Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Ingush people

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Ethnic group native to the northeastern Caucasus}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group            = Ingush<br />ГIалгIай<br />''Ghalghai''
| image            = 
| caption          = ''Ingush. Early 20th century.''
| population       = {{c.}} 700,000{{sfn|Степанова|2018}}{{sfn|Севрюкова|2019|page=6}}
| region1          = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop1             = 517,186 (2021)
| ref1             = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK|title=Russian Census of 2021|year=2021|language=ru}}</ref>
| region2          = &nbsp; &nbsp;{{flag|Ingushetia}}
| pop2             = 473,440 (2021)
| ref2             = 
| region3          = &nbsp; &nbsp;{{flag|Chechnya}}
| pop3             = 1,100 (2021)
| ref3             = 
| region4          = &nbsp; &nbsp;{{flag|North Ossetia-Alania}}
| pop4             = 24,285 (2021)
| ref4             = 
| region5          = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop5             = 85,000 (2019)
| ref5             = {{sfn|Степанова|2018}}{{sfn|Севрюкова|2019|page=6}}
| region6          = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| pop6             = 18,000 (2016)
| ref6             = {{sfn|Ingush in Kazakhstan. ''Joshua Project''}}
| region7          = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop7             = 3,000 (2019)
| ref7             = {{sfn|Севрюкова|2019|page=37}}
| region8          = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| pop8             = 800 (2016)
| ref8             = {{sfn|Country: Uzbekistan. ''Joshua Project''}}
| region9          = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| pop9             = 568 (1999)
| ref9             = {{sfn|Хауг|2005}}
| region10         = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop10            = 455 (2001)
| ref10            = <ref>{{Cite web|author=[[State Statistics Service of Ukraine|Государственная служба статистики Украины]]|year=2001|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_51/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=25&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=2|title=Всеукраинская перепись населения 2001 года. Распределение населения по национальности и родному языку|trans-title=All-Ukrainian population census of 2001. Distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue|language=ru}}</ref>
| region11         = {{flag|Belarus}}
| pop11            = 88 (2009)
| ref11            = <ref>{{Cite web|author=[[National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь]]|year=2009|title=Перепись населения Республики Беларусь 2009 года. Население по национальности и родному языку|trans-title=Population census of the Republic of Belarus in 2009. Population by nationality and mother tongue|language=ru|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BNNIkIs?url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf}}</ref>
| region12         = {{flag|Latvia}}
| pop12            = 33 (2023)
| ref12            = <ref name="Национальности Латвии 2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/media/9756/download|title=Распределение населения Латвии по национальному составу на 01.01.2023|access-date=2022-02-15 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407144045/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/sites/pmlp/files/media_file/isvn_latvija_pec_ttb_vpd.pdf}}</ref>
| rels             = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Shafii|Shafi'i Madhhab]])
| langs            = [[Ingush language|Ingush]]
| related          = Other [[Nakh peoples]] ([[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Bats people|Bats]], [[Kist people|Kists]])
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
}}

'''Ingush'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Ingushes'''{{sfn|Merriam-Webster}}{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary}}{{sfn|Dictionary.com}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|n|g|ʊ|ʃ}},{{sfn|OED|1976}} {{IPAc-en|ɪ|n|ˈ|g|ʊ|ʃ}},{{sfn|OED|1976}}{{sfn|Dictionary.com}}{{IPAc-en|ɪ|ŋ|ˈ|g|ʊ|ʃ}},{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary}} {{IPAc-en|-|ɛ|z}}, {{respell|een|GOOSH}}{{sfn|The Columbia Gazetteer of the World|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C6PLxz8EMk0C&pg=PA1680 1680]}}).}} ({{lang-inh|Гӏалгӏай|translit=Ghalghai}},{{sfn|Nichols|Sprouse|2004|page=225}} pronounced {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj|}}), historically known as ''[[Durdzuks]]'', ''[[Gligvi]]'' and ''[[Kists (ethnonym)|Kists]]'', are a [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] ethnic group mainly inhabiting [[Ingushetia]] in central Caucasus, but also inhabitanting [[Prigorodny District, North Ossetia–Alania|Prigorodny District]] and town of [[Vladikavkaz]] of modern day [[North-Ossetia]]. The Ingush are predominantly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s and speak the [[Ingush language]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chechen-English and English-Chechen Dictionary|last1=Nichols|first1=J.|last2=Vagapov|first2=A.D.|year=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=0-415-31594-8|page=4}}</ref>

== Ethnonym ==
{{See also|Ethnonyms of the Ingush}}

=== Ingush ===
The ethnonym of the "Ingush" came from the name of the medieval Ghalghai village (''[[aul]]'') of [[Angusht]], which by the end of the 17th century was a large village in the [[Tarskoye|Tarskoye Valley]].{{sfn|Волкова|1973|p=159}}{{sfn|Галгай|1924|page=[https://vivaldi.dspl.ru/pm0000514/view/?#page=60 50]}} The [[toponym]] "Angusht" itself is a composition of three words: "an" (''sky'' or ''horizon''), "gush" (''visible'') and the suffix of place "tĕ" (indication of position or location), literally translating as a "place where the horizon is seen".{{sfn|Кодзоев|2020b|p=5}}

=== Ghalghai ===
The [[endonym]] of Ingush people is ''[[Ghalghai]]'' ({{lang-inh|ГIалгIай}}, {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj|}}), which most often is associated with the word "ghāla" (''гIала''), meaning "tower" or "fortress" and the plural form of the suffix of person, "gha" (''гIа''), thus, translates as "people/inhabitants of towers", though according to some researchers the ethnonym has a more ancient origin.{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=34}} Some scholars associate it with the ancient [[Gargareans]]{{sfn|Латышев|1947|pages=[https://ghalghay.com/2021/01/29/latishev/#more-7420 222, 281]}}{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=26}}{{sfn|Anchabadze|2001|page=33}}{{sfn|Mayor|2016|page=361}} and [[Gelae (Scythian tribe)|Gelae]]{{sfn|ჯავახიშვილი|1937|page=97}}{{sfn|Чикобава|2010|pages=30–31}} mentioned in the 1st century in the work of the ancient historian and geographer [[Strabo]]. In [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] sources, in the form of [[Gligvi]], it is mentioned as an ethnonym that existed during the reign of [[Mirian I of Iberia|Mirian I]],{{sfn|Бердзенешвили|Дондуа|Думбадзе|Меликишвили|1962|page=25}} as well as the ruler of Kakheti [[Kvirike III of Kakheti|Kvirike III]].{{sfn|Джанашвили|1897|page=31}}{{sfn|Волкова|1973|page=158}} In Russian sources, "Ghalghaï" first becomes known in the second half of the 16th century, in the form of "[[Kalkans]]/Kolkans", "Kalkan people".{{sfn|Кушева|1963|page=65}}{{sfn|Волкова|1973|pages=154–155}}{{sfn|Богуславский|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6OaOaYo6J7oC&q=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B 538]}}

== History ==
{{Main|Ingushetia}}

=== Ancient history ===
[[File:Galgai (Ghelae, Gelae, Gelai).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5 |The Caucasus in the 1st century BC according to ancient Greek geopgrapher [[Strabo]], composed by [[:fr:Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux|Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux]]]]
[[File:Map_of_Georgia_by_Prince_Vakhushti_Bagrationi.32.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|Map of [[Vakhushti Bagrationi]] in Russian depicting three Ingush societies: Kisti ([[Kists (ethnonym)|Kists]]), Tsurtsuki ([[Dzurdzuks]]) and Ghlighvi ([[Gligvi]]) as parts of one country (Dzurdzuketi) and [[Chechens]] (Chachans) as part of [[Dagestan]] without common border with the Ingush]]

[[File:Ancient Ingush vessel with three handles.jpg|upright|thumb|Pottery: an ancient Ingush vessel with three handles. The side handles used to tie the knots, and the vessel itself is well balanced for an operator to pour water down with one hand. [[Dzheyrakhsky District]] of Ingushetia.]]

In the 4th-3rd millennium BC in the North Caucasus, archaeological cultures of the [[Bronze Age#Early Bronze Age (EBA)|early Bronze Age]] are spreading: [[Maykop culture|Maykop]] and [[Kura–Araxes culture|Kuro-Araxes]]. The territory of [[Ingushetia]] is located in the zone of their intersection and part of the early Bronze Age monuments found here has a characteristic syncretic appearance (for example, the [[Lugovoe settlement]]).{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=12}} With these cultures, several cultures are genetically linked, which were formed in the subsequent Middle Bronze Age and received in science the general name "{{ill|North Caucasian cultural and historical community|ru|Северокавказская культура}}".{{sfn|Мунчаев|1994|pages=13, 30}}{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=62}} In turn, on the basis of the cultures of the [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] cultural and historical community, an ancient culture of the North [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] [[Indigenous peoples|autochthonous]] peoples developed – the [[Koban culture]], the chronological framework of which is usually determined by the 12th-4th centuries BC.{{NoteTag|Meanwhile, individual monuments are dated to an earlier period. At the same time, the development of the Koban culture in the Central Caucasus continued until the early [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Великая|2010|page=17}}}} It is with the tribes of the Koban culture that it is customary to link the ethnogenesis of the Proto-Ingush ethnic groups. In the written [[Georgians|Georgian]] sources describing the events of this period, the ancestors of the Ingush (tribes of the Koban culture) are known under the ethnonym "Caucasians" and "[[Durdzuks|Dzurdzuks]]", in ancient ones – under the name "[[Malkh|Makhli]]".{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=12}} In the second half of the 1st millennium BC, Koban tribes created a large political union of tribes, known from ancient sources under the name Malkh (Makhli, Makhelonia), according to Georgian sources – ''Dzurdzuketi''.{{sfn|Гумба|1990|pages=9–10}} The Dzurdzuks controlled the main Caucasian passage, the [[Darial Gorge]], and had close political ties with the ancient Georgian state.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|pages=80–82}} According to [[Leonti Mroveli]], the first king of Georgia, [[Pharnavaz]], was married to a woman "from the tribe of Dzurdzuks, descendants of the [[Caucasus]]" and they had a son, [[Sauromaces I of Iberia|Saurmag]]{{sfn|Картлис Цховреба|2008|page=24}} ({{lang-inh|Сармак|Sarmak}}, {{lit.}} "dragon"). He ascended the Georgian throne after the death of his father [[Pharnavaz I of Iberia|Pharnavaz I of]], and upon learning that the Georgian ''[[eristavi]]s'' wanted to kill him, he and his mother took refuge with his maternal uncles in Dzurdzuketi.{{sfn|Мровели|1979|p=30}}{{sfn|Картлис Цховреба|2008|page=25}} According to the ancient writer [[Lucian]], the name of one of the rulers of the political association of the ancient Kobans is Adirmakh, whose name the Abkhaz researcher Gumba G. D. etymologizes with the help of the Ingush language as "the owner of the power of the sun".{{sfn|Гумба|1988|page=10}} At the beginning of the 2nd century BC as a result of the military invasion of the North Caucasus by the [[Seleucid]] king [[Antiochus III]], the political union of the Koban tribes was defeated.{{sfn|Гумба|1988|page=12}} As a result of its collapse, common Koban names cease to be used in the sources, and later, in the 1st century BC – 1st century AD, the descendants of the Kobans are known in the sources under the names of individual tribal groups: "[[Khamekits]]", "Serbs", "[[Dvals]]", "[[Tsanareti|Sanars/Tsanars]]", "Masakhs/Mashakhs", "Isadiks", and others.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|pages=74–82}}

