Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hurricane Camille

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1969}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = Camille 08-16-1969 1709Z.jpg
| caption = Camille as a powerful Category 5 hurricane in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], on August 16
| formed = {{Start date|1969|8|14}}
| dissipated = {{End date|1969|8|22}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 150
| pressure = 900
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1969
| fatalities = 259 total
| damage = 1420000000
| areas = [[Cuba]], [[Yucatán Peninsula]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Louisiana]], [[Southern United States]], [[Midwestern United States]], [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]]
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Camille''' was a powerful, deadly and destructive [[Category 5 Hurricane|Category 5]] [[Tropical cyclone scales|major hurricane]] which became the second most intense [[tropical cyclone]] on record to strike the United States (behind the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]]) and is one of just four Category&nbsp;5 hurricanes to make landfall in the U.S.

The most intense storm of the [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season]], Camille originated as a tropical depression on August 14, south of [[Cuba]], from a long-tracked [[tropical wave]]. Located in a favorable environment for strengthening, the storm quickly intensified into a Category&nbsp;2 hurricane before striking the western part of Cuba on August 15. Emerging into the [[Gulf of Mexico]], Camille underwent another period of [[rapid intensification]] and became a Category 5 hurricane the next day as it moved northward towards [[Louisiana]] and [[Mississippi]]. Despite weakening slightly on August 17, the hurricane quickly re-intensified back into a Category 5 hurricane before it made landfall a half hour before midnight in [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]]. At peak intensity, the hurricane had peak 1-minute sustained winds of {{convert|175|mph}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|900|mbar|inHg|2|abbr=on}}, the second-lowest pressure recorded for a U.S. landfall behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. As Camille pushed inland, it quickly weakened and was a tropical depression by the time it was over the [[Ohio Valley]]. Once it emerged offshore, Camille was able to restrengthen to a strong tropical storm before becoming extratropical on August 22. Camille was absorbed by a [[extratropical cyclone|frontal storm]] over the North Atlantic later that day.

Camille caused tremendous damage in its wake and produced a peak official [[storm surge]] of {{convert|24|ft|m}}. It flattened nearly everything along the Mississippi coast and caused additional flooding and deaths inland while crossing the [[Appalachian Mountains]] of [[Virginia]]. In the U.S., Camille killed more than 259&nbsp;people<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5PITr02w9oC&q=%22259%22|title=Federal Response to Hurricane Camille: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session|last=Relief|first=United States Congress Senate Committee on Public Works Special Subcommittee on Disaster|date=1970|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JX4qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22259%22|title=Disaster Assistance Legislation: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 17518 and Related Bills ... July 28, 29, 30, 1970|last=Control|first=United States Congress House Committee on Public Works Subcommittee on Flood|date=1970|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref> and caused $1.42&nbsp;billion in damages (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|1420000000|1969}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}).<ref name=":0" />

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Camille 1969 Path.png|colors=new}}
Hurricane Camille originated from a [[tropical wave]] that moved off the western coast of Africa on August 5, 1969. It tracked quickly westward along the [[15th parallel north]];<ref name="thebigmap">{{cite journal|journal=Mariners Weather Log|date=January 1970|volume=14|number=1|page=2|title=North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1969|author=DeAngelis, Richard M.}}</ref> several days later, a tropical disturbance became clearly identifiable on satellite imagery on August 9. By that time, the thunderstorm activity in the disturbance concentrated into a circular area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]]. On the next day, the storm moved through the [[Lesser Antilles]], although there was no evidence of a closed [[atmospheric circulation|circulation]]. On August 13, the wave passed near or over the southern coast of [[Jamaica]] as its convection spread northeastward through the [[Bahamas]]. Subsequently, it began a slower motion to the northwest. It is believed that the tropical wave organized into a tropical depression shortly thereafter, early on August 14, and it became a tropical storm a few hours later. On the morning of August 14, the [[Hurricane Hunters]] flew to investigate for a closed circulation near the Bahamas and near the [[Cayman Islands]].<ref name="mwr">{{cite journal|author1=Simpson, R. H.|author2=Arnold L. Sugg |date=April 1970 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=293 |title=The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1969.pdf |doi=10.1175/1520-0493-98.4.293 |access-date=January 1, 2014|bibcode = 1970MWRv...98..293S |s2cid=123713109 }}</ref> The crew observed a developing center in the western Caribbean, and winds had reached tropical storm status. By then, the storm had strengthened into a strong tropical storm with winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, about {{convert|50|mi|km}} west-northwest of [[Grand Cayman]].<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="tcr">{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|date=September 1969|title=Hurricane Camille Preliminary Report|access-date=February 28, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1969-prelim/camille/TCR-1969Camille.pdf}}</ref>

Upon first being classified as a tropical storm, Camille was located in an area favorable for further strengthening, although initially it slowly intensified. It was located within an area of very light [[wind shear]] and an overall warm environment. Additionally, the storm developed strong [[tropical cyclone#Mechanics|low-level inflow]] from the deep southern Caribbean, which continuously brought moisture into the storm.<ref name="mwr"/> Throughout its duration, it was a small tropical cyclone, although with a radius of gale-force winds spreading {{convert|100|mi|km}} to the north, the storm's thunderstorm area quickly spread over Cuba. As the storm approached the western coast of Cuba, it began [[rapid deepening]], reaching hurricane status and less than 12&nbsp;hours later attained winds of {{convert|110|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Prior to [[landfall]], its [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] was tracked by [[radar]] from [[Havana]]; it is estimated the hurricane moved ashore between [[Cape San Antonio, Cuba|Cape San Antonio]] and [[Guane]] late on August 15 as a strong Category 2 hurricane. Camille was a small hurricane as it crossed western Cuba, and its winds decreased slightly to {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over land before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="tcr"/>

[[File:CamilleNEWradarAug17196922z.png|thumb|right|This New Orleans radar image of Hurricane Camille was taken less than 50&nbsp;miles from its center on August&nbsp;17 1969 at 10 p.m. CST]]
Initially, Hurricane Camille was forecast to turn northeastward toward the [[Florida panhandle]]. Instead, it continued northwestward and resumed its rapid intensification trend after leaving Cuba. Its eye contracted to a diameter of less than {{convert|8|mi|km}}, and strong [[outflow (meteorology)|rainbands]] developed around the entire hurricane. Due to the small eye, Hurricane Hunters at first had difficulties in determining the strength; however a flight late on August 16 found a strong [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes|Category 5 hurricane]] on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]] and recorded a very low pressure of 908&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 26.82&nbsp;[[inches of mercury|inHg]]), with winds estimated at {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mwr"/> At the time, it was not expected to intensify further.<ref name="tcr"/> However, a subsequent Hurricane Hunters flight early on August 17 recorded a slightly deeper central pressure of 905&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 26.73&nbsp;[[inches of mercury|inHg]]), at the time the [[list of most intense tropical cyclones|lowest pressure]] recorded by reconnaissance aircraft. That made Camille the most intense hurricane since the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]]; currently it is the sixth-most intense Atlantic hurricane, as ranked by lowest pressure. There was little change in the wind speed as such levelled out at {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} during that time.<ref name="metadata">{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center |author2=Hurricane Research Division |author3=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |title=Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research |date=March 2014 |access-date=March 26, 2014 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604063810/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011  }}</ref><ref name="HURDAT"/>

