Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Icelandic Naming Committee

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Authority regulating Icelandic given names}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name                 = Icelandic Naming Committee
| native_name          = {{lang-is|Mannanafnanefnd}}
| native_name_a        = 
| native_name_r        = 
| type                 = Committee
| seal                 = 
| seal_width           = 
| seal_caption         = 
| logo                 = 
| logo_width           = 
| logo_caption         = 
| image                = 
| image_size           = 
| image_caption        = 
| formed               = {{start date|1991}}
| preceding1           = 
| preceding2           = <!-- up to |preceding6= -->
| dissolved            = 
| superseding1         = 
| superseding2         = <!-- up to |superseding6= -->
| jurisdiction         = 
| headquarters         = 
| coordinates          = <!-- {{coord|LATITUDE|LONGITUDE|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}} -->
| motto                = 
| employees            = 
| budget               = 
| minister1_name       = 
| minister1_pfo        = 
| minister2_name       = 
| minister2_pfo        = <!-- up to |minister8_name= -->
| deputyminister1_name = 
| deputyminister1_pfo  = 
| deputyminister2_name = 
| deputyminister2_pfo  = <!-- up to |deputyminister8_name= -->
| chief1_name          = 
| chief1_position      = 
| chief2_name          = 
| chief2_position      = <!-- up to |chief9_name= -->
| public_protector     = 
| deputy               = 
| parent_department    = 
| parent_agency        = Ministry of Justice
| child1_agency        = 
| child2_agency        = <!-- up to |child25_agency= -->
| keydocument1         = <!-- up to |keydocument6= -->
| website              = {{URL|https://island.is/en/search-in-icelandic-names}}
| agency_id            =
| map                  = 
| map_size             = 
| map_caption          = 
| footnotes            = 
| embed                = 
}}

The '''Icelandic Naming Committee'''<ref name=wont_appeal /> ({{lang-is|Mannanafnanefnd}};<ref name=Barker2009/> pronounced {{IPA-is|ˈmanːaˌnapnaˌnɛmt|}})—also known in English as the '''Personal Names Committee'''<ref name=law />—maintains an official register of approved [[Icelandic name|Icelandic given names]] and governs the introduction of new given names into [[Iceland]]ic culture.

