assistance that FEMA officials believed was required before they were empowered to act.<ref name="Pear">{{cite news|author=Robert Pear |title=Hurricane Andrew; Breakdown Seen in U.S. Storm Aid|date=August 29, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/29/us/hurricane-andrew-breakdown-seen-in-us-storm-aid.html |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref>

====Florida====
In Florida, President Bush assessed damage in areas south of Miami with Florida Governor [[Lawton Chiles]].<ref name="mt2"/> The president quickly declared the region a disaster area, which provided public assistance to victims of the storm in Broward, Collier, Dade, and Monroe Counties.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.fema.gov/disaster/955|title=Florida Hurricane Andrew (DR-955)|series=Federal Emergency Management Agency's Archive of Declared Disasters & Emergencies|date=October 18, 2004|location=Washington D.C.|author=[[Federal Emergency Management Agency]]|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630194218/http://www.fema.gov/disaster/955|archive-date=June 30, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lieutenant Governor of Florida|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Buddy MacKay]] flew over the impact area and described the scene as looking "like a war zone".<ref name="dn0827p2.gif">{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/dn0827p2.gif|title=Andrew picks up speed as it races across gulf|date=August 27, 1992|page=3A|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|access-date=May 8, 2012|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117171013/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/news/dn0827p2.gif|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Governor Chiles considered asking the [[Florida Legislature|Florida State Legislature]] to raise taxes, stating that "No matter how much Congress appropriates to repair damage from Hurricane Andrew, the state will face a substantial cleanup bill".<ref name="nyt-gs"/> Instead of raising taxes, Chiles signed a bill into law on December 17 that created a three-year reserve fund for losses to uninsured businesses and homes, as well as government and school buildings and functions. Additionally, the bill allowed South Floridians to keep an estimated $500&nbsp;million in sales tax generated by rebuilding efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11605493/the_palm_beach_post/|title=Chiles signs bill for Andrew relief|date=December 18, 1992|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=12A|access-date=June 10, 2017|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814221148/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11605493/the_palm_beach_post/|archive-date=August 14, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref>
[[File:FEMA - 2378 - Photograph by Bob Epstein taken on 08-24-1992 in Florida.jpg|thumb|Clean-up after Hurricane Andrew in [[Dade County, Florida|Dade County]]|alt=People working to clear debris off of a damaged home]]
Crime, especially looting and theft, rose sharply in the areas south of Miami immediately after Andrew. Reports indicate that merchandise was stolen at damaged or destroyed shopping centers in southern Dade County. Additionally, looting occurred in neighborhoods severely affected by the storm, even in homes where few possessions remained.<ref name="SPT">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/webspecials02/andrew/day1/story1.shtml|title=Storm's howl fills the ears of survivors|author=Craig Pittman|date=August 18, 2002|newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]]|access-date=May 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204162542/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/webspecials02/andrew/day1/story1.shtml|archive-date=December 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/26/us/hurricane-andrew-down-to-the-basics-hunting-for-food-water-and-shelter.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Hurricane Andrew; down to the basics: hunting For food, water and shelter|date=August 26, 1992|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Larry Rohter|access-date=May 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811012353/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/26/us/hurricane-andrew-down-to-the-basics-hunting-for-food-water-and-shelter.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|archive-date=August 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, the slow response of federal aid prompted Dade County Emergency Management Director Kate Hale to famously exclaim at a nationally televised news conference, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one? They keep saying we're going to get supplies. For God's sake, where are they?" Almost immediately, President Bush promised, "Help is on the way," and mobile kitchens, food, and tents, along with over 20,000 units from the [[Florida Army National Guard]] ([[124th Infantry Regiment (United States)|124th Infantry Regiment]] from Florida); the [[24th Infantry Division (United States)|24th Infantry Division]] from [[Fort Stewart]], the [[82nd Airborne Division]] and logistical support soldiers from the 1st Corps Support Command's 189th Maintenance Battalion from [[Fort Bragg]], and the [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]] from [[Fort Drum]].