As it continued toward the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]], Camille maintained its small eye, and forecasters continued to anticipate a turn toward Florida.<ref name="tcr"/> Late on August 17, Camille briefly weakened to a Category 4 storm due to an [[eyewall replacement cycle]]; a reconnaissance flight was forced to end its mission early due to a damaged engine.<ref name="mwr"/> Before they left the storm, the crew recorded a pressure of 919&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 27.14&nbsp;[[inches of mercury|inHg]]) and estimated surface winds at {{convert|155|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, while Camille was located about {{convert|100|mi|km}} southeast of the [[Mississippi River Delta]].<ref name="tcr"/> There were no subsequent Hurricane Hunter flights, but surface observations recorded later suggested that Camille quickly re-strengthened and regained Category 5 intensity.<ref name="metadata"/> After passing very close to southeastern Louisiana, Hurricane Camille made landfall at 11:30 [[Central Time Zone#Central Daylight Time|CDT]] in [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi|Bay St. Louis]], [[Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.coast.noaa.gov/hes/docs/postStorm/H_CAMILLE.pdf#page=4|title=Hurricane Camille: 14–22 August 1969|date=May 1970|publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers|location=[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], [[Alabama]]|pages=ii}}</ref> Maximum sustained wind speeds near the coastline were estimated to have been about {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, with a minimum central pressure of 900&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 26.58&nbsp;[[inches of mercury|inHg]]) as analyzed by surface data.<ref name="mwr"/>

The hurricane weakened as it progressed inland, and within 14 hours of moving ashore, Camille weakened to tropical storm status. About 12 hours later, it weakened to tropical depression status, by which time it began a turn to the north and northeast. On August 20, Tropical Depression Camille turned eastward through Kentucky, dropping heavy rainfall in West Virginia and Virginia. Later that day, it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean east of [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], and by that afternoon, as Camille was emerging offshore it regained tropical storm status. Camille accelerated east-northeastward, attaining peak winds of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it interacted with larger [[Hurricane Debbie (1969)|Hurricane Debbie]] to its southeast (although the poor sampling of the region means that it is possible that the storm may have regained hurricane intensity in a location where measurements of wind speed were not taken).<ref name="mwr"/> Subsequently, Camille began to interact with a [[extratropical cyclone|frontal storm]], causing it to gradually transition into an [[extratropical cyclone]] as it entrained cooler air. On August 22, Camille was absorbed by the frontal system to the south of [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="tcr"/>

==Preparations==
[[File:CamilleTrackForecasts.png|thumb|National Hurricane Center Track Forecasts for Camille from western Cuba onward. The system's actual track is marked by the line farthest to the west.]]
Shortly after Camille formed, the National Hurricane Center advised residents on the [[Isla de la Juventud|Isle of Pines]] and in western Cuba to prepare for gale-force winds, heavy rains, and rising tides. The agency also recommended small boats to remain in harbor.<ref name="tcr"/> The threat of the storm prompted officials to evacuate thousands along the western coast of Cuba and on the Isle of Pines; on the island, 10,000&nbsp;cattle and 6,000&nbsp;turkeys were moved to safer areas.<ref name="ap817">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=August 17, 1969|website=Associated Press|title=Cuba Faces Big Problem From Storm|access-date=March 4, 2009|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=100366666_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=5&currentPage=0|publisher=The Progress-Index}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

As Camille impacted Cuba, small craft were advised not to venture out too far from the coasts of Florida.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|work=The Prescott Courier|date=August 15, 1969|access-date=March 2, 2009|title=Hurricane Camille Approached Cuba Today|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-x4LAAAAIBAJ&pg=3458,1128026&dq=hurricane+camille}}</ref>

On August 15, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for a {{convert|110|mi|km}} stretch of land in Florida, between [[Apalachicola, Florida|Apalachicola]] and [[Fort Walton Beach, Florida|Fort Walton Beach]]. The next day, as these hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning, thousands of people boarded up their homes and evacuated inland. During the afternoon of August 16, the weather bureau ordered that a hurricane watch should be placed in force for the coastline from [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]] to [[St. Marks, Florida|St Marks]], Florida. Later that day, the hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning for the northwestern Florida coast, from Fort Walton to St Marks.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

By Saturday morning, a hurricane watch was issued for the coast from Biloxi eastward. Civil defense organizations in coastal counties went on alert. [[Keesler Air Force Base]] and the Naval Construction Battalion Center prepared for the storm. By 5 p.m. on Sunday, a hurricane warning was issued for the coast. This activated the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] units. Many refused to believe the reports concerning Camille's intensity that afternoon. Many people living at elevations of {{convert|20|ft|m}} above [[sea level]] refused to believe they were going to be submerged. The mayor of [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]] ordered the release of prisoners from the city jail as winds increased at 9 p.m. on Sunday evening, but none would leave.<ref name="Sullivan"/>

==Impact==
{{Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes (HSI)}}

Making landfall in [[Waveland, Mississippi]], as a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane,<ref name=metadata /> Camille caused damage and destruction across much of the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]]. Because it moved quickly through the region, Hurricane Camille dropped only moderate precipitation in most areas. Areas in and around Pass Christian, its point of landfall, reported from {{convert|7|to|10|in|mm}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 30, 2007|author= Roth, David M.|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/camille1969filledrainblk.gif|title=Hurricane Camille Rainfall Graphic|access-date=December 25, 2007|publisher=[[Hydrometeorological Prediction Center]]}}</ref> The area of total destruction in [[Harrison County, Mississippi]] was {{convert|68|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="harrison">{{cite web|title=Harrison County Camille Information |date=July 14, 2009 |author=Harrison County Library System |url=http://www.harrison.lib.ms.us/library_services/camille.htm |access-date=December 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901113359/http://www.harrison.lib.ms.us/library_services/camille.htm |archive-date=September 1, 2009 }}</ref> The total U.S. estimated cost of damage was $1.42&nbsp;billion (1969 [[United States dollar|USD]]).<ref name=":0">{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf#page=2|title=Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated|date=January 26, 2018|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> This made Camille tied (with [[Hurricane Betsy]]) as the most [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|expensive]] hurricane in the United States, up to that point.<ref name="Deadliest">{{cite web|author=Landsea, Chris|publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|title=The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes from 1900 to 2000 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/deadly/Table3.htm|access-date=December 26, 2009|year=2007|author-link=Landsea, Chris}}</ref> The storm directly killed 143&nbsp;people along [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Louisiana]]. An additional 153&nbsp;people perished as a result of catastrophic flooding in [[Nelson County, Virginia]] and other areas nearby. In all, 8,931&nbsp;people were injured, 5,662 homes were destroyed, and 13,915 homes experienced major damage, with many of the fatalities being coastal residents who had refused to evacuate.