==Composition and mission==
{{update section|date=May 2016}}<!-- Update statistic on the number of Icelandic names -->
The Naming Committee was established in 1991<ref name=Barker2009/> to determine whether new given names not previously used in Iceland are suitable for integration into the country's [[Icelandic language|language]] and [[Culture of Iceland|culture]]. The committee comprises three appointees who serve for four years, appointed by the [[Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Iceland)|Minister of Justice]]—one to be nominated by the Icelandic language council within the [[Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies|Icelandic Language Committee]], one by the faculty of philosophy of the [[University of Iceland]], and one by the university's faculty of law.<ref name="law">{{cite web |url=http://eng.innanrikisraduneyti.is/laws-and-regulations/english/personal-names/ |title=Personal Names Act (No. 45) |date=17 May 1996 |publisher=[[Minister of the Interior (Iceland)|Ministry of the Interior]] |access-date=4 June 2011 |location=[[Iceland]] |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720193141/http://eng.innanrikisraduneyti.is/laws-and-regulations/english/personal-names/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A name not already on the official list of approved names must be submitted to the naming committee for approval. A new name is considered for its compatibility with Icelandic tradition<ref name=Rettarheimild1/> and for the likelihood that it might cause the bearer embarrassment.<ref name=Island/> Under Article 5 of the Personal Names Act,<ref name=Island/> names must be compatible with [[Icelandic grammar]] (in which all nouns, including proper names, have [[grammatical gender]] and [[declension|change their forms]] in an orderly fashion according to the language's [[case system]]). Names must also contain only letters occurring in the [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic alphabet]], and with only occasional exceptions, a name's grammatical gender previously had to match the sex of the person bearing the name.<ref name=general_census>{{cite web |title=What is the general census ''(sic)'' in Iceland about the name issue of Blær? |url=http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=396751 |work=Iceland Review Online |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=2 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015005008/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=396751 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Foreigners and their children are allowed to keep their own names and loanwords from other languages are permitted. Loanwords must have other name bearers in the country and follow the grammar of the original language or have adjusted grammar for the Icelandic language.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexander Kristjánsson |title=Mannanafnanefnd slakar á reglum |url=https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/2021-08-25-mannanafnanefnd-slakar-a-reglum |website=RÚV |date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Icelandic parliament]] passed the Gender Autonomy Act ({{lang-is|Lög um kynrænt sjálfræði}}), guaranteeing [[transgender]] and [[intersex]] individuals' right to [[gender self-identification]], including the recognition of [[non-binary gender]] in law.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ćirić |first=Jelena |work=[[Iceland Review]] |date=2019-06-19 |title=Iceland's Gender Autonomy Act is a Step Forward for Trans and Intersex Rights |url=https://www.icelandreview.com/news/icelands-gender-autonomy-act-is-a-step-forward-for-trans-and-intersex-rights/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619161524/https://www.icelandreview.com/news/icelands-gender-autonomy-act-is-a-step-forward-for-trans-and-intersex-rights/ |archive-date=2019-06-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> To this effect, given names were no longer restricted by gender. Moreover, Icelanders who are officially registered as non-binary will be permitted to use the [[gender-neutral language|gender-neutral]] suffix {{lang|is|-bur}} ("child") instead of {{lang|is|-son}} or {{lang|is|-dóttir}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icelandreview.com/news/icelandic-names-will-no-longer-be-gendered/|title=Icelandic names will no longer be gendered|first=Larissa|last=Kyzer|date=2019-06-22|work=Iceland Review|access-date=2019-07-02|archive-date=2019-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702183918/https://www.icelandreview.com/news/icelandic-names-will-no-longer-be-gendered/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2012|pre=the end of}}, the Personal Names Register ({{lang|is|Mannanafnaskrá}}) contained 1,712 male names and 1,853 female names.<ref>{{cite web |title=Icelandic girl fights for right to her own name |url=http://www.denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_22302361/icelandic-girl-fights-right-her-own-name |work=[[Denver Post]] |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109203826/http://www.denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_22302361/icelandic-girl-fights-right-her-own-name |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Jón Gnarr===
'''[[Jón Gnarr]]''', former mayor of Reykjavík, protested the committee's denial of his request to legally drop "Kristinsson" from his name despite his desire to disassociate himself from his father. Gnarr pointed out that if [[Robert Mugabe]] moved to Iceland, as a foreigner he would be allowed to keep that non-conforming name, but that native Icelanders were not allowed to have non-conforming names.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Cox, Patrick | title=No longer mayor of Reykjavik, Jón Gnarr can restart his career as a comedian. Not that he ever stopped | url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-07-01/now-hes-now-longer-mayor-reykjavik-j-n-gnarr-can-restart-his-career-comedian-not | publisher=[[Public Radio International]] | date=1 July 2014 | access-date=10 January 2015 | archive-date=10 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110144409/http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-07-01/now-hes-now-longer-mayor-reykjavik-j-n-gnarr-can-restart-his-career-comedian-not | url-status=live }}</ref> He was also unable to legally name his daughter "Camilla" after her grandmother; it was instead spelled "Kamilla" because C is not part of the Icelandic alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Jón Gnarr Criticizes "Stupid Law Against Creativity" |last=Kyzer |first=Larissa | url=http://grapevine.is/news/2013/11/26/jon-gnarr-criticizes-stupid-law-against-creativity/ | publisher=[[The Reykjavík Grapevine]] | date=26 November 2013 | access-date=10 January 2015 | archive-date=29 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029074713/http://grapevine.is/news/2013/11/26/jon-gnarr-criticizes-stupid-law-against-creativity/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Jón was allowed to legally change his name in 2015;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visir.is/jon-gnarr-faer-ad-heita-jon-gnarr/article/2015151029546 |last=Karlsson |first=Stefán |work=[[Vísir.is]] |date=2015-10-22 |language=is |title=Jón Gnarr fær að heita Jón Gnarr |trans-title=Jón Gnarr is allowed to be named Jón Gnarr |access-date=2016-01-19 |archive-date=2015-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206164458/http://www.visir.is/jon-gnarr-faer-ad-heita-jon-gnarr/article/2015151029546 |url-status=live }}</ref> however, Gnarr, the surname adopted by him and his children in 2005, was only recognized by the courts in 2018; it was legally considered a middle name before then.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theallusionist.org/allusionist/icelandic-names | title=Allusionist 87. Name v. Law }}</ref>

===Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir===
[[File:Blær (Stúlka) Bjarkardóttir 2011 passport.png | right|thumb | Passport of Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir, using {{lang|is|Stúlka}} (Icelandic for "girl") in place of her real given name]]
The committee refused to allow '''Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir''' (born 1997) to be registered under the name given to her as a baby, on the grounds that the masculine noun {{wikt-lang|is|blær}} ("gentle breeze" in Icelandic) could be used only as a man's name. Blær—identified in official records as {{wikt-lang|is|stúlka|Stúlka}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Hauksdóttir |first=Gunnhildur |date=2016-02-09 |work=IceNews |title=The Cases of Gnarr, Skaði and Blær – The Name Committee, A follow-up |url=https://www.icenews.is/2016/02/09/44375/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210093206/https://www.icenews.is/2016/02/09/44375/ |archive-date=2016-02-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> ("girl" in Icelandic)—and her mother, Björk Eiðsdóttir, challenged the committee's decision in court, arguing that {{lang|is|Blær}} had been used by Nobel Prize–winning Icelandic author [[Halldór Laxness]] as the name of a female character in his 1957 novel ''[[The Fish Can Sing]]'' ({{lang|is|Brekkukotsannáll|italic=yes}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Icelandic teenager sues state for right to use her name |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/iceland/9778304/Icelandic-teenager-sues-state-for-right-to-use-her-name.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131184107/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/iceland/9778304/Icelandic-teenager-sues-state-for-right-to-use-her-name.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Icelandic girl wins legal right to use her given name |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/icelandic-girl-wins-legal-right-to-use-her-given-name-1.1334535 |publisher=[[CBC Radio]] |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531052135/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/icelandic-girl-wins-legal-right-to-use-her-given-name-1.1334535 |url-status=live }} Interview with Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir (in English).</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chappell |first=Bill |title=A Girl Fights To Be Called By Her Name In Iceland, Suing Government |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/01/04/168642200/a-girl-fights-to-be-called-by-her-name-in-iceland-suing-government |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=4 January 2013 |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702190935/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/01/04/168642200/a-girl-fights-to-be-called-by-her-name-in-iceland-suing-government |url-status=live }}</ref> One other woman in Iceland was already registered at the time with the name Blær,<ref name=general_census /> and two [[declension]]s (sets of case forms)—one masculine and one feminine—exist for the name.<ref>As a masculine name, {{lang|is|Blær}} is [[declension|declined]] in [[Icelandic grammar]] as {{lang|is|Blær}} (nominative), {{lang|is|Blæ}} (accusative/dative), and {{lang|is|Blæs}} (genitive). As a feminine name, the declension is {{lang|is|Blær}} (N), {{lang|is|Blæ}} (A), {{lang|is|Blævi}} (D), and {{lang|is|Blævar}} (G). See {{cite web |title=What is the general census ''(sic)'' in Iceland about the name issue of Blær? |url=http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=396751 |work=Iceland Review Online |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=2 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015005008/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=396751 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 31 January 2013, the Reykjavík district court ruled in the family's favour and overruled the naming committee, finding that {{lang|is|Blær}} could in fact be both a man's and a woman's name and that Blær had a constitutional right to her own name, and rejecting government claims that it was necessary to deny her request in order to protect the Icelandic language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Réttur Blævar ríkari en samfélagshagsmunir |language=is |trans-title=Blær's rights outweigh community interests |url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/rettur-blaevar-rikari-en-samfelagshagsmunir |publisher=[[RÚV]] |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109204039/http://www.ruv.is/frett/rettur-blaevar-rikari-en-samfelagshagsmunir |url-status=live }}</ref> After the court's decision, Iceland's interior minister confirmed that the government would accept the ruling and would not appeal the case to the country's [[Supreme Court of Iceland|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Blær gets to keep her name – Government does not appeal |url=http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/culture/item/667-blaer-gets-to-keep-her-name-government-does-not-appeal |work=News of Iceland |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109210618/http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/culture/item/667-blaer-gets-to-keep-her-name-government-does-not-appeal |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Blær Bjarkardóttir celebrates the court's decision |url=http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/culture/item/684-blaer-bjarkardottir-celebrates-the-courts-decision |work=News of Iceland |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109210541/http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/culture/item/684-blaer-bjarkardottir-celebrates-the-courts-decision |archive-date=9 November 2013}} At the end of this article, there is a picture of a poster with the grammatical declension of {{lang|is|Blær}} as a feminine noun.</ref> The chair of the naming committee, as well as a spokesman for the [[Ministry of the Interior (Iceland)|Ministry of the Interior]], said the ruling in Blær's case could prompt the government to revisit the current laws on personal names.<ref name=wont_appeal>{{cite web |title=State Not to Appeal in Iceland Name Case |url=http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=397541 |work=[[Iceland Review]] Online |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=2 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015005016/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=397541 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Duncan and Harriet Cardew===
The committee refused to accept the names of '''Duncan''' and '''Harriet Cardew'''—Icelandic-born children of a British father and an Icelandic mother—because their names did not meet the criteria for being added to the registry of approved names.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/26/iceland-strict-naming-convention-cardew-family | title=Icelandic girls can't be called Harriet, government tells family | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=26 June 2014 | access-date=3 July 2014 | archive-date=3 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703061416/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/26/iceland-strict-naming-convention-cardew-family | url-status=live }}</ref> The children had originally used passports with the substitute names ''Drengur'' (boy) and ''Stúlka'' (girl); however, in 2014, Icelandic authorities refused to renew Harriet's passport at all without a legally acceptable name.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/girl-denied-passport-because-name-is-nonicelandic-9567620.html | title=Girl denied passport because name is 'non-Icelandic' | newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=3 July 2014 | archive-date=29 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629223338/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/girl-denied-passport-because-name-is-nonicelandic-9567620.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Since the Cardews were about to travel to France, they obtained [[British emergency passport|emergency British passports]] for Duncan and Harriet; the parents also announced they would file a formal complaint objecting to the naming committee's rejection of their children's names and the passport office's refusal to renew their Icelandic passports.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://grapevine.is/news/2014/06/26/british-passport-granted-to-harriet-girl-cardew/ | title=British Passport Granted To Harriet Cardew | publisher=The Reykjavík Grapevine | date=26 June 2014 | access-date=3 July 2014 | archive-date=11 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711081816/http://grapevine.is/news/2014/06/26/british-passport-granted-to-harriet-girl-cardew/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The Cardews announced in June 2016 that they had won their case and their children's names would be recognised.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/victory-for-the-siblings-named-girl-and-boy-on-passports-a3283546.html| title=Victory for the British-Icelandic siblings named 'girl' and 'boy' on passports| newspaper=Evening Standard| date=29 June 2016| access-date=29 June 2016| archive-date=2 July 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702072006/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/victory-for-the-siblings-named-girl-and-boy-on-passports-a3283546.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=Barker2009>{{Cite web |author=Barker, Simon |date=2 September 2009 |title=What's in a Name? – Part 1: Naming and Historicity |work=Iceland Review Online |publisher=www.icelandreview.com |url=http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=338489 |access-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117005959/http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/search/news/Default.asp?ew_0_a_id=338489 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Rettarheimild1>{{Cite web |author=Úrskurðir og álit [Decisions and Opinions] |date=2010 |title=Meginreglur um mannanöfn |trans-title=Principles Governing Personal Names |language=is |url=http://www.urskurdir.is/DomsOgKirkjumala/Mannanafnaskra/Um_nofn |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110090032/http://www.urskurdir.is/DomsOgKirkjumala/Mannanafnaskra/Um_nofn |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Island>{{Cite web |title=Name giving |publisher=Þjóðskrá Íslands [National Register of Iceland] |url=https://vefur.island.is/en/family/having_a_baby/name_giving |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120193117/https://vefur.island.is/en/family/having_a_baby/name_giving/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite podcast |url=https://www.theallusionist.org/icelandic-names |title=Name v. Law |website=The Allusionist |publisher=[[Radiotopia]] |author=Helen Zaltzman |author-link=Helen Zaltzman |date=19 October 2018 |author2= Jón Gnarr|author2-link=Jón Gnarr |author3=Sigurður Konráðsson (foreman of the committee) |others=([https://www.theallusionist.org/transcripts/icelandic-names transcript])}}

==External links==
* [https://island.is/en/search-in-icelandic-names List of names accepted and rejected by the Mannanafnanefnd] at Island.is
* [http://www.domsmalaraduneyti.is/media/mannanofn_eydublod/NB_mannanafnanefnd_26082010.pdf Mannanafnanefnd application form] at Domsmalaraduneyti.is {{in lang|is}}{{dead link|date=December 2023}}
* [http://www.theislandreview.com/larissa-kyzer-whats-in-a-name/ Larissa Kyzer: What’s in a Name?] (article in English mentioning recent approvals and denials)

{{Icelandic language}}

[[Category:Icelandic given names|!Mannanafnanefnd]]
[[Category:Icelandic language]]
[[Category:Linguistic purism in Icelandic]]
[[Category:Naming controversies]]
[[Category:Culture of Iceland]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1991]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Iceland]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]