Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Immigration to Finland

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Overview of immigration to Finland}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2021}}
[[File:Allophones in Finland 1980-2011.jpg|thumb|Number of Allophones, i.e. residents with another native language than [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] or [[Sami language|Sami]], in [[Finland]], 1980–2011, according to [[Statistics Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_sv.html|title=Statistikcentralen -|first=Markus|last=Rapo|website=Stat.fi|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-date=2017-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225035440/http://www.stat.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_sv.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[File:Finland Animated Population Pyramid.gif|upright=2.0|thumb|Population pyramid segmented by background. Finnish background in colour, foreign background in grey.]]

'''Immigration to Finland''' is the process by which people [[human migration|migrate]] to [[Finland]] to reside in the country. Some, but not all, become [[Finnish nationality law|Finnish citizens]]. Immigration has been a major source of [[population growth]] and cultural change throughout much of the [[history of Finland]]. The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, economic benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns, impact on upward [[social mobility]], [[Immigration and crime in Finland|crime]], and voting behaviour.

As of 2021, there are 469,633 foreigners residing in Finland, which corresponds to around 8.5% of the population. Numerous polls in 2010 indicated that the majority of the [[Finns|Finnish people]] want to limit immigration to the country in order to preserve its regional and native cultural diversity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hs.fi/grafiikka/1135255778999?orientation=horizontal |title=HS.fi |access-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021065703/http://www.hs.fi/grafiikka/1135255778999?orientation=horizontal |archive-date=2010-10-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was estimated in 2016 that by 2050, there will be 1–1.2 million foreigners in Finland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/paikalliset/856567/Varissuo+on+maahanmuuton+mallioppilas|title=Varissuo on maahanmuuton mallioppilas|date=March 24, 2016|website=ts.fi|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172935/https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/paikalliset/856567/Varissuo%2Bon%2Bmaahanmuuton%2Bmallioppilas|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|History of Finland}}

===Under Swedish control===
Under Swedish control, soldiers, priests and officers from Sweden started to arrive in Finland. With them came also [[Walloons]]. During this time Romanis migrated from Sweden to Finland. Nowadays there are around 10,000 [[Finnish Kale]] in Finland.<ref>Vilkuna, Kustaa H. J.: ''Arkielämää patriarkaalisessa työmiesyhteisössä: rautaruukkilaiset suurvalta-ajan Suomessa''. Helsinki: Suomen historiallinen seura, 1996.</ref> Many [[Germans in Finland|Germans]], [[Norwegians in Finland|Norwegians]], [[Danes]], [[Swiss people]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Dutch people]] and [[Scottish people]] settled in Finland during this period. Many big modern-day companies in Finland were started by these emigrants, including [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]], [[Fazer]], [[Fiskars]], [[Stockmann]], [[Sinebrychoff]], [[Stora Enso]] and [[Paulig]].<ref name="migrationinstitute.fi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/files/pdf/presentation/Maahanmuuton-historia-Suomessa_Jouni-Korkiasaari-2017.pdf|title=Maahanmuuton historia Suomessa Jouni Korkiasaari (2017)|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-date=2018-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127134352/http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/files/pdf/presentation/Maahanmuuton-historia-Suomessa_Jouni-Korkiasaari-2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Under Russian control===
[[File:Juutalaiset matkalla Suomeen.jpg|230px|thumb|left|A political cartoon against the immigration of [[History of Jews in Finland|Jews]], which appeared in 1897 ''Matti Meikäläinen'' issue 15.]]
When Finland became under Russian rule in the 1800s, [[Russians in Finland|Russians]], [[History of Jews in Finland|Jews]], [[Finnish Tatars|Tatars]] and during [[World War I]] [[Chinese people in Finland|Chinese people]] started moving to Finland. This established small Jewish and Tatar communities in Finland. There are around 1,800 Jews and 1,000 Tatars living in Finland. When Finland gained independence in 1917, majority of the Russians and Chinese left Finland.<ref>JYRKI PAASKOSKI: [http://www.genealogia.fi/genos/64/64_138.htm Vanhan Suomen donataarit ja tilanhoitajat – katsaus aatelisten lahjoitusmaatalouteen vuosina 1710–1811] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026231823/http://www.genealogia.fi/genos/64/64_138.htm |date=2007-10-26 }} - ''Genos'' 64 (1993), s. 138–152</ref>

===After independence and WW1===
[[File:1921-stepan petrichenko and russian emigrants finland.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Stepan Petrichenko]], the leader of the [[Kronstadt rebellion]], and other Russians that arrived in Finland, 1921.]]
Finland's first immigrants arrived in the years 1917–1922, thousands of Russians escaped to Finland as a result of the [[Russian Revolution]]. Many of them died in the [[Finnish Civil War]]. In the beginning of 1919, statistics showed there were 15,457 Russians in Finland, however the actual number was likely higher. The largest refugee flow was in 1922, when 33,500 crossed over the eastern border to Finland. The refugees were St. Petersburg Finns, [[Ingrian Finns]], [[Karelians]], officers, factory owners and nobles, among them was the cousin of the [[House of Romanov|Romanov Family]], [[Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich]]. In 1921, after the [[Kronstadt rebellion]], 6,400 seamen escaped over the frozen [[Gulf of Finland]] to Finland. Many of them integrated to the Finnish society, while others continued to [[Continental Europe]]. Between 1917 and 1939, 44,000 refugees sought asylum in Finland. In other estimates, between 1917 and 1939 as many as 100,000 sought security in Finland.<ref>Leitzinger, Antero (2008), Ulkomaalaispolitiikka Suomessa 1812–1972, Helsinki: East-West Books.</ref>

Immigrant statistics from 1924:
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ Foreign citizens

! scope="col" | Country !! 1924
|-
| {{Flag icon|Soviet Union}} [[Soviet Union]] || 16,921
|-
| {{Flag icon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] || 4,080
|-
| {{Flag icon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || 1,645
|-
| {{Flag icon|Norway}} [[Norway]] || 457
|-
| {{Flag icon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]] || 379
|-
| {{Flag icon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]] || 269
|-
| '''Total''' || '''24,451'''
|-
|}

===World War II===
Immigrants from opposing sides of the war were sent to [[Internment]] camps and [[Nazi concentration camps]] in [[Nazi Germany]]. During the war, Ingrian Finns and [[Estonians in Finland|Estonians]] migrated to Finland. Most of the people that did not manage to escape to the west were sent to the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Leo Yllö: Inkerin maa ja luonto. – Inkerin suomalaisten historia. Inkerin kulttuuriseura, Helsinki 1969</ref> When Finland [[Moscow Peace Treaty|ceded parts of its territory]] to the [[Soviet Union]], 430,000 people from there had to be evacuated. This was 12% of Finland's population at the time. When Finland annexed these parts back in the [[Continuation War]], 260,000 of them returned home. After the Soviet Union [[Moscow Armistice|annexed these parts again]], the population there had to be evacuated yet again. These [[Evacuation of Finnish Karelia|evacuees were housed and settled]] to the remaining parts of Finland by the state.<ref>Seppo Varjus: ''Vieroksutut evakot''. Evakot: Ilta-Sanomien erikoislehti 3. joulukuuta 2015, s. 52–54. Helsinki: Sanoma Media Finland.</ref>

===After WW2===
Immigration after the war stopped. The geopolitical state of the country and difficult economic situation did not attract immigrants. The number of foreign citizens during this time stayed stable, at 10,000. Between 1950 and 1975 it only grew by 1,000.