<ref name="St. Petersburg Times">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/webspecials02/andrew/day3/story1.shtml|title=10 years ago, her angry plea got hurricane aid moving|author=Bill Adair|date=August 20, 2002|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227221000/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/webspecials02/andrew/day3/story1.shtml|archive-date=December 27, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jeffrey Ulbrich|title=82nd Airborne savors 'helping our own'|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19920908&id=bUFWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6807,2622949&hl=en|date=September 8, 1992|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Gainesville Sun|access-date=August 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904111449/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19920908&id=bUFWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XeoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6807,2622949&hl=en|archive-date=September 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In order to provide temporary housing for the homeless, military personnel initially set up a total of five tent cities in [[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]] and Homestead,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=alJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=5604,606036&dq=hurricane+andrew+tent+cities&hl=en|title=Only 300 people go to tent cities|date=September 4, 1992|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Register-Guard|Eugene Register-Guard]]|access-date=May 10, 2012|via=Google News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118144730/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=alJWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_usDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5604,606036&dq=hurricane+andrew+tent+cities&hl=en|archive-date=November 18, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> while a sixth tent city was opened at the [[Miccosukee Indian Reservation]] shortly after [[Labor Day]] weekend.<ref name="Miccosukee">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YfpNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6727,1213458&dq=hurricane+andrew&hl=en|location=Fredericksburg, Virginia|title=After Andrew hurricane victims fill tent cities|author=Michael Fleeman|date=September 8, 1992|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Free Lance–Star]]|access-date=May 10, 2012|via=Google News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512184431/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YfpNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dYsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6727,1213458&dq=hurricane+andrew&hl=en|archive-date=May 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of Canada]] dispatched a team 90&nbsp;[[Canadian Armed Forces|military]] engineers to repair community centers, hospitals, and schools. Additionally, a crew of 300&nbsp;military personnel were sent to Miami via [[HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509)|HMCS ''Protecteur'']] to assist American relief teams.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-09-08/news/mn-233_1_hurricane-relief-team|title=Canada to send hurricane relief team|date=September 8, 1992|agency=[[Reuters]]|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 11, 2017}}</ref>

The storm struck Florida in the midst of [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential election campaign]]. A poll conducted by [[CBS News]] in September showed that 65% of Dade County residents approved of Bush's handling of the disaster, while 61% of residents approved statewide. Despite the support of Bush's response and his proposal to rebuild Homestead Air Force Base, he benefited little politically and trailed 48–42% against [[Bill Clinton]] in another poll taken in September. Additionally, 75% of voters in Dade County and 82% of Floridians overall stated that the president's actions in response to Andrew would not impact their vote in November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/17/us/the-1992-campaign-florida-poll-florida-emerges-as-crucial-state-in-the-campaign.html|title=The 1992 campaign: Florida poll; Florida emerges as crucial state in the campaign|author=Larry Rohter|date=September 17, 1992|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=August 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526054824/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/17/us/the-1992-campaign-florida-poll-florida-emerges-as-crucial-state-in-the-campaign.html|archive-date=May 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Bush went on to [[United States presidential election in Florida, 1992|carry the state of Florida]], but by a margin of only 1.89%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Election of 1992|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1992|author1=John T. Woolley|author2=Gerhard Peters|publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|website=The American Presidency Project|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519030648/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1992|archive-date=May 19, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The hurricane also impacted Governor Chiles politically. The state's response to the storm was perceived as poor, sinking Chiles' approval rating to 22%, while his disapproval rating rose to 76%. However, Chiles was able to recover prior to the [[1994 Florida gubernatorial election|1994 gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/poll-rick-scott-one-of-the-nations-least-popular-governors/1171680|title=Poll: Rick Scott one of the nation's least popular governors|author=Marc Caputo|date=May 25, 2011|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=May 22, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905233809/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/poll-rick-scott-one-of-the-nations-least-popular-governors/1171680|archive-date=September 5, 2017}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the storm, extensive psychological effects were documented. Difficulty during clean-up and recovery led to increased [[divorce]] rates and a spike in [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). The cases of PTSD primarily impacted children. A sampling of 378&nbsp;adolescents by the [[University of South Carolina]]'s Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics indicated that 3% of males and 9% of females met the criteria for PTSD.