Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hurricane Danny (2015)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2015}}
{{Merge to|2015 Atlantic hurricane season|discuss=Talk:2015 Atlantic hurricane season#Proposed merge of Hurricane Danny (2015) into 2015 Atlantic hurricane season|date=January 2024}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Hurricane Danny
| image = Danny 2015-08-21 1620Z.jpg
| caption = Danny shortly after its peak intensity on August&nbsp;21
| formed = August 18, 2015
| dissipated = August 24, 2015
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 110
| pressure = 960
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2015
| fatalities = None
| damage = Minimal
| areas = [[Lesser Antilles]], [[Puerto Rico]]
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2015 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}

'''Hurricane Danny''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales|major hurricane]] to develop between the [[Lesser Antilles]] and [[Western Africa]] since [[Hurricane Julia (2010)|Hurricane Julia]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[The Weather Channel]]|date=August 24, 2015|access-date=February 14, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Recap|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-danny-tropical-storm-danny-atlantic-2015|location=Atlanta, Georgia}}</ref> The fourth tropical cyclone, and first hurricane of the [[2015 Atlantic hurricane season]], Danny originated from a well-defined [[tropical wave]] that emerged over the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on August&nbsp;14. Traveling west, the system gradually coalesced into a [[tropical depression]] by August&nbsp;18. After becoming a tropical storm later that day, dry air slowed further development. On August&nbsp;20–21, dry air became removed from the system, and Danny [[rapidly intensified]] into a [[Category 3 hurricane]] on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]]. Its peak was short-lived as [[wind shear]] soon increased and prompted significant weakening. Degrading to a tropical storm by August&nbsp;23, Danny approached the [[Lesser Antilles]]. It degenerated into a [[tropical wave]] as it traversed the archipelago on August&nbsp;24 and was last noted over [[Hispaniola]] the following day.

The hurricane prompted the issuance of several [[tropical storm warning]]s for the Lesser Antilles. [[LIAT|Leeward Islands Air Transport]] cancelled 40&nbsp;flights and sandbags were distributed in the [[United States Virgin Islands]]. Danny ultimately only brought light rain to the region, with its effects considered beneficial due to a [[2015 Caribbean drought|severe drought]].

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Danny 2015 path.png|colors=new}}
On August&nbsp;14, 2015, a well-defined [[tropical wave]], accompanied by significant surface [[atmospheric pressure|pressure]] falls, traversed [[West Africa|Western Africa]] and emerged over the Atlantic Ocean that evening.<ref name="TCR">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=January 19, 2016|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL042015_Danny}}|format=PDF|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|author=Andrew Latto|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 14, 2016|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Tropical Weather Discussion|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWDAT/2015/TWDAT.201508141801.txt|format=.TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> A broad [[Low-pressure area|surface low]] developed along the wave on August&nbsp;15.<ref name="TCR"/> Embedded within [[monsoon]] flow,<ref>{{cite report|author=Marshall Huffman|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 15, 2016|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Tropical Weather Discussion|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWDAT/2015/TWDAT.201508152349.txt|format=.TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> various environmental factors enabled gradual [[tropical cyclogenesis|development]] of the disturbance, including low [[wind shear]], above-average [[sea surface temperature]]s,<ref name="TCR"/> moderate moisture content, and favorable [[Deformation (meteorology)|diffluence]].<ref>{{cite report|author=Nelsie Ramos|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 15, 2016|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Tropical Weather Discussion|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWDAT/2015/TWDAT.201508151046.txt|format=.TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> A [[subtropical ridge]] to the north steered the system generally west-northwest throughout its entire existence. On August&nbsp;17, the surface low became increasingly defined and [[Atmospheric convection|convection]] more persistent. It subsequently acquired enough organization to be classified a tropical depression at 06:00&nbsp;[[UTC]] on August&nbsp;18. At this time, it was situated about 825&nbsp;mi (1,325&nbsp;km) west-southwest of [[Praia]], [[Cape Verde]].<ref name="TCR"/>

The depression traversed a region generally favoring further development;<ref name="TCR"/> however, occasional intrusions of dry air from the [[Saharan Air Layer]] initially inhibited rapid growth.<ref name="TCR"/><ref name="D1">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 18, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.001.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The system reached tropical storm-status by 12:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;18—based on satellite intensity estimates using the [[Dvorak Technique]]—and it was [[tropical cyclone naming|assigned the name]] ''Danny'' accordingly.<ref name="TCR"/> [[Rainband|Banding features]] developed around the circulation early on August&nbsp;19.<ref name="D3">{{cite report|author=Jack L. Beven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 19, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 3|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.003.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> A temporary intrusion of dry air caused convection to collapse later that day,<ref name="D6">{{cite report|author=Todd L. Kimberlain|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 19, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 6|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.006.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> but cloud cover redeveloped within hours.<ref name="D7">{{cite report|author=Jack L. Beven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 7|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.007.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Improving upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] supported the formation of a [[central dense overcast]] and a {{convert|12|mi|km|abbr=on}} wide-[[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] soon developed.<ref name="D8">{{cite report|author=Lixion A. Avila|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 8|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.008.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref><ref name="D9">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Discussion Number 9|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.009.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Danny reached hurricane-strength by 12:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;20, by which time it was located 1,095&nbsp;mi (1,760&nbsp;km) east of the [[Windward Islands]].<ref name="TCR"/> A [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] over the mid-Atlantic weakened the subtropical ridge and caused the hurricane to move at a relatively slow pace of {{convert|10|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="D12">{{cite report|author=John P. Cangialosi|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 21, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Discussion Number 12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.012.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>

[[File:ISS-44 Hurricane Danny.jpg|thumb|right|Hurricane Danny rapidly intensifying, as seen from the [[International Space Station|ISS]] on August&nbsp;20]]
An unusually small hurricane,<ref name="D10">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Discussion Number 10|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.009.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> with [[gale]]-force winds extending only 60&nbsp;mi (95&nbsp;km) from its center,<ref name="PA10">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Advisory Number 10|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.public.010.shtml|location=Miami, Florida|type=Advisory}}</ref> Danny was prone to significant fluctuations in intensity, making forecasts particularly difficult.<ref name="D10"/> Indeed, the storm soon underwent an unpredicted period of [[rapid intensification]] aided by nearly non-existent upper-level wind shear.<ref name="TCR"/> Low-level moisture wrapped around the circulation during this phase, mitigating the influence of the Saharan air layer.<ref name="D13">{{cite report|author=Jack L. Beven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 21, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Discussion Number 13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.013.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Danny achieved its peak intensity around 12:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;21 as a [[Category 3 hurricane]] on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]]; [[maximum sustained wind]]s were estimated at 125&nbsp;mph (205&nbsp;km/h) alongside a [[barometric pressure]] of 960 [[mbar]] (hPa; {{convert|960|mbar|inHg|lk=on|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}).{{refn|group=note|The peak intensity of Danny was extrapolated from a [[NOAA Hurricane Hunter]] mission into the storm around 16:00–17:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;21, during which the aircraft's [[stepped-frequency microwave radiometer]] (SFMR) observed surface winds of 120&nbsp;mph (195&nbsp;km/h). By the time the aircraft reached the storm, its satellite appearance had begun degrading and Danny's intensity is assumed to have been slightly higher than observed.<ref name="TCR"/>}} Shortly thereafter, increasing shear and dry air initiated a rapid weakening phase.<ref name="TCR"/> The storm's eye became obscured by clouds and disappeared from satellite image late on August&nbsp;21.<ref name="D15">{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 22, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Discussion Number 15|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.015.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>

Throughout August&nbsp;22, Danny's structure deteriorated with its surface and mid-level circulations becoming tilted with height due to the shear.<ref name="D18">{{cite report|author=Jack L. Beven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 22, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Hurricane Danny Discussion Number 18|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.018.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The surface low soon became exposed with convection displaced to the northeast,<ref name="D19">{{cite report|author=Daniel P. Brown and Robbie J. Berg|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 23, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 18|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.019.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> and Danny weakened to a tropical storm by 00:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;23.<ref name="TCR"/> The storm briefly leveled off in intensity somewhat later that day, with its circulation back under convection; intense [[lightning]] was observed near the cyclone's center.<ref name="D21">{{cite report|author=Richard J. Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 23, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.021.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Late on August&nbsp;23, Danny's structure began degrading once more with its circulation becoming significantly displaced from the remaining ragged convection.<ref name="D22">{{cite report|author=Richard J. Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 23, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.022.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Early on August&nbsp;24, [[hurricane hunters]] struggled to find a circulation center as Danny neared the [[Lesser Antilles]],<ref name="D24">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 24, 2015|access-date=February 13, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Danny Discussion Number 24|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al04/al042015.discus.024.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> and the system weakened to a tropical depression by 12:00&nbsp;UTC as it passed between [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Dominica]]. Hours later it degenerated into a tropical wave, marking its dissipation as a tropical cyclone. The remnants of Danny continued to the west-northwest for another day and were last noted over [[Hispaniola]].<ref name="TCR"/>

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Danny 2015-08-23 1445Z (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Tropical Storm Danny approaching the Lesser Antilles on August&nbsp;23]]
On August&nbsp;22, governments across the [[Lesser Antilles]] issued [[tropical storm watch]]es. The islands of [[Antigua]], [[Anguilla]], [[Barbuda]], [[Montserrat]], [[Nevis]], [[Saba (island)|Saba]], [[St. Eustatius]], and [[St. Kitts]] were placed under a [[tropical storm warning]] the following day. These advisories were discontinued following Danny's degradation to a tropical depression on August&nbsp;24.<ref name="TCR"/> [[LIAT|Leeward Islands Air Transport]] cancelled 40&nbsp;flights across the eastern Caribbean due to the hurricane and cruise ships altered their courses.<ref name="JO_1"/><ref name="MiamiH_1"/> Although members of the Haiti Office of Civil Protection issued an official statement to residents saying Danny was not a threat to the country, they convened to discuss potential preparations and the status of emergency supplies.<ref name="MiamiH_1">{{cite news|author=Jenny Staletovich and Jacqueline Charles|newspaper=[[Miami Herald]]|date=August 21, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2016|title= Hurricane Danny raises worry in Caribbean; expected to weaken over weekend|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article31706678.html}}</ref> Officials in the [[United States Virgin Islands]] distributed sandbags and opened shelters.<ref name="JO_1">{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[Jamaica Observer]]|date=August 23, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Puerto Rico, USVI prepare for Tropical Storm Danny|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Puerto-Rico--USVI-prepare-for-Tropical-Storm-Danny|location=San Juan, Puerto Rico|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223004636/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Puerto-Rico--USVI-prepare-for-Tropical-Storm-Danny|archive-date=February 23, 2016}}</ref> [[Météo-France]] issued an "orange" alert for [[Guadeloupe]] [[Saint Barthélemy]], and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], advising residents about heavy rain and strong winds.<ref name="Guad1"/><ref>{{cite web|language=French|website=sxminfo.fr|date=August 23, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Préfète Déléguée de Saint Barthélemy et de Saint Martin: Communiqué de Presse – Danny|url=http://www.sxminfo.fr/101396/23/08/2015/prefete-deleguee-de-saint-barthelemy-et-de-saint-martin-communique-de-presse-danny/}}</ref> Officials in Guadeloupe shut down several roads a precautionary measure.<ref name="Guad1">{{cite web|language=French|author=FJO & Olivier Lancien|publisher=Guadeloupe 1ère|date=August 24, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Il était une fois, Danny|url=http://guadeloupe.la1ere.fr/2015/08/24/il-etait-une-fois-danny-281585.html}}</ref> The expected rainfall was welcomed across the entire affected region, which was suffering from a [[2015 Caribbean drought|severe drought]].<ref name="JO_1"/>

About {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain fell in [[Dominica]], leading to minor rockslides, and {{convert|1.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} was observed in [[Antigua]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Carlisle Jno Baptiste |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=August 24, 2015 |access-date=January 28, 2016 |title=Weakening Tropical Depression Danny crosses into Caribbean |url=https://news.yahoo.com/weakening-tropical-storm-danny-nears-leeward-islands-040336442.html |location=Roseau, Dominica |archive-date=November 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129015621/http://news.yahoo.com/weakening-tropical-storm-danny-nears-leeward-islands-040336442.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some disruption to electrical and water supplies occurred on Guadeloupe.<ref>{{cite web|language=French|author=Christelle Martial|publisher=Guadeloupe 1ère|date=August 25, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2016|title=Adieu Danny, bonjour Erika|url=http://guadeloupe.la1ere.fr/2015/08/25/adieu-danny-bonjour-erika-281857.html}}</ref> Rainfall was less than expected across Puerto Rico, with most areas receiving less than {{convert|1|in|mm|abbr=on}}; a peak value of {{convert|2.01|in|mm|abbr=on}} was observed in [[Naguabo, Puerto Rico|Naguabo]]. The [[Carraízo Dam]], then at a critically low {{convert|33.74|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}},<ref>{{cite news|language=Spanish|author=Frances Rosario|newspaper=[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]|date=August 25, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2016|title=Cae más de una pulgada de lluvia en Carraízo|url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/nota/caemasdeunapulgadadelluviaencarraizo-1104424/}}</ref> received {{convert|1.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}. Though relatively light, the accumulations increased the water level by {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. Similarly, water levels at the [[Fajardo Dam]] rose by {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news|language=Spanish|author=Frances Rosario|newspaper=[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]|date=August 26, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2016|title=Carraízo aumentó 30 centímetros por el remanente que dejó Danny|url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/nota/carraizoaumento30centimetrosporelremanentequedejodanny-1104615/}}</ref>

Just a few days after Danny, [[Tropical Storm Erika]] brought devastating floods to Dominica, killing 30&nbsp;people and wrecking tremendous damage. Other Caribbean islands received additional rainfall from the storm.<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard J. Pasch and Andrew B. Penny|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=February 8, 2016|access-date=February 14, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Erika|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL052015_Erika}}|format=PDF|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Hurricane Danny (disambiguation)|Other storms of the same name]]
* [[Timeline of the 2015 Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[Tropical Storm Erika (2015)]] – Affected similar areas shortly after Danny did, causing catastrophic flooding in Dominica
* [[Hurricane Beryl]] (2018) – Another small, rapidly-developing tropical cyclone.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hurricane Danny (2015)}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/DANNY.shtml The National Hurricane Center's advisory archive] of Hurricane Danny
*{{NHC TCR url|id=AL042015_Danny|title=The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report}} for Hurricane Danny

{{2015 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
{{Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danny (2015)}}
[[Category:2015 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:Cape Verde hurricanes]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Dominica]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Guadeloupe]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:2015 in Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:2015 in the British Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:2015 in Dominica]]
[[Category:2015 in Guadeloupe]]
[[Category:2015 in the United States Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:2015 in Saba (island)]]
[[Category:2015 in Sint Eustatius]]
[[Category:August 2015 events]]
[[Category:August 2015 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2015]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]