The immigration during the 1970s and 1980s consisted mainly by returning Finnish expats. Between 1981 and 1989, 70% of all immigration were Finns returning. In 1980, there were 12,843 foreign citizens. The largest groups were from [[Sweden]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Denmark]].<ref name="migrationinstitute.fi"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ Foreign citizens in 1980<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Yearbook of Finland |date=2014 |publisher=Tilaskokeskus |location=Helsinki, Finland |isbn=978-952-244-516-2 |url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/julkaisut/tiedostot/julkaisuluettelo/yyti_stv_201400_2014_10374_net.pdf |access-date=2022-09-25 |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925161451/https://www.stat.fi/tup/julkaisut/tiedostot/julkaisuluettelo/yyti_stv_201400_2014_10374_net.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" | Country !! 1980

|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}} || 3,105
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}} || 1,493
|-
| {{Flag|UK}} || 980
|-
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}} || 858
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}} || 403
|-
| {{Flag|Norway}} || 306
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}} || 290
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}} || 282
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}} || 275
|-
| {{Flag|France}} || 262
|-
| {{Flag|Netherlands}} || 252
|-
| {{Flag|Spain}} || 240
|-
| {{Flag|Austria}} || 162
|-
| {{Flag|Greece}} || 123
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}} || 114
|-
| {{Flag|Hungary}} || 81
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}} || 44
|-
| {{Flag|Yugoslavia}} || 42
|-
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}} || 38
|-
| {{Flag|Portugal}} || 34
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}} || 31
|-
| {{Flag|Romania}} || 25
|-
| {{Flag|Iceland}} || 20
|-
| Other Europe || 53
|-
| Americas || 1,650
|-
| Asia || 833
|-
| Africa || 349
|-
| Oceania || 157
|-
| No citizenship || 340
|-
| Unknown || 1
|-
|}

===Refugee waves===
The first refugee wave to Finland after the wars happened when the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]] started. 200 Chilean refugees arrived in Finland during the 1970s. They were not welcomed warmly, as they were one of Finland's very first non-white minorities. Most of the original 200 refugees returned to Chile. In 2017 there were 1,000 [[Chileans]] in Finland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ensimmäiset pakolaiset tulivat Suomeen Chilestä 1970-luvulla – "Meitä pelättiin, eikä linja-autossa istuttu viereen" |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8265638 |website=Yle Uutiset |date=30 August 2015 |language=fi |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406071716/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8265638 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The second, and much larger refugee wave happened when [[Vietnamese boat people]] came to Finland in the 1980s. Around 800 of them arrived. The [[Vietnamese people in Finland|Vietnamese]] community has grown into 10,817 by 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ensimmäiset pakolaiset olleet Suomessa jo yli 40 vuotta – vietnamilaiset sopeutuivat, somalit kohtasivat ennakkoluuloja |url=https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002862181.html |website=Helsingin Sanomat |language=fi |date=25 October 2015 |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108072327/https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002862181.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1990 after the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia]], thousands of refugees came to Finland, with most being [[Demographics of Kosovo|Kosovars]] and [[Bosniaks]]. Immigrants from Yugoslavia now constitute the fourth or third largest immigrant group in Finland. They have established huge communities in [[Vantaa]], [[Turku]], [[Espoo]] and [[Närpes]].<ref name="materiaalit.internetix.fi">{{cite web |title=Ohjataan uudelleen... |url=http://materiaalit.internetix.fi/fi/opintojaksot/9historia/syrjinta/pakolaiset_ja_turvapaikanhakijat |website=otavanopisto.muikkuverkko.fi |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=2017-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616123638/http://materiaalit.internetix.fi/fi/opintojaksot/9historia/syrjinta/pakolaiset_ja_turvapaikanhakijat |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most notable refugee waves are from [[Somalia]] and [[Iraq]]. The first [[Somali community in Finland|Somalis]] arrived to Finland via the [[Soviet Union]]. Somali speaking population in Finland has grown from zero to 21,000 between 1990 and 2018. 55% of Somalis in Finland are unemployed, the highest of any ethnic group in Finland.

In 2014, Finland took 1,030 quota refugees, and an additional 3,651 people sought asylum. Of the asylum seekers, 1,346 were positive and 2,050 negative. Nearly one in two asylum seekers identity is not verified, mainly due to lack of passports. In 2008, 4,000 asylum seekers arrived in Finland. This grew to 6,000 in 2009, though it dropped to 4,000 in 2010. In 2011, 2012 and 2013 3,000 asylum seekers arrived in each year. The number grew to 32,400 in 2015, which was Europe's fourth largest in terms of population. It then dropped to 5,600 in 2016 and 5,100 in 2017.

On 13 September 2015, it was reported that the local authorities had estimated the flow of 300 asylum seekers per day entering via the northern land [[Finnish–Swedish border|border from Sweden]] into [[Tornio]], which is the main route of migration flow into [[Finland]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091320344649 | title=Turvapaikanhakijoiden määrä räjähti Torniossa: "Satoja tullut tänään" | author=Sami Koski | work=Iltalehti | date=2015-09-13 | access-date=2017-12-13 | archive-date=2019-03-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326232414/https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091320344649 | url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of asylum seekers for the year was reported to be over 2.6 times the total amount for the whole of the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091420349291 | title=Viime viikolla ennätyksellinen määrä turvapaikanhakijoita | author=Olli Waris | work=Iltalehti | date=2015-09-14 | access-date=2017-12-13 | archive-date=2023-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813193106/https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091420349291 | url-status=live }}</ref> During October 2015, 7,058 new asylum seekers arrived in Finland. In mid-October the number of asylum seekers entering Finland during 2015 reached 27,000, which is, in relation to the country's size, the fourth-largest in Europe.<ref>{{cite news | title=Interior Ministry: Finland set to reject two thirds of asylum seekers | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/interior_ministry_finland_set_to_reject_two_thirds_of_asylum_seekers/8446795 | work=[[YLE]] | date=2015-11-11 | access-date=2017-12-13 | archive-date=2018-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025319/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/interior_ministry_finland_set_to_reject_two_thirds_of_asylum_seekers/8446795 | url-status=live }}</ref> In late November, the number passed 30,000, nearly ten-fold increase compared to the previous year.<ref>{{cite news | title=Eurajoki resorting to containers to house asylum seekers | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/eurajoki_resorting_to_shipping_containers_to_house_asylum_seekers/8455009 | work=[[YLE]] | date=2015-11-13 | access-date=2017-12-13 | archive-date=2018-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090341/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/eurajoki_resorting_to_shipping_containers_to_house_asylum_seekers/8455009 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Reception centres use containers to house new arrivals | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/reception_centres_use_containers_to_house_new_arrivals/8486826 | work=[[YLE]] | date=2015-11-28 | access-date=2017-12-13 | archive-date=2018-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025259/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/reception_centres_use_containers_to_house_new_arrivals/8486826 | url-status=live }}</ref>

More than 60% of asylum seekers who arrived during 2015 came from Iraq.<ref>{{cite news | title=Disappointed Iraqis cancel asylum applications | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/disappointed_iraqis_cancel_asylum_applications/8479598 | work=[[YLE]] | date=2015-11-24 | access-date=2017-12-13 | archive-date=2018-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090221/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/disappointed_iraqis_cancel_asylum_applications/8479598 | url-status=live }}</ref> In late October, The Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) changed its guidelines about areas in Iraq which are recognised as safe by the Finnish authorities,<ref name=yle2 /> putting Iraqi asylum seekers under closer scrutiny.<ref>{{cite news | title=Finland adopts one-stop approach to slash asylum processing queues | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finland_adopts_one-stop_approach_to_slash_asylum_processing_queues/8420646 | work=[[YLE]] | date=2015-11-30 | access-date=2017-12-13 | archive-date=2018-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025350/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finland_adopts_one-stop_approach_to_slash_asylum_processing_queues/8420646 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Interior Minister [[Petteri Orpo]] estimated that two in three of recent asylum seekers come to Finland in hopes of higher standard of living. In November, the Permanent Secretary of the Interior Ministry stated that approximately 60–65% of the recent applications for asylum will be denied.