The ethnonym "[[Gargareans]]" is associated with the tribes of the Koban culture, which is mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer [[Strabo]] in his work ''[[Geographica]]'' in 1st century AD as a [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] people living next to the [[Amazons]].{{NoteTag|{{harvnb|История Ингушетии|2013|page=12}} (basing their theory on {{harvnb|История народов Северного Кавказа|1988|page=74}}).}} They are connected with the Ingush by several scholars.{{sfn|Латышев|1947|pages=[https://ghalghay.com/2021/01/29/latishev/#more-7420 222, 281]}}{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=26}}{{sfn|Anchabadze|2001|page=33}}{{sfn|Mayor|2016|page=361}} Strabo also mentioned [[Gelae]] which are like wise Gargareans, also connected with Ingush by several scholars.{{sfn|Klaproth|1814|page=643}}{{sfn|Бутков|1837|page=10}}{{sfn|Koch|1843|page=[{{Google books|7vJWAAAAMAAJ|page=489|plainurl=yes}} 489]}}{{sfn|Яновский|1846|page=201}}{{sfn|Wahl|1875|page=[https://ghalghay.com/2020/11/06/ghalghay-10/ 239]}}

In the 7th century, in the well-known chronicle, ''[[Ashkharhatsuyts]]'', the Ingush were mentioned under the ethnonym ''[[Kists (ethnonym)|Kusts]]'' (Kists).{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=25}}

In Georgian sources, the Ingush (Galgaï) are mentioned in the form of [[Gligvi]] during the reign of [[Mirian I]] (1st century), and also during the reign of the ruler of [[Kakheti]], [[Kvirike III]], in the 11th century.{{sfn|Джанашвили|1897|page=31}}{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=151}}

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Weapons of the medieval Ingush warrior.jpg|thumb|right|Armament of a medieval Ingush warrior. Found in the crypt of the village of Ozdig. Photo (1921)]]
[[File:Ingush Male Warrior Helmet.jpg|thumb|Ingush male warrior helmet]]

In the late 9th – early 13th centuries, the history of the Ingush was closely connected with the [[Alans]] their kingdom, [[Alania]],{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|pages=13–14}} to which the Ingush belonged.<ref>{{harvnb|Шнирельман|2020}}: "Что касается ингушей и чеченцев — их далекие предки тоже жили на территории аланского государства."</ref> It's known that the population of Alania was diverse and included Ingush.{{sfn|Sobczyński|Heffner|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XzRDAQAAIAAJ&q=Ingushes 83]}} According to Ingush researchers, the capital of Alania – the city of [[Maghas|Magas]] was located on the territory of Ingushetia in the area covering part of the modern cities of [[Magas]], [[Nazran]] and the villages of [[Yandare]], [[Gazi-Yurt]], [[Ekazhevo]], [[Ali-Yurt]] and [[Surkhakhi]], that is, in the area where numerous monuments of the Alanian time are located. On the designated territory there are a number of Alanian settlements. The researchers noted that many settlements here are located in groups or "nests" within sight. In some of these groups, as a rule, one of the central settlements stands out for its large size, fortification and complexity of planning, to which less significant ones gravitate. The "nested" location of the settlements is associated with strong tribal remnants in the respective society.{{sfn|История народов Северного Кавказа|1988|page=167}} According to {{ill|V. B. Vinogradov|ru|Виноградов, Виталий Борисович}}, this area of the group of monuments is one of the largest in the North Caucasus.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=118}}

In 1238–1240 the plain of the North Caucasus was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and included in the [[Ulus of Jochi]]. In 1395, the association of the Alans was finally destroyed during the campaign against the North Caucasus by [[Tamerlane]], and the remaining population retreated to the mountains. The collapse of Alania and the outflow to the mountains of its population, which was entrenched to the east and west of the Darial by building fortresses, served as the basis for the formation of new ethnoterritorial communities, which in turn led to the formation of modern North Caucasian peoples.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=142}}

Villages located in the mountainous zone were grouped mainly along local gorges, which contributed to their ethnopolitical consolidation into separate territorial groups/districts – communities ({{lang-inh|шахьараш}}). By the end of the 16th century the main territorial societies of the Ingush had already formed. Based on the data of Russian sources of the 16th–17th centuries, naming several territorial societies of the Ingush, it is concluded that in Ingushetia and in the 15th century there were approximately the same number of political formations ([[Ingush societies|shahar societies]]), each of which united several villages.{{sfn|История народов Северного Кавказа|1988}}{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=146}}

From the west, starting from the [[Darial Gorge]], to the east, existes several Ingush societies, such as: [[Dzherakh]] ("Erokhan people"), [[Fyappiy|Kistins, Fyappins, or Metskhalins]], Chulkhoy, [[Khamkhins]] ("Kyakalins"), [[Tsorins]], Akkins, [[Orstkhoy]], and to the south of them, the societies of Merzhoy, Tsechoy, Galai. To the southeast of the Tsorins was the society of Malkhins.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=192–193}}

Over time, the number and boundaries of societies changed, this happened as a result of migration processes of the Ingush-speaking population, including those associated with the return of the Ingush to the plane (plain). They began quite early, soon after [[Timur]] left the [[North Caucasus]]. At a very early stage, they were in the nature of individual military-political actions undertaken by the Ingush on the plain lands in order to counteract the consolidation of alien nomadic peoples on them.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=142}} Separate episodes associated with this time are reflected in one of the Ingush legends, recorded in the 19th century by ethnographer Albast Tutaev, where representatives of the Galgaï Society of Mountainous [[Ingushetia]] appear.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Газиков|first1=Б.|last2=Тутаев|first2=А. |title=Князь|trans-title=Knyaz|work=Сердало|language=ru |issue=83 |location=Назрань|pages=85–89}}</ref> Also, the people's memory has preserved the most important episodes from the events associated with the development of plain lands. In particular, the legend recorded in the mountain village of Pkhamat by I.A. Dakhkilgov, tells how eminent men of several territorial communities of mountainous Ingushetia gathered to unite the country. The participants decided that from now on they will all be referred to by a single name – "Ghalghaï", stop strife and begin to move out in an organized manner.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Probably, these events were associated with the development of land in the upper reaches of the Sunzha and Kambileevka, where the oldest settlements of the Ingush [[Akhki-Yurt]] and [[Angusht]] arose. The colonization of this zone, likely, was carried out during the XVI-XVII centuries, and received activation with further advancement to the north, after the departure of the Kabardians from Sunzha and Kambileevka, around from the 30s of the XVIII century.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=199}}

=== Contacts with Russian Empire ===
[[File:The plan of the fortress Vladikavkaz and the Ingush village of Zaur (1784).jpg|thumb|right|The plan of the fortress Vladikavkaz and the Ingush village of Zaur (1784)]]
In the 18th century, the process of returning the Ingush to their fertile lands in the Sunzha and Terek basins was completed. On March 4–6, 1770, with a large gathering of people near the foothill village of Angusht in a clearing with the symbolic name "Barta-Bos" ("Slope of Agreement"), 24 Ingush elders swore an oath of allegiance to the Russian Empire. This event was attended by German academician [[Johann Anton Güldenstädt|J. A. Güldenstädt]], who described it in his work "Journey through Russia and the Caucasus Mountains."{{sfn|Гюльденштедт|2002|pages=36, 240}} However it is worth saying that even after the oath of individual Ingush society or clans, the former Russian-Ingush relations remained the same. In fact, both sides took these type of oaths as a conclusion union treaties.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=236}}{{sfn|Кодзоев|2020a}}

The interfluve of the Terek and Sunzha, through which the road to Georgia passed, acquires strategic importance for Russia during this period. This territory was mastered by the Ingush no later than the end of the 17th – beginning of the 18th century. According to J. A. Güldenstädt,{{sfn|Гюльденштедт|2002|pages=241–242}} there were many Ingush villages on the banks of the Sunzha and Kambileyevka rivers. Angusht was the center of the district, known as the "[[Great Ingush]]". Settlers from the "Great Ingush" formed a new colony "[[Small Ingush]]", the center of which was the village of Sholkhi. In the future, the Ingush advance to the Nazran Valley.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=238}}

In 1781, at the confluence of the river Nazranka with the Sunzha, people from the Angusht region founded the village of Nazran (Nyasare). In the same year, the quartermaster of the Russian army, L. L. Städer, noted an Ingush outpost on this territory {{sfn|Штедер|1996|page=192}} Thus, in 1781 the Nazran Valley was already controlled by the Ingush.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=239}}

In May 1784, in connection with the need to establish reliable communication routes with the territory of Georgia, either near,{{sfn|Бутков|1869|page=[http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/16569-ch-2-1869#mode/inspect/page/175/zoom/5 165]}}{{sfn|Терскій календарь|1895|page=14}}{{sfn|Терскія вѣдомости|1911b}} or, on the territory of the Ingush village of [[Zaur (village)|Zaur]] (Zovr-Kov), the [[Vladikavkaz]] fortress was founded.{{sfn|Бутков|1869|page=[http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/16569-ch-2-1869#mode/inspect/page/141/zoom/5 131]}}<ref>{{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911a}}:
{{Cquote|Сегодня мы празднуемъ 50-летіе города Владикавказа. Раньше, на томъ мѣстѣ, гдѣ нынѣ расположенъ г. Владикавказъ, существовалъ '''ингушскій аулъ Зауръ''', но въ 1784 г., по распоряженію князя Потемкина, на мѣстѣ, гдѣ существовалъ этотъ аулъ, для охраненія Военно-Грузинской дороги, служившей единственнымъ удобнымъ путемъ для соединенія съ Закавказьемъ, была устроена крѣпость Владикавказъ, а въ 1785 г. по указу Императрицы Екатерины II, отъ 9 мая, въ крѣпости была выстроена первая православная церковь. Какъ только была устроена эта крѣпость, часть осетинской народности спустилась съ горъ и поселилась у стѣнъ этой крѣпости, подъ защитою мѣстныхъ войскъ. Образовавшійся осетинскій аулъ сталъ называться «Капкай», что въ переводѣ на русскій языкъ означаетъ «Горные ворота».}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ракович|1911|page=3}}: {{Cquote|...на том месте, где стояло селение Зауръ, была воздвигнута русскими сильная Владикавказская крепость... В некоторых печатных источниках говорится, что Владикавказская крепость была построена на месте осетинского селения Капъ-Кой. Это не так. Правый берег Терека принадлежал, какъ это мы видили ингушамъ и кистамъ; не могли осетины на чужой земле враждебных имъ племен иметь свой аулъ; наконец своим наименованіем Владикавказа Дзауджи-Кау, осетины подтверждаютъ это мненіе, т. к. Дзауагъ — есть имя собственное Зауръ, а Кау — значитъ селеніе; иначе — селеніе Заура.}}</ref>{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=166}}{{sfn|Гюльденштедт|2002|page=388|loc=note 17: Commentator [[Yuriy Karpov|Yu. Yu. Karpov]] notes that the mentioned Zaur-kabak by [[Johann Anton Güldenstädt|J. A. Güldenstädt]] is the Ingush village Zaur, on which the Vladikavkaz was built on}}{{sfn|Поспелов|2008|page=141}} Vladikavkaz became the economic, political and cultural center of the Ingush and one of the most important cities in the North Caucasus.

=== Caucasian War ===
During the 19th century, the Ingush bitterly resisted the Russian Empire's expansion in the region during the [[Caucasian War]] and they were considered "half-conquered".{{sfn|Зиссерман|1879|pages=[https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01004428077?page=183&rotate=0&theme=white 175]—176}}{{sfn|Зиссерман|1889|page=286}} Therefore, during the war, there was a series of military expeditions of Russians done to Ingushetia.