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Carol Z. Garrison|author2=Elizabeth S. Bryant|author3=Cheryl L. Addy|author4=Pamela G. Spurrier|author5=John R. Freedy|author6=Dean G. Kilpatrick|date=September 1995|title=Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after Hurricane Andrew|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry]]|volume=34|issue=9|pages=1193–1201|pmid=7559314|doi=10.1097/00004583-199509000-00017}}</ref> Dozens of children in the area attempted [[suicide]], while counselors reported that between 50 and 60&nbsp;children discussed killing themselves between December 1992 and January 1993.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hurricaneandrewp0000prov|url-access=registration|quote=Hurricane Andrew, the Public Schools, and the Rebuilding of Community.| author=Eugene Provenzo Jr. |title=Hurricane Andrew, the public schools, and the rebuilding of community|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/hurricaneandrewp0000prov/page/56 56]|location=Albany, New York|year=1995|isbn=978-1-4384-1652-6|access-date=April 3, 2013}}</ref> A panel of psychiatrists and psychologists at the [[University of Miami]] agreed that as many as 90% of residents in the worst impacted areas would experience at least a few symptoms of PTSD.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/25/Psychologists-observe-mixed-signs-in-hurricane-survivors/4668717393600/|title=Psychologists observe mixed signs in hurricane survivors|date=September 25, 1992|work=United Press International|access-date=June 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171607/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/25/Psychologists-observe-mixed-signs-in-hurricane-survivors/4668717393600/|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Within six months, the circumstances related to the aftermath of Andrew led to at least five suicides and four [[homicide]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]]|date=May 1996|pmid=8656186|author1=Emma O. Lew|author2=Charles V. Wetli|title=Mortality from Hurricane Andrew|oclc=669243194|volume=41|issue=3|pages=449–452}}</ref>
[[File:FEMA - 2399 - Photograph by Bob Epstein taken on 08-24-1992 in Florida.jpg|thumb|left|A home destroyed by the storm|alt=A heavily damaged home with much of its brick exterior and roof destroyed]]
Although proposals to rebuild Homestead Air Force Base were initially rejected,<ref name="homesteadafbclosing">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11418121/the_palm_beach_post/|title=Homestead high on list for closing|date=March 7, 1993|agency=The New York Times|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=1|access-date=June 2, 2017|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210540/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11418121/the_palm_beach_post/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> the [[United States Department of Defense]] eventually expended over $100&nbsp;million to begin repairs. Unsalvageable buildings were demolished. Reconstruction then began on a [[Florida Air National Guard]] tower, air traffic control tower, and maintenance hangars. Next, the rebuilding of communications, medical, security facility, vehicle maintenance, and wing headquarters buildings began. On March 5, 1994, the base reopened as Homestead Air Reserve Base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homestead.afrc.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/700486/history-of-homestead-air-reserve-base/|title=History of Homestead Air Reserve Base|date=July 22, 2015|website=[[Homestead Air Reserve Base]]|publisher=[[United States Air Force]]|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210737/http://www.homestead.afrc.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/700486/history-of-homestead-air-reserve-base/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to Andrew, the base employed approximately 6,500&nbsp;military personnel and 1,000&nbsp;civilians and annually added about $450&nbsp;million to the local economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11427044/standardspeaker/|title=New Orleans 'counting on' Lord, levees|date=August 25, 1992|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Standard-Speaker|page=2|access-date=June 2, 2017|location=Hazleton, Pennsylvania|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210703/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11427044/standardspeaker/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref><ref name="reserve">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11426953/the_palm_beach_post/|title=Reserve unit breathes new life into Homestead air base|date=March 26, 1994|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=6A|access-date=June 2, 2017|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811005637/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11426953/the_palm_beach_post/|archive-date=August 11, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> After its reopening, [[Major (United States)|Major]] Bobby D'Angelo expected the base to annually contribute less than half of that – between $180&nbsp;million and $200&nbsp;million.<ref name="reserve"/> The city of Homestead spent about $6&nbsp;million on rebuilding the [[Homestead Sports Complex]]. Despite this, the [[Cleveland Indians]], fearing the relocation of their more affluent fans, moved their [[spring training]] location to [[Chain of Lakes Park]] in [[Winter Haven, Florida|Winter Haven]].