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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2012}}
{{featured article}}
{{Others|Tropical Storm Nadine}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Hurricane Nadine
| image = Nadine Sept 30 2012 1535Z.jpg
| caption = Hurricane Nadine at peak intensity on September 30
| formed = September&nbsp;10, 2012
| extratropical = October&nbsp;3, 2012
| dissipated = October&nbsp;4, 2012
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 80
| pressure = 978
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2012
| fatalities = None
| damage-suffix = Minimal
| areas = [[Azores]], [[United Kingdom]]
| refs = <ref name="ntcr"/>
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2012 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nadine''' was an erratic [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Category 1 hurricane]] that became the [[List of Atlantic hurricane records#Longest duration|fourth-longest-lived Atlantic hurricane]] on record. As the fourteenth [[tropical cyclone]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] of the [[2012 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nadine developed from a [[tropical wave]] traveling west of [[Cape Verde]] on September&nbsp;10. On the following day, it had strengthened into Tropical Storm Nadine. After initially tracking northwestward, Nadine turned northward, well away from any landmass. Early on September&nbsp;15, Nadine reached hurricane status as it was curving eastward. Soon after, an increase in vertical [[wind shear]] weakened Nadine and by September 16 it was back to a tropical storm. On the following day, the storm began moving northeastward and threatened the [[Azores]] but late on September&nbsp;19, Nadine veered east-southeastward before reaching the islands. Nonetheless, the storm produced tropical storm force winds on a few islands. On September&nbsp;21, the storm curved south-southeastward while south of the Azores. Later that day, Nadine transitioned into a extratropical low pressure area.

Due to favorable conditions, the remnants of Nadine regenerated into a tropical cyclone on September&nbsp;24. After re-developing, the storm executed a cyclonic loop and meandered slowly across the eastern Atlantic. Eventually, Nadine turned south-southwestward, at which time it became nearly stationary. By September&nbsp;28, the storm curved northwestward and re-strengthened into a hurricane. The tenacious cyclone intensified further and peaked with winds of {{cvt|90|mph|lk=on}} on September&nbsp;30. By the following day, however, Nadine weakened back to a {{convert|65|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} tropical storm, as conditions became increasingly unfavorable. Strong wind shear and decreasing [[sea surface temperatures]] significantly weakened the storm. Nadine transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October&nbsp;3, and merged with an approaching cold front northeast of the Azores soon after. The remnants of Nadine passed through the Azores on October&nbsp;4 and again brought relatively strong winds to the islands.

==Origin and meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nadine 2012 path.png|alt=Storm path of Hurricane Nadine. It starts east of Cape Verde and then makes a parabolic track, before meandering and heading in erratic directions. The storm threatened the Azores twice before dissipating near the islands.|colors=new}}
A large [[tropical wave]] emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa, on September&nbsp;7.<ref name="ntcr">{{cite report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL142012_Nadine}}|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nadine|author=Daniel P. Brown|date=January 8, 2013|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=February 18, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=PDF|pages=1–4, 6–8, 12}}</ref> The system passed south of Cape Verde on September&nbsp;8, bringing disorganized showers and thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/gtwo/atl/201209082333/index.php?basin=atl&current_issuance=201209082333|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 8, 2012|access-date=July 23, 2013|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Around that time, the [[National Hurricane Center]] gave the system a medium chance of [[tropical cyclogenesis]] within 48&nbsp;hours. A [[low pressure area]] developed along the axis of the tropical wave on September&nbsp;9, which further increased convective activity.<ref name="ntcr"/> The system was assessed with a high chance for tropical cyclone formation on September&nbsp;10.<ref>{{cite report|author=Daniel P. Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/gtwo/atl/201209100535/index.php?basin=atl&current_issuance=201209100535|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 10, 2012|access-date=September 15, 2012|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Based on satellite intensity estimates, the National Hurricane Center declared the disturbance as Tropical Depression Fourteen at 1200&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;10, while the storm was about {{convert|885|mi}} west of Cape Verde.<ref name="ntcr"/><ref name="disc1">{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|title=Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.001.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 11, 2012|access-date=September 14, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>