On July 1830, two Russian columns under the command of Major General [[Ivane Abkhazi|Abkhazov]] made a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian troops went through the [[Darial Gorge|Darial]] and Assa gorges. Especially the inhabitants of [[Eban, Dzheyrakhsky District|Eban]] put up a courageous resistance against the Russian troops.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=260}} On November 12, 1836, Baron Rosen reported in letter to count [[Alexander Chernyshyov]] that in 1830, the highlanders of Dzherakh, Kist, and Galgai societies were briefly subdued by Russia.{{sfn|Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею|1881|page=[https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book9494/#page/739/mode/1up 714]}} As a result of the expedition, district courts were established and a civil system was introduced to mountainous Ingushetia.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=277}}

On July 1832, Russian troops consisting also of [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] and [[Georgians|Georgian]] detachments{{NoteTag|Rosen explained the presence of the Ossetian and Georgian highlanders with his army as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=Similar to the highest permission to use the [[Divide and rule|mountain dwellers alone against others to strengthen mutual their hatred]], are with my detachment Ossetians living near [[Vladikavkaz]], and militia from mountaineers living in the [[Georgian Military Road|Military Georgian Road]] from Lars to Pasanaur, belonging to [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], under the name mountain peoples.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=277}}}}}} made another punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia, this time under the command of Baron [[Georg Andreas von Rosen|Rosen]], who at the time was commander-in-chief of the troops in the [[North Caucasus]]. The reason of this expedition was the murder of bailiff Konstantinov by the inhabitants of the village of [[Guli, Ingushetia|Khuli]]. As a result of the expedition, many Ingush villages were exterminated with the arable lands being spoiled and a large number of livestock being stolen.{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=260–261}}

Ingush participated in many uprisings of [[Chechnya]], twice in two different uprisings in 1822{{sfn|Утвержденіе русскаго владычества на Кавказѣ|1904|pp=304, 339}} as well as the uprising of Chechnya in 1840 during which two Ingush societies – Galashians and Karabulaks joined the [[Caucasian Imamate]] after swearing allegiance to [[Imam Shamil]] in [[Urus-Martan]].{{sfn|Ржевускій|1888|p=72}}

Regarding general uprising of [[Chechnya]] that happened on March 1840, General [[Pavel Grabbe]] reported in March 30, 1840 as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=Whole Greater Chechnya was transferred to [[Imam Shamil|him]], as well as the Michik and Ichkerin residents and many Aukhites; the Kachkalyks are kept in obedience only by the presence of our detachment. Some of the Karabulak and Ingush villages, all the Galgai and Kists are also in great agitation and are secretly or openly assisting the rebel.{{sfn|Кодзоев|2002}}}}

The 1840–1850s are considered the peak of Caucasian Imamate, during which, number of Ingush societies ([[Galashkinskoe Naibstvo|Vilayet Kalay]]),{{sfn|Тезисы докладов и сообщений|1989|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sZ81AAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9 106]}} some Tsorin and Galgai [[aul]]s were part of it.{{sfn|Тезисы докладов и сообщений|1989|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sZ81AAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9 106]}}{{sfn|Шамиль: Иллюстрированная энциклопедия|1997|page=211}}

''[[The Eclectic Review]]'' wrote in 1854 about the resistance of the Ingush against the Russian expansion in the region as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=The Ingushes, Tshetshenes, and Karabulaks inhabit the steep fastnesses above the gates of the Caucasus, their territory being bounded by the river Sunja and the lesser Kabarda. They speak kindred dialects, and are united for carrying on a war of depredation against the encroaching Russians. Often defeated, they always rise again ; and are never disheartened by the destruction of their farms and fields.|source={{Cite book|last=Stowell|first=William Hendry|year=1854|editor-last1=Parked |editor-first1=Daniel|editor-last2=Hood|editor-first2=Edwin Paxton|editor-last3=Ryland|editor-first3=Jonathan Edwards|editor-last4=Conder|editor-first4=Josiah|editor-last5=Greatheed|editor-first5=Samuel|editor-last6=Williams|editor-first6=Theophilus |editor-last7=Thomas|editor-first7=Price|url={{Google Books|qMNKAQAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=350}}|title=The Eclectic review |volume=7|location=London|publisher=C. Taylor|page=350}}}}

In the late 1840s to late 1850s, the construction of a chain of [[Cossacks|Cossack]] villages began on the flat area of Ingushetia. The Ingush were expelled from the lowland villages to the mountains and foothills, Cossack villages were founded in the territories.{{NoteTag|{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Assinovskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Akhborze in 1847}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Nesterovskaya, Republic of Ingushetia|Nesterovskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Ghazhien-Yurt in 1847}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Troitskaya, Republic of Ingushetia|Troitskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Ebarg-Yurt in 1847}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Sleptsovskaya]] was founded on the territory of town of Dibir-Ghala (town) in 1847}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Voznesenskaya, Republic of Ingushetia|Voznesenskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Magomet-Khite in 1847}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Sunzha, North-Ossetia|Sunzhenskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Akhi-Yurt in 1859}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Tarskoye|Tarskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Angusht in 1859}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Karabulak, Ingushetia|Karabulakskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Ildir-Ghala}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Alkhasty|Feldmarshalskaya]] was founded on the territory of village of Alkhaste in 1860}}{{bulletedlist|''Stanitsa'' [[Komagron|Vorontsov-Dashkov]] was founded on the territory of village of Tauzen-Yurt in 1861}}{{bulletedlist|''[[Khutor]]'' [[Oktyabrskoye, Prigorodny District, North Ossetia–Alania|Tarski]] was founded on the territory of village of Sholkhi in 1867.}}}}

=== As a part of the Russian Empire ===
[[File:Ингушский округ на Дорожной карте Кавказского края 1853 г. (186(4).jpg|thumb|right|Ingush district on the Road map of the Caucasus region in (1853)]]
[[File:Ingush Highlanders.jpg|thumb|Ingush (Ghalghai) highlanders, early 20th century.]]

In 1860, the territory of Ingushetia formed the [[Ingushskiy Okrug|Ingushskiy ''Okrug'']] as part of the [[Terek Oblast|Terek ''Oblast'']]. In 1870, the Ingushskiy ''Okrug'' was merged with the [[Ossetinskiy Okrug|Ossetinskiy ''Okrug'']] into the [[Vladikavkazsky okrug|Vladikavkazsky ''Okrug'']]. In 1888, the Vladikavkazsky ''Okrug'' was disbanded, and the Ingush-Cossack [[Sunzhensky otdel|Sunzhensky ''Otdel'']] was formed on the site of the Ingushshkiy Okrug. In 1909, the Sunzhensky ''Otdel'' was divided into two ''[[okrug]]s'' – Sunzhensky and [[Nazranovskiy Okrug|Nazranovskiy]].

According to the 1897 census, the number of Ingush in the Russian Empire was 47,409 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php|title=Демоскоп Weekly — Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей|trans-title=Demoscope Weekly – App. Handbook of statistical indicators|website=www.demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

=== In the USSR ===
In 1923, the Ingush alphabet was introduced based on the Latin alphabet, developed by Zaurbek Malsagov. On May 1, 1923, the first newspaper in the Ingush language, [[Serdalo]], was published. New schools appeared in the villages of Gamurzievo, Bazorkino, and [[Yandare]]. Muslim schools – madrasahs – still functioned.

According to the 1926 census, 74,097 Ingush lived in the USSR,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_26.php|title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР|trans-title=All-Union census of the population of 1926. National composition of the population by republics of the USSR|website=www.demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref> and according to the 1939 census, their number was 92,120 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php|title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР|trans-title=All-Union census of the population of 1939. National composition of the population by republics of the USSR|website=www.demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

==== Genocide of 1944 ====
{{main article|Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush}}
[[File:Ww2 map23 july42 Nov 42.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[World War II]], 1942 The Northern Caucasian battle, front line in [[Chechen-Ingush ASSR]] from Ordzhonikidze ([[Vladikavkaz]]) to [[Malgobek]]. ]]
[[File:Численность "спецпоселенцев"-ингушей по субъектам СССР на 1 января 1953 г.png|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ingush in deportation: the number of "special settlers"-Ingush in the subjects of the USSR on January 1, 1953]]
[[File:Численность "спецпоселенцев"-ингушей по областям республик Средней Азии и Казахской ССР на 1 января 1953 г.png|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ingush in deportation: the number of "special settlers"-Ingush in the regions of the republics of Central Asia and the Kazakh SSR on January 1, 1953]]

During World War II, in [[Battle of the Caucasus|1942 German forces entered the North Caucasus]]. For three weeks Germans captured over half of the North Caucasus. They were only stopped at two Checheno-Ingush cities: Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze ({{a.k.a.}} "Vladikavkaz") by heroic resistance of natives of Chechen-Ingush ASSR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2007/11/27/reg-kavkaz/malgobek.html|title=Через 63 года в отношении защитников Малгобека восстановлена историческая справедливость|website=Российская газета|date=27 November 2007 }}</ref>

On 23 February 1944, Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]], and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Siberia]] in [[Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush|Operation Lentil]], on the orders of Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], while the majority of their men were fighting on the front. The [[Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Checheno-Ingush ASSR]] was liquidated and the territory of Ingushetia was divided between the newly created [[Grozny Oblast]] and [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]]. The initial phase of the deportation was carried out on American-supplied [[Studebaker]] trucks specifically modified with three submachine gun-nest compartments above the deported to prevent escapes. American historian [[Norman Naimark]] writes:

{{Cquote|Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. ...Those who could not be moved were shot. ...[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe|location= Cambridge, MA and London|publisher= Harvard University Press|year= 2001|pages= 96–97}}</ref>}}

The deportees were gathered on the railroad stations and during the second phase transferred to the cattle railroad carts. Up to 30% of the population perished during the journey or in the first year of the exile.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/greetings-from-grozny/explore-chechnyas-turbulent-past/1944-deportation/3314/ |title=Explore Chechnya's Turbulent Past ~ 1944: Deportation {{pipe}} Wide Angle |publisher=Pbs.org |date=2002-07-25 |access-date=2011-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union|last= Arbatov|first= Alekseĭ|author2=Antonia Handler Chayes|year= 1997|publisher= MIT Press |isbn= 0-262-51093-6|page= 40|quote=The conditions were so horrendous that around 25 percent of the [Ingush] deportees perished on the journey}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Russia Confronts Chechnya|last= Dunlop|first= John B.|year= 1998|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-63619-1|page= 70|quote= A total of 144,704 (23.7 percent) of all deported Chechens, Ingush, Balkars (1944) and Karachai (1943) died in the period from 1944 through 1948}}</ref> The Prague Watchdog claims that "in the early years of their exile about half of the Chechens and Ingush died from hunger, cold and disease".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000015-000006-000030&lang=1 |title=Prague Watchdog – Crisis in Chechnya – The deportation of 1944 – how it really was |publisher=Watchdog.cz |access-date=2014-08-07}}</ref> The deportation was classified by the [[European Parliament]] in 2004 as [[genocide]].<ref name="Genocide">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/analysis/details.php?content=2004-03-12 |title=The 60th Anniversary of the 1944 Chechen and Ingush Deportation: History, Legacies, Current Crisis  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120210839/http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/analysis/details.php?content=2004-03-12 |archive-date=January 20, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> After the deportation Ingush resistance against Soviets rises again. Those who escaped the deportation, shepherds who were high in the mountains during the deportation combine forces and form rebel groups which constantly attack Russian forces in Ingushetia. Major rebel groups were led by [[Akhmed Khuchbarov]], Tsitskiev brothers, and Ingush femalesniper [[Laisat Baisarova]]. The last one of the male Ingush rebels was killed in 1977 by the [[KGB]] officers, while Baisarova was never captured or killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/14100/?sphrase_id=6269|title=Chechen Journal Dosh|access-date=June 14, 2013|archive-date=December 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233216/http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/14100/?sphrase_id=6269|url-status=dead}}</ref> American professor Johanna Nichols, who specializes in Chechen and Ingush philology, provided the theory behind the deportation:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information}}</ref>