<ref name="maines"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-17/sports/9302060500_1_muxo-homestead-officials-greater-homestead|title=Another strike For Homestead city officials blast Indians as Spring training deal ends|author=Luisa Yanez|date=April 17, 1993|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|location=Deerfield Beach, Florida|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211204/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-17/sports/9302060500_1_muxo-homestead-officials-greater-homestead|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As homes were being rebuilt, FEMA provided free temporary mobile homes for 3,501&nbsp;families and financial assistance to more than 40,000&nbsp;other families for staying in hotel rooms, paying rent, and repairing homes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-02-16/news/9502160086_1_fema-travel-trailers-mobile-home|title=Post-Andrew housing aid from FEMA ready to end|author=Maya Bell|date=February 16, 1995|agency=Orlando Sentinel|newspaper=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|access-date=June 2, 2017|location=Deerfield Beach, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211432/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-02-16/news/9502160086_1_fema-travel-trailers-mobile-home|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly two years after Andrew, about 70% of homes in Homestead that were damaged or destroyed were repaired or rebuilt. Additionally, of the homes destroyed or severely damaged throughout Dade County, 36,000&nbsp;had been restored by July 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-08-21/news/9408200376_1_hurricane-recovery-dade-county-cutler-ridge|title=Homes And lives rebuilt|author1=Marjorie Lambert|author2=Seth Borenstein|author3=John Maines|date=August 21, 1994|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=June 2, 2017|location=Deerfield Beach, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211618/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-08-21/news/9408200376_1_hurricane-recovery-dade-county-cutler-ridge|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

More than 930,000&nbsp;policyholders in South Florida lost coverage after 11&nbsp;insurance companies went bankrupt, caused by more than 600,000&nbsp;insurance claims filed. This led the Florida Legislature to create new entities, such as the Joint Underwriting Association, the Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association, and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, in an effort to restore adequate insurance capacity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sfl-1992-ap-mainstory,0,7290462.story|location=Deerfield Beach, Florida|title=Ten years after Hurricane Andrew, effects are still felt|author=Adrian Sainz|date=August 24, 2002|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014215256/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sfl-1992-ap-mainstory%2C0%2C7290462.story|page=1|archive-date=October 14, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stricter building codes were created in Florida in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew. A survey by Tim Marshall and Richard Herzog of the Haag Engineer Company in [[Carrollton, Texas]], highlighted several construction issues. On the roof of some homes, the concrete tiles were glued to felt paper, which could easily be ripped by straight line winds. At houses with shingled roofs, it was found that some of the shingles were stapled perpendicular to the long axis, also allowing them to be torn away. After the tiles or shingles were peeled off, the plywood and prefabricated trusses were exposed to the weather. Eventually, the plywood and the trusses suffered structural failure, leading to roof collapses.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/newdam03.gif|title=Hurricane Andrew Damage Assessment|page=3|date=September 10, 1992|publisher=[[National Weather Service New Orleans/Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042416/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/preloc/newdam03.gif|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:FEMA - 2599 - Photograph by Bob Epstein taken on 08-24-1992 in Florida.jpg|thumb|right|Tent cities were constructed to house displaced residents.|alt=Aerial view of a large number of temporary housing tents positioned throughout several baseball fields]]
In July 1996, Governor Chiles established the Florida Building Codes Study Commission, with the purpose of assessing the building codes at the time, as well as enacting improvements and reform to the system. The commission study indicated that building codes and regulations were developed, amended, and administered by over 400&nbsp;local jurisdictions and state agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridabuilding.org/fbc/information/building_commission.htm|title=History of the Florida Building Association|date=2004|publisher=[[Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation]]|access-date=June 4, 2017|location=Tallahassee, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222130513/http://www.floridabuilding.org/fbc/information/building_commission.htm|archive-date=February 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Florida Building Code was established in 1998 and put into effect by 2002.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.floridabuilding.org/FBC/publications/CodeViolationsFinalReport4.pdf|title=Top ten Florida residential building code violations|author1=Robert Cox|author2=R. Raymond Issa|author3=Jessica Ligator|date=June 2006|work=[[University of Florida]]|publisher=Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation|page=vi|access-date=March 31, 2013|location=Gainesville, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413035333/http://www.floridabuilding.org/fbc/publications/CodeViolationsFinalReport4.