===Caribbean and Offshore Gulf of Mexico===
As a developing tropical storm, Camille brought rain showers to [[Grand Cayman]], although there were no reports of damage.<ref name="tcr"/> Stations in Cuba on the outer fringes of the storm reported winds of {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. East of where it moved ashore, the city of Guane recorded winds of {{convert|92|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, although no wind reports were taken in the landfall location. The hurricane produced up to {{convert|10|in|mm}} near Guane, as well as on the [[Isla de la Juventud|Isle of Pines]].<ref name="tcr"/> On the Isle of Pines, the storm inflicted damage to about 100&nbsp;houses.<ref name="ap817"/> Throughout [[Pinar del Río Province]], Camille caused heavy damage,<ref name="ap816"/> primarily from river flooding;<ref name="ap818">{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|date=August 18, 1969|title=Hurricane Smashes Mississippi Coast|access-date=March 10, 2009|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=58905293_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0&currentPage=0}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> about 20,000&nbsp;people were left homeless in the province. Strong winds downed trees and power lines, which caused power outages eastward through the capital city of [[Havana]]. Initially, the government reported no casualties from the storm.<ref name="ap816">{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|work=The Kingston Gleaner|date=August 16, 1969|title=Florida Braces for Big Blow|access-date=March 2, 2009|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=31828318_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=4&currentPage=0}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Subsequent research indicated the hurricane killed five people in the country during its passage, and damage was estimated at $5&nbsp;million (1969&nbsp;[[United States Dollar|USD]]).<ref name="pdfnoaa">{{cite web|author=Pielke Jr., Roger A. |website=National Hazards Review |date=August 2003 |title=Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=January 1, 2014 |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119012813/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf |archive-date=November 19, 2012  }}</ref>

In the days after the storm struck Cuba, the government deployed medical teams to affected regions to provide [[typhoid]] vaccine shots. Officials noted the potential for the spread of disease, due to flooding from Camille as well as previously wet conditions.<ref name="ap817"/>

In the open [[Gulf of Mexico]], the hurricane produced [[wave height]]s of at least {{convert|70|ft|m}}, as measured by
[[Shell Oil Company]]. Along the ocean floor, the storm created mudslides which lowered the ocean floor; its combination with strong waves and winds destroyed three oil platforms, including one that at the time was the deepest oil well. Property damages to the offshore oil industry were initially estimated at $100&nbsp;million (1969&nbsp;USD).<ref name="Oil&Gas">{{cite web|author=Minerals Management Service Gulf Coast Region |date=August 3, 2004 |publisher=United States Department of the Interior |url=http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/studies/2004/2004-049.pdf |title=History of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry in Southern Louisiana Interim Report: Volume I: Papers on the Evolving Offshore Industry |access-date=March 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319144222/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/studies/2004/2004-049.pdf |archive-date=March 19, 2009  }}</ref>

===Louisiana===
{{Strongest U.S. landfalling hurricanes|align=left}}
[[File:Camille1969Hwy90Damage.png|thumb|right|The eastbound lanes of heavily traveled United States [[U.S. Route 90|U.S. Highway 90]] suffered broken pavement during Hurricane Camille, which halted traffic]]
The pressure fell to {{convert|27.80|inHg|hPa}} at [[Garden Island, Louisiana|Garden Island]]. Winds gusted to {{convert|125|mph|km/h}} at [[Slidell, Louisiana|Slidell]] as their pressure sank to {{convert|28.75|inHg|hPa}} on August 19. Almost total destruction was seen from [[Venice, Louisiana|Venice]] to [[Buras, Louisiana|Buras]]. [[Ostrica Lock, Louisiana|Ostrica Lock]] measured a storm surge of {{convert|16|ft|m}}. Water overwashed U.S. Highway 90 to a depth of {{convert|10|ft|m}}.<ref>Roth, David M. (1998). [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/lalate20hur2.php Louisiana Hurricane History: Late 20th Century (continued).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113001612/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/lalate20hur2.php |date=January 13, 2007 }} [[National Weather Service]] Southern Region Headquarters. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.</ref> The highest rainfall report from the state was {{convert|5.23|in|mm}} from Slidell.<ref name="TCgulfrain">Roth, David M. (2009). [http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcgulfcoast.html Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast.] [[Hydrometeorological Prediction Center]]. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.</ref> Camille caused about $322 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Louisiana.<ref name="mwr"/> The storm turned just in time to avoid a direct hit to the City of [[New Orleans]], which was devastated just four years prior by [[Hurricane Betsy]]. The worst effects in New Orleans proper were flooding from some levees, particularly in the lowest lying areas, including the [[Lower Ninth Ward]], which suffered the most severe flooding during Betsy.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Mississippi===
[[File:Camille Ship Wrecks.jpg|right|thumb|Ships beached in [[Gulfport, Mississippi]].]]
In Mississippi, Camille was significantly worse than [[Hurricane Betsy]] and a [[1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane|September 1947 hurricane]]. Electricity went out during Camille's approach to the Mississippi coastline. [[United States Highway 90]] flooded as a large storm surge overtopped seawalls, leaving a barge along the highway in [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]]. Fires consumed coastal communities, with the exceptions of [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi|Bay St. Louis]] and [[Waveland, Mississippi|Waveland]]. Camille destroyed the [[Antebellum architecture|antebellum]] Trinity Episcopal church in [[Pass Christian, Mississippi|Pass Christian]], taking 15 lives. The [[Dixie White House]], where President [[Woodrow Wilson]] and his family once stayed, was badly damaged. In [[Biloxi, Mississippi]], the storm surge reached the second floor of the structure{{Which|date=August 2022}}.<ref name="Sullivan">Sullivan, Charles L. (1985). ''Hurricanes of the Mississippi Gulf Coast: 1717 to Present.'' Gulf Publishing Company, Inc.: pp. 93-118.</ref> The highest rainfall total recorded was {{convert|10.06|in|mm}} at the Mississippi Test Facility.<ref name="TCgulfrain"/> Mississippi received the worst of the damage. Upon making landfall, Camille produced a {{convert|24|foot|m}} storm surge. Along Mississippi's entire shore and for some three to four blocks inland, the destruction was nearly complete. The worst-hit areas were [[Clermont Harbor, Mississippi|Clermont Harbor]], [[Lakeshore, Mississippi|Lakeshore]], [[Waveland, Mississippi|Waveland]], [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi|Bay St. Louis]], [[Pass Christian, Mississippi|Pass Christian]], [[Long Beach, Mississippi|Long Beach]], and the beachfront of [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]], [[Mississippi City, Mississippi|Mississippi City]], and [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]]. One of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s waterfront houses for [[W. L. Fuller]], in Pass Christian, was completely destroyed.<ref name="FLWlegacy">{{cite web|title=Frank-Lloyd-Wright.com, FLW Designs (2005)|url=http://www.frank-lloyd-wright.com/|access-date=September 4, 2006|pages="Enduring Legacy" (bottom)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807143748/http://www.frank-lloyd-wright.com/|archive-date=August 7, 2007}}</ref>