{{blockquote|In 1944 the nationalities themselves were abolished and their lands resettled when the Chechen and Ingush, together with the Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatars, and other nationalities were deported en masse to Kazakhstan and Siberia, losing at least one-quarter and perhaps half of their population in transit. (The reason, never clarified, seems to have been Stalin's wish to clear all Muslims from the main invasion routes in a contemplated attack on Turkey.)}}

In the early 1990s, the Ossetian side put forward a version that "instead of the Prigorodny District", the Naur and Shelkovskaya districts of the Stavropol Territory were included in the restored Checheno-Ingushetia in 1957 (until 1957 these districts were part of the Grozny region). However, the transfer of these regions to Checheno-Ingushetia cannot be considered as “compensation” for the Prigorodny region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Новицкий|first= И.Я.|title=Управление этнополитикой Северного Кавказа|trans-title=Management of the ethnopolitics of the North Caucasus|page=100}}</ref>

According to the all-Union census of 1959, the number of Ingush was 105,980 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php|title=Справочник статистических показателей СССР 1959|trans-title=Handbook of Statistical Indicators of the USSR 1959|website=www.demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

Since the return of the Ingush, they have advocated the return of the torn territories, for the creation of their own statehood. These performances reached their apogee in 1973 – at a rally in Grozny, organized by the Ingush demanding the return of the Prigorodny district. According to all-Union censuses, the number of Ingush continued to grow: for example, the total number of Ingush in the USSR in 1979 amounted to 186,198 people,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_79.php|title=Справочник статистических показателей СССР 1979|trans-title=Handbook of Statistical Indicators of the USSR 1979|website=www.demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref> and according to the 1989 census – 237,438 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php|title=Справочник статистических показателей СССР 1989|trans-title=Handbook of Statistical Indicators of the USSR 1989|website=www.demoscope.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

Since 1988, informal organizations have been created in Ingushetia, various movements have appeared ("Niyskho", "Däqaste", "People's Council"), which set as their goal the creation of Ingush statehood within the Russian Federation with the return of all territories torn away during the deportation. Formally, the Ingush were rehabilitated in their rights on April 26, 1991, when the law “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions” was adopted at the 1st Congress of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Кодзоев|editor-first=Н. Д.|year=2011|title=История Ингушетии|trans-title=History of Ingushetia |location=Magas, Nalʹchik|publisher="Тетраграф" ["Tetragraf"]|page=451}}</ref> This law became a kind of catalyst for the restoration of historical and social justice for other millions of citizens of the former Soviet Union.{{sfn|Зенькович|2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tainyushedshegov00zian/page/656 656]–658}}

=== Present time ===
In 1992, the Law "On the Formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation" was adopted (see [[Ingushetia]]). In October–November, the [[Ossetian-Ingush conflict]] around the Prigorodny district of [[North Ossetia]] escalated into armed clashes. According to the Russian prosecutor's office, during the clashes as a result of the conflict, 583 people died (350 Ingush and 192 Ossetians), 939 people were injured (457 Ingush and 379 Ossetians), another 261 people went missing (208 Ingush and 37 Ossetians),<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014 |url=http://www.warandpeace.ru/ru/commentaries/view/29276/ |title=Осетино‑ингушский конфликт: хроника событий}}</ref> from 30 to 60 thousand Ingush were forced to move from Vladikavkaz and the Prigorodny district to Ingushetia.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Правозащитный центр "Мемориал" |url=http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/prigorod/msg/2005/05/m291.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195439/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/prigorod/msg/2005/05/m291.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

In 1995, the new capital of Ingushetia, the city of [[Magas]], was founded.

===Resistance===
[[File:Famous Ingush Rebels.jpg|thumb|Famous Ingush rebels. Top left: Ingush sniper [[Laysat Baysarova|Laisat Baisarova]]. Lower left: [[Sulumbek of Sagopshi]]. Right: [[Akhmed Khuchbarov]].]]
*1800s–1860s: Insurgency against Russian conquest.
*1860s–1890s: Raids of Ingush abreks on the Georgian Military Highway and Mozdok.
*1890s–1917: Insurgency of Ingush resistance under Chechen [[abrek]] [[Zelimkhan]] and Ingush [[abrek]] [[Sulumbek of Sagopshi|Sulumbek]], execution of Russian viceroy to Ingushetia colonel Mitnik by Ingush resistance fighter Buzurtanov.
*1917–1920s: Insurgency of Ingush resistance fighters against combined Russian White Guards, Cossacks, Ossetians, and general Denikin forces.
*1920s–1930s: Insurgency of Ingush people against Communists, executions of Communist leader of Ingushetia Chernoglaz by Ingush rebel Uzhakhov. Execution of Communist party leader of Ingushetia Ivanov by Ingush rebels.
*1944–1977: Ingush rebels avenging the deportation of the Ingush nation. Scores of Russian army units and [[NKVD]], [[KGB]] officers killed.
*1992: Ossetian-Ingush conflict. In combat operations Ingush rebels capture armor which later transferred to Chechens or given back to Russian army after the conflict ended.
*1994: Nazran. Ingush civilians stop Russian army, flip armor, burn military trucks which were on the march to Chechnya in Russian-Chechen war. First Russian casualties reported from hands of Ingush rebels.
*1994–1996: Ingush rebels defend Grozny and participate in combat operations on Chechen side.
*1999–2006: Ingush rebels join Chechen rebels, the independence war turns into [[Jihad]].
*13 July 2001: Ingush people protest "defiling and desecration" of historical Christian Ingush church [[Tkhaba-Yerdy]] after Russian troops made the church into a public toilet. Though Ingush are Muslims they highly respect their Christian past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/13jul2001/ingush_pam.html |title=Ingushetia accuses Russian military desecrating monuments |publisher=Russian newsru.com |date=2001-07-15}}</ref>
*15 September 2003: Ingush rebels use bomb truck and attack [[Federal Security Service|FSB]] [[headquarters]] in Maghas. Several dozens of Russian FSB officers killed including the senior officer overseeing the FSB in Chechen republic. The several story [[Headquarters|HQ]] building is severely damaged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/15-09-2003/52570-0/ |title=FSB building in Magas bombed |publisher=English pravda.ru |date=2003-09-15 |access-date=2014-02-28}}</ref>
*6 April 2004: Ingush rebels attack Russian appointed president of Ingushetia [[Murat Zyazikov]]. He was wounded when a car bomb was rammed into his motorcade.
*22 June 2004: Chechen and Ingush rebels [[June 2004 Nazran raid|raid]] on Russian troops in Ingushetia. Hundreds of Russian troops killed.
*31 August 2008: Execution of [[Magomed Yevloyev]] Ingush dissident, journalist, lawyer, businessman, and the owner of the news website Ingushetiya.ru, known for being highly critical of Russian regime in Ingushetia. He was shot in the temple.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gheddo |first=Piero |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=13112 |title=Magomed Yevloyev, critic of the Kremlin, killed by police |publisher=Asianews.it |access-date=2014-02-28}}</ref> Awarded posthumously, and his name is engraved in stone on the monuments at the Journalists' Memorials in [[Bayeux]], France and [[Washington D.C.]], the United States.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/30/77-names-added-to-slain-journalists-memorial-in-washington-dc/ | work=Fox News | title=77 Names Added to Slain Journalists Memorial in Washington D.C | date=March 30, 2009}}</ref>
*30 September 2008: A suicide bomber attacked the motorcade of Ruslan Meiriyev, Ingushetia's top police official.
*10 June 2009: Snipers killed [[Aza Gazgireyeva]], deputy chief justice of the regional Supreme Court, as she dropped her children off at school. Russian news agencies also cited investigators as saying she was likely killed for her role in investigating the 2004 attack on Ingush police forces by Chechen fighters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior judge killed in Ingushetia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2009/06/20096107314111104.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=24 September 2012}}</ref>
*13 June 2009: Two gunmen sprayed former deputy prime minister [[Bashir Aushev]] with automatic-weapon fire as he got out of his car at the gate outside his home in the region's main city, [[Nazran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/world/europe/14ingushetia.html?_r=1&ref=world|title=Another Killing in Region Bordering Chechnya|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 14, 2009 }}</ref>
*22 June 2009: Russian appointed president of Ingushetia [[Yunus-Bek Yevkurov]] was badly hurt when a suicide bomber detonated a car packed with explosives as the president's convoy drove past. The attack killed three bodyguards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ingushetia president survives assassination attempt|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2009-06-22}}</ref>
*12 August 2009: Gunmen killed construction minister [[Ruslan Amerkhanov]] in his office in the Ingush capital, [[Magas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8196689.stm |title=Ingush minister shot dead at work |publisher=BBC |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2014-02-28}}</ref>
*17 August 2009: A suicide bomber killed 21 Ingush police officers and unknown numbers of [[Internal Troops|Russian Internal Ministry troops]] which were stationed in [[Nazran]], after he drove a truck full of explosives into a MVD police base.
*25 October 2009: Execution of [[Maksharip Aushev]], an Ingush businessman, dissident, and a vocal critic of Russian regime policies in Ingushetia. His body had over 60 bullet holes. Awarded posthumously by the [[U.S. Department of State]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geneva.usmission.gov/2009/12/11/clinton-honors-champions-human-rights/ |title=Secretary Clinton Honors Two Champions of Human Rights Day » US Mission Geneva |publisher=Geneva.usmission.gov |access-date=2014-02-28 |archive-date=March 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309142040/http://geneva.usmission.gov/2009/12/11/clinton-honors-champions-human-rights/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*5 April 2010: A suicide bomber injured three police officers in the town of [[Karabulak, Republic of Ingushetia|Karabulak]]. Two officers died at the hospital as a result of their injuries.  While investigators arrived on scene, another car bomb was set off by remote.  Nobody was hurt in the second blast.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8603119.stm |work=BBC News |title=Ingushetia hit by suicide attack |date=April 5, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref>
*24 January 2011: A suicide bomber, Magomed Yevloyev (same first and last name as the slain Ingush opposition journalist [[Magomed Yevloyev]]), killed 37 people at Domodedovo airport, Moscow, Russia.
*2012: Ingush rebels participate in war against [[Assad]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], and [[Russians|Russian]] advisors in [[Syria]] which is largely viewed by the Ingush rebels as war against Russia and the Iranian-speaking [[Ossetians]]. The rebel Ingush commanders are veterans of Ossetian-Ingush conflict, wars in Chechnya, Daud Khalukhayev from Ingush village of Palanazh (Katsa), and a descendant of Ingush deportees of 1860's Syrian-born Ingush Walid Didigov.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21627499|title=Syria crisis: Border town shows conflict's patchwork forces|work=BBC News|date=March 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.habar.org/?p=21842|title=В Сирии воюют ингуши, и возглавляют одни из самых дерзких боевых групп повстанцев - HABAR.ORG|work=habar.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012105/http://www.habar.org/?p=21842|archive-date=February 22, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*6 June 2013: Accusation of Ingush rebel leader Ali "[[Maghas]]" [[Ali Taziev|Taziev]] in Rostov-On-Don regional Russian court, who was captured after he voluntarily given himself up in on 9 June 2010 to Russian forces in Ingushetia on the agreement that Russians will liberate his relatives held hostage on one of the Russian military bases.
*27 August 2013: Execution of the head of security of Ingushetia Akhmet Kotiev and his bodyguard by [[Ingush Jamaat|Ingush rebels]]. Kotiev was actively involved in the assassination of [[Magomed Yevloyev]].
*10 December 2013: Ingush opposition leader [[Magomed Khazbiev]], who was a close friend of assassinated [[Magomed Yevloyev]], attends [[Euromaidan]] in [[Ukraine]] and participates in anti-Russian campaign there after which his parents were threatened and harassed in Russia. On his website he writes: "the fact that Putin's slaves harass my parents do not make any sense, if you [Russians] want me to stop you have to kill me like Magomed Yevloyev and Makhsharip Aushev".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/36676/ |title=Магомед Хазбиев: Если хотите меня остановить – убейте |publisher=Ingushetiyaru.org |access-date=2014-02-28 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064025/http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/36676/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2 February 2014: Russian [[Federal Security Service|FSB]] officially confirms that in the middle of December 2013 four North Caucasian instructors operate in Ukraine, and prepare Ukrainians for street battles against Russian interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifenews.ru/news/126485|title=На Украину выехали 4 инструктора боевиков с Северного Кавказа|date=2014-02-02|publisher=[[LifeNews|Lifenews.ru]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108051001/http://lifenews.ru/news/126485|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=2014-02-28}}</ref>
*20 April 2014: Famous Ingush human rights defender [[Ibrgim Lyanov]] stated that Ingushetia wants to separate from Russia and become an independent state using the example of the Crimean separation from Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censor.net.ua/news/281967/v_ingushetii_zagovorili_o_vyhode_iz_rf_po_krymskomu_stsenariyu|title=В Ингушетии заговорили о выходе из РФ по крымскому сценарию|date=20 April 2014 |publisher=censor.net.ua |access-date=2014-04-20}}</ref>
*24 May 2014: Ingush rebel leader [[Arthur Getagazhev]], 4 rebels, and 2 civilians were killed in action in the village of Sagopshi by Russian forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.habar.org/?p=31004|title=Российские официальные структуры сообщают об убийстве руководителя ингушских партизан – Артура Гетагажева|trans-title=Russian officials declare Getagazhev dead|work=habar.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212073524/http://www.habar.org/?p=31004|archive-date=February 12, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*2 July 2014: After several months of denial, pro-Russian president of Ingushetia finally recognizes that Ingush rebels are fighting in [[Ukraine]] against pro-Russia forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/02jul2014/ukraine.html|title=Ingush are fighting in Ukraine on both sides|date=July 2, 2014}}</ref>
*2 July 2014: Ingush rebels attack Russian armored military convoy killing 1 and wounding 7 soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/25414335.html|title=Побочные эффекты|work=Эхо Кавказа|date=8 June 2014 }}</ref>
*6 July 2014: Russian special forces prepared an ambush near the morgue in [[Nazran]] hospital where the body of [[Arthur Getagazhev]] was located. The intelligence reported that Ingush rebels will try to recover the body of the slain leader. The intelligence was correct. [[Radio Free Europe]] (section specializing in the Caucasus), reports that in the middle of the day 2 Ingush rebels attacked the ambush, according to unofficial source two rebels killed 7 and wounded 4 Russian [[Federal Security Service|FSB]] and [[spetsnaz]] officers in less than 40 seconds, after which the rebels left the scene unharmed. The source in Ingush police who wanted to stay anonymous said that exact number of killed are known only by the FSB but nobody would dare to declare if officially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/25415999.html|title=Война в Ингушетии продолжается|trans-title=War in Ingushetia continues|work=Эхо Кавказа|date=9 June 2014 }}</ref> According to pro-Kremlin LifeNews released video the attack lasted less than 19 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifenews.ru/news/134582|title=Нападение боевиков на морг в Ингушетии сняла камера}}</ref> 
*26 March 2019: Thousands of people in Ingushetia have protested against a controversial border deal with neighboring Chechnya, denouncing land swaps under the agreement and calling for Ingushetia head Yunus-Bek Yevkurov to step down.
*25 June 2019: Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, has announced his resignation after almost 11 years in the position. De facto Ingushetia has no active leader. Civil protests continue, Ingush people boycotting the Russian appointed elections.