Although thunderstorm activity was initially minimal around the center of [[Atmospheric circulation|circulation]], a convective band associated with the depression was becoming more organized.<ref name="disc1"/> Late on September&nbsp;10, convection began to increase slightly near the center, but because [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak intensity]] T-numbers were between 2.0 and 2.5, the depression was not upgraded to a tropical storm.<ref name="disc2">{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|title=Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion Number 2|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.002.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 11, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> However, dry air briefly caused showers and thunderstorms to decrease later that day. Initially, it headed just north of due west around the southern periphery of a large [[Ridge (meteorology)|subtropical ridge]]. However, by September&nbsp;11, the depression re-curved northwestward. Later that day, the depression began to regain deep convection. Geostationary satellite imagery and [[scatterometer]] data indicated that the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Nadine at 0000&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;12.<ref name="ntcr"/>

==Strengthening and initial peak intensity==
[[File:Nadine Sept 15 2012 1610Z.jpg|thumb|right|Hurricane Nadine at its initial peak intensity on September 15|alt=Nadine after becoming a hurricane on September 15. An eye is not visible.]]
By September&nbsp;12, a [[central dense overcast]] developed and due to favorable conditions, the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of [[rapid deepening]].<ref name="disc4">{{cite report|author=John L. Beven II|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 4|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.004.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 12, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Intensification continued at a quicker albeit less than rapid rate on September&nbsp;12. Later that day, sustained winds reached {{cvt|65|mph}}.<ref name="disc5">{{cite report|author1=John L. Beven II |author2=David M. Roth |title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 5|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.005.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 12, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref><ref name="disc6">{{cite report|author1=David M. Roth |author2=Richard J. Pasch |title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 6|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.006.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 12, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> By early on September&nbsp;13, convective banding wrapped almost completely around the center and cloud tops reached temperatures as low as {{convert|-112|F|C|abbr=on|lk=on}}. However, because microwave satellite data could not determine if an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] had developed, Nadine's intensity was held at {{cvt|70|mph}}—–just below the threshold of hurricane status.<ref name="disc7">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 7|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.007.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 13, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The National Hurricane Center noted that "the window for Nadine to strengthen may be closing", citing [[Computer simulation|computer model]] consensus of an increase in wind shear and little change in structure.<ref name="disc8">{{cite report|author=John L. Beven II|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 8|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.008.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 13, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The storm then began experiencing moderate southwesterly wind shear on September&nbsp;13, generated by a [[Trough (meteorology)|mid- to upper-level trough]] and a shear axis a few hundred miles to the west of Nadine. As a result, the storm struggled to develop an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] and the center became more difficult to locate.<ref name="disc9">{{cite report|author1=Patrick Burke |author2=Richard J. Pasch |title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 9|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.009.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 13, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref>

Although the storm was disorganized, a scatterometer pass indicated tropical storm force winds extended outward up to {{convert|230|mi|km}}. The satellite appearance of Nadine became more ragged by September&nbsp;14. Despite this, the storm remained just below hurricane status and the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of intensification if wind shear decreased in the next few days. Nadine turned northward on September&nbsp;14 as it tracked along the periphery of a subtropical ridge.<ref>{{cite report|author1=Richard J. Pasch |author2=David Hamrick |author3=Anthony Fracasso |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.013.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 13|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 14, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Soon after, a [[Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission]] (TRMM) pass indicated that core convection began re-organizing. However, because wind shear displaced the mid-level circulation to the north of the low-level circulation, Nadine was not upgraded to a hurricane.<ref name="disc14"/> Because Nadine would approach colder [[sea surface temperatures]], significant strengthening was considered unlikely.<ref name="disc14">{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.014.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 14|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 14, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Due to an increase in satellite intensity estimates and re-organization, Nadine was upgraded to a hurricane at 1800&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;14. Six hours later, Nadine reached an initial peak intensity with winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ntcr"/> Satellite imagery indicated that a ragged eye feature was attempting to develop late on September&nbsp;15.<ref name="disc17">{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.017.shtml|title=Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 17|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 15, 2012|access-date=February 21, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>