More than {{convert|11|in|mm}} of rain occurred in [[Hancock County, Mississippi|Hancock County]], and most low-lying areas were flooded with up to {{convert|15|ft|m}} of water. [[U.S. Highway 90]], which is close to the shore, was broken up in many areas, and sand and debris blocked much of it. Totals say that 3,800 homes and businesses were completely destroyed. As Camille came ashore, it passed over [[Ship Island (Mississippi)|Ship Island]], off the coast of Mississippi; Camille's strong storm surge and torrential rains literally split the island in two: the body of water between [[West Ship Island]] and [[East Ship Island]] is now called "Camille's Cut". Camille had significant ecological effects in the Gulf Coast region. A barrier island chain off the coast of Mississippi and 70% of [[Dauphin Island]] were completely inundated by the storm's surge.<ref name="Eco">Robert Morton, Kristy Guy, and Anne Whitko, Tiffany Pascoe, and Heather Hill (2007). [http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/historical-storms/camille/ Morphological Impacts of Hurricane Camille (1969) On Barrier Islands of Mississippi and Western Alabama.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506223215/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/historical-storms/camille/ |date=May 6, 2009 }} [[United States Geological Survey]]. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.</ref> Camille caused about $950 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Mississippi.<ref name="mwr"/>

====Hurricane Party====
[[File:Richeliu Apartments Before Camille.jpg|left|thumb|Richelieu Apartments before Camille]]
[[File:Richeliu Apartments After Camille.jpg|thumb|Richelieu Apartments after Camille]]
One persistent account about Camille states that 24 people held a "[[hurricane party]]" on the third floor of the Richelieu Manor Apartments in [[Pass Christian, Mississippi]], in the path of the eyewall as it made landfall. The high storm surge flooded and destroyed the building, killing all but one person. Who the survivor is, how many party guests there were, and just how far away the sole survivor was swept by the storm varies with the recounting.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

News footage from Hurricane Camille was used in the 1974 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] made-for-TV movie titled ''Hurricane'', which also features a plotline based on the Richelieu Manor hurricane party that never happened. Well-known stars in the film included [[Will Geer]] and [[Michael Learned]] as NWS meteorologists tracking the storm; [[Larry Hagman]] and [[Jessica Walter]] as a vacationing couple who get caught in the storm on their boat, and are actually drawn into the eye of the hurricane; and [[Martin Milner]] as the Air Force Major who flies over the storm and reports their location (so they can be rescued by a Navy submarine). One of the plotlines does feature a group of people holding a hurricane party in the home of Bert Pearson, played by [[Frank Sutton]] (best known for playing Sergeant Carter on ''[[Gomer Pyle USMC]]''). Only Jim, played by [[Patrick Duffy]], and his wife refuse to join the party. Pearson and his guests turn out the lights and hide when a Highway Patrolman checks whether the building has been entirely evacuated. Afterward, the party resumes and the guests are oblivious to any danger, until the storm strikes, knocking in the wall and causing other major damage. When Pearson awakes the next morning after the storm has passed, he discovers his wife has been killed.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The 1991 episode "[[Quantum Leap (season 4)#ep56|Hurricane]]", of the sci-fi drama series ''[[Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'', also incorporated the apocryphal party into a story set in a town when it is struck by Hurricane Camille.<ref name="Hurricane">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.nbc.com/classic-tv/quantum-leap/video/hurricane-august-17-1969/2925678 |title=Hurricane |series=Quantum Leap |publisher=NBC}}</ref>

Twenty-three people are known to have stayed in the Richelieu Manor Apartments during the hurricane, eight of whom died despite taking all precautions they knew in order to secure the building. The tale of the non-existent party, and the lone survivor when there were 15, apparently originated with survivor Mary Ann Gerlach,<ref name="Sullivan"/> who also told her story in the NOVA episode [[Hurricane! (Nova)]]. Another survivor, Ben Duckworth, has expressed irritation at the story. "There was no hurricane party," Duckworth reiterated in 2001. "We were exhausted from boarding up windows and helping the police move cars. We were too tired to party. I can't tell you why that story persists, or why people didn't put two and two together. I guess the hurricane party makes a good story."<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Party|author=Ellis, Dan|url=http://camille.passchristian.net/hurricane_party.htm|access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricanes: A Reference Handbook|author=Fitzpatrick, Pat|url=http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1501C|access-date=June 27, 2018}}</ref>

The site of the Richelieu Apartments, the corner of Henderson Avenue and U.S. 90 in Pass Christian, later became a shopping center. The shopping center was later destroyed by [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>{{cite web|title=That infamous Hurricane Camille party on Aug. 17, 1969? It never happened.|url=https://www.nola.com/news/weather/article_acee3db1-ec9d-5fa6-bdc2-1ad983263903.html|access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref>

===Alabama and Florida===
Alabama also experienced damage along U.S. Highway 90: 26,000 homes and over 1,000 businesses were wiped out completely across the state of Alabama. Camille's large circulation also resulted in a {{convert|3|to|5|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge in [[Apalachicola, Florida]]. The highest rainfall report received within Alabama was {{convert|6.52|in|mm}} two miles northeast of [[Fairhope, Alabama|Fairhope]].<ref name="TCgulfrain"/> Camille caused about $8 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Alabama.<ref name="mwr"/> Places farther east across the western [[Florida panhandle]] saw lesser rains, as {{convert|4.16|in|mm}} was measured at [[Pensacola Naval Air Station]].{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in Florida}}

===Ohio Valley and West Virginia===
[[File:Camille 1969 rainfall.png|thumb|right|200px|Camille Storm Total Rainfall]]
Camille caused moderate rainfall in [[Tennessee]] and [[Kentucky]] of between 3 and {{convert|5|in|mm}},<ref name="DR">{{cite web|author=Roth, David M.|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/camille1969.html|title=Hurricane Camille|date=October 31, 2007|access-date=November 3, 2007|publisher=[[Hydrometeorological Prediction Center]]}}</ref> helping to relieve a drought in the area, yet in [[West&nbsp;Virginia]], there was flash flooding which destroyed 36 houses and 12 trailers, a total of three quarters of a million dollars in damage.<ref name="CamilleTCR">{{cite web|author=United States Department of Commerce|year=1969|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1969-prelim/camille/TCR-1969Camille.pdf|title=Hurricane Camille August 14–22, 1969|publisher=Environmental Science Services Administration|access-date=March 23, 2008}}</ref>

===Virginia===
Because the hurricane was expected to quickly dissipate over land, few were prepared for the flash flooding.<ref name="mrw">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1969.pdf |title=1969 Monthly Weather Review |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=May 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104030026/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1969.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2011  }}</ref> Arriving in [[Virginia]] on the evening of August 19, Camille was no longer a hurricane, but it carried high amounts of moisture and contained sufficient strength and low pressure to pull in additional moisture.