== Anthropological type ==
[[File:Ingush (1901).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Ingush man, 1901]]
[[File:Ингушка (1884 г.).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Ingush woman, 1884]]
[[File:Ingush rider 1830 by Jean Victor Adam (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Ingush rider (1830) by [[Jean Victor Adam]]]]
[[File:Ингуши (жители Кавказа ) и Туркмен.jpg|thumb |upright=1.35|right|Armed Ingush men and a [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkmen]] as depicted by [[Peter Simon Pallas]] in the late 18th century]]

The Ingush are traditionally a classless society based on a clan system and unwritten law. Approximately 350 clans live in Ingushetia today. Every clan, and each clan member, are viewed as equal. Unlike neighboring nations in the Caucasus, the Ingush rarely had social superiors or inferiors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Мугуев|first=Хаджи-Мурат|title=Ингушетия: Очерки|year=1937 |location=Москва|publisher=Издательство «Федерация»|language=ru|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZlFCgAAQBAJ&dq=it+happens+to+be+the+Ingush&pg=PT204 |title=Our Game|author=[[John le Carré]]|year=1995 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=9780679441816}}</ref> In 1781, during his travels fromt the [[Mozdok]] fortress to the inner Caucasus, Leonti von Städer described the Ingush as “outwardly free, fierce and serious; ardent in speech, yet pacified rather quickly; their feelings are manifested sincerely and openly; they consider contempt for life a virtue and the slightest symptom of fear as the greatest of faults; therefore they are daringly courageous.”<ref>{{cite book|author=Leonti von Städer|editor=Peter Simon Pallas|title=Tagebuch einer Reise die im Jahr 1781 von der Granzfestung Mosdok nach dem innern Caucasus unternommen worden|url=http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/26662-rallas-p-s-tagebuch-einer-reise-die-im-jahr-1781-von-der-granzfestung-mosdok-nach-dem-innern-caucasus-unternommen-worden-st-petersburg-leipzig-1797#mode/inspect/page/43/zoom/3|year=1781|location=[[Saint Petersburg]]; [[Leipzig]]|publisher=Johann Zacharias Logan|language=de|page=37}}</ref>

{{Cquote|The Ingush are considered very ancient inhabitants of the Caucasus; but their origin is lost in obscure and even contradictory traditions. They have long been supposed to be identical with the Tchetchen – an error which has recently been disproved by anthropological inquiries, which have shown that they are a distinct ethnical group of men. ... The complexion of the Ingush is swarthy; he is tall and slight in form; restless, always on the alert, inquisitive, dexterous, and usually highly intelligent. In every respect the Ingush prove to be, anthropologically, a group of men inhabiting the Caucasus, distinct from their neighbors, the Ossetians, Tchetchens, Lesghins, Kumykhs, Circassians and Kabardins, Armenians, Georgians, Hebrews and others.|source=''[[Scottish Geographical Magazine]]''. Vol. XVII. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Edinburgh, 1901.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6dgwQEACAAJ |title=Scottish Geographical Magazine |year=1901 |publisher=Royal Scottish Geographical Society| author=[[James Geikie]] |editor= George Sandeman|location=Edinburgh|pages=570–572| isbn=9780365269816}}</ref> 
}}

According to anthropologist Ivan Pantyukhov, anthropologically the Ingush differ not only from other populations of the Caucasus; but also from the neighbouring Chechens with whom they form a single speech community, due to passive bilingualism practiced by the Ingush people. The Soviet-Russian anthropologists and scientists N.Y. Marr, V.V. Bounak, R.M. Munchaev, I.M Dyakonov, E.I. Krupnov and G.A. Melikashvilli wrote: “Among Ingush the Caucasian type is preserved better than among any other North Caucasian nation”. Professor G.F. Debets recognized that Ingush Caucasian anthropologic type is the most Caucasian among Caucasians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ingush.ru/his7.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927130136/http://www.ingush.ru/his7.asp|archive-date=2006-09-27|title=G.F.Debets}}</ref>

Prussian scholar Peter Simon Pallas visited the Caucasus region in the late 18th century and made the following observation of the Ingush people:

{{Blockquote|text=There is a people differing entirely from all other inhabitants of the Caucasus, in language as well as in stature, and features of the countenance: the Galgai or Ingush, who refer to themselves as Lamur, meaning "mountaineers". ... Their manner of pronouncing appeared to us, as if their mouths were full of stones. They are an honest and brave set of people, maintaining their independence, and are subject only to their elders, or priests. They are the only nation inhabiting the Caucasus, among whom the shield has been preserved as a part of their accoutrements. These are made of wood, covered with leather, and bound with iron hoops of an oval form. The short knotty pike which forms part of their armor, serves not only as a weapon of defense, but is likewise used for supporting the gun between its forked branched, by fixing the pointed end in the ground, which enabled the sharp-shooter to take a more accurate aim.|author=[[Peter Simon Pallas]]|source=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktdqde2Rx4oC&dq=Galgai+Inguschen&pg=PA415 ''Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794'']}}

== Ingush language and grammar ==
{{main|Ingush language}}

The famous [[Georgians|Georgian]] historian and linguist [[Ivane Javakhishvili]] proposed to use "Ghalghaï" ({{lang-ka|Ghilghuri or [[Gligvi|Ghlighvi]]}}){{sfn|Чикобава|2010|pages=30–31}} as a general name or classification for the Ingush, Chechen and Bats languages, instead of artificially invented terms, such as "Nakh" or "Vainakh":

{{Blockquote|text="Chachnuri" (Chechen) –  i.e. "Nakhchouri" (Nakhchoy), "Ingushuri" (Ingush) –  i.e. "Kisturi" (Kist) in the North Caucasus, and "Tsovuri" (Tsova) – i.e. "Batsburi" (Batsbi) in Georgia, in the Tushin community, constitute another separate group, which currently does not have its own common distinct name. In ancient times, Greek and Roman geographers called the native inhabitants of the middle and eastern parts of the North Caucasus –  "Geli" and "Legi". The name Geli (Gelae) is the equivalent of the modern "Ghalgha", as pronounced in their own language and in the Tushin language; and the equivalent of Legi is the Georgian "Lekebi" (Leks, Avars). In Georgian, the first corresponds to "Gh'''il'''ghvi" (singular) and "Gh'''il'''ghvelebi" (plural), which are often found in old Tushin folk poems. And in other regions of Georgia, it is customary to designate them as "Gh'''li'''ghvi". Since there is no common name for the above three languages, such a name is necessary, therefore, instead of an artificially invented name, it is better to use the (traditional) name that existed in antiquity. It is with this in mind that I choose to present this group of languages – Chachnuri (Chechen), Kisturi (Ingush) and Tsovuri (Tsova, i.e. Batsbi) — under the general name "Ghilghuri" (Ghalghaï)
|author=I. Javakhishvili|source="The initial structure and relationship of the Georgian and Caucasian languages." Tbilisi, 1937. / p. 97{{sfn|ჯავახიშვილი|1937|loc=p. 97: "ჩაჩნური, ანუ ნახჭოური, ინგუშური, ანუ ქისტური ჩრდილოეთს კავკასიაში და წოვური, ანუ ბაცბური საქართველოში, თუშეთის თეშში. ენათა შეორე ცალკეულ ჯგუფს შეადგენენ, რომელსაც ამჟამად აგრეთვე თავისი ცალკეული ზოგადი სახელი არ მოეპოება. ძველად, ბერძენთა და რომალითა იეოგრაფები იმიერკავკასიის შუა და აღმოსავლეთის ნაწილის მიწა-წყალზე მობინადრედ გელ-ებსა და ლეგ-ებს ასახელებდენ. გელ-ების სახელი უდრის იქაურსი და თუშურს თანამედროვე ღალღას, ლეგ-ებისა კი ქართულს ლეკებს პირველი სახელის ქართ. შესატყვისობა ღილღვი (მხ. რ.) და ლილივებია (მრ. რ.), რომელიც ძველს თუშურ ხალხურ ლექსებში ხშირად გვხვდება. სხვაგან და ჩვეულებრივ საქართველოში კი მათ აღსანიშნივად ღლილვია მიღებული. რაკი ზემოაღნიშნული სამი ენის ზოგადი სახელი არ არსებობს, ასეთი სახელი კი საჭიროა, ამიტომ, ხელოვნურად შეთხზულის მაგოერ, აქაც ისევ ძველად არსებული ასეთი სახელის გამოყენება სჯობია, სწორედ ამ მოსაზრებით ვხელმძღვანელობ, რომ ენათა მეორე ჯგუფის. — ჩაჩნურიიხა, ქისტურისა და წოვური ენების, — ზოგად სახელად ისევ ღილღღურის შემოღებას ვრჩეობ}}}}