==Weakening and initial post-tropical transition==
[[File:Nadine Sept 20 2012 1450Z.jpg|thumb|left|Tropical Storm Nadine passing south of the Azores on September 20|alt=Nadine in a weakened state after passing south of the Azores on September 20.]]
Late on September&nbsp;15, National Hurricane Center forecaster Robbie Berg noted that Nadine began "to look a little more ragged", as microwave data observations noted shearing of deep convection to the northeast of the center.<ref name="disc18">{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.018.shtml|title=Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 18|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 15, 2012|access-date=February 21, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Late on September&nbsp;16, the eye became tilted and disappeared, convective bands began disorganizing, and the overall shower and thunderstorm activity waned since early that day.<ref name="disc22">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.022.shtml|title=Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 22|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 16, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Nadine weakened back to a tropical storm on September&nbsp;17 and a trough reduced its satellite appearance.<ref name="ntcr"/><ref name="disc23">{{cite report|author=Daniel P. Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.023.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 23|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>

Dry air began impacting Nadine on September&nbsp;17, though [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from the storm prevented significant weakening.<ref name="disc25">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.025.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 25|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Despite a large flare of deep convection over the northern semicircle, Nadine weakened slightly later that day.<ref name="disc26">{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.026.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 26|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Further weakening occurred on the following day, after the burst in deep convection on September&nbsp;17 deteriorated.<ref name="disc27">{{cite report|author=Daniel P. Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.027.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 27|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 18, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Later on September&nbsp;18, most of the deep [[convection]] dissipated. The strongest showers and thunderstorms that remained were in a band to the west and northwest of Nadine's center. <ref name="disc28">{{cite report|author=Robbie J. Berg|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.028.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 28|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 18, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>

Nadine threatened the Azores while moving northeastward and then northward between September&nbsp;18 and September&nbsp;19, though a blocking ridge prevented the storm from approaching closer to the islands. Its closest approach to the Azores was about {{convert|150|mi|km}} south-southwest of [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores Island]] on September&nbsp;19.<ref name="ntcr"/> The storm then re-curved east-southeastward on September&nbsp;20, after the ridge weakened and the mid- to upper-level trough deepened.<ref name="ntcr"/> By late on September&nbsp;21, much of the remaining deep convection was composed of only a ragged convective band with warming cloud tops.<ref name="disc41">{{cite report|author=Michael J. Brennan|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 41|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.041.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 21, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Operationally, the National Hurricane Center re-classified Nadine as a subtropical storm at 2100 UTC on September 21, due to an above-average, asymmetrical wind field and an upper-level low pressure area near the center.<ref name="disc42">{{cite report|author=Eric S. Blake|title=Subtropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 42|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.042.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 21, 2012|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> However, post-season analysis concluded that Nadine degenerated into a non-tropical low pressure area three hours earlier.<ref name="ntcr"/>

==Regeneration, peak intensity, and demise==
[[File:Nadine Sept 25 2012 1510Z.jpg|thumb|right|Tropical Storm Nadine on September&nbsp;25|alt=Tropical Storm Nadine with its eye-like feature on September 25, despite winds of only 45 mph (75 km/h)]]
Early on September&nbsp;22, the National Hurricane Center noted that regeneration into a [[tropical cyclone]] was a distinct possibility.<ref>{{cite report|author=John L. Beven II|title=Post-Tropical Cyclone Nadine Discussion Number 43|date=September 22, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.043.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 21, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The remnant low pressure area soon moved over warmer seas and a low-shear environment, causing deep convection to re-develop. Thus, Nadine became a tropical storm at 0000&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;23. Another blocking ridge over the Azores forced Nadine to move west-northwestward on September&nbsp;24, causing it to execute a small cyclonic loop. Although winds increased to 60&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h), the storm weakened again and decreased to a {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} tropical storm on September&nbsp;25.<ref name="ntcr"/> Despite this regression, satellite imagery indicated that Nadine developed an eye-like feature.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 51|date=September 25, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.051.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> However, the National Hurricane Center later noted that it was a cloud-free region near the center of the storm.<ref>{{cite report|author=Daniel P. Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 52|date=September 25, 2012|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.052.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 25, 2013|format=TXT|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> By September&nbsp;26, Nadine curved south-southwestward to southwestward around the southeastern portion of a mid- to upper-level ridge over the western Atlantic.<ref name="ntcr"/>

After minimal change in strength for several days, Nadine finally began to intensify on September&nbsp;27, due to sea surface temperatures warmer than {{convert|79|F|C|abbr=on}}. At 1200&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;28, Nadine re-strengthened into a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="ntcr"/> Around that time, satellite imagery indicated that the storm re-developed an eye feature.<ref name="disc64">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.064.shtml?|title=Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 64|author=John L. Beven II|date=September 28, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 25, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> After becoming disorganized, the National Hurricane Center erroneously downgraded Nadine to a tropical storm on September&nbsp;29<ref name="disc67">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.067.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 67|author=Eric S. Blake|date=September 29, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 25, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> before upgrading it to a hurricane again six hours later.<ref name="disc68">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.068.shtml?|title=Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 68|author=John L. Beven II|date=September 29, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 25, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> Nadine had actually remained a hurricane and was intensifying further.<ref name="ntcr"/> Winds increased to 85&nbsp;mph (140&nbsp;km/h) on September&nbsp;30, after the eye became more distinct.<ref name="disc70">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.070.shtml?|title=Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 70|author=Lixion A. Avila|date=September 30, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 25, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> At 1200&nbsp;UTC, the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 90&nbsp;mph (150&nbsp;km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|978|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ntcr"/>

After peak intensity, Nadine began weakening once again and deteriorated to a tropical storm at 1200&nbsp;UTC, on October&nbsp;1.<ref name="ntcr"/> Northwesterly winds began to increase on October&nbsp;3, after an upper-level trough that was causing low wind shear moved eastward.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.082.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 82|author=Stacy R. Stewart|date=October 3, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 18, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> A few hours later, the low-level center became partially exposed,<ref name="John L. Beven II">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.083.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 83|author=John L. Beven II|date=October 3, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 18, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> before becoming fully separated from the convection by 1500&nbsp;UTC.<ref name="John L. Beven II"/> Due to strong wind shear and cold sea surface temperatures, showers and thunderstorms rapidly diminished, and by late on October&nbsp;3, Nadine became devoid of any deep convection.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.085.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 85|author=Lixon A. Avila|date=October 3, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 18, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> At 0000&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;4, Nadine transitioned into an [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] low-pressure area, while about {{convert|195|mi}} southwest of the central Azores. The low rapidly moved northeastward, degenerated into a trough of low pressure, and was absorbed by a cold front later that day.<ref name="ntcr"/>

==Impact and records==
{{Wettest tropical cyclones in the United Kingdom|align=right}}
[[File:Nadine Oct 3 2012 1245Z.jpg|thumb|left|Tropical Storm Nadine re-approaching the Azores on October 3|alt=Nadine is rather disorganized, with ragged banding features and a partly exposed center of circulation.]]
[[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches]] were issued on two separate occasions as Nadine approached the [[Azores]]. At 1000&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;18, a tropical storm watch was issued for the islands of [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]] and [[Corvo Island|Corvo]]. Although the tropical storm watch was discontinued at 2100&nbsp;UTC, a tropical storm warning was implemented at that time for the islands of Corvo, [[Faial Island|Faial]], Flores, [[Graciosa]], [[Pico Island|Pico]], [[São Jorge Island|São Jorge]], and [[Terceira Island|Terceira]]. At 1500&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;19, a tropical storm warning was also issued for [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] and [[Santa Maria Island|Santa Maria]]. All watches and warnings were discontinued by late on September&nbsp;21. After re-generating, Nadine posed a threat to the Azores again, which resulted in a tropical storm watch for the entire archipelago at 1500&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;1. Nine hours later, 0000&nbsp;UTC on the following day, the watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. After Nadine became extratropical, the warning was discontinued.<ref name="ntcr"/> On the storm's second approach toward the Azores, schools were closed and flight were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sol.sapo.pt/inicio/Sociedade/Interior.aspx?content_id=60442 |title=Nadine: Açores livram-se de tempestade recordista |date=October 4, 2012 |newspaper=[[Sol (newspaper)|Sol]] |access-date=August 31, 2013 |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221023/http://sol.sapo.pt/inicio/Sociedade/Interior.aspx?content_id=60442 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 }}</ref>

Late on September&nbsp;20, Flores reported a wind gust of {{convert|46|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.public_a.037.shtml|title=Tropical Storm Nadine Intermediate Advisory Number 37A|author=Richard J. Pasch|date=September 20, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=February 25, 2013|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref> A sustained wind speed of {{convert|62|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a gust up to {{convert|81|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} were reported at [[Horta (Azores)|Horta]] on the island of Faial, as Nadine passed to the south on September&nbsp;21. During the second Azores impact on October&nbsp;4, the highest sustained wind speed reported was {{convert|38|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on São Miguel, while the strongest gust was {{convert|87|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at the Wind Power Plant on Santa Maria.<ref name="ntcr"/> On Pico Island, the pavement of the sports hall of the primary and secondary school in [[Lajes do Pico]] was destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radioatlantida.net/governo-dos-acores-decidiu-adquirir-viatura-siv-para-o-pico|title=Governo dos Açores decidiu adquirir Viatura SIV para o Pico|date=May 2, 2013|publisher=[[Grupo RBS|Rádio Atlântida]]|access-date=August 13, 2013|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054354/http://www.radioatlantida.net/governo-dos-acores-decidiu-adquirir-viatura-siv-para-o-pico|archive-date=September 21, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The remnants of Nadine produced a plume of moisture that dropped heavy rainfall over the [[United Kingdom]], particularly in [[England]] and [[Wales]], reaching 5.12&nbsp;in (130&nbsp;mm) at [[Ravensworth]] in the former. The rains flooded houses and disrupted roads and rails.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[BBC Online]]|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=October 5, 2012|title=Tropical Storm Nadine finally breaks up|access-date=July 23, 2013|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/19852695}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=[[Met Office|United Kingdom Met Office]]|date=February 27, 2013|title=October 2012 Weather Summary|access-date=July 23, 2013|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2012/october|location=Exeter, Devon, England}}</ref>

Nadine lasted a total of&nbsp;24 days as a tropical, subtropical, and post-tropical cyclone, including 22.25&nbsp;days as a tropical system. This makes it the fourth [[List of Atlantic hurricane records|longest-lasting]] Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, only behind the [[1899 San Ciriaco hurricane]] at 28&nbsp;days, [[Hurricane Ginger]] in 1971 at 27.25 days, and [[Hurricane Inga]] in 1969 at 24.75 days. When only counting time spent as a tropical storm or hurricane – 20.75&nbsp;days – Nadine is the third longest-lasting, behind only Hurricane Ginger in 1971 and the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane.<ref name="ntcr" /> When Nadine was upgraded to a hurricane at 1800&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;14, it marked the third-earliest forming eighth hurricane, behind only an [[1893 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Eight|unnamed system in 1893]] and [[Hurricane Ophelia (2005)|Ophelia]] in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]].<ref>{{cite report|author=Michael J. Brennan|title=Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 15|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.015.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 15, 2012|access-date=September 29, 2012|location=Miami, Florida|format=TXT}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
{{Commons category|Hurricane Nadine (2012)}}
* [[List of Azores hurricanes]]
* [[Hurricane Alberto (2000)]]
* [[Hurricane Gordon (2006)]]
* [[Hurricane Leslie (2018)]]
* [[Hurricane Danielle (2022)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2012 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadine (2012)}}
[[Category:2012 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:Cape Verde hurricanes|Nadine (2012)]]
[[Category:Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the Azores]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2012|Nadine]]
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