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> It phased out local laws and regulations and replaced them with universal statewide building codes. After hurricanes [[Hurricane Charley|Charley]], [[Hurricane Frances|Frances]], [[Hurricane Ivan|Ivan]], and [[Hurricane Jeanne|Jeanne]] in [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season|2004]], a study conducted by the [[University of Florida]] in the following year noted that "Homes built under the new Florida Building Code that became effective in 2002 sustained less damage on average than those built between 1994 and 2001." A report by the Florida Legislature in 2006 after hurricanes [[Hurricane Dennis|Dennis]], [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]], and [[Hurricane Wilma|Wilma]] in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]] came to a similar conclusion, indicating that "they added further evidence that the Florida Building Code is working."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-08-21/news/fl-codes-oped0822-20120821_1_code-officials-codes-work-codes-and-standards|title=Strong building codes work only if they are enforced|author=Dominic Sims|date=August 21, 2012|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=March 31, 2013|location=Deerfield Beach, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703151539/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-08-21/news/fl-codes-oped0822-20120821_1_code-officials-codes-work-codes-and-standards|archive-date=July 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The hurricane also transformed the demographics of Dade County. A migration of mostly White families northward to Broward and Palm Beach County was ongoing, but accelerated after Andrew.<ref name="growing populations"/> Many of these families had used the money they received from insurance claims to relocate.<ref name="kershaw14">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aOc5qmj59YC&pg=PA13|title=Lessons learned between hurricanes: from Hugo to Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne|chapter=Disaster Recovery|author1=Patricia Jones Kershaw|author2=Byron Mason|date=2005|page=13|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-309-65667-2}}</ref> The population growth was especially noticeable in southwestern Broward County, where land development was pushed "years ahead of schedule".<ref name="growing populations">{{cite report|chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10144/chapter/19#261|title=Growing populations, changing landscapes: studies from India, China, and the United States|author1=William D. Solecki|author2=Robert T. Walker|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|date=2016|chapter=Transformation of the South Florida Landscape|page=261|access-date=May 22, 2017|location=Washington, D.C.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410112422/https://www.nap.edu/read/10144/chapter/19#261|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar migration occurred within the Jewish community. Although there are areas of Dade County that still have significant Jewish populations, many Jews resettled to [[Coral Springs, Florida|Coral Springs]], west [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], [[Hallandale Beach, Florida|Hallandale Beach]], [[Plantation, Florida|Plantation]], and [[Tamarac, Florida|Tamarac]] in Broward County and [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]] and [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] in Palm Beach County.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's guide to the world's Jewish communities and sights|author=Alan M. Tigay|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3Pf4qand_8C&pg=PA303|page=303|date=1994|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|chapter=Miami to Palm Beach|access-date=May 22, 2017|isbn=978-1-56821-078-0}}</ref> The county had a net loss of about 36,000&nbsp;people in 1992, while Broward and Palm Beach counties gained about 17,000 and 2,300&nbsp;Dade County residents, respectively.<ref name="maines">{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-06-05/news/9506050101_1_dade-s-population-dade-county-irs-report|title=Andrew sent many to Broward|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|author=John Maines|date=June 5, 1995|access-date=May 22, 2017|location=Deerfield Beach, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223000/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-06-05/news/9506050101_1_dade-s-population-dade-county-irs-report|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2001, 230,710&nbsp;people had moved from Dade County to Broward County, while 29,125&nbsp;Dade County residents had moved to Palm Beach County. However, as Broward County became more crowded, 100,871&nbsp;people relocated from Broward County to Palm Beach County.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11189969/the_palm_beach_post/|title=Tragedy brought opportunity for some|page=6|date=August 24, 2002|author=Joel Englehardt|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=May 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210833/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11189969/the_palm_beach_post/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> Consequently, the Hispanic population in south Dade County climbed rapidly.<ref name="kershaw14"/> In Homestead, for example, the Latino population increased from 30% to 45% between 1990 and 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/21/us/immigrants-rebuild-a-city-that-others-fled.html|title=Immigrants rebuild a city that others fled|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 21, 2000|author=Peter T. Kilborn|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211909/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/21/us/immigrants-rebuild-a-city-that-others-fled.html|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the storm, a facility housing [[Burmese python]]s was destroyed, allowing many of them to escape into the Everglades. Although Burmese pythons – native to [[Southeast Asia]] – had been sighted in Everglades National Park since the 1980s, the destruction of this facility contributed significantly to [[Burmese pythons in Florida|the establishment of breeding populations in Florida]]. Due to rapid reproduction and ability to prey on many species,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/reptiles/burmese-python|title=Nonnatives – Burmese Python|publisher=[[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]]|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525002435/http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/reptiles/burmese-python|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the population of Burmese pythons exploded, with possibly as many as 300,000 in the Everglades alone.<ref name="Snow et al., 2007a">{{cite conference|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267333710|author1=Rebecca G. Harvey|author2=Matthew L. Brien|author3=Michael S. Cherkiss|author4=Michael Dorcas|author5=Mike Rochford|author6=Ray W. Snow|author7=Frank J. Mazzotti|date=2007|title=Introduced populations of Boa constrictor (Boidae) and Python molurus bivittatus (Pythonidae) in southern Florida|pages=416–438|chapter=Biology of the Boas and Pythons|location=Eagle Mountain, Utah|publisher=Eagle Mountain Press|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113041/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267333710_Introduced_populations_of_Boa_constrictor_Boidae_and_Python_molurus_bivittatus_Pythonidae_in_southern_Florida|archive-date=August 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts have been made to curb the thriving population of these [[Invasive species|invasive]] snakes, including a ban on importation of the species to the United States since January 2012 and increased regulations on ownership of a boa constrictor or python.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/Salazar-Announces-Ban-on-Importation-and-Interstate-Transportation-of-Four-Giant-Snakes-that-Threaten-Everglades|title=Salazar announces ban on importation and interstate transportation of four giant snakes that threaten Everglades|date=January 17, 2012|publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]]|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821105938/https://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/Salazar-Announces-Ban-on-Importation-and-Interstate-Transportation-of-Four-Giant-Snakes-that-Threaten-Everglades|archive-date=August 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ferriter et al. 2009">{{cite report|title=2009 South Florida Environmental Report|author1=Amy Ferriter|author2=Dan Thayer|author3=Mike Bodle|author4=Bob Doren|date=2009|chapter=Chapter 9: The status of nonindigenous species in the South Florida environment|volume=1|chapter-url=https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236041/2009report/report/v1/chapters/v1_ch9.pdf|page=3|publisher=[[South Florida Water Management District]]|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131191527/http://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236041/2009report/report/v1/chapters/v1_ch9.pdf|archive-date=January 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Louisiana====
On August 26, George H. W. Bush toured devastated areas of Louisiana with [[Governor of Louisiana|Governor]] [[Edwin Edwards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2012/08/24/photos-on-this-day-august-24-1992-hurricane-andrew-demolishes-south-florida/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216124629/http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2012/08/24/photos-on-this-day-august-24-1992-hurricane-andrew-demolishes-south-florida/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 16, 2013|title=Photos: on this day – August 24, 1992 – Hurricane Andrew demolishes South Florida|date=August 24, 2012|newspaper=[[New Haven Register]]|access-date=February 3, 2013}}</ref> President Bush remarked, "The destruction from this storm goes beyond anything we have known in recent years," but noted that damage was less severe than in Florida. After his visit to Louisiana, President Bush declared only [[Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana|Terrebonne Parish]] as a disaster area,<ref name="applebome">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/27/us/hurricane-andrew-hurricane-rips-louisiana-coast-before-dying-out.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Hurricane Andrew; hurricane rips Louisiana coast before dying out|author=Peter Applebome|date=August 27, 1992|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123054209/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/27/us/hurricane-andrew-hurricane-rips-louisiana-coast-before-dying-out.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|archive-date=January 23, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> but later included [[List of parishes in Louisiana|34 other parishes]] under this declaration.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.fema.gov/disasters/grid/year/1992?field_disaster_type_term_tid_1=All|title=Louisiana Hurricane Andrew (DR-956)|location=Washington D.C.|date=October 18, 2004|series=Federal Emergency Management Agency's Archive of Declared Disasters & Emergencies|author=Federal Emergency Management Agency|access-date=January 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304162210/http://www.fema.gov/disasters/grid/year/1992?field_disaster_type_term_tid_1=All|archive-date=March 4, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> FEMA initially opened five field offices throughout Louisiana. These centers allowed residents to submit applications for aid.<ref>{{cite news|title=Louisiana storm survivors give thanks during cleanup|date=August 30, 1992|newspaper=[[The Gettysburg Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11259912/the_gettysburg_times/|agency=Associated Press|author=Mary Foster|page=5|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=May 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905100257/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11259912/the_gettysburg_times/|archive-date=September 5, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> After Franklin mayor Sam Jones and Congressman [[Billy Tauzin]] criticized FEMA for failing to open a field office in Franklin, FEMA promised to do so. In the first few days following the storm, [[Louisiana National Guard]] members and local residents worked to remove debris such as downed trees, roofing shingles, and torn aluminum siding. The state National Guard also dispatched water purification units and tanks with filled potable water.<ref name="salina">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11259872/the_salina_journal/|title=Water and food flow into Louisiana|date=August 29, 1992|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Salina Journal]]|page=9|access-date=May 26, 2017|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905094017/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11259872/the_salina_journal/|archive-date=September 5, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> About 1,300&nbsp;National Guardsmen were deployed to southern Louisiana.<ref name="sba"/>

In early September, officials announced that 1,400&nbsp;mobile homes, homes, and apartments would become available to residents whose dwellings became uninhabitable.<ref name="sba">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qhdRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5648,679201&dq=hurricane+andrew+louisiana+small+business+administration&hl=en|title=Rain plagues storm victims|agency=Associated Press|date=September 4, 1992|newspaper=[[Telegraph Herald]]|page=13|access-date=February 3, 2013|location=Dubuque, Iowa|via=Google News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118214210/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qhdRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v9AMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5648,679201&dq=hurricane+andrew+louisiana+small+business+administration&hl=en|archive-date=November 18, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> House Resolution 5620 also included disaster aid to the state of Louisiana.<ref name="os"/><ref name="hr5620"/> In early December, the [[Small Business Administration]] (SBA) approved $33.2&nbsp;million worth of low-interest loans for repairs to homes and businesses. By then, FEMA had received about 43,600 applications for aid, while approving $35.9&nbsp;million in grants to over 18,000 households that were ineligible for loans from the SBA or were uninsured. In addition to the mobile homes already provided, FEMA spent $22.6 million on disaster housing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11260284/the_galveston_daily_news/|title=Louisiana rebuilding is hit and miss after Andrew|date=December 27, 1992|page=12|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Daily News (Texas)|The Daily News]]|access-date=May 26, 2017|location=Galveston, Texas|via=Newspapers.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905093126/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11260284/the_galveston_daily_news/|archive-date=September 5, 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Florida}}
* [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of Florida hurricanes (1975–1999)]]
* [[1926 Miami hurricane]] – A Category&nbsp;4 hurricane that caused catastrophic damage when it moved directly over Miami
* [[1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane]] – Another destructive Category&nbsp;4 hurricane that took a similar track
* [[Hurricane Betsy (1965)]] – Another devastating Category&nbsp;4 storm that took a similar track in August–September 1965 in the Bahamas, southern Florida and eastern Louisiana 
* [[Hurricane Georges (1998)]] – Another Category&nbsp;4 hurricane that caused major damage in Florida and Louisiana
* [[Hurricane Katrina (2005)]] - A Category&nbsp;5 hurricane that took a similar track and devastated New Orleans and parts of Florida
* [[Hurricane Michael (2018)]] - Also made a very destructive impact in Florida as a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane
* [[Hurricane Dorian (2019)]] – A Category&nbsp;5 hurricane that devastated the Northern Bahamas when it stalled over it at peak intensity
* [[Hurricane Otis]] (2023) – a small Category 5 Pacific hurricane which struck the Acapulco metropolitan area with nearly the same intensity

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1992.pdf Monthly Weather Review – Atlantic hurricane season of 1992]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1992/andrew/ National Hurricane Center's archive on Hurricane Andrew]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf4VPd4rbKQ&t=2s ''Hurricane Andrew: As It Happened''] – a [[television documentary]] aired on [[WTVJ]], posted by [[Bryan Norcross]]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Hurricane Hugo|Hugo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on record]]|years=[[1992 Atlantic hurricane season|1992]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{1992 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Andrew (1992)}}
[[Category:Hurricane Andrew| ]]
[[Category:1992 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1992 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:Cape Verde hurricanes|Andrew]]
[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:1992 in the Bahamas]]
[[Category:1992 natural disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Florida]]
[[Category:History of Louisiana]]
[[Category:History of Mississippi]]
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