In 2017, hundreds Muslim asylum seekers from Iraq and [[Afghanistan]] converted to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/10/04/stort-finlandskt-fenomen-hundratals-muslimer-blir-kristna|title=Stort finländskt fenomen - hundratals muslimer blir kristna|date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421104613/https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/10/04/stort-finlandskt-fenomen-hundratals-muslimer-blir-kristna|archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ Asylum seekers 1990–2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Turvapaikanhakijat - Euroopan muuttoliikeverkosto |url=http://www.emn.fi/tilastoja/turvapaikkatilastot/turvapaikanhakijat |website=www.emn.fi |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=2017-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130070129/http://emn.fi/tilastoja/turvapaikkatilastot/turvapaikanhakijat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tilastot — Maahanmuuttovirasto |url=http://tilastot.migri.fi/#applications/23330/49?start=540 |website=tilastot.migri.fi |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=2019-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516032649/http://tilastot.migri.fi/#applications/23330/49?start=540 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! scope="col" | Country !! 1990–2019
|-
| {{Flag icon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] || 33,448
|-
| {{Flag icon|Somalia}} [[Somalia]] || 11,007
|-
| {{Flag icon|Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]] || 10,708
|-
| {{Flag icon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistan]] || 9,504
|-
| {{Flag icon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 8,101
|-
| {{Flag icon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] || 3,504
|-
| {{Flag icon|Syria}} [[Syria]] || 3,235
|-
| {{Flag icon|Iran}} [[Iran]] incl. ([[Kurdistan province]]) || 3,172
|-
| {{Flag icon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]] || 2,896
|-
| {{Flag icon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] || 2,813
|-
| {{Flag icon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]] || 1,960
|-
| {{Flag icon|Romania}} [[Romania]] || 1,953
|-
| {{Flag icon|Poland}} [[Poland]] || 1,603
|-
| {{Flag icon|Albania}} [[Albania]] || 1,569
|-
| {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] || 1,088
|-
| {{Flag icon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] || 1,034
|-
| {{Flag icon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]] || 1,030
|-
| Other || 18,403
|-
| '''Total''' || '''117,028'''
|-
|}

Other refugee groups have arrived from [[Eritrea]], [[Lebanon]], [[DR Congo]], [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Pakistan]].

===EU membership and the 1990s===
The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Since then immigration into Finland has greatly increased. By joining the [[Schengen Area]], immigration to Finland has been easier. Finland allowed [[Ingrian Finns]] to migrate back to Finland as returnees. Since then, around 35,000 Ingrians have moved to Finland.

Finland joined the [[European Union|EU]] in 1995. This enabled freedom of movement. This has brought construction workers from [[France]], [[Estonia]] and [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/muuttoliike.html|title=Muuttoliike|website=www.stat.fi|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617183643/http://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/muuttoliike.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Change in immigrant population of the EU 2004 and 2007 enlargement countries between 2003 and 2021:
# {{Flag|Estonia}} +41,837
# {{Flag|Romania}} +4,721
# {{Flag|Poland}} +4,464
# {{Flag|Latvia}} +3,234
# {{Flag|Bulgaria}} +2,524
# {{Flag|Hungary}} +1,789
# {{Flag|Lithuania}} +1,499
# {{Flag|Czech Republic}} +751
# {{Flag|Slovakia}} +419
# {{Flag|Slovenia}} +92
# {{Flag|Cyprus}} +63
# {{Flag|Malta}} +29
* Total +61,422

During 2021, 2,368 Estonian citizens, 655 Romanian citizens, 604 Latvian citizens and 453 Polish citizens immigrated to Finland. A total of 4,954 people immigrated from the Eastern EU member states, 61% of all incoming EU immigrants and 18% of all immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |title=11vz -- Maahan- ja maastamuutto muuttomaan, sukupuolen ja kansalaisuuden mukaan, 1990-2021 (in Finnish) |url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/Maahanmuuttajat_ja_kotoutuminen/Maahanmuuttajat_ja_kotoutuminen__Maahanmuuttajat_ja_kotoutuminen/maakoto_pxt_11vz.px/ |website=Stat.fi |publisher=Statistics Finland |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171006/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/Maahanmuuttajat_ja_kotoutuminen/Maahanmuuttajat_ja_kotoutuminen__Maahanmuuttajat_ja_kotoutuminen/maakoto_pxt_11vz.px/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around 30,000 people migrate to Finland annually, with most coming from [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] and [[Russia]]. While most immigrants are from Europe, 108,000 are from [[Asia]] and 50,000 from [[Africa]].

===Modern day===
The most common reasons to immigrate to Finland were family reasons (32%), work (30%) and studying (21%).

In 2017, hundreds of Muslim asylum seekers from [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]] converted to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/10/04/stort-finlandskt-fenomen-hundratals-muslimer-blir-kristna|title=Stort finländskt fenomen - hundratals muslimer blir kristna|date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421104613/https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/10/04/stort-finlandskt-fenomen-hundratals-muslimer-blir-kristna|archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>

===Chronology of 2015===
* On 13 September 2015, it was reported that the local authorities had estimated the flow of 300 asylum seekers per day entering via the northern land [[Finland–Sweden border|border from Sweden]] into [[Tornio]], which is the main route of migration flow into [[Finland]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091320344649 | title=Turvapaikanhakijoiden määrä räjähti Torniossa: "Satoja tullut tänään" | author=Sami Koski | work=Iltalehti | date=13 September 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=26 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326232414/https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091320344649 | url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of asylum seekers for the year was reported to be over 2.6 times the total amount for the whole of the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091420349291 | title=Viime viikolla ennätyksellinen määrä turvapaikanhakijoita | author=Olli Waris | work=Iltalehti | date=14 September 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=13 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813193106/https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015091420349291 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* During October 2015, 7,058 new asylum seekers arrived in Finland. In mid-October the number of asylum seekers entering Finland during 2015 reached 27,000, which is, in relation to the country's size, the fourth-largest in Europe.<ref name=yle>{{cite news | title=Interior Ministry: Finland set to reject two thirds of asylum seekers | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/interior_ministry_finland_set_to_reject_two_thirds_of_asylum_seekers/8446795 | work=[[YLE]] | date=11 November 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=5 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025319/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/interior_ministry_finland_set_to_reject_two_thirds_of_asylum_seekers/8446795 | url-status=live }}</ref> In late November, the number passed 30,000, nearly ten-fold increase compared to the previous year.<ref name=yle3>{{cite news | title=Reception centres use containers to house new arrivals | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/reception_centres_use_containers_to_house_new_arrivals/8486826 | work=[[YLE]] | date=28 November 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=5 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025259/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/reception_centres_use_containers_to_house_new_arrivals/8486826 | url-status=live }}</ref> In September, The Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) estimated that processing time of an asylum application may be extended from normal six months up to two years.<ref>{{cite news | title=Turvapaikkahakemusten käsittelyajat venyvät – "Täällä on tuhansia turvapaikanhakijoita monta vuotta" | url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/turvapaikkahakemusten_kasittelyajat_venyvat__taalla_on_tuhansia_turvapaikanhakijoita_monta_vuotta/8295512 | work=[[YLE]] | date=10 September 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=8 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908085029/http://yle.fi/uutiset/turvapaikkahakemusten_kasittelyajat_venyvat__taalla_on_tuhansia_turvapaikanhakijoita_monta_vuotta/8295512 | url-status=live }}</ref> In late November, the reception centers were reported to be rapidly running out of space, forcing the authorities resorting to refurbished [[Intermodal container|shipping containers]] and tents to house new asylum seekers.<ref name=yle3/><ref>{{cite news | title=Eurajoki resorting to containers to house asylum seekers | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/eurajoki_resorting_to_shipping_containers_to_house_asylum_seekers/8455009 | work=[[YLE]] | date=13 November 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=5 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090341/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/eurajoki_resorting_to_shipping_containers_to_house_asylum_seekers/8455009 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Interior Minister Petteri Orpo estimated that two in three asylum seekers come to Finland in hopes of higher standard of living.
* In November, the Permanent Secretary of the Interior Ministry stated that approximately 60–65% of the recent applications for asylum will be denied.<ref name=yle/> More than 60% of asylum seekers who arrived during 2015 came from [[Iraq]].<ref name=yle2>{{cite news | title=Disappointed Iraqis cancel asylum applications | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/disappointed_iraqis_cancel_asylum_applications/8479598 | work=[[YLE]] | date=24 November 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=5 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090221/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/disappointed_iraqis_cancel_asylum_applications/8479598 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* In late October, The Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) changed its guidelines about areas in Iraq which are recognised as safe by the Finnish authorities,<ref name=yle2/> putting Iraqi asylum seekers under closer scrutiny.<ref>{{cite news | title=Finland adopts one-stop approach to slash asylum processing queues | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finland_adopts_one-stop_approach_to_slash_asylum_processing_queues/8420646 | work=[[YLE]] | date=30 November 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=5 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025350/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finland_adopts_one-stop_approach_to_slash_asylum_processing_queues/8420646 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* In late November, it was reported that more than 700 Iraqis had voluntarily cancelled their asylum applications during September and October. According to the officials of Migri, some of the Iraqi asylum seekers have had erroneous assumptions about the country's asylum policy.<ref name=yle2/>
* On 22 November 2015, it was reported that Finland had appealed to Russia with a proposal to prohibit the crossings at some of the land borders by bicycle.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/border_guard_rise_in_syrians_entering_finland_illegally_through_russia/8099091 | title=Border Guard: Rise in Syrians entering Finland illegally through Russia | work=[[YLE]] | date=23 June 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=5 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024905/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/border_guard_rise_in_syrians_entering_finland_illegally_through_russia/8099091 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 27 December 2015, it was reported that Finland had blocked access for people to cross over two Russian border crossings ([[:fi:Raja-Jooseppi (ylikulkupaikka)|Raja-Jooseppi]] and [[Salla]]) by bicycles. Many asylum seekers were reported to have earlier crossed the border by bicycles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tass.ru/en/world/847182 | title=Finland prohibits crossing border with Russia on bikes - media | work=TASS | date=27 December 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=28 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628135820/http://tass.ru/en/world/847182 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* On 3 December, the Interior Minister [[Petteri Orpo]] announced that special repatriation centers would be established. These centers would be inhabited by the asylum seekers whose applications were declined. While he stressed that these camps would not be prisons, he described the inhabitants would be under strict surveillance.<ref>{{cite news | title=Interior Minister: Finland to set up asylum seeker repatriation centres | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/interior_minister_finland_to_set_up_asylum_seeker_repatriation_centres/8502217 | work=[[YLE]] | date=3 December 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=5 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025150/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/interior_minister_finland_to_set_up_asylum_seeker_repatriation_centres/8502217 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 4 December 2015, Finland reportedly closed one of its northern border checkpoints before the scheduled time along the [[Finnish–Russian border]]. According to Russian media, due to the closure, asylum seekers could not enter the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tass.ru/en/world/841803 | title=TASS: World - Finnish border guards block 15 Mideast, African immigrants in Russia's Murmansk region | work=TASS | date=5 December 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=18 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918114538/http://tass.ru/en/world/841803 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 12 December 2015, Finnish Interior Minister Petteri Orpo announced that if the external borders of EU cannot be secured, then Schengen, Dublin and in a way the whole EU is under serious threat. Further he noted that Finland has imprisoned two asylum seekers, charging them with 11 cases of murder. According to Orpo, because of the failure in registering asylum seekers at the external borders, they can travel all the way to Finland via northern Sweden. He noted that border controls have been improved in harbours, airports and land border crossings with Sweden.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/pakolaiskriisi/a/2015121220821491 | title=Orpo Ylellä: EU:lla kriittiset hetket keväällä - "Schengen vakavasti uhattuna" | author=Markku Saarinen | work=Iltalehti | date=12 December 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=10 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110042024/https://www.iltalehti.fi/pakolaiskriisi/a/2015121220821491 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015121220817316 | title=11 murhasta epäillyt kaksoset: oikeudenkäynti Suomessa | author=Olli Waris | work=Iltalehti | date=12 December 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=12 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004952/http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015121220817316 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iltasanomat.fi/kotimaa/art-1449887527540.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213205847/http://www.iltasanomat.fi/kotimaa/art-1449887527540.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 13, 2015 | title=Ministeri Orpo Ylellä: Tämän takia Isis-murhaajiksi epäillyt onnistuivat tulemaan Suomeen | author=Antti Honkamaa | work=Ilta-Sanomat | date=12 December 2015 | access-date=13 December 2017 }}</ref>

===Chronology of 2016===
* On 2 January 2016, it was reported that Finland had issued a command for the [[Finnlines]] ferry crossing from Germany to Finland to refuse boarding asylum seekers without visa. German NGOs criticised the decision, and it was still unclear how it could be enforced, especially as a direct visa from Germany to Finland is not available.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hbl.fi/nyheter/2016-01-02/784260/visumkrav-satte-stopp-flyktingar-fran-tyskland | title=Visumkrav satte stopp för flyktingar från Tyskland | author=Maria Gestrin-Hagner | work=Hbl.fi - Finlands ledande nyhetssajt på svenska | date=2 January 2016 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=26 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126160422/http://hbl.fi/nyheter/2016-01-02/784260/visumkrav-satte-stopp-flyktingar-fran-tyskland | url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 23 January 2016, it was reported, that Finnish Foreign Minister Timo Soini concluded that "closing the eastern border is possible". He stated that if an asylum seeker does not have need for protection, they will lose their money and get themselves deported. As Finland was struggling with a declining economy and increasing unemployment, he noted that resources of police forces, border control, security "need to be organized".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2016012321004275 | title=Soini: Itärajan sulkeminen on mahdollista - video | author=Maarit Simoska | work=Iltalehti | date=23 January 2016 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=22 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222153429/https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2016012321004275 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 January, [[YLE]], Finland's national public-broadcasting company, reported that a [[Russia]]n border guard had admitted that the [[Federal Security Service]] was enabling migrants to enter Finland.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/russian_border_guard_to_stt_russian_security_service_behind_northeast_asylum_traffic/8620174 | title=Russian border guard to STT: Russian security service behind northeast asylum traffic | work=[[YLE]] | date=24 January 2016 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=13 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201840/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/russian_border_guard_to_stt_russian_security_service_behind_northeast_asylum_traffic/8620174 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 23 February, the Finnish press reported that the profile of national origin of asylum seekers had changed, with a rise of [[India]]n and [[Bangladesh]]i asylum seekers, so that the third largest group of asylum seekers after Afghans and Iraqis were Indians, the fourth Syrians and the fifth Bangladeshis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/pakolaiskriisi/a/2016022421164561 | title=Rajalla uusi havainto: turvapaikanhakijoita saapuu Suomeen nyt myös Intiasta | work=Iltalehti | date=23 February 2016 | access-date=13 December 2017 | archive-date=26 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926123348/https://www.iltalehti.fi/pakolaiskriisi/a/2016022421164561 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===2023===
In November of 2023, Finnish Prime Minister [[Petteri Orpo]] announced the closure of all but the northernmost border crossing with Russia, amid a sudden increase in asylum seekers seeking to enter Finland via Russia. Finland accused Russia of deliberately using [[refugees as weapons]] as part of its [[hybrid warfare]] following [[Finland–Russia relations#2020 to date|worsening relations between the two countries]]. [[Frontex]] subsequently announced that the EU would assist Finland in securing its eastern border.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-finland-deploy-50-border-guard-officers-bolster-finland-control-activities-russia/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-11-24 |archive-date=2023-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124190618/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-finland-deploy-50-border-guard-officers-bolster-finland-control-activities-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-close-all-one-border-crossing-with-russia-pm-2023-11-22/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-11-24 |archive-date=2023-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124040827/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-close-all-one-border-crossing-with-russia-pm-2023-11-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Finnish and foreign born population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Finnish and foreign born population pyramid in 2021]]