According to the linguist [[Johanna Nichols]], the [[Ingush language]] differs from the [[Chechen language|Chechen]], but is placed into the same language group due to the passive bilingualism of the Ingush people. J. Nichols remarks: "To my surprise, Ingush turned out to be the most complex language of my sample, besting even polysynthetic languages like Seneca, Lakhota, and Halkomelem. Ingush is not polysynthetic; its complexity is due to large inventories of elements (phonemes, cases, tenses, etc.), a high degree of inflectional synthesis in the verb, and classification of various types – declension and conjugation classes, agreement genders, overt inherent genders, split verbal lexicon, split alignment, etc. Perhaps this complexity explains why it has taken thirty years to produce this grammar, during most of which time the project has in fact been on or near the front burner ... Ingush and Chechen are distinct languages and not mutually intelligible, but because of widespread passive partial knowledge of standard lowlands Chechen by Ingush they function to some extent as a single speech community."<ref name="escholarship.org">{{cite book|title=Ingush Grammar|last=Nicols|first=Johanna|publisher=University of California Press|volume=143|year=2011|isbn=978-0-520-09877-0|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3nn7z6w5/qt3nn7z6w5.pdf}}</ref>

== Origin of the Ingush population ==
According to [[Leonti Mroveli]], the 11th-century Georgian chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the [[Nakh peoples|Vainakh]] ancestor [[Caucas|Kavkas]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The history of the Georgian Kings|last=Mroveli|first=Leonti}}</ref> According to Professor George Anchabadze of [[Ilia State University]] "The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the [[Caucasus]]. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by [[Leonti Mroveli]], the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was "Kavkas", hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the [[Chechens]] and Ingush. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as "the most Caucasian people of all the Caucasians" (Caucasus – Kavkas – Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/1887/ |title=Caucasian Knot &#124; An Essay On the History of the Vainakh People. On the origin of the Vainakhs |publisher=Eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru |access-date=November 3, 2012 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003606/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/1887/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - 4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc |access-date=November 3, 2012  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225132940/https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
In an article from the [[Science (journal)|Science Magazine]] Bernice Wuethrich states that American linguist Dr. [[Johanna Nichols]] has used language to connect modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the [[Fertile Crescent]] and that her research suggests that "farmers of the region were proto-Nakh-Daghestanians". Nichols is quoted as stating that "The [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Nakh–Dagestanian languages]] are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilization".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5469/1158.full?sid=b73d602d-8965-4c4a-90ba-26a04c20dab7|title=Peering Into the Past, With Words}};Bernice Wuethrich, "Science" 2000: Vol. 288 no. 5469 p. 1158</ref>

== Genetics ==
The Ingush have 89% of [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]] Y-DNA which is the highest known frequency in the world and [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]] is closely associated with the [[Fertile Crescent]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|display-authors=et al.|last1=Balanovsky|first1=Oleg|last2=Dibirova|first2=Khadizhat|last3=Dybo|first3=Anna|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/13/molbev.msr126.abstract|year=2011|volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=2905–2920 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msr126 |pmid=21571925 |pmc=3355373 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/ingush/default.aspx?section=yresults|title=Ingush DNA Project - Y-DNA Classic Chart|publisher=Family Tree DNA}}</ref> The mitochondrial DNA of the Ingush differs from other Caucasian populations and the rest of the world. "The Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less variability than other [World] populations for the eight Alu insertion polymorphisms analyzed here. The average heterozygosity is less than that of any other region of the world, with the exception of Sahul. Within the Caucasus, the Ingush have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations. The Ingush also showed unusual patterns of [[mtDNA]] variation when compared with other Caucasus populations (Nasidze and Stoneking, submitted), which indicates that some feature of the Ingush population history, or of this particular sample of the Ingush, must be responsible for their different patterns of [[genetic variation]] at both mtDNA and the [[Alu sequence|Alu]] insertion loci."<ref name="European Journal of Human Genetics">{{cite journal |author=Ivane Nasidze|year=2001 |title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=9 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615 |pmid=11313770 |issue=4|s2cid=7021736 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v9/n4/pdf/5200615a.pdf|title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus| volume=9|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615|pmid=11313770|date=April 2001|journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet.|pages=267–72|last1=Nasidze|first1= I|last2= Risch|first2=GM|last3=Robichaux|first3=M|last4=Sherry|first4=ST|last5=Batzer|first5=MA|last6=Stoneking|first6= M|issue=4|s2cid=7021736|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Social structure ==
One of the outstanding features of the Ingush character can be attributed to democratic individualism, which directly penetrated the entire social life of the Ingush people. Since time immemorial, the Ingush people were a collection of many small, but completely independent democratic clans and communities. Each individual village was independently governed by senior family members and was completely independent from neighboring villages; only in case of great danger were all villages united together for common protection, under the control of all senior members of the united societies. No military virtues or merits could give a person distinguished by them any significant privileges, therefore, among the Ingush people there were no titles at all that would have civil significance and give the official right of influence on fellow tribesmen, like many neighboring Caucasian peoples.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=«Терские Ведомости»|author=Чах Ахриев.|title=Этнографическiй очеркъ Ингушскаго народа|issue=31|year=1872}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Due to the complex code of conduct and folk customs, even the poorest, ragged Ingush, in relations to a stranger, and especially to a guest, behaves with such tact that would be called aristocratic, in comparison with the simple-minded, unceremonious treatment of the Russian peasant. Feelings of independence and personal dignity are also very outstanding characteristic features of an Ingush in his relations with foreigners. The sanguine temperament of the Ingush also greatly contribute to the fact that its characteristic features sometimes manifest themselves in the most dramatic form: for example, in the past, feelings of predation and humanity often went hand in hand and resulted in the most opposite actions: an Ingush, who considered it his sacred duty to kill his enemy, would defend the latter with his life if that enemy happened to be a guest in his house.|author=[[Chakh Akhriev]]|source=“Ethnographic sketch of the Ingush people”  (''«Терские Ведомости»'' № 31–35, 1872)}}

== Architecture ==
{{See also|Ingush towers}}
[[File:Typical Ingush Castle.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Medieval Ingush village [[Erzi (village)|Erzi]]]]

The Ingush stone architecture is closely related to their way of life in the mountains. The stone architecture is known to mountain Ingushetia as early as 8,000–4,000 BC [[cyclopean masonry]] settlements [[Egikal]], [[Targim]], Doshkhakle, Leymi. Caucasologist Ruslan Buzurtanov mentions that every Ingush family had an architectural triad: a tower, a church, and a necropolis. All three were present in every settlement. All three evolved continuously over time. For example, the [[Tkhaba-Yerdy Church]] was originally a pagan temple according to the evidence the earliest structures that dates back before the 8th–9th centuries when it was remodeled into a Christian church adding Christian crosses and reliefs but keeping the pagan petroglyphs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pravoslavie.ru/news/27785.htm|title = В Ингушетии на месте средневекового храма найдены следы еще более древнего памятника / Православие.Ru}}</ref> The Ingush stone town consisting of towers and churches were located lower than the necropolis town of the dead. Ingush necropolis had [[crow-stepped gable|stepped roof]] either pyramidal or conical shape. Combat towers had stepped pyramidal roof. Necropolis evolved over time: 3,000 BC they were underground stone [[cists]], later grouped into pyramids, then became half underground and finally early Middle Ages above the ground structures. Majority of the Ingush stone necropolis and churches East of the Terek river were either partially or fully destroyed during the Soviet times especially after Ingush people were exiled en masse in 1944. The necropolis were looted by Ossetian and Russian colonists who were brought to Ingushetia after 1944. The combat towers had an entrance on the second floor which had a conical roof with a cross made of stones and a keystone which formed the floor of the next level. These conical stone crosses are unique only in the Ingush towers. The combat towers usually had five to six levels. None of the arches of windows in the combat towers had a keystone and were made of a solid blocks of stone. The famous Soviet archaeologist and historian, professor E.I. Krupnov in his book "Medieval Ingushetia" described the Ingush towers as «''in the true sense the pinnacle of the architectural and constructional mastery of the ancient population of the region''».{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=71}}

== Culture ==
{{See also|Music in Ingushetia}}
The Ingush possess a varied culture of traditions, legends, epics, tales, songs, proverbs, and sayings. Music, songs and dance are particularly highly regarded. Popular musical instruments include the ''dachick-panderr'' (a kind of [[balalaika]]), ''kekhat ponder'' ([[accordion]], generally played by girls), mirz ponder (a three-stringed violin), [[zurna]] (a type of [[oboe]]), [[tambourine]], and drums.

== Religion ==
[[File:Myat Seli.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient Ingush temple Myatseli on Mount Myatlom]]
[[File:Tkhaba-Erdy.jpeg|thumb|Ingush pre-[[Islamic]] beliefs. [[Tkhaba-Yerdy Church|Temple Tkhabya-Yerd]] (temple of 2000) was initially a cuboid [[cyclopean masonry]] structure, which was rebuilt during the spread of [[Christianity]] in Ingushetia. The rebuilt wall was done with smaller stones shown at the entrance side.]]
The Ingush are [[Sunni Muslims]]. In matters of [[fiqh]], they adhere to the school of [[Al-Shafi'i|Imam Muhammad ash-Shafi’i]], the founder of the [[Shafi’i|Shafi'i madhab]]. They are also adherents of two [[Sufi]] [[tariqa]]s: [[Qadiriyya]] and [[Naqshbandiya]].{{sfn|Nichols|1997}}{{sfn|Албогачиева|2017|pages=4–5}} Before the final consolidation of Islam, the Ingush from ancient times had their traditional pagan beliefs widespread, with their own unique [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]], developed mythology and numerous religious architectural objects. At some period, [[Christianity]] was also widespread.