A widespread area of western and central Virginia received over {{convert|8|in|mm}} of rain from Camille's remains, leading to significant flooding across the state. A total of 153 people lost their lives from [[blunt trauma]] sustained during mountain slides, related to the flash flooding, not drowning.<ref name="CamilleErosion1">Williams, Garnett P. and Harold P. Guy. ''Erosional and Depositional Aspects of Hurricane Camille in Virginia, 1969.'' [[United States Government Printing Office]], 1973, pp. 1.</ref> More than 123 of these deaths, including 21 members of one family, the Huffmans, were in [[Nelson County, Virginia|Nelson County]]. Seven victims of the hurricane in Nelson County remain unidentified, as well as one in [[Albemarle County, Virginia|Albemarle County]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering the victims of Hurricane Camille in Nelson County|url=https://newsadvance.com/news/local/remembering-the-victims-of-hurricane-camille-in-nelson-county/article_fab7a328-62a9-5a8d-8ea9-4c6eb62939a6.html|access-date=2020-12-10|website=NewsAdvance.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Avalanche]]s occurred on hillsides with a slope greater than 35&nbsp;percent.<ref name="CamilleErosion1"/> In Nelson County, the number of deaths amounted to over one percent of the county's population.<ref name="Divinewind">{{cite book|author=Emanuel, Kerry|title=Divine wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-514941-8 |pages=205–211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHALBxIYBGMC&q=Hurricane+Camille&pg=PA205}}</ref> The worst of the damage was reported in [[Massies Mill, Virginia|Massies Mill]], [[Woods Mill, Virginia|Woods Mill]], [[Roseland, Virginia|Roseland]], [[Bryant, Virginia|Bryant]], [[Tyro, Virginia|Tyro]], [[Montebello, Virginia|Montebello]], [[Lovingston, Virginia|Lovingston]], [[Norwood, Nelson County, Virginia|Norwood]], [[Rockfish, Virginia|Rockfish]], and along the Davis and Muddy creeks.<ref name="CamilleErosion1"/> The James and Tye rivers crested well above flood stage in many areas, including a record high of {{convert|41.3|ft|m}} at [[Columbia, Virginia|Columbia]]. Hurricane Camille caused more than $140 million of damage (1969 dollars) in Virginia.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="tcr"/> Camille was considered one of the worst [[natural disaster]]s in central Virginia's recorded history.<ref name="CamilleErosion1"/>
[[File:Rt. 626 at the Rockfish River (7797529596).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Flooding damage at [[Howardsville, Albemarle County, Virginia|Howardsville, Virginia]]; the bridge formerly carried Virginia Route 626 over the [[Rockfish River]].]]

The storm dropped torrential rainfall of {{convert|12|to|20|in|mm}}, with a maximum of {{convert|27|in|mm}}.<ref name="DR"/> Most of the rainfall occurred in Virginia during a 3–5&nbsp;hour period on August 19–20. More than five inches of rain fell near the North Fork of the Tye River in only half an hour with the grounds already saturated from previous rains.<ref name="mrw"/> Many rivers flooded across the state, with the worst being the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] with a peak crest of {{convert|28.6|ft|m}}. Many rivers in Virginia and West Virginia set records for peak flood stages, causing numerous mudslides along mountainsides. In the mountain slopes between [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]] and [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]], more than {{convert|26|in|mm}} of rain fell in 12 hours, but the worst was in Nelson County where {{convert|27|in|mm}} fell. There, rainfall was so heavy that reports were received of birds drowning in trees, cows floating down the Hatt Creek and of survivors having to cup hands around their mouth and nose in order to breathe through the deluge. Though the official rainfall was recorded as 27 inches, unofficial estimates are much greater. Some estimate that more than 40 inches of rain fell at Davis Creek. Most gauges were washed away; however, it was reported that an empty 55-gallon drum that was not even in the center of the heaviest rainfall had 31 inches of water in it after Camille passed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Provence|first=Lisa|title=Flooded with Memories|url=http://www.readthehook.com/79908/cover-flooded-memories-nelson-county-37-years-after-camille|work=The Hook|access-date=November 7, 2013}}</ref> "So much rain fell in such a short time in Nelson County that, according to the National Weather Service at the time, it was 'the probable maximum rainfall which meteorologists compute to be theoretically possible.'"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Romano|first=Lisa|title=Hurricane Camille|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Hurricane_Camille_August_1969|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Virginia|access-date=November 7, 2013}}</ref>

The ensuing flash floods and mudslides killed 153&nbsp;people. In Nelson County alone, 133 bridges washed out, while in some places entire communities were under water.<ref name="CamilleTCR"/>

The major flooding that occurred downstream cut off all communication between Richmond and the [[Shenandoah Valley]]. [[Waynesboro, Virginia|Waynesboro]] on the [[South River (South Fork Shenandoah River)|South River]] saw eight feet of water downtown, and [[Buena Vista, Virginia|Buena Vista]] had more than five feet.

Throughout Virginia, Camille destroyed 313 houses, 71 trailers, and 430 farm buildings. The hurricane affected 3,765 families in the area, and total damage in the state amounted to $140.8&nbsp;million (1969&nbsp;USD, $747&nbsp;million 2005&nbsp;USD).<ref name="inflation">{{cite web|title=The Inflation Calculator |url=http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ |access-date=June 18, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701031852/http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ |archive-date=July 1, 2007  }}</ref><ref name="mrw" /><ref>{{cite web|author=United States Department of Commerce|year=1969|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1969-prelim/camille/TCR-1969Camille.pdf|title=Hurricane Camille August 14–22, 1969|publisher=Environmental Science Services Administration|access-date=December 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Virginia's Weather History |author=Virginia Department of Emergency Management |year=2009 |url=http://www.vaemergency.com/newsroom/history/hurricane.cfm |access-date=May 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904212755/http://www.vaemergency.com/newsroom/history/hurricane.cfm |archive-date=September 4, 2005  }}</ref>