===Sources of immigration===
{{Further|Demographics of Finland}}
<div style="float: center; margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">
{| class="wikitable" style="float: center;"
|+Net immigrants in Finland 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Immigration and emigration by country of departure or arrival, age group and region, 1990–2021|url=https://pxweb2.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__muutl/statfin_muutl_pxt_11a9.px/|publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324211239/https://pxweb2.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__muutl/statfin_muutl_pxt_11a9.px/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Rank!! Country !! Number!! Percentage
|-
| 1 || {{flag|Russia}}||2,390||10.4
|-
| 2 || {{flag|Ukraine}}||1,422||6.2
|-
| 3 || {{flag|Estonia}}||1,358||5.9
|-
| 4 || {{flag|China}}||1,005||4.4
|-
| 5 || {{flag|India}}||1,003||4.4
|-
| 6 || {{flag|Iraq}}||890||3.9
|-
| 7 || {{flag|Vietnam}}||740||3.2
|-
| 8 || {{flag|Iran}}||661||2.9
|-
| 9 || {{flag|Sweden}}||651||2.8
|-
| 10 || {{flag|Turkey}}||651||2.8
|-
|    || ''Top 10 total'' ||10,771||47.0
|-
|    || ''Other'' ||12,134||53.0
|-
|    || '''Total''' ||'''22,905'''|| '''100'''
|} </div>

===Adoption===
Between 1987 and 2021, a total of 5,708 people were adopted in Finland who were born in another country. This comprised 42% of all adoptions during the time period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adoptions by country of birth, age group and sex of child and type of adoption, 1987-2021 |url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__adopt/statfin_adopt_pxt_11lv.px/ |website=stat.fi |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214103915/https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__adopt/statfin_adopt_pxt_11lv.px/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Adoptions by country of birth 1987–2021:

# {{flagdeco|PRC}} China (1,033)
# {{flagu|Russia}} (860)
# {{flagu|Thailand}} (785)
# {{flagu|Colombia}} (594)
# {{flagu|South Africa}} (541)
# {{flagu|Soviet Union}} (288)
# {{flagu|Ethiopia}} (287)
# {{flagu|Philippines}} (239)
# {{flagu|India}} (202)
# {{flagu|Estonia}} (152)

608 were adopted from other countries while for 119 adoptions the country was unknown.

===Countries of origin===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ Countries of origin with more than 100 immigrants + EU countries<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/|title=Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990–2021|publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]|access-date=2022-06-08|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601225051/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Country !! 1990 !! 2000 !! 2010 !! 2021

|-
|{{flag|Russia}} || 9,987 || 37,783 || 63,665 || 94,304
|-
|{{flagicon|Estonia}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Estonia]] || 0 || 10,839 || 29,080 || 51,805
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Sweden]] || 24,541 || 28,040 || 31,160 || 33,692
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} || 203 || 3,686 || 9,127 || 26,653
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}} || 49 || 6,256 || 12,868 || 23,409
|-
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}} || 128 || 5,538 || 10,340 || 15,811
|-
|{{flag|China}} || 441 || 2,291 || 6,926 || 14,339
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}} || 1,841 || 4,079 || 6,566 || 13,291
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}} || 5 || 384 || 3,421 || 12,044
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}} || 387 || 1,794 || 6,747 || 11,974
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 412 || 2,323 || 6,072 || 11,392
|-
|{{flag|India}} || 434 || 1,182 || 4,306 || 10,749
|-
|{{flag|Iran}} || 516 || 2,650 || 5,164 || 10,129
|-
|{{flag|Syria}} || 38 || 211 || 521 || 9,332
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Germany]] || 2,437 || 3,582 || 5,921 || 7,402
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 1,638 || 2,731 || 4,547 || 7,208
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}} || 0 || 961 || 2,103 || 7,202
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}} || 248 || 752 || 1,775 || 7,087
|-
|{{flag|United States}} || 2,398 || 2,903 || 4,082 || 6,217
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Poland]] || 965 || 1,193 || 2,880 || 5,807
|-
|{{flagicon|Romania}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Romania]] || 153 || 760 || 1,880 || 5,628
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}} || 6 || 89 || 1,176 || 5,012
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}} || 130 || 436 || 1,514 || 4,882
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}} || 95 || 479 || 1,673 || 4,731
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}} || 89 || 303 || 1,496 || 4,607
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}} || 395 || 1,151 || 2,136 || 4,106
|-
|{{flag|DR Congo}} || 6 || 451 || 1,548 || 4,068
|-
|{{flagicon|Latvia}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Latvia]] || 9 || 256 || 1,071 || 3,626
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Italy]] || 475 || 958 || 1,790 || 3,395
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Spain]] || 473 || 779 || 1,650 || 3,371
|-
|{{flagicon|France}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[France]] || 507 || 1,089 || 1,936 || 3,129
|-
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Bulgaria]] || 248 || 508 || 1,169 || 3,123
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}} || 108 || 642 || 1,455 || 3,100
|-
|{{flagicon|Hungary}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Hungary]] || 540 || 933 || 1,669 || 2,777
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}} || 67 || 322 || 1,070 || 2,611
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}} || 153 || 289 || 980 || 2,368
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}} || 7 || 73 || 1,425 || 2,154 
|-
|{{flagicon|Lithuania}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Lithuania]] || 0 || 204 || 786 || 2,130
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}} || 11 || 72 || 1,227 || 2,080
|-
|{{flag|Kenya}} || 71 || 173 || 881 || 2,062
|-
|{{flag|Norway}} || 852 || 954 || 1,520 || 1,971
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Netherlands]] || 391 || 732 || 1,272 || 1,874
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}} || 195 || 422 || 808 || 1,808
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Greece]] || 302 || 468 || 698 || 1,779
|-
|{{flag|Cameroon}} || 4 || 33 || 600 || 1,773
|-
|{{flag|Canada}} || 905 || 1,181 || 1,453 || 1,755
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 107 || 330 || 773 || 1,704
|-
|{{flag|Eritrea}} || 0 || 17 || 94 || 1,680
|-
|{{flag|Japan}} || 240 || 507  || 997 || 1,547
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}} || 210 || 467 || 826 || 1,521
|-
|{{flag|Albania}} || 0 || 42 || 197 || 1,465
|-
|{{flag|Australia}} || 426 || 656 || 960 || 1,402
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}} || 124 || 418 || 854 || 1,380
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia}} || 0 || 1,627 || 1,779 || 1,329
|-
|{{flag|Gambia}} || 23 || 206 || 492 || 1,281
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}} || 409 || 615 || 912 || 1,247
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}} || 63 || 153 || 518 || 1,224
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}} || 108 || 208 || 621 || 1,216
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}} || 145 || 312 || 671 || 1,197
|-
|{{flagicon|Denmark}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Denmark]] || 527 || 708 || 865 || 1,167
|-
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Czech Republic]] || 245 || 342 || 611 || 1,139
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}} || 0 || 91 || 159 || 1,129
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Portugal]] || 54 || 118 || 349 || 937
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}} || 109 || 325 || 537 || 903
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}} || 36 || 108 || 348 || 896
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}} || 34 || 133 || 332 || 876
|-
|{{flagicon|Belgium}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Belgium]] || 107 || 206 || 452 || 852
|-
|{{flag|Israel}} || 330 || 465 || 708 || 795
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}} || 0 || 12 || 100 || 778
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}} || 0 || 167 || 393 || 739
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Ireland]] || 83 || 200 || 433 || 736
|-
|{{flagicon|Austria}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Austria]] || 238 || 312 || 512 || 715
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}} || 0 || 0 || 894 || 715 
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovakia}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Slovakia]] || 0 || 51 || 258 || 711
|-
|{{flag|Angola}} || 3 || 143 || 497 || 684
|-
|{{flag|Peru}} || 66 || 176 || 402 || 678
|-
|{{flag|Chile}} || 183 || 227 || 369 || 668
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}} || 17 || 153 || 359 || 637
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}} || 56 || 146 || 424 || 630
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 16 || 201 || 243 || 599
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}} || 134 || 224 || 372 || 585
|-
|{{flag|Rwanda}} || 2 || 29 || 238 || 576
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}} || 101 || 157 || 290 || 571
|-
|{{flag|Zambia}} || 42 || 70 || 148 || 547
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatia}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Croatia]] || 0 || 260 || 281 || 535
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}} || 0 || 295 || 318 || 490
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}} || 51 || 135 || 253 || 458
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}} || 78 || 149 || 283 || 429
|-
|{{flag|Yemen}} || 3 || 23 || 38 || 423
|-
|{{flag|Uganda}} || 7 || 29 || 145 || 416
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}} || 14 || 34 || 107 || 388
|-
|{{flag|UAE}} || 13 || 36 || 78 || 353
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}} || 3 || 49 || 116 || 330
|-
|{{flag|Libya}} || 19 || 68 || 162 || 313
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}} || 29 || 60 || 148 || 308
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}} || 34 || 86 || 178 || 294
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}} || 15 || 45 || 150 || 292
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}} || 10 || 34 || 123 || 272
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}} || 0 || 144 || 199 || 270
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}} || 9 || 41 || 121 || 240
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 0 || 10 || 83 || 228
|-
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Cyprus]] || 40 || 76 || 121 || 228
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}} || 74 || 120 || 150 || 199
|-
|{{flag|Nicaragua}} || 5 || 49 || 86 || 198
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}} || 20 || 52 || 119 || 194
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}} || 15 || 50 || 122 || 191
|-
|{{flag|Liberia}} || 6 || 46 || 138 || 191
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovenia}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Slovenia]] || 0 || 10 || 80 || 184
|-
|{{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} || 12 || 50 || 98 || 179 
|-
|{{flag|Congo}} || 17 || 18 || 114 || 172
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}} || 48 || 29 || 71 || 170
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}} || 9 || 23 || 62 || 168
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}} || 0 || 65 || 65 || 163
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}} || 0 || 25 || 85 || 162
|-
|{{flag|Burundi}} || 3 || 6 || 49 || 159
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}} || 4 || 9 || 55 || 153
|-
|{{flag|Honduras}} || 4 || 15 || 37 || 144
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}} || 32 || 51 || 80 || 134
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || 0 || 5 || 80 || 133
|-
|{{flagicon|Luxembourg}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Luxembourg]] || 18 || 32 || 75 || 122
|-
|{{flag|Togo}} || 3 || 14 || 56 || 114
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}} || 1 || 16 || 48 || 111
|-
|{{flag|Palestine}} || 1 || 7 || 32 || 108
|-
|{{flagicon|Malta}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Malta]] || 8 || 21 || 31 || 84
|-
|}

===Distribution===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Immigrants by municipality in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px/|title=Key figures on population by region, 1990–2021|publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]|access-date=2022-06-08|archive-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406192005/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!№
! Municipality
! Immigrants
! %
|-
|1.
|[[Helsinki]]
|align=right| 116,004
|align=right| 17.6
|-
|2.
|[[Espoo]]
|align=right| 59,837
|align=right| 20.1
|-
|3.
|[[Vantaa]]
|align=right| 56,027
|align=right| 23.4
|-
|4.
|[[Turku]]
|align=right| 25,756
|align=right| 13.2
|-
|5.
|[[Tampere]]
|align=right| 20,935
|align=right| 8.6
|-
|6.
|[[Oulu]]
|align=right| 10,245
|align=right| 4.9
|-
|7.
|[[Lahti]]
|align=right| 9,645
|align=right| 8.0
|-
|8.
|[[Jyväskylä]]
|align=right| 8,219
|align=right| 5.7
|-
|9.
|[[Vaasa]]
|align=right| 6,793
|align=right| 10.0
|-
|10.
|[[Lappeenranta]]
|align=right| 6,073
|align=right| 8.4
|-
|}

Immigrants overwhelmingly settle in cities; 85% of immigrants in Finland live in cities and their surroundings. Only 11% live in the countryside, with most of them being from other European countries. Immigrants from the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] are the most heavily concentrated group in cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maahanmuuttajat suuntaavat kaupunkeihin – Euroopasta tulleita asettunut maaseudullekin|date=2019-02-07|first=Jukka|last=Juopperi|website=Tieto & Trendit|url=https://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tietotrendit/artikkelit/2019/maahanmuuttajat-suuntaavat-kaupunkeihin-euroopasta-tulleita-asettunut-maaseudullekin/|access-date=16 October 2019|language=fi|archive-date=2019-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214085007/https://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tietotrendit/artikkelit/2019/maahanmuuttajat-suuntaavat-kaupunkeihin-euroopasta-tulleita-asettunut-maaseudullekin/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Employment===
The most common job for immigrants in 2017 was real estate cleaner, at 11,328. The second most common was restaurant jobs at 10,696, and the third was labour hire at 8,437. Immigrants make up 26.9% of real estate cleaners, despite only making up 6.3% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.fi/til/tyokay/2017/03/tyokay_2017_03_2019-10-03_tie_001_fi.html|title=Tilastokeskus - Työssäkäynti 2017|first=Netta|last=Hiitola|website=www.stat.fi|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113225347/http://www.stat.fi/til/tyokay/2017/03/tyokay_2017_03_2019-10-03_tie_001_fi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 20,000 immigrants in Finland are searching for jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intermin.fi/intermin/bulletin.nsf/HeadlinesPublicFin/C96FDB3B6E91F44CC22574BB0041A037|title=Poliisiylijohtaja Mikko Paatero haluaa lisää maahanmuuttajia poliisin palvelukseen}}</ref> Around 70% of net immigrants are in the working age (18–64), and most of them are young adults.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mihin maahanmuuttajia tarvitaan kun meillä on 350 000 työtöntä?|date=2015-09-30|first=Pekka|last=Myrskylä|website=Tieto & Trendit|url=https://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tietotrendit/blogit/2015/mihin-maahanmuuttajia-tarvitaan-kun-meilla-on-350-000-tyotonta/|access-date=16 October 2019|language=fi|archive-date=2019-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102233502/http://tilastokeskus.fi/tietotrendit/blogit/2015/mihin-maahanmuuttajia-tarvitaan-kun-meilla-on-350-000-tyotonta/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The unemployment rate among Finnish-born was 12.4% in 2020, while it was 23.6% among immigrants born abroad. Immigrants from other EU-countries had the lowest unemployment rate (16.9%), while African immigrants had the highest rate (32.5%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment rate |url=https://kototietokanta.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit__tyoll/02seurInd_tyoll_pxt_117q.px/?rxid=0da5dcbe-89ce-4a55-9dc0-9669d9f397bf |publisher=Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment |access-date=20 November 2022 |language=Finnish |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120134651/https://kototietokanta.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit__tyoll/02seurInd_tyoll_pxt_117q.px/?rxid=0da5dcbe-89ce-4a55-9dc0-9669d9f397bf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Immigrant languages==
Immigration has greatly increased the number of languages spoken in Finland. In 1990, there were 6 foreign languages in Finland with over 1,000 speakers. In 2021, that number has jumped to 46. The most spoken immigrant languages are [[Russian language|Russian]] (87,600), [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (50,200), [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (36,500), [[English language|English]] (25,600), [[Somali language|Somali]] (23,700), [[Persian language|Persian]] (16,400) and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] (16,000). In total 458,000 people speak an immigrant language, which is 8.3% of the population.

