Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2008}}
[[File:Gustav Jahn - Hohe Tauern, Grossglockner (Werbeplakat).jpg|thumb|300px|kkStB [[Salzburg-Tyrol Railway|Salzburg-Wörgl]] railway poster advertising, {{circa|1900}}]]
The '''Imperial-Royal State Railways''' ({{lang-de|[[Imperial-Royal|k.k.]] Staatsbahnen}}) abbr. ''kkStB'') or '''Imperial-Royal Austrian State Railways''' (''k.k. österreichische Staatsbahnen'',<ref>The name incorporating "Austrian" appears, for example, in the 1907 official state handbook (''Staatshandbuch'') and on the title page of the Imperial-Royal Railway Ministry publication: [http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:at:AT-OOeLB-3566410 ''Die neuen österr(eichischen) Alpenbahnen'']. Maass’ Söhne, Vienna, 1908.</ref>) was the state railway organisation in the [[Cisleithania]]n (Austrian) part of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]].

==History==
{{See also|History of rail transport in Austria}}
The introduction of railway traffic in the [[Austrian Empire]] had been pushed by pioneers like physicist [[Franz Josef Gerstner]] (1756–1832), who advocated a railway connection from the [[Vltava]] basin across the [[Bohemian Massif]] to the [[Danube]] river. After in 1810 a first {{convert|22|km|mi}} long [[List of horse-drawn railways|horse-drawn railway]] line was built at the [[Eisenerz]] mine in [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]] for the transport of iron stones, in 1832 a [[wagonway]] between Austrian [[Linz]] and [[České Budějovice]] (Budweis) in [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] opened. It was {{convert|128.8|km|mi}} long and was the second interurban railway in continental Europe (after the French [[Saint-Étienne to Andrézieux Railway]] line opened in 1827).{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} The southern continuation from Linz to [[Gmunden]] was finished in 1836.

The first section of a new [[steam locomotive]] railway from the Austrian capital [[Vienna]] to [[Kraków]] in the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] operated by the [[Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway]] company opened in 1837. Designed by [[Franz Xaver Riepl]], it was financed by the banker [[Salomon Mayer von Rothschild]]. The line then was the second solely steam-powered railway on the continent, after the inauguration of the Belgian [[Belgian railway line 25|Brussels–Mechelen railway line]] in 1835.

===1841 railway programme===
While the Northern Railway prospered, private investors held back on financing further railroad constructions and the expansion of the Austrian network came to a standstill. Nevertheless, after initial hesitation, the Austrian government took a keen interest in railways, and launched a public investment programme in 1841.

The Northern Railway in [[Lower Austria]] was completed up to the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] border at [[Bernhardsthal]], a branch-off from [[Olomouc|Olmütz]] (Olomouc) and [[Brno|Brünn]] (Brno) to [[Prague]] was opened in 1845/49. In 1851, construction works reached the northern imperial border with [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]] at [[Děčín|Bodenbach]], where the Northern Railway received access to the [[Royal Saxon State Railways]].

Beside the extension of the Northern Railway, plans for the construction of a [[Southern Railway (Austria)|Southern Railway]] (''Südbahn'') from Vienna to the Adriatic [[Port of Trieste|seaport]] at [[Trieste]] via [[Semmering railway|Semmering Pass]] and [[Graz]] were finally carried out. Opened in 1857, it was then operated by the private [[Austrian Southern Railway]] company. In the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]], the first section of the [[Milan–Venice railway]] was opened in 1842. Plans for a connection to Trieste became obsolete upon the loss of [[Lombardy]] after the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] in 1859. First construction works on the projected [[Empress Elisabeth Railway|Western Railway]] (''Westbahn'') line to the border with [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] via [[Linz]] and [[Salzburg]] got stuck in the beginning.

By late 1854, {{convert|994|km|mi}} out of {{convert|1443|km|mi}} of Austrian railway lines were state owned (almost 70%). After 1854, however, because of financial crisis in the Empire, the railways were sold at prices cut to the bone, many of them to [[Second French Empire|French]] investors. Concessions for new private companies, like the [[Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company]], were granted.

===Austrian state railways===
[[File:Westbahn Haag 1900.jpg|thumb|KkStB ''Westbahn'' train near [[Haag, Austria|Haag, Lower Austria]], about 1900]]
After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], the [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Transleithanian]] (Hungarian) lines of the Dual Monarchy were nationalized as the [[Hungarian State Railways]] (MÁV). Already in 1866, the Austrian trade minister [[Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair]] had urged for a greater government commitment. A re-evaluation started in the [[Long Depression]], sparked by the [[Panic of 1873]]. The [[Wiener Börse|Vienna stock market]] crash resulted in the bankruptcy of several Austrian railway companies, and the state took them over.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

With effect from 1 January 1884, the ''k.k. Generaldirektion der Staatsbahnen'' ("Imperial-Royal General Directorate of the State Railways") was founded, situated at the Austrian Ministry of Trade; this was the birth of the Imperial-Royal State Railways. Operations Divisions were established in [[Vienna]], [[Linz]], [[Innsbruck]], [[Villach]], [[České Budějovice|Budweis]], [[Plzeň|Pilsen]], [[Prague]], [[Kraków|Cracow]], [[Lviv|Lemberg]], [[Pula|Pola]], and [[Split, Croatia|Spalato]]. By the end of 1884 the state railway network covered 5,103&nbsp;km.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

On 15 January 1896, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]], at the suggestion of Minister President Count [[Count Kasimir Felix Badeni|Kasimir Felix Badeni]], approved the establishment of the ''k.k. Eisenbahnministerium'' ("Imperial-Royal Rail Ministry"). Further divisions were founded in [[Trieste|Triest]], [[Olomouc|Olmütz]] and [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanislau]]. Minister [[Heinrich Ritter von Wittek|Heinrich von Wittek]] promoted the expansion of the ''[[Wiener Stadtbahn]]'' network and the ''Neue Alpenbahnen'' project providing the [[Eastern Alps|Alps]] with major rail crossings, including the [[Tauern Railway]] and the [[Bohinj Railway]], realised upon a 1901 resolution passed by the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Imperial Council]] legislature.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

By nationalizing other companies or taking over their traffic, the State Railways obtained a practical [[monopoly]] in rail transport. After the acquisition of the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway Company in 1906, followed by the [[Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company]] and the [[Austrian Northwestern Railway]] in 1909, the Southern Railway was the only major company that remained private until the end of Empire. In 1914, of a total of 22,981&nbsp;km of railway tracks on Austrian territory, 18,859 (82%) were state owned.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

===Dissolution===
After the end of the [[World War I]] and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Imperial-Royal Rail Ministry was disestablished on 12 November 1918 by resolution of the Provisional Assembly of [[Republic of German-Austria|German-Austria]]. The vehicle fleet and infrastructure of former ''kkStB'' were divided among state railway companies of the successor states of the Dual Monarchy: 
*[[First Austrian Republic|Austria]]: ''Deutschösterreichische Staatsbahnen'' (DÖStB), renamed ''Österreichische Staatsbahnen'' (ÖStB) in 1919 and ''[[Austrian Federal Railways|Österreichische Bundesbahnen]]'' (BBÖ) in 1923
*[[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]: ''[[Polish State Railways|Polskie Koleje Państwowe]]'' (PKP)
*[[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]]: ''[[Czechoslovak State Railways|Československé státní dráhy]]'' (ČSD) 
*[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]: ''[[Yugoslav Railways|Jugoslovenske Železnice]]'' (JŽ)
*[[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]: ''[[Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane|Ferrovie dello Stato]]'' (FS)
*[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]: ''[[Căile Ferate Române]]'' (CFR).

With the promulgation of the Austrian [[Federal Constitutional Law (Austrian act)|Federal Constitutional Law]] on 10 November 1920, the supervision of the national railway system passed to the newly established [[Ministry of Transport (Austria)|Ministry of Transport]]. {{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Timeline==
<timeline>
ImageSize  = width:1100 height:1080
PlotArea   = width:1080 height:1060 left:0 bottom:20
TimeAxis  = orientation:horizontal # dummy, required
Period    = from:1825 till:1920 # dummy, required
Define $s = fontsize:M
Colors =
  id:red        value:coral
  id:blue       value:skyblue
  id:green      value:limegreen
  id:yellow     value:yellow
  id:lightgrey  value:gray(0.9)
BackgroundColors = bars:lightgrey canvas:lightgrey
AlignBars=justify
DateFormat = yyyy
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:black unit:year increment:5 start:1830
PlotData=
  bar:MM        from:1839       till:1852 color:green
                at:1840         text:"[[Milano-Monza]]"
                from:1852       till:1858 color:blue
                from:1858       till:1918 color:red
  bar:LVF       from:1844       till:1858 color:orange
                at:1845         text:"[[Lombardisch-Venetianische Ferdinands Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft|LVF]]"
                from:1851       till:1858 color:blue
                at:1854         text:"[[Lombardisch-Venetianische Staatsbahn|LVStB]]"
                from:1858       till:1918 color:red
  bar:Ti        from:1857       till:1858 color:green
                from:1858       till:1918 color:red
                at:1857         text:"[[Tiroler Staatsbahn|Ti]]"
                at:1890         text:"[[Südbahn-Gesellschaft|Südbahn (SB)]]"
  bar:SStB      from:1844       till:1858 color:blue
                from:1858       till:1918 color:red
                at:1845         text:"[[Südliche Staatsbahn]]"
  bar:OStB      from:1846       till:1850 color:green
                from:1850       till:1858 color:orange
                from:1858       till:1892 color:blue
                from:1892       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1847         text:"[[Krakau-Obersleschische Bahn|Kr.-Ob.]]"
                at:1851         text:"[[Östliche Staatsbahn|Östl. Staatsbahn]]"
                at:1859         text:"[[Carl Ludwig-Bahn]]"
  bar:NStB      from:1845       till:1855 color:blue
                from:1855       till:1909 color:red
                from:1909       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1846         text:"[[Nördliche Staatsbahn]]"
  bar:SOStB     from:1845       till:1850 color:orange
                from:1850       till:1855 color:green
                from:1855       till:1909 color:red
                from:1909       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1846         text:"[[Ungarische Zentralbahn|Ung.Zentr.]]"
                at:1851         text:"[[Südöstliche Staatsbahn|SöStB]]"
                at:1886         text:"[[Staats-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft]] (StEG)"
  bar:Raaber    from:1841       till:1855 color:blue
                from:1855       till:1909 color:red
                from:1909       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1845         text:"[[Österreichische Ostbahn|Wien-Raaber-Bahn]]"
  bar:BrünnR    from:1856       till:1879 color:green
                from:1879       till:1909 color:red
                from:1909       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1857         text:"[[Brünn-Rossitzer Eisenbahn]]"
  bar:KFNB      from:1837       till:1906 color:blue
                from:1906       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1865         text:"[[Österreichische Nordbahn|Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn]] (KFNB)"
  bar:Pferd     from:1827       till:1859 color:green
                from:1859       till:1884 color:red
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1835         text:"[[Pferdeeisenbahn Budweis-Linz-Gmunden|Erste Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft]]"
                at:1865         text:"[[Österreichische Westbahn|Kaiserin Elisabeth Bahn]]
  bar:Dalm      from:1877       till:1884 color:blue
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1878         text:"[[Dalmatiner Staatsbahn|Dalm.Stb.]]"
  bar:Dnie      from:1872       till:1884 color:green
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1878         text:"[[Dniester Bahn]]"
  bar:Istr      from:1876       till:1884 color:blue
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1877         text:"[[Istrianer Staatsbahn|Istr.Stb.]]"
  bar:Rakonitz  from:1872       till:1884 color:green
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1873         text:"[[Rakonitz-Protiviner Bahn]]"
  bar:BCB       from:1881       till:1910 color:blue
                from:1910       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1890         text:"[[Böhmische Commerzialbahnen]]"
  bar:BNB       from:1865       till:1867 color:blue
                from:1867       till:1883 color:green
                from:1883       till:1908 color:red
                from:1908       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1865         text:"[[Turnau-Kralup-Prag|TKP]]"
                at:1868         text:"[[Böhmische Nordbahn|Turnau-Kralup-Prag & BNB]]"
                at:1890         text:"[[Böhmische Nordbahn]]"
  bar:BWB       from:1867       till:1894 color:orange
                from:1894       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1875         text:"[[Böhmische Westbahn]]"
  bar:BozMer    from:1881       till:1906 color:blue
                from:1906       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1890         text:"[[Bozen-Meraner Bahn]]"
  bar:DuxB      from:1871       till:1892 color:green
                from:1892       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1875         text:"[[Dux-Bodenbacher Eisenbahn]] (DBE)"
  bar:EPPK      from:1872       till:1884 color:blue
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1873         text:"[[Eisenbahn Pilsen-Priesen-Komotau|Pilsen-Priesen(-Komotau)]]"
                at:1900         text:"[[kkStB|kaiserlich-königliche]]"
  bar:EUGE      from:1872       till:1889 color:green
                from:1889       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1873         text:"[[Erste Ungarisch-Galizische Eisenbahn]]"
                at:1900         text:"österreichische"
  bar:EAB       from:1873       till:1892 color:blue
                from:1892       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1880         text:"[[Erzherzog Albrecht-Bahn]]"
                at:1900         text:"[[kkStB|Staatsbahnen]]"
  bar:KFJB      from:1868       till:1884 color:green
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1870         text:"[[Franz-Josefs-Bahn|Kaiser Franz Josefs-Bahn]]"
                at:1900         text:"kkStB"
  bar:KTB       from:1881       till:1906 color:orange
                from:1906       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1890         text:"[[Kremstalbahn]]"
  bar:KRB       from:1868       till:1884 color:blue
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1873         text:"[[Rudolfsbahn|Kronprinz Rudolf-Bahn]]"
  bar:LCJE      from:1866       till:1889 color:green
                from:1889       till:1918 color:yellow2
                at:1871         text:"[[Lemberg-Czernowitz-Jassy Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft|Lemberg-Czernowitz-Jassy Eisenbahn]]"
  bar:MGB       from:1871       till:1895 color:blue
                from:1895       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1880         text:"[[Mährische Grenzbahn]] (MGB)"
  bar:MSCB      from:1872       till:1895 color:green
                from:1895       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1873         text:"[[Mährisch-Schlesische Centralbahn]] (MSCB)"
  bar:Mühl      from:1888       till:1900 color:green
                from:1900       till:1918 color:yellow2
                at:1889         text:"[[Mühlkreisbahn]]"
  bar:NÖSWB     from:1877       till:1882 color:blue
                from:1882       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1878         text:"[[Niderösterreichische Südwestbahnen|NÖSWB]]"
  bar:ÖLEG      from:1880       till:1894 color:green
                from:1894       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1882         text:"[[Österreichische Lokaleisenbahngesellschaft|ÖLEG]]"
  bar:ÖNWB      from:1868       till:1908 color:red
                from:1908       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1869         text:"[[Österreichische Nordwestbahn|Österreichische Nordwestbahn (ÖNWB) & Süd-Norddeutsche Verbindungsbahn]]"
  bar:PD        from:1872       till:1892 color:blue
                from:1892       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1880         text:"[[Prag-Duxer Eisenbahn]] (PD)"
  bar:TL        from:1873       till:1884 color:green
                from:1884       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1874         text:"[[Tarnow-Leluchower Staatsbahn|Tarnow-Leluchow Stb.]]"
  bar:UWB       from:1871       till:1889 color:blue
                from:1889       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1874         text:"[[Ungarische Westbahn]] (UWB)"
  bar:VB        from:1872       till:1885 color:green
                from:1885       till:1918 color:yellow
                at:1874         text:"[[Vorarlberger Bahn]] (VB)"
  bar:ATE       from:1858       till:1918 color:orange
                at:1884         text:"[[Aussig-Teplitzer Eisenbahn]] (A.T.E.)"
  bar:BEB       from:1855       till:1918 color:red
                at:1864         text:"[[Buschtiehrader Eisenbahn]] (BEB)"
  bar:NLB       from:1880       till:1918 color:orange
                at:1884         text:"[[Neutitscheiner Lokalbahn]] (NLB)"
  bar:StStB     from:1881       till:1918 color:red
                at:1884         text:"[[Stauding-Stramberger Eisenbahn]] (StStB)"
  bar:KsOd      from:1869       till:1918 color:orange
                at:1874         text:"[[Kaschau-Oderberger Bahn]] (Ks.Od.)"
</timeline>

== See also ==
* [[List of locomotives and railbuses of the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154647/http://www.oebb.at/vip8/oebb/en/OeBB_Group/History_of_the_Austrian_Railway/until1918.pdf History of Austrian Railway until 1918] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154647/http://www.oebb.at/vip8/oebb/en/OeBB_Group/History_of_the_Austrian_Railway/until1918.pdf as HTML] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154647/http://www.oebb.at/vip8/oebb/en/OeBB_Group/History_of_the_Austrian_Railway/until1918.pdf as HTML])

{{Austrian Federal Railways}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways| ]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of Austria]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1884]]
[[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Austria-Hungary]]
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