===Records===
{{Most intense US hurricanes|align=right}}
Camille produced the sixth lowest official [[sea level pressure]] ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, at {{convert|900|mb|inHg}}.<ref name="HURDAT"/> This was also its landfalling pressure; the only hurricane to hit the United States with a lower pressure at landfall was the [[Labor Day Hurricane of 1935]].<ref name=metadata /><ref name="blake">Blake, Eric S., Edward N. Rappaport, and [[Chris Landsea]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf The Dealiest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts).] Retrieved on March 19, 2008.</ref> A reconnaissance flight indicated a pressure of {{convert|901|mb|inHg}},<ref name="srh">{{cite web|title=NWS Jackson Special Weather Summary |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/msnws8.html |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=May 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104172940/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/msnws8.html |archive-date=November 4, 2006 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> but this pressure was later corrected in 1969 by researchers to {{convert|919|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}.<ref name=metadata /> The wind speed of Camille can only be approximated, as no meteorological equipment survived the extreme conditions at landfall, but Camille is estimated to have had sustained winds of {{convert|190|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at landfall, with gusts exceeding {{convert|230|mph|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref name=metadata /><ref name="srh" /> although a reanalysis in April 2014 concluded that Camille had maximum winds of {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} rather than the 190&nbsp;mph reading used previously.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Reanalysis Of Hurricane Camille|author=Kieper, Margaret E., Christopher W. Landsea, and John L. Beven II|date=March 2016|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00137.1|page=377|volume=97|number=3|bibcode=2016BAMS...97..367K|doi-access=free}}</ref> Before [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005, Camille likely had the highest [[storm surge]] measured in the United States, at over {{convert|24|ft|m}}.<ref name="army">{{cite web|title=Hurricane Resources |url=http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/Hurricane_files/Hurricane.htm |publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=May 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514002638/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/Hurricane_files/Hurricane.htm |archive-date=May 14, 2006 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

The {{convert|24|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge quoted by the Army Corps of Engineers was based on high-water marks inside surviving buildings, of which there were but three. Prior to the collapse of the Richelieu Apartments, Ben Duckworth shone a flashlight down a stairwell and found the water within one step of the third-story floor; this establishes a surge height of {{convert|28|ft|m}} at that spot at that time. About 15&nbsp;minutes later, the building collapsed and the evidence vanished with it.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In addition, Camille forced the [[Mississippi River]] to flow backwards for a river-distance of 125&nbsp;miles (from its mouth to a point north of [[New Orleans]]). The river further backed up for an additional {{convert|120|mi|km}}, to a point north of [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]].<ref name="cat5book">{{cite book|title=Category 5: The Story of Camille |last1=Howard |first1=Judith A. |author2=Zebrowski, Ernest |year=2005 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=978-0-472-11525-9 |pages=109}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Aftermath==
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear: right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|+Cost of damage by region
|-
! Region
! Damage<br />(1969 [[United States dollar|USD]])
|-
| [[Cuba]] || $5&nbsp;million<ref name="pdfnoaa" />
|-
| [[Gulf of Mexico]] || $100&nbsp;million<ref name="Oil&Gas" />
|-
| [[Louisiana]] || $322&nbsp;million
|-
| [[Mississippi]] || $950&nbsp;million
|-
| [[Alabama]] || $8&nbsp;million
|-
| [[West Virginia]] || $750,000
|-
| [[Virginia]] || $140&nbsp;million
|-
! Total || $1.57&nbsp;billion<br /><small>($1.42 billion in the U.S.)</small><ref name="mwr"/>
|}
[[File:Camille Cinder Block Debris.jpg|thumb|Damage from Camille]]
The response after the storm involved many federal, state, and local agencies and volunteer organizations. The main organization for coordinating the federal response to the disaster was the Office of Emergency Preparedness, which provided $76&nbsp;million (1969&nbsp;USD, $403&nbsp;million 2005&nbsp;USD)<ref name="inflation"/> to administer and coordinate disaster relief programs. Food and shelter were available the day after the storm. On August 19, parts of Mississippi and Louisiana were declared major disaster areas and became eligible for federal disaster relief funds.<ref name="thirty">{{cite web|title=Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille: Lessons Learned, Lessons Lost|date=July 12, 1999|author1=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |author2=Chantal Simonpietri |author3=Jennifer Oxelson |publisher=[[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]|url=http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/about_us/meet_us/roger_pielke/camille/report.html|access-date=December 26, 2009}}</ref> President [[Richard Nixon]] ordered 1450 regular troops and 800 United States Army Engineers into the area to bring tons of food, vehicles, and aircraft.<ref name="Sullivan"/> Large organizations contributing to the relief effort included the Federal Power Commission, which helped fully return power to affected areas by November 25, 1969. The Coast Guard (then under the Department of Transportation), Air Force, Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Navy Seabees, and Marine Corps all helped with evacuations, search and rescue, clearing debris, and distribution of food. The Department of Defense contributed $34&nbsp;million (1969&nbsp;USD, $180&nbsp;million 2005&nbsp;USD)<ref name="inflation"/> and 16,500&nbsp;military troops overall to the recovery. The Department of Health provided 
$4&nbsp;million towards medicine, vaccines and other health related needs.<ref name="thirty" />

On Monday, the Air National Guard and those at Keesler Air Force Base airlifted patients to [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] and other more inland locations. Volunteers searched for those injured and dead, as well as helping refugees. When many of the evacuees returned by Tuesday, Governor [[John Bell Williams]] declared [[martial law]], blocking highways into the area and leading to a 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew. The governor also opened [[Camp Shelby]], dormitories within the [[University of Southern Mississippi]], and the Robert E. Lee Hotel to serve as shelters for those who lost homes. Sections of Bay St. Louis and Pass Christian were evacuated. Survivors were found for days after the storm, with 35 trapped by high water north of Bay St. Louis rescued on Thursday. Army engineers disposed of 25 tons of dead animals, mostly cows, during the week following Camille. One week after the storm, Keesler-based airplanes sprayed [[malathion]] at low altitudes to kill the thriving insect population. Martial law would be lifted on August 27. The federal and state military presence would continue for several weeks. During the evening of September 8, President Nixon visited the Biloxi-Gulfport Regional Airport and gave a speech to elevate the spirits of local residents struggling with the storm's aftermath. During the rebuilding process, stricter building codes were enforced by local governments. In 1973, hurricane hunters and their associated reconnaissance aircraft relocated to Keesler Air Force Base when their previous headquarters at [[Ramey, Puerto Rico]], closed.<ref name="Sullivan"/>