In 1990, the most spoken ones were Russian (3,900), English (3,600), German (2,400), Vietnamese (1,600), Estonian (1,400) and Arabic (1,100). The total number of foreign language speakers was less than 25,000 (0.5%).<ref>Statistics Finland</ref>

==Citizenship==
From 1990 to 2021, a total of 159,342 foreigners have acquired [[Finnish nationality law|Finnish citizenship]]. In 2018, 97% of foreigners who were granted Finnish citizenship, kept their previous nationality.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/4700932 | title=Liki kaikki Suomen kansalaisuuden saaneet säilyttävät entisen kansalaisuutensa | date=13 September 2019 | access-date=12 November 2022 | archive-date=12 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112154039/https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/4700932 | url-status=live }}</ref> Finland had the fourth highest naturalisation rate in the EU in 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220318-1 | title=Citizenship granted to 729 000 people in 2020 | access-date=2022-11-12 | archive-date=2022-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112154038/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220318-1 | url-status=live }}</ref> 16% of Finnish citizenships granted were granted to other EU citizens in 2021.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Finnish citizenships granted by previous nationality since 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Citizenships granted according to previous nationality, 1990-2021 |url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__kans/statfin_kans_pxt_11l3.px/ |website=stat.fi |publisher=Statistics Finland |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112154039/https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__kans/statfin_kans_pxt_11l3.px/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Country !!2015 !! 2016 !! 2017 !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020 !! 2021
|-
| {{RUS}} ||1,728|| 2,028|| 2,758|| 1,766|| 1,946|| 1,546|| 1,161
|-
| {{IRQ}} ||560|| 534|| 742|| 621|| 589|| 602|| 744
|-
| {{SOM}} ||955|| 1,066|| 957|| 856|| 583 || 541 || 436
|-
| {{EST}} ||420|| 459|| 705|| 541|| 658|| 516|| 370
|-
| {{SYR}} ||28||47||118|| 118||299||205||360
|-
| {{SWE}} ||165|| 206 || 212|| 210|| 248|| 196 || 282
|-
| {{AFG}} ||242|| 376|| 469|| 339|| 309|| 264 || 227
|-
| {{THA}} ||150	||193||261||249||281||304||209
|-
| {{UKR}} ||145|| 163|| 281|| 202|| 255|| 220|| 171
|-
| {{IRN}} ||140|| 222|| 309|| 244|| 205|| 156 || 155
|-
| {{VNM}} ||146||225||249||197||221||148||140
|-
| {{TUR}} ||229|| 264|| 313|| 210|| 260|| 172|| 125
|-
| {{NEP}} ||74||123||178 || 125	|| 132||119	||106
|-
| {{IND}} ||137|| 193|| 245|| 154|| 174|| 181 || 105
|-
| {{PHI}} ||79|| 106|| 141|| 182|| 225|| 124 || 97
|-
| {{DRC}} ||131|| 150|| 223|| 183|| 138|| 100|| 96
|-
| {{SCG}} ||73|| 108|| 42|| 183|| 214|| 134|| 81
|-
| {{GBR}} ||26|| 31|| 147|| 134|| 211|| 126|| 80
|-
| {{BGD}} ||100|| 140 || 176|| 105|| 97|| 72|| 80
|-
| {{NGR}} ||179|| 175|| 283|| 157|| 113|| 100 || 67
|-
| {{PAK}} ||135	||143||228||110||121||70||59
|-
| {{ETH}} ||56|| 87|| 118|| 80|| 53|| 39|| 58
|-
| {{POL}} ||61|| 69|| 111|| 72|| 93|| 64|| 55
|-
| {{MOR}} ||77|| 67|| 110|| 71|| 77|| 69|| 43
|-
| {{BIH}} ||66|| 83|| 87|| 120|| 66|| 84|| 37
|-
| {{CHN}} ||130|| 140|| 190|| 91|| 89|| 70|| 35
|-
| {{MYA}} ||89|| 129|| 130|| 162|| 105|| 75|| 35
|-
| {{GHA}} ||63|| 90|| 112|| 80|| 61|| 38|| 20
|-
| '''Total''' ||'''7,921'''||'''9,375'''||'''12,219'''||'''9,211'''||'''9,649'''||'''7,816'''||'''6,643'''
|-
|}

==Effects of immigration==
===Costs===
According to a macroeconomic study immigrants, refugees and migrants, arriving Finland benefits its economy within five years of arrival. In the case of asylum seekers the reach positive effect to the economy takes longer, from three to seven years. In Finland, asylum seekers face many restrictions on working that slows down their possibilities to contribute to the economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maxmen|first=Amy|date=2018-06-20|title=Migrants and refugees are good for economies|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05507-0|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05507-0|s2cid=169653469|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017034017/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05507-0|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of immigration's cost to the society consists of welfare. Because immigrant families have on average more children than their Finnish counterparts, they receive more welfare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maahanmuuton hinta |url=http://yle.fi/elavaarkisto/artikkelit/maahanmuuton_hinta_51424.html#media=51428 |website=yle.fi |access-date=16 October 2019 |language=fi-FI |archive-date=23 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123191038/http://yle.fi/elavaarkisto/artikkelit/maahanmuuton_hinta_51424.html#media=51428 |url-status=live }}</ref> Income support, housing benefits and unemployment benefits of immigrants cost nearly 300 million euros in 2009, and the social and health benefits of immigrants cost 200 million euro annually. Around 110–112 million euros goes to refugee quotas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raportti: Maahanmuutto hyödyttää julkista taloutta |url=https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002656462.html |website=Helsingin Sanomat |access-date=16 October 2019 |language=fi |date=18 June 2013 |archive-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008215002/https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002656462.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[Ministry of the Interior (Finland)]] in 2009, asylum seekers in Finland during their asylum process received one of the highest rates of benefits in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turvapaikanhakija saa Suomessa eniten |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/turvapaikanhakija_saa_suomessa_eniten/5922350 |website=Yle Uutiset |date=21 November 2009 |access-date=16 October 2019 |language=fi |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425212004/http://yle.fi/uutiset/turvapaikanhakija_saa_suomessa_eniten/5922350 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Crime===
{{see also|2017 Turku attack|Oulu child sexual exploitation scandal|Sello mall shooting}}
First records of immigrant crime was in 1919–1932, when the Prohibition in Finland started. Most of the alcohol were smuggled from [[Estonia]] or other European countries, like [[Poland]] and [[Germany]]. The smugglers were usually [[Finns]], [[Germans]], [[Swedes]] or [[Estonians]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuglas.fi/index.php?id=607|title=Toomas Hiio: 150 aastat Eesti Üliõpilaste Seltsi asutamisest|website=Tuglas-Seura|access-date=2020-07-16|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716043847/https://www.tuglas.fi/index.php?id=607|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1990s, Estonia became a transit country for drugs that were brought to Finland. Both Finns and Estonians have managed the trade together.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/2009121510783328_uu.shtml| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091218041442/http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/2009121510783328_uu.shtml| archive-date = 2009-12-18| title = T lt tulevat huumeet Suomeen {{!}} Uutiset {{!}} Iltalehti.fi}}</ref>

In the last 10 years immigrant crime has increased by 56%. As high as 90% of burglaries in Finland are done by immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/poliisi_suurin_osa_asuntomurroista_ulkomaista_kasialaa/7747187|title=Poliisi: Suurin osa asuntomurroista ulkomaista käsialaa|website=Yle Uutiset|date=19 January 2015|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301031244/http://yle.fi/uutiset/poliisi_suurin_osa_asuntomurroista_ulkomaista_kasialaa/7747187|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, illegal drugs like [[Clonazepam|Rivotril]] were beginning to be sold in [[Helsinki Railway Square]], [[Itäkeskus]] and [[Kallio]] by foreigners from [[Central Europe]]. Furthermore, seizures of [[cocaine]] have been increasing to some extent in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/drug-reports/2019/finland/drug-markets_en|title=Finland Country Drug Report 2019|website=emcdda.europa.eu|date=15 October 2019|access-date=24 November 2019|archive-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027121119/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/drug-reports/2019/finland/drug-markets_en|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, of all the immigrants in prison, 27% were Estonian citizens, 13% Romanian citizens, 10% Russian citizens and 6% Lithuanian citizens.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Enforcement Authority Finland |url=http://www.optula.om.fi/Satellite?blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobcol=urldata&SSURIapptype=BlobServer&SSURIcontainer=Default&SSURIsession=false&blobkey=id&blobheadervalue1=inline;%20filename=Rikollisuuskehitys.pdf&SSURIsscontext=Satellite%20Server&blobwhere=1371066505775&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&ssbinary=true&blobheader=application/pdf |publisher=National Enforcement Authority Finland }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Even though less than 5% of the Finnish population consists of foreign citizens, they account for 25% of reported [[Sexual violence in Finland|sex crimes]]. In 2018, 1393 cases of [[rape]] were reported to the police.<ref name="Statistics Finland">{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_oikeusolot_en.html|title=Development of selected offences|website=stat.fi|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821152638/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_oikeusolot_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to official statistics from 2005, 27% of all rapes in Finland were committed by foreigners, even though they only comprised 2.2% of the population back then.<ref name="Niemi">Hannu Niemi. Rikollisuustilanne Suomessa &mdash; II.B.3. Oikeuspoliittinen tutkimuslaitos 2005. {{cite web |url=http://www.optula.om.fi/36249.htm |title=Oikeuspoliittinen tutkimuslaitos - RIKOLLISUUSTILANNE 2005 |access-date=2006-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502201836/http://www.optula.om.fi/36249.htm |archive-date=2007-05-02 }}</ref> Many of them are [[Afghans|Afghan]]s, [[Iraqis]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005933247.html|title=Iso selvitys ulkomaalaisten seksuaalirikollisuudesta – määrät, syyt, ratkaisukeinot|last1=Viljakainen|first1=Miika|last2=Lakka|first2=Päivi|date=2018-12-15|website=Ilta-Sanomat|language=fi|access-date=2018-12-21|archive-date=2018-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221060257/https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005933247.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/16126-statistics-finland-rape-reports-increased-by-7-5-in-finland-in-2017-2018.html|title=Statistics Finland: Rape reports increased by 7.5% in Finland in 2017–2018|website=www.helsinkitimes.fi|date=18 January 2019|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220115/https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/16126-statistics-finland-rape-reports-increased-by-7-5-in-finland-in-2017-2018.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Illegal immigrants===
There are around 3,000–10,000 illegal immigrants in Finland living in 42 of the 309 Finnish municipalities, with the highest number living in [[Helsinki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urmi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/URMI_kaupunkianalyysi_3.pdf|title=Mikko Urmi Photography|access-date=2019-06-03|archive-date=2020-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629102329/http://urmi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/URMI_kaupunkianalyysi_3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discrimination==
{{Main article|Racism in Finland}}
According to a study done by the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]] in 2017, 60% of Sub-Saharan African immigrants in Finland had experienced discrimination in the past five years. This was significantly higher than the EU average of 39%. Women and first-generation immigrants experienced the most discrimination. Most discrimination was faced in public and private services. It was also experienced during studying, job seeking and at work. Most discrimination goes unreported, though the ones living in Finland reported the most. Roughly a third of respondents had reported their discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raportti: Suomi Euroopan kärjessä maahanmuuttajien syrjinnässä |date=11 December 2017 |url=https://ihmisoikeusliitto.fi/suomi-euroopan-karjessa-maahanmuuttajien-syrjinnassa/ |publisher=Ihmisoikeusliitto |access-date=20 November 2022 |language=Finnish |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120134356/https://ihmisoikeusliitto.fi/suomi-euroopan-karjessa-maahanmuuttajien-syrjinnassa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

24.1% of Finnish women with a foreign-background and 32.4% of men had experienced physical or psychological abuse over the previous year in 2018. Asian women (excluding West Asia) experienced the least amount of abuse (19.7%) while Sub-Saharan African men experienced the most (49%). Harassment experienced by people with a foreign-background varies depending on the region. Foreigners in [[Ostrobothnia (region)|Ostrobothnia]] had the lowest share of people who had experienced abuse (15.2%) while those in [[Päijät-Häme]] had the highest share (32.1%). The region which contains the vast majority of foreigners had the second highest share (30.3%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Experienced harassment |url=https://kototietokanta.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit__yhtkuul/03seurInd_yhtkuul_pxt_126k.px/?rxid=0da5dcbe-89ce-4a55-9dc0-9669d9f397bf |publisher=Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120134356/https://kototietokanta.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit/Kotoutumisenindikaattorit__yhtkuul/03seurInd_yhtkuul_pxt_126k.px/?rxid=0da5dcbe-89ce-4a55-9dc0-9669d9f397bf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Public opinion==
In 1993, Finns were most accepting of [[Norway|Norwegian]], [[Ingrians|Ingrian]], [[United Kingdom|British]], [[United States|American]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] migrants. They were least accepting of [[Russia]]n, [[Yugoslavia]]n, [[Turkey|Turkish]], [[Africa]]n, [[Vietnam]]ese and [[Chile]]an migrants.<ref name="materiaalit.internetix.fi"/>

In a 2015 online survey by [[YLE]], Finns were most accepting of [[Germany|German]], Swedish, [[Estonia]]n, British and US American immigrants. In the same survey [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and [[Romania]] were the least accepted countries of origin of foreign immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7942056 |title=Maahanmuuton vastustajat: Saksalaisia voisimme ehkä ottaa vastaan |last=Raivio |first=Petri |date=22 April 2015 |publisher=[[Yle]] |language=fi |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731024419/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7942056 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a 2016 poll, many Finns were concerned simultaneously about unemployed immigrants and immigrants taking local jobs.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2018|title=Do refugees take away jobs?|work=Debating Europe|url=https://www.debatingeurope.eu/2018/04/04/refugees-take-away-jobs/#.XtZi8TdKijA|access-date=31 July 2021|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731024929/https://www.debatingeurope.eu/2018/04/04/refugees-take-away-jobs/#.XtZi8TdKijA|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Finland}}
* [[Timeline of the European migrant crisis]]
* ''[[A Moment in the Reeds]]'', 2017 film
* [[Immigration to Europe]]
* [[List of countries by immigrant population]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{Immigration to Europe}}
{{Immigration to Finland}}

[[Category:Immigration to Finland| ]]
[[Category:Society of Finland]]
[[Category:European migrant crisis]]
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