=== Christianity ===
According to the writings of the historian Bashir Dalgat, the first Christian missionaries were Georgian and they appeared in Ingushetia around the 10th century, simultaneously with the flourishing of Georgia.{{sfn|Далгат|2004}} Christianity spread quite widely in Ingushetia and Chechnya,{{sfn|Далгат|2004}} at the moment, on the territory of modern Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia, there are many archaeological, historical and architectural monuments confirming the centuries-old Christianity among the Ingush in particular, and the Vainakhs in general.{{sfn|Далгат|2004}} The scientist's study describes numerous testimonies of historians and travelers of the early and middle Middle Ages, according to which churches or even, possibly, a monastery were built on the territory of the Ingush lands.{{sfn|Далгат|2004}} In particular, according to the testimonies of Russian German scientists [[Johann Anton Güldenstädt|Johann Güldenstädt]] and [[Peter Simon Pallas]], who visited Ingushetia in the 18th century, in the [[Tkhaba-Yerdy Church]] (an example of architecture of the 9th–10th centuries<ref>{{Cite web|title=Храм Тхаба-Ерды в Ингушетии|trans-title=Temple of Tkhaba-Yerdy in Ingushetia|website=www.russights.ru|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316130720/http://russights.ru/post_1261942694.html|url=http://russights.ru/post_1261942694.html|archive-date=2015-03-16}}</ref>) ancient documents were kept, written, according to them the interlocutor-monk, "in gold, blue and black letters", that above the doors of the temple there is an inscription in "Gothic letters". [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]], published in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, indicated the presence of Christians and pagans among the Ingush:

{{Blockquote|text=The Ingush are mostly Sunni Muslims, but there are both Christians and perfect pagans among them. Islam settled in them no earlier than half of the last century, but in ancient times the Ingush were Christians, as evidenced by many chapels and the remains of ancient churches, which are highly respected by the Ingush and in which they make sacrifices, celebrate various festivities, which are a mixture of Christian traditions and pagan outlook. The Ingush have special reverence for human skeletons located in a stone booth near the site of Nazran; according to legend, these skeletons belong to the Nart people, who once lived near Nazran, and remained incorruptible for 200 years, but with the advent of the Russians they began to deteriorate.{{sfn|Энциклопедическій словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона|1894}}}}

=== Islam ===
[[Islam]] began to penetrate to the ancestors of the Ingush as early as the 8th century as a result of military campaigns of the Arabs against the Khazars and Alans, which ran through the [[Darial Gorge|Darial]] and [[Derbent|Derbent gorges]]. This period includes a bronze figure of an eagle ("[[Suleymans Eagle|The Eagle of Suleyman]]") from the tower settlement of [[Erzi (rural locality)|Erzi]] in the [[Kistin Gorge]] of mountainous Ingushetia, which probably came here in the form of a military trophy{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|page=106}} and today is the oldest accurately dated bronze product of Islamic art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Притула|first=А. Д. |url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/explore/collections/master/sub/1252764372/!ut/p/z1/xZJRb4IwEMc_jY_NVVooPqLROBK2OXVAX0xlgF2gKFZw-_QrPm3JHNl8WJ_ucnf9Xf73Bw4RcCUamQstKyUKk8fc2Tx4njMkE-y7o_kMe3Q6W3gBeVyuHHgGDrxQOcT1qQv3iXyBmLGMjoTLkEPdFNGECrTNmI0IFkNCRolLWNZ1J0rv9Q7iXVqXUos8HeCkUjpVuguKIk26PY4DfDxtv-RDy7aYQwmzIOxbkZsyvvI8bOZ5X0tsEOwa4s53IGxk2sJaVXVpRFv-Uoh5L8H-jhBOgs1iPX0ys387QA-U_QN0TG_U0r_c8gc3GEdbdTAJcvOt0DskVVZB9MlPpkG-Hg7cM_bsvHjWEN3iz31ZuqREEUax37Ttal5ugunZbt7H94hv39oPUXhJoQ!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?lng=ru|title=Арабские страны Ближнего Востока в средневековье (Египет, Сирия, Ирак)|trans-title=Arab countries of the Middle East in the Middle Ages (Egypt, Syria, Iraq) |website=www.hermitagemuseum.org|language=ru|location=Государственный Эрмитаж|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103201314/https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/explore/collections/master/sub/1252764372/!ut/p/z1/xZJRb4IwEMc_jY_NVVooPqLROBK2OXVAX0xlgF2gKFZw-_QrPm3JHNl8WJ_ucnf9Xf73Bw4RcCUamQstKyUKk8fc2Tx4njMkE-y7o_kMe3Q6W3gBeVyuHHgGDrxQOcT1qQv3iXyBmLGMjoTLkEPdFNGECrTNmI0IFkNCRolLWNZ1J0rv9Q7iXVqXUos8HeCkUjpVuguKIk26PY4DfDxtv-RDy7aYQwmzIOxbkZsyvvI8bOZ5X0tsEOwa4s53IGxk2sJaVXVpRFv-Uoh5L8H-jhBOgs1iPX0ys387QA-U_QN0TG_U0r_c8gc3GEdbdTAJcvOt0DskVVZB9MlPpkG-Hg7cM_bsvHjWEN3iz31ZuqREEUax37Ttal5ugunZbt7H94hv39oPUXhJoQ!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?lng=ru|archive-date=2022-01-03|access-date=2022-01-03|url-status=live}}</ref> The eagle served as the coat of arms of the village of [[Erzi (rural locality)|Erzi]] (from the Ingush. "Eagle") and was passed from generation to generation to the eldest family member. And the name of the village of Dzheyrakh in mountainous Ingushetia is associated with the name of the Arab commander [[Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah|Jarrah ibn-Abdullah]]. Also, the legends of the Ingush connect the spread of Islam among them with another Arab commander named [[Abu Muslim]].{{sfn|Албогачиева|2017|page=37}}

Some researchers tend to associate the penetration of Islam with the presence of the Mongol-Tatars in the flat regions of Ingushetia, especially with the coming to power of [[Özbeg Khan|Khan Uzbek]] (r. 1312–1340), when Islamization began to be carried out more intensively. V. B. Vinogradov believed that the headquarters of Khan Uzbek was located in the area of the modern Ingush village of [[Plievo]], the city of [[Karabulak, Republic of Ingushetia|Karabulak]] and the mausoleum of [[Borga-Kash]]. This unique architectural monument was built in 1405–1406.{{sfn|Албогачиева|2017|page=37}} There is an opinion that here may be buried the ruler Burakan (Borokhan), mentioned in the chronicles "Zafar-name" ("Book of Victories") Nizam-ad-din Shami, who was a contemporary and personal secretary of [[Tamerlan]], and "Zafar-name" ("Book of Victories") Sheref-ad-din Yazdi, who lived in the first half of the XV century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Газиков|first=Б. Д.|year=2000|chapter=К вопросу о маршрутах походов Тимура против «эльбурзцев» |trans-chapter=On the question of the routes of Timur's campaigns against the "Elburzes" |title=Ингушетия на пороге нового тысячелетия. Тезисы докладов научно-практической конференции 29 апреля 2000 года|trans-title=Ingushetia on the threshold of the new millennium. Abstracts of the scientific-practical conference April 29, 2000|location=Назрань|publisher=n.a. |page=79}}</ref>{{sfn|История Ингушетии|2013|pages=130–132}}

According to other sources, the flat Ingush, unlike the Ingush highlanders, begin to accept Islam in the 16th century, and the period of its wide distribution falls on the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Мужухоев|first1=М. Б.|year=1979 |chapter=Проникновение ислама к чеченцам и ингушам|trans-chapter=The penetration of Islam to the Chechens and Ingush |title=Археологические памятники Чечено-Ингушетии|trans-title=Archaeological monuments of Checheno-Ingushetia|language=ru |location=Грозный|publisher=n.a. |pages=125–150}}</ref> According to the Georgian geographer and historian prince [[Vakhushti Bagrationi]], at the beginning of the 18th century. Part of the Ingush, namely the [[Big Ingush|Angusht society]], were Sunni Muslims.{{sfn|Багратиони|1904|page=151}}{{sfn|Кодзоев|2020b|page=16}} The presence of ancient [[mosques]] of the 18th to 19th centuries. recorded in mountainous Ingushetia.{{sfn|Албогачиева|2017|page=169}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ларина|first=Алена|date=2021-09-30|url=https://rg.ru/2021/09/30/reg-skfo/v-gorah-ingushetii-vosstanoviat-drevniuiu-mechet.html|title=В горах Ингушетии восстановят древнюю мечеть|trans-title=Ancient mosque will be restored in the mountains of Ingushetia|work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]]|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914005621/https://rg.ru/2021/09/30/reg-skfo/v-gorah-ingushetii-vosstanoviat-drevniuiu-mechet.html|archive-date=2022-09-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the first half of the 19th century, the activities of [[Imam Shamil]] played a significant role in rooting Islam among the Ingush. During the Caucasian War, his Naqshbandi tariqa became the official ideology of the [[Caucasian Imamate|Imamate]], so that some [[Ingush societies]] – [[Orstkhoy|Karabulaks]], [[Galashians]] – became followers of the Imam's teachings.{{sfn|Албогачиева|2017|page=39}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Ingush people]]
* [[Ingushetia]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFКрупнов1971}}

=== English sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Anchabadze|first=George|year=2001 |url=https://abkhazworld.com/aw/publications/e-library/2107-the-vainakhs-the-chechen-and-ingush-by-george-anchabadze |title=Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush)|location=Tbilisi |publisher=Caucasian House |pages=1–76}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Cohen|editor-first=S. B. |year=2008|url={{Google Books|plainurl=yes|C6PLxz8EMk0C}} |title=The Columbia Gazetteer of the World|volume=1: A to G |edition=2nd|location=New York City|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=1–4390 |isbn=978-0-231-14554-1|ref={{harvid|The Columbia Gazetteer of the World|2008}}}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ingush|title=Ingush|website=[[Collins English Dictionary|collinsdictionary.com]]|access-date=May 18, 2023|ref={{harvid|Collins English Dictionary}}}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ingush |title=Ingush|website=[[dictionary.com]]|access-date=May 18, 2023|ref={{harvid|Dictionary.com}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mayor|first=Adrienne|author-link=Adrienne Mayor|year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mW6YDwAAQBAJ |title=The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=1–544|isbn=978-0691170275}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ingush|title=Ingush|website=[[Merriam-Webster|merriam-webster.com]] |access-date=May 18, 2023|ref={{harvid|Merriam-Webster}}}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/countries/UZ |title=Country: Uzbekistan|work=[[Joshua Project]]|ref={{harvid|Country: Uzbekistan. ''Joshua Project''}}}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12231/KZ |title=Ingush in Kazakhstan|work=[[Joshua Project]]|ref={{harvid|Ingush in Kazakhstan. ''Joshua Project''}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|year=1997|author-link=Johanna Nichols |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen) |publisher=University of California, Berkeley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208154007/http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html|archive-date=2006-12-08|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nichols|first1=Johanna|author1-link=Johanna Nichols|last2=Sprouse|first2=Ronald L.|year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7wqVHeRWdwC|title=Ghalghaai-Ingalsii, Ingalsii-Ghalghaai Lughat|trans-title=Ingush-English and English-Ingush Dictionary|language=en, inh|location=London |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|pages=1–563|isbn=9780415315951}}
* {{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/ingush_n?tab=factsheet#448552|chapter=Ingush, n.|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|year=1976|ref={{harvid|OED|1976}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Phillips|first=Sir Richard|author-link=Sir Richard Phillips|year=1826|url={{Google Books|H6UwAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=A Geographical View of the World: Embracing the Manners, Customs, and Pursuits, of Every Nation : Founded on the Best Authorities|location=New York|publisher=E. Hopkins and W. Reed|pages=1–452}}
* {{Cite book|last=Spencer|first=Edmund|year=1838|url={{Google Books|wegOAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=Travels in the Western Caucasus: Including a Tour Through Imeritia, Mingrelia, Turkey, Moldavia, Galicia, Silesia, and Moravia, in 1836|volume=1 |location=London|publisher=Henry Colburn|pages=1–374}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wahl|first=O. W.|year=1875|title=The Land of the Czar|location=London|publisher=Chapman and Hall|pages=1–417}}
{{refend}}

=== German sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Klaproth|first=Heinrich Julius|author-link=Julius Klaproth|year=1814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNxOAAAAcAAJ|title=Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere|trans-title=Geographical-historical description of the Eastern Caucasus, between the rivers Terek, Aragvi, Kur and the Caspian Sea|volume=50: Part 2|language=de|location=Weimar|publisher=Verlag des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs|pages=1–218}}
* {{Cite book|last=Koch|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Koch (botanist)|year=1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vJWAAAAMAAJ |title=Reise durch Russland nach dem kankasischen Isthmus in den Jahern 1836, 1837 und 1838 |trans-title=Journey through Russia to the Caucasian Isthmus in the years 1836, 1837 and 1838|language=de |volume=2|location=Stuttgart und Tübingen |publisher=Druck und Verlag der J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung|pages=1–559}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pallas|first=Peter Simon|author-link=Peter Simon Pallas|year=1811 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGFKAQAAMAAJ |title=Second voyage de Pallas, ou, Voyages entrepris dans les gouvernemens méridionaux de l'empire de Russie pendant les années 1793 et 1794|trans-title=Second Journey of Pallas, or, Journeys undertaken in governments of the Russian Empire during the years 1793 and 1794|language=fr |volume=2|location=Paris|publisher=chez Guillaume|pages=1–387}}
{{refend}}

=== Georgian sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=ჯავახიშვილი|first=ივანე|author-link=Ivane Javakhishvili|year=1937 |url=https://digitallibrary.tsu.ge/book/2021/sep/books/javaxishvili_kartuli_2.pdf|title=ქართული ერის ისტორიის შესავალი|trans-title=Introduction to the history of the Georgian nation|language=ka|volume=2: ქართული და კავკასიური ენების თავდაპირველი ბუნება და ნათესაობა|location=თბილისი|publisher=სსრკ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია - საქართველოს ფილიალი|pages=1–754}}
{{refend}}

=== Polish sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Sobczyński|editor-first1=Marek |editor-last2=Heffner|editor-first2=Krystian|year=2009|url={{Google Books|XzRDAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=Historical Regions Divided by the Borders: Cultural heritage and multicultural cities |volume=2|location=Łódź |publisher=University of Łódź, Department of Political Geography and Regional Studies|pages=1–291|isbn=978-8371262524}}
{{refend}}

=== Russian sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Албогачиева|first=М. С.-Г.|year=2017 |title=Ислам в Ингушетии: этнография и историко-культурные аспекты |url=https://m.vk.com/doc358527_502861685?hash=2MdRG9PQex8CzqLWdqMZujkKMdn7R3lAbqbD0E4qUkg|trans-title=Islam in Ingushetia: ethnography and historical and cultural aspects|language=ru|location=СПб |publisher=Российская академия наук; Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера)|pages=1–264 |isbn=978-5-88431-349-1}}
* {{Cite wikisource|editor-last1=Арсеньева|editor-first1=К. К.|editor-link1=Konstantin Arsenyev|editor-last2=Петрушевскій|editor-first2=О. О.|editor-last3=Бекетов|editor-first3=А. Н.|editor-link3=Andrey Beketov|editor-last4=Венгеров|editor-first4=С. А.|editor-link4=Semyon Vengerov|editor-last5=Воейков|editor-first5=А. И.|editor-link5=Alexander Voeikov|editor-last6=Карѣева|editor-first6=Н. И.|editor-link6=Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev|editor-last7=Менделѣева|editor-first7=Д. И.|editor-link7=Dmitri Mendeleev|editor-last8=Собичевскій|editor-first8=В. Т.|editor-last9=Соловьев|editor-first9=В. С.|editor-link9=Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher) |editor-last10=Соловьев|editor-first10=Н. О.|wslink=ЭСБЕ|chapter=Ингуши|trans-chapter=The Ingush|plaintitle=[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|Энциклопедическій словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона]]|language=ru|wslanguage=ru|volume=13: Имидоэфиры — Историческая школа|location=С.-Петербургъ|publisher=Семеновская Типолитографія (И.А. Ефрона)|year=1894|pages=58–60|ref={{harvid|Энциклопедическій словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона|1894}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Багратиони|first=Вахушти|author-link=Vakhushti Bagrationi|year=1904|title=География Грузии|trans-title=Geography of Georgia|language=ru |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/vahushti-bagrationi-geografiya-gruzii-1904/|translator-last=Джананашвили |translator-first=М. Г.|translator-link=Mose Janashvili |location=Тифлис|publisher=Тип. К.П. Козловского|pages=1–290}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Бердзенешвили|first1=Н. А.|last2=Дондуа |first2=В. Д.|last3=Думбадзе|first3=М. К.|last4=Меликишвили |first4=Г. А.|last5=Месхиа|first5=Ш. А.|year=1962 |url=https://disk.yandex.ru/i/GSxlIltSFGP31A|title=История Грузии: с древнейших времён до 60-х годов XIX века|trans-title=History of Georgia: from ancient times to the 1860s|language=ru|location=Тбилиси |pages=1–254 |publisher=Издательство учебно-педагогической литературы}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Берже|editor-first=А. П.|editor-link=Adolf Berge|year=1881|title=Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею|trans-title=Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission |url= https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book9494/#page/2/mode/1up |language=ru|volume=8|location=Тифлисъ |publisher=Типографія Главнаго Управленія Намѣстника Кавказскаго|pages=1–1033|ref={{harvid|Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею|1881}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Бларамберг|first=И. Ф.|year=2010 |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/blaramberg-i-istoricheskoe-topograficheskoe-statisticheskoe-etnograficheskoe-i-voennoe-opisanie-kavkaza-2010/ |title=Историческое, топографическое, статистическое, этнографическое и военное описание Кавказа|trans-title=Historical, topographical, statistical, ethnographic and military description of the Caucasus |type=field research|language=ru|translator-last=Назарова|translator-first=И. М. |location=Москва|publisher=Издательство Надыршин|pages=1–402|isbn=978-5-902744-10-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Богуславский|first=В. В.|year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OaOaYo6J7oC |title=Славянская энциклопедия: XVII век|trans-title=Slavic Encyclopedia: XVII century|language=ru|volume=1|pages=1–782 |location=Москва |publisher=Олма-Пресс|isbn=5224036593}}
* {{Cite book|last=Броневскій|first=С. М.|year=1823 |chapter=Кисты (глава третья) |trans-chapter=Kists (chapter three) |title=Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе (часть вторая)|trans-title=The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus (part two)|location=Москва|publisher=Тип. С. Селивановского |url=http://www.elbrusoid.org/upload/iblock/00f/00f35ae1e21e7616627f35b682ed4d1b.pdf|language=ru|pages=151–186}}
* {{Cite book|last=Бутков|first=П. Г.|year=1837|chapter-url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003542864?page=313&rotate=0&theme=white |chapter=Мнение о книге: Славянския древности|trans-chapter=Opinion about the book: Slavic antiquities |url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003542864?page=1&rotate=0&theme=white|title=Три древние договора руссов с норвежцами и шведами |trans-title=Three ancient treaties of the Russians with the Norwegians and the Swedes|language=ru|location=Санкт-Петербург |publisher=Тип. Министерства внутренних дел|pages=1–66 (311–378 as PDF)}}
* {{Cite book|last=Бутков|first=П. Г.|year=1869 |url=http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/16569-ch-2-1869#mode/inspect/page/5/zoom/5 |title=Матеріалы для новой истории, съ 1722 по 1803 годъ|trans-title=Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803|language=ru |volume=2|location=СПб.|publisher=Типографія Императорской Академіи Наукъ|pages=1–602}}
* {{Cite book|last=Великая|first=Н. Н.|year=2010|chapter=Этногенез и этническая история|trans-chapter=Ethnogenesis and ethnic history |title=Северный Кавказ с древних времён до начала XX столетия (историко-этнографические очерки)|trans-title=North Caucasus from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century (historical and ethnographic essays)|language=ru|location=Пятигорск |publisher=n.a.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Виноградов|first=В. Б.|year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-F8KAQAAIAAJ |title=Время, горы, люди|trans-title=Time, mountains, people|language=ru|location=[[Grozny|Грозный]] |publisher=Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во|pages=1–168}}
* {{Cite book|last=Волкова|first=Н. Г.|year=1973 |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/volkova-n-g-etnonimy-i-plemennye-nazvaniya-severnogo-kavkaza-1973-god/ |title=Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа |trans-title=Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus|language=ru|location=Москва|publisher=Наука|pages=1–210}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Галгай|year=1924 |url=https://vivaldi.dspl.ru/pm0000514/view/?#page=59 |title=О Галгаях|trans-title=About the Galgais|language=ru |journal=Кавказский горец|issue=1|pages=49–51 |location=Прага|publisher=Издание Союза горцев Кавказа в ЧСР}}
* {{Cite book|last=Генко|first=А. Н.|year=1930|chapter-url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/genko-a-n-iz-kulturnogo-proshlogo-ingushej-1930/|chapter=Из культурного прошлого ингушей|trans-chapter=From the cultural past of the Ingush|title=Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее|trans-title=Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum|language=ru|volume=5 |location=Ленинград |publisher=Издательство Академии наук СССР|pages=681–761}}
* {{Cite book|last=Гумба|first=Г. Д.|year=1988 |title=Расселение Вайнахских племён по "Ашхарацуйцу". "Армянская География" VII века |trans-title=Settlement of the Vainakh tribes along the "Ashkharatsuytsu". "Armenian Geography" of the 7th century|language=ru |location=Ереван|publisher=n.a.|pages=1–}}
* {{Cite book|last=Гумба|first=Г. Д.|year=1990|chapter=Об одном общенахском этнониме второй половины первого тыс. до н. э.|trans-chapter=About one common Nakh ethnonym of the second half of the first millennium BCE|title=Актуальные проблемы истории дореволюционной Чечено-Ингушетии|trans-title=Actual problems of the history of pre-revolutionary Checheno-Ingushetia|language=ru |location=Грозный|publisher=n.a.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Гюльденштедт|first=Иоганн Антон|author-link=Johann Anton Güldenstädt|editor-last=Карпов|editor-first=Ю. Ю. |year=2002|url= https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book10423/#page/1/mode/1up |title=Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770–1773 гг..|trans-title=Journey through the Caucasus in 1770–1773.|translator-last=Шафроновской|translator-first=Т. К.|location=Санкт-Петербург |publisher=Петербургское Востоковедение|pages=1–508|isbn=5-85803-213-3|language=ru}}
* {{Cite book|author=Дагестанский филиал АН СССР|year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZ81AAAAMAAJ |title=Народно-освободительное движение горцев Дагестана и Чечни в 20-50-х годах XIX в: Всесоюзная научная конференция, 20-22 июня 1989 г.: тезисы докладов и сообщений |trans-title=The people's liberation movement of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya in the 1820s–1850s: All-Union Scientific Conference, June 20–22, 1989: abstracts of reports and messages|location=Makhachkala |publisher=Дагестанский филиал АН СССР |pages=1–190|ref={{harvid|Тезисы докладов и сообщений|1989}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Далгат|first=Б. К.|year=2004|editor-last=Арутюнов|editor-first=С. А.|chapter=Христианство и магометанство в Чечне. Распространение христианства и магометанства среди ингушей|trans-chapter=Christianity and Mohammedanism in Chechnya. The spread of Christianity and Mohammedanism among the Ingush |title=Первобытная религия чеченцев и ингушей|trans-title=The primitive religion of the Chechens and Ingush|edition=1st|location=Москва |publisher=Наука|pages=38–52|isbn=5020098353 |url=http://constitutions.ru/archives/3744|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128090354/http://constitutions.ru/archives/3744|archive-date=2012-01-28}}
* {{Cite book|last=Дахкильгов|first=И. А.|year=2007 |title=Боль и гордость моя – родная Ингушетия|trans-title=My pain and pride is my native Ingushetia|language=ru |location=Нальчик|publisher=ГП КБР "Респ. полиграфкомбинат им. Революции 1905 г.", Эль-Фа|page=}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Долгиева|first1=М. Б.|last2=Картоев|first2=М. М.|last3=Кодзоев|first3=Н. Д.|last4=Матиев|first4=Т. Х.|year=2013 |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/istoriya-ingushetii-otv-red-kodzoev-n-d-2013/|title=История Ингушетии|trans-title=History of Ingushetia|edition=4th|location=Ростов-на-Дону|publisher=Южный издательский дом|pages=1–600|isbn=978-5-98864-056-1|ref={{harvid|История Ингушетии|2013}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Джанашвили|first=М. Г.|author-link=Mose Janashvili|year=1897|url=http://soigsi.com/index.php/proekt-redkaya-kniga-grant-prezidenta-rf/721-dzhanashvili-m-g-izvestiya-gruzinskikh-letopisej-i-istorikov-o-severnom-kavkaze-i-rossii |title=Известия грузинских летