Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Hurricane Linda (1997)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Category 5 Pacific hurricane in 1997}}
{{Distinguish|Tropical Storm Linda (1997)}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Hurricane Linda
| image = Linda 1997-09-12 1700Z.jpg
| caption = Linda at peak intensity to the south of [[Baja California]] on September 12
| formed = September 9, 1997
| remnant-low = September 17, 1997
| dissipated = September 21, 1997
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 160
| pressure = 902
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1997
| fatalities = None
| damage = 3200000
| areas = [[Socorro Island]], Southwestern Mexico, [[Southern California]]
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1997 Pacific hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Linda''' was an extremely powerful [[List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|Category 5 hurricane]] that was, at the time, the most intense eastern [[Pacific hurricane]] on record, until it was surpassed [[2015 Pacific hurricane season|18 years later]] by [[Hurricane Patricia|Patricia]]. Forming from a [[tropical wave]] on September&nbsp;9, 1997, Linda steadily intensified and reached hurricane status within 36&nbsp;hours of developing. The storm [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]], reaching sustained winds of 185&nbsp;mph (295&nbsp;km/h) and an estimated central pressure of {{convert|902|mbar|inHg}}; both were records for the eastern Pacific until [[Hurricane Patricia]] surpassed them in [[2015 Pacific hurricane season|2015]]. The hurricane was briefly forecast to move toward southern California, but instead, it turned out to sea and lost its status as a tropical cyclone on September&nbsp;17, before dissipating on September&nbsp;21. Linda was the fifteenth [[tropical cyclone]], thirteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, and fifth [[tropical cyclone scales|major hurricane]] of the [[1997 Pacific hurricane season]]. Linda was also the most intense tropical cyclone [[Tropical cyclones in 1997|worldwide in 1997]].

While near peak intensity, Hurricane Linda passed near [[Socorro Island]], where it damaged meteorological instruments. The hurricane produced high waves along the southwestern Mexican coastline, forcing the closure of five ports. If Linda had made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on southern California as predicted, it would have been the strongest storm to do so since a [[1939 California tropical storm|storm in 1939]]. Though it did not hit the state, the hurricane produced light to moderate rainfall across the region, causing mudslides and flooding in the [[San Gorgonio Wilderness]]; two houses were destroyed and 77&nbsp;others were damaged, and damage totaled US$3.2&nbsp;million.

== Meteorological history ==
{{storm path|Linda 1997 Path.png|colors=new}}
The origins of Hurricane Linda are believed to have been in a [[tropical wave]] that moved off the coast of Africa on August&nbsp;24. The wave tracked westward across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Caribbean Sea]] without [[tropical cyclogenesis|development]]. An area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]] developed to the west of [[Panama]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]] on September&nbsp;6, which is believed to have been related to the tropical wave. The system continued westward, and within three days of entering the basin, a poorly defined [[Atmospheric circulation|circulation]] formed. [[Tropical cyclone#Background|Banding features]] began to develop, and at around 1200&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on September&nbsp;9, the system organized into Tropical Depression Fourteen-E. At the time, it was approximately {{convert|460|mi|km}} south of the Mexican city of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]].<ref name="tcr">{{cite web|author=Mayfield, Britt M|date=1997-10-25|title=Hurricane Linda Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=United States National Hurricane Center|access-date=2016-06-09|url={{NHC TCR url|id=EP141997_Linda}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222071157/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP141997_Linda.pdf|archive-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref>

On becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression moved northwestward at {{convert|6|and|12|mph|km/h}}, partially under the influence of a [[Earth's atmosphere#Structure of the atmosphere|mid- to upper-level]] [[low pressure area|low]] near the southern tip of the [[Baja California Peninsula]]. Deep convection and banding features increased, and the depression intensified into a tropical storm early on September&nbsp;10. Upon being designated, the cyclone was [[list of tropical cyclone names|named]] Linda by the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC). As upper-level [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] became well-established, the storm began to strengthen quickly. By September&nbsp;11, an intermittent [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] appeared, by which time the NHC estimated that Linda reached hurricane status. The storm began to [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensify]]; its small eye became well-defined and surrounded by very cold convection.<ref name="tcr"/> In a 24‑hour period, the minimum [[Atmospheric pressure|pressure]] dropped {{convert|81|mbar|inHg}}, or an average drop of {{convert|3.38|mbar|inHg}} per hour. Such intensification met the criterion for [[rapid deepening|explosive deepening]], an average hourly pressure decrease of at least {{convert|2.5|mbar|inHg}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|date=2007-09-10|title=Glossary of NHC terms|access-date=2008-12-25|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222802/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtml|archive-date=2011-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> By early September&nbsp;12, Hurricane Linda reached [[List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|Category 5]] status on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Saffir-Simpson scale]], and around 0600&nbsp;UTC, Linda attained estimated peak winds of {{convert|185|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} about {{convert|145|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Socorro Island]].<ref name="tcr"/> Its [[maximum sustained wind]]s were estimated between {{convert|180|and|195|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, based on [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak T-numbers]] of 7.5 and 8.0 respectively,<ref name="tcr"/> and gusts were estimated to have reached {{convert|220|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="wrh">{{cite web|publisher=National Weather Service Forecast Office San Diego|date=January 2007|title=A History of Significant Weather Events in Southern California|access-date=2008-12-26|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/document/weatherhistory.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120153201/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/document/weatherhistory.pdf|archive-date=2016-01-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The hurricane's pressure is estimated at {{convert|902|mbar|inHg}}, making Linda the most intense Pacific hurricane at the time.<ref name="tcr"/> When the storm was active, its pressure was estimated to have been slightly lower, at {{convert|900|mbar|inHg}}.<ref name="wm">{{cite web|author=Jesse Ferrell|year=1997|title=Hurricane Linda: History in the Making|publisher=Central Atlantic Storm Investigators|access-date=2008-12-26|url=http://www.weathermatrix.net/tropical/1997/linda/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928120154/http://www.weathermatrix.net/tropical/1997/linda/ |archive-date = September 28, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Image:Hurricane Linda 12 sept 1997 midday.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Visible satellite image of Hurricane Linda's eye near peak intensity]]
Shortly after reaching peak intensity, Hurricane Linda passed near Socorro Island as a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane.<ref name="mwr">{{cite journal|author=Miles B. Lawrence|date=October 1999|title=Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1997|publisher=American Meteorological Society|volume=127|access-date=2011-11-15|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281999%29127%3C2440%3AENPHSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|format=PDF|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2440:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1999MWRv..127.2440L|journal=Monthly Weather Review|issue=10|page=2440|s2cid=119404326 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105223730/https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281999%29127%3C2440%3AENPHSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|archive-date=2018-11-05|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> Around that time, [[tropical cyclone forecast model]]s suggested that the hurricane would turn toward southern California due to an approaching upper-level trough.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="usatoday">{{cite web|author=Jack Williams|date=2005-05-17|title=For a while, hurricane seemed aimed at California|publisher=USAToday.com|access-date=2008-12-26|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wlinda.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123015552/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wlinda.htm|archive-date=2011-01-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Had Linda struck the state, it would have been much weaker at that time,<ref name="tcr"/> possibly moving ashore as a tropical storm.<ref name="wrh"/> Instead, Hurricane Linda turned west-northwestward away from land in response to a building [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the north of the hurricane.<ref name="tcr"/> Despite remaining away from land, moisture from the storm reached southern California to produce rainfall.<ref name="wrh"/> On September&nbsp;14, the [[Hurricane Hunters]] and airplanes from [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] investigated the hurricane to provide better data on the powerful hurricane.<ref name="mwr"/> Hurricane Linda quickly deteriorated as it tracked toward cooler waters, weakening to tropical storm status on September&nbsp;15. Two days later, when located about {{convert|1105|mi|km}} west of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, it weakened to tropical depression status. Linda no longer met the criteria for a tropical cyclone by September&nbsp;18, although its remnant circulation persisted for a few more days before dissipating.<ref name="tcr"/>

Forecasters and computer models did not anticipate how quickly Linda would strengthen; in one advisory, the NHC under-forecast how strong the winds would be in 72&nbsp;hours by {{convert|115|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kevin R. Petty|author2=Jay S. Hobgood|date=April 2000|title=Improving Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance in the Eastern North Pacific|publisher=American Meteorological Society|journal=Weather and Forecasting|volume=15|issue=2|pages=233–244|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0233:ITCIGI>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2000WtFor..15..233P|s2cid=122970092 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[maximum potential intensity]] for Linda was {{convert|880|mbar|inHg}}<!--, which was the theoretical limit of its strength based on environmental conditions; this -->, {{convert|22|mbar|inHg}} lower than its actual intensity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jay S. Jobgood|date=December 2003|title=Maximum Potential Intensities of Tropical Cyclones near Isla Socorro, Mexico|publisher=American Meteorological Society|journal=Weather and Forecasting|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1129–1139|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1129:MPIOTC>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2003WtFor..18.1129H|doi-access=free}}</ref> The 1997 season was affected by the [[1997–98 El Niño event]], which brought warmer than normal [[sea surface temperature|water temperatures]] and contributed to the high intensity of several storms. Hurricane Linda occurred about a month after the similarly powerful [[Hurricane Guillermo (1997)|Hurricane Guillermo]], which also reached Category&nbsp;5 status. The passage of Linda cooled the waters in the region, causing [[Hurricane Nora (1997)|Hurricane Nora]] to weaken when it passed through the area on September&nbsp;21.<ref name="mwr"/>

== Preparations and impact ==
[[File:Linda 1997-09-12 2200Z.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Hurricane Linda near Socorro Island on September 12]]
Although the eye of Hurricane Linda did not make [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]], the hurricane passed near [[Socorro Island]] while near peak intensity.<ref name="mwr"/> The hurricane cut power to wind and pressure instruments.<ref name="tcr"/> A station on the island recorded a pressure of {{convert|986|mbar|inHg}} before it stopped producing data.<ref name="wm"/> No [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings or watches]] were issued for the hurricane.<ref name="tcr"/> However, the threat for high tides and strong winds in Mexico prompted officials to issue coastal flood warnings and to close five ports. Waves of up to {{convert|7.8|ft|m}} were reported along the coastline, causing flooding in the [[Political divisions of Mexico|states]] of [[Michoacán]], [[Jalisco]], [[Nayarit]], and [[Sinaloa]].<ref name="r914">{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|publisher=Reuters|date=1997-09-14|title=Hurricane hits Mexican ports, may be headed to California}}</ref>

[[Image:Linda Calif. forecast.PNG|right|thumb|175px|Forecast track of Linda on September 13, showing a track towards Southern California]]
When Linda was predicted to turn towards the northeast, it was forecast to move ashore in [[Southern California]] as a weak tropical storm, which would have made Linda the first to do so since a [[1939 California tropical storm|tropical storm in 1939]].<ref name="wrh"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-08-21/hurricanes-here-the-cordonazo-that-lashed-los-angeles|title=Could a hurricane lash Los Angeles? 80 years ago, this deadly storm came close|last=Duginski|first=Paul|date=2019-08-22|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28|df=mdy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827202334/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-08-21/hurricanes-here-the-cordonazo-that-lashed-los-angeles|archive-date=2019-08-27|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Oxnard, California]] [[National Weather Service]] office issued public information and special weather statements that discussed the possible impact of Linda on southern California. The advisories mentioned forecasting uncertainty, and advised the media not to exaggerate the storm.<ref name="tcr"/> The office noted a threat for significant rainfall—possibly causing [[flash flood]]ing—as well as high surf.<ref name="wm"/> To prepare for possible flooding, workers cleaned storm drains and prepared sandbags for coastal properties.<ref>{{cite news|author=Steve Schmidt|date=1997-09-15|title=Fears ease as Pacific hurricane veers off|publisher=Copley News Service}}</ref>

Although the storm did not make the turn, {{convert|15|and|18|ft|m}} waves reached southern California.<ref name="wrh"/> In [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]], a wave swept five people off a [[jetty]] and carried them {{convert|900|ft|m}} out to sea, although all were rescued by a passing boat.<ref>{{cite web|author=San Diego National Weather Service|date=2007-11-20|title=Day in Weather History: September 14|access-date=2008-12-26|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/document/Dayinhistory/dayhistory0914.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225143735/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/document/Dayinhistory/dayhistory0914.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-25}}</ref> Moisture from the hurricane moved across the state, producing heavy rainfall. A station in Forrest Falls, located within the [[San Gorgonio Wilderness]], recorded rainfall rates of {{convert|2.5|in|mm}} per hour. The rainfall caused severe flooding and mudslides which destroyed two houses, damaged 77&nbsp;others, and inflicted $3.2&nbsp;million in damage (1997&nbsp;[[United States Dollar|USD]]).<ref name="wrh"/> San Diego recorded {{convert|0.05|in|mm}} of rain, the first measurable precipitation in 164&nbsp;days; this tied the record for the longest duration without rainfall at the station, previously set in 1915 and 1924. Long Beach had a dry spell for 215 days, rain since February 12 to September 14, 1997. Moisture from Linda extended into the [[Upper Midwest]], contributing to a record daily rainfall total of {{convert|1.97|in|mm}} in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web|author=National Agricultural Statistics Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|date=1997-09-23|title=Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin|access-date=2008-12-27|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/waob/weather_weekly//1990s/1997/weather_weekly-09-23-1997.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214171746/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/waob/weather_weekly//1990s/1997/weather_weekly-09-23-1997.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Records ==
With an estimated minimum central pressure of {{convert|902|mbar|inHg}}, Hurricane Linda became the most intense Pacific hurricane since reliable records began in [[1966 Pacific hurricane season|the 1966 season]].<ref name="tcr"/> Until [[Hurricane Patricia]] of 2015, Linda was also believed to have been the strongest since overall records began in the basin in 1949.{{EPAC hurricane best track}} The previous most intense hurricane was [[Hurricane Ava (1973)|Hurricane Ava]] in 1973, which had a confirmed minimum pressure of {{convert|915|mbar|inHg}}. Since no observations recorded the pressure during Linda's peak, its peak intensity was estimated. As such, Ava remained the strongest directly measured hurricane in the basin at the time.<ref name="tcr"/>{{EPAC hurricane best track}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Miles B. Lawrence and Michelle M. Mainelli |date=2001-11-30 |title=Hurricane Juliette Tropical Cyclone Report |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=2008-12-26 |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001juliette.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006122021/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001juliette.html |archive-date=2008-10-06 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
{{Commons category|Hurricane Linda (1997)}}
* [[Hurricane Linda|Other tropical cyclones named Linda]]
* [[List of California hurricanes]]
* [[List of Pacific hurricanes]]
* [[Timeline of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Category 5 Pacific hurricanes}}
{{1997 Pacific hurricane season buttons}}

{{Featured article}}

[[Category:1997 Pacific hurricane season|Linda]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in California|Linda (1997)]]
[[Category:Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|Linda (1997)]]
[[Category:Pacific hurricanes in Mexico|Linda (1997)]]
[[Category:1997 in California]]
[[Category:1997 in Mexico]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Baja California]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the Revillagigedo Islands]]
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