[[File:After Camille Destroyed Episcopal High School.jpg|left|thumb|A large, [[antebellum architecture|antebellum]] mansion destroyed by the high winds and storm surge.]]
Long-term redevelopment was overseen by the Department of Commerce, which contributed $30&nbsp;million (1969&nbsp;USD, $159&nbsp;million 2005&nbsp;USD)<ref name="inflation"/> towards planned and coordinated redevelopment of affected areas. NOAA Weather Radio was expanded to coastal locations during the 1970s in the wake of Camille based upon recommendations made by the Department of Commerce in September 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/QC9452C3U51969.pdf|page=vii|title=Hurricane Camille: A Report to the Administrator|publisher=Environmental Science Services Administration|date=September 1969|access-date=2017-06-03|author=Department of Commerce|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429191410/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/QC9452C3U51969.pdf|archive-date=April 29, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The devastation of Camille inspired the implementation of the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]]. After the storm, many Gulf Coast residents commented that hurricane warnings were not clear enough in conveying the expected intensity of the coming storm. The Saffir–Simpson scale offered a much more concise statement of storm intensity than barometric pressure and wind-speed measurements, and veterans of previous hurricanes could analogize the power of the approaching storm to those they had experienced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1220_051220_saffirsimpson.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101202014/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1220_051220_saffirsimpson.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 1, 2006|author=Drye, Willie|date=December 20, 2005|title="Category Five": How a Hurricane Yardstick Came to Be|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=July 30, 2006}}</ref>

In a 1999 report on Hurricane Camille sponsored by the NOAA Coastal Services Center, the authors concluded: "With Camille, the preparations for the event and the response were based on processes put in place long before the storm made landfall. Coordination between government agencies as well as with state and local officials was enhanced because of preexisting plans."<ref name="thirty" />

One small compensation was that recovery from flood damage in [[Nelson County, Virginia]] led to the discovery of the [[Ginger Gold]] apple in the orchards of Clyde Harvey.<ref name="Ginger Gold">"[http://www.powellcenter.org/uploads/spg98/ahandout1.html Hurricane Camille Leaves a New Apple in Nelson C.]" ''Charlottesville Daily Progress'', September 18, 1992</ref>

==Retirement==
{{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
Due to the high death toll and major destruction in much of the Southern United States, the name ''Camille'' was retired after the 1969 season, and will never again be used for an Atlantic basin tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=February 16, 2024|title=Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml}}</ref> The name ''Cindy'' was selected to replace ''Camille'' in 1973.<ref name="noaa hrd">{{cite web|title=45th Anniversary of Hurricane Camille|date=August 14, 2014|url=https://noaahrd.wordpress.com/2014/08/14/45th-anniversary-of-hurricane-camille/|publisher=[[NOAA]] [[Hurricane Research Division]]|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> However, the 4{{nbh}}year lists were replaced in 1971 by a new series of lists running though 1980.<ref name="NHOP 71">{{cite report|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/HOPs-1971.pdf|page=96|publisher=[[NOAA]] Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research|location=Washington, D.C.|title=National Hurricane Operations Plan|date=May 1971|access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>

==Comparisons to Hurricane Katrina==
[[File:Hurricanes Camille and Katrina comparison.jpg|thumb|right|250 px|Comparison of Hurricanes Camille (left) and Katrina on satellite imagery]]
Although Hurricane Camille and [[Hurricane Katrina]] took different paths, both reached the same section of the coast of Mississippi with similar destructive effects. Camille intensified more rapidly than Katrina, and unlike Katrina, Camille re-intensified a second time and maintained status as a Category 5 hurricane until landfall. Both hurricanes shared the common aspect of undergoing periods of rapid intensification.<ref>Jay S. Hobgood (2006). [http://ams.confex.com/ams/27Hurricanes/techprogram/paper_108419.htm 16C.7: A comparison of hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Camille (1969).] [[American Meteorological Society]]'s 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.</ref> The size of Camille's [[radius of maximum wind]] was less than one-third that of Katrina, more similar to the intense but small [[Hurricane Andrew]]. Also unlike Katrina, Camille caused little damage in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], though Camille itself just barely missed the city.<ref>Stefan Bechtel (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=N8_bBKdxhYEC&dq=comparisons+between+camille+and+katrina&pg=RA1-PA279 Roar of the Heavens.] Stefan Bechtel, pp. 279. {{ISBN|978-0-8065-2706-2}}. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.</ref> The area of hurricane-force winds within Camille was just over two-thirds the size of Hurricane Katrina. Both storms were moving at a similar forward motion at the time of landfall. Although Camille's wind speed at landfall was higher, Katrina's storm surge exceeded Camille's storm surge at all known locations due to its greater size.<ref>Hermann M. Fritz, Chris Blount, Robert Sokoloski, Justin Singleton,
Andrew Fuggle, Brian G. McAdoo, Andrew Moore, Chad Grass, Banks Tate (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100622103627/http://www.gtsav.gatech.edu/cee/groups/katrina/publications/YECSS_2243_HurricaneK_published.pdf Hurricane Katrina storm surge distribution and field observations on the Mississippi Barrier Islands.] [[Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science]] Volume 74, pp. 14-20. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.</ref> Both hurricanes' names were retired.

==Naming background==
In the 1960s, there were four lists of feminine given names used for Atlantic hurricanes, with each list being used every fourth year.<ref name="GP August 07">{{cite report|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2008/summ0708.htm|type=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary|title=August 2007|author=Padgett, Gary|date=2008|access-date=May 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606010056/http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2008/summ0708.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The practice of retiring hurricane names was meant to be temporary, with the guideline that a name be retired for ten years. When the name [[Hurricane Carla|Carla]] was retired in 1961 it was replaced on the 1965 list with Carol, a name retired in 1954 when [[Hurricane Carol|its namesake devastated New England]]. Since over a decade had passed, Carol was eligible for reuse. Carol entered the 1969 list, but scientists from the National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) asked the naming committee in January 1969 to permanently retire Carol, [[Hurricane Edna|Edna]], and [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] since papers were still being written about the storms. The committee agreed but needed a replacement "C" name. [[John Hope (meteorologist)|John Hope]]'s daughter Camille was involved in an advanced science and math program in high school and had carried out a required independent research project. John Hope asked Banner Miller to mentor her in her investigation of hurricanes and long-term atmospheric trends. Miller was impressed by her project and suggested her name for the list. "We kept it quiet for many years," Camille said in a circa 2014 interview.<ref name="noaa hrd"/>

==In popular culture==

===Films ===
*  ''A Lady Called Camille'' (1971), created by the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]] shortly after the hurricane, shows preparation and recovery efforts organized largely by Wade Guice, the former Harrison County Civil Defense Director whose wife, Julia, served as Biloxi Civil Defense Director at the time. The couple are seen at their posts at the outset of the film. The film also contains brief footage of the ill-fated Richilieu Apartments after the hurricane, where a Civil Defense worker had attempted to persuade residents to evacuate. The film is accessible in the [[Internet Archive]] FedFlix collection.<ref>{{cite book|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava11983vnb1 |title=A Lady Called Camille|publisher=Internet Archive}}</ref>
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.25580|name=Camille and the Seabees (1971)}}
* Frank Sutton (well known as Sergeant Carter in the ''[[Gomer Pyle, USMC]]'' TV series) and [[Larry Hagman]] starred in the [[disaster movie]] ''Hurricane'' (TV 1974), based on Hurricane Camille. It contained references to the Richilieu Apartments and the Hurricane Hunter plane that flew into the eye of Camille and lost an engine.<ref>{{tcmdb title|466331|Hurricane}}</ref>

===Music===
* Jazz Banjo player [[Béla Fleck]] wrote a [[jazz fusion]] song "Hurricane Camille" on his album ''[[Béla Fleck and the Flecktones (album)|Béla Fleck and the Flecktones]]'' (1991).<ref>{{AllMusic |class=album |id=r7381 |title=Béla Fleck and the Flecktones}}</ref>

===Publications===
* [[Tom Clancy]]'s novel ''[[Without Remorse]]'' (1993) opens with the demolition of an oil rig damaged during Camille.<ref>{{cite book |title=Without Remorse |first=Tom |last=Clancy |chapter-url=http://www.penguin.com/ajax/books/excerpt/9781101002315 |chapter=Prologue |year=1993 |isbn=9781101002315 |access-date=2018-08-15 |publisher=Penguin Books }}</ref>
* Camille has an important role in the plot of [[John Grisham]]'s novel ''[[The Boys from Biloxi]]''. The book's protagonist begins his career a lawyer when persistently suing insurance companies which try to avoid paying for homes destroyed by Camille. Having established his reputation in this way, he eventually gets elected as District Attorney - leading to his head-on confrontation with organized crime which is the novel's main theme.

===Stage productions===
* Beth Henley's play ''[[Crimes of the Heart]]'' (1979) takes place in [[Hazlehurst, Mississippi]] and is set five years after Hurricane Camille.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/03/nyregion/theater-review-stage-crimes-of-the-heart.html |title=THEATER REVIEW; STAGE: 'CRIMES OF THE HEART' |last=Frank |first=Leah D. |date=1985-11-03 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2018-08-15 |language=en }}</ref> While the hurricane is rarely mentioned in the script, it is cited as the cause of Doc Porter's limp and the reason Meg Magrath has been shunned by most of the town. The play was originally produced by the Actors Theatre of Louisville, Inc. in February 1979 and received its New York premiere at the [[Manhattan Theatre Club]] in 1980.<ref>[http://actorstheatre.org/shows/crimes-of-the-heart-1978-1979/ "'Crimes of the Heart' 1979, Actors Thratre"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119080241/http://actorstheatre.org/shows/crimes-of-the-heart-1978-1979/ |date=November 19, 2015 }} actorstheatre.org, accessed November 18, 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=5188 "'Crimes of the Heart' 1980"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119140128/http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=5188 |date=November 19, 2015 }} lortel.org, accessed November 18, 2015</ref>
* In 2008, [[Lynchburg, Virginia]]-based Endstation Theatre Company (then based in [[Amherst, Virginia]]) premiered an original play, ''The Bluest Water: A Hurricane Camille Story'' (by playwright Jason Chimonides), as part of its inaugural Blue Ridge Summer Theatre Festival on the campus of [[Sweet Briar College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.endstationtheatre.org|title=2008 Season|author=Endstation Theatre Company}}</ref> While the play was partly [[historical fiction]] (featuring contrived characters experiencing or remembering the actual events of Hurricane Camille), many characters' stories or lines of dialogue were composites of true accounts or testimonials from [[Nelson County, Virginia|Nelson County]] (most notably [[Massies Mill, Virginia|Massies Mill]], the [[Tye River]], and Davis Creek) and the surrounding areas. The play was revived in the festival's second year (2009), in conjunction with the Nelson County Historical Society's observation of the 40th anniversary of Camille.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nelsonhistorical.com|title=Nelson County Historical Society|date=2009|website=nchsva}}</ref>

===Television===
* In the October 2, 1991, episode of the [[NBC]] series ''[[Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'', titled "[[Quantum Leap (season 4)#ep56|Hurricane]]" (Season 4, Episode 3), the main character, Sam Beckett, leaps into Archie Necaise, a small-town sheriff in the middle of Hurricane Camille. He must keep his host's girlfriend from being killed in the storm. Hurricane Camille is the backdrop of the story.<ref name="Hurricane"/>
* In the 1978 documentary series ''[[When Havoc Struck]]'' presented by [[Glenn Ford]], one episode was titled 'Hurricane Camille'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/when-havoc-struck/episodes/205458/ |title=When Havoc Struck – Episode Guide |website=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=2018-08-15 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of storms named Camille|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[List of Atlantic hurricane records]]
*[[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
*[[List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States#Virginia|List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Virginia]]
*[[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names]]
*[[Hurricane Katrina]] (2005) – Another Category&nbsp;5 hurricane that devastated similar areas, becoming the costliest tropical cyclone worldwide
*[[Hurricane Michael]] (2018) – Another Category&nbsp;5 hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast of the United States

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Roar Of The Heavens: Surviving Hurricane Camille |last=Bechtel |first=Stefan |year=2006 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8065-2706-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/roarofheavens00bech }}
*{{cite book |title=Hurricane Camille: Monster Storm of the Gulf Coast |last=Hearn |first=Philip D. |year=2004 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |location=Jackson, Mississippi |isbn=978-1-57806-655-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/hurricanecamille00hear }}
[http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms Historical Hurricanes]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.strahaninsurance.com/blog/2012/01/face-to-face-with-hurricane-camille Face to Face with Hurricane Camille], Joseph P. Blank, Reader's Digest (March 1970), pp 62–67
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090901113359/http://www.harrison.lib.ms.us/library_services/camille.htm Harrison County Library's Camille Page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060424080648/http://www3.csc.noaa.gov/hes_docs/postStorm/H_CAMILLE.pdf Post-Storm Report on Camille]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060701051027/http://www.hurricanehunters.com/cyber12.htm Radar image of Camille]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030128185831/http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/homepages/roger_pielke/camille/figures/fig4.gif Storm surge profile]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051213084446/http://www.bbonline.com/ms/harbouroaks/ The story of Harbour Oaks Inn]
*[http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/about_us/meet_us/roger_pielke/camille/ Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille: Lessons Learned, Lessons Lost], Roger A. Pielke Jr., Chantal Simonpietri, and Jennifer Oxelson, July 12, 1999.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030428070109/http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/homepages/roger_pielke/camille/figures/fig1a.jpg Track of Camille's eye at landfall]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
 | before = [[Hurricane Betsy|Betsy]]  
 | title  = [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on Record]] 
 | years  = [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season|1969]] '''(Tied with Betsy)'''
 | after  = [[Hurricane Agnes|Agnes]] 
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurricane Camille}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 Atlantic hurricane season|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Alabama|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Virginia|Camille]]
[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Louisiana|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Mississippi|Camille]]
[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Camille]]
[[Category:1969 natural disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Tennessee|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in West Virginia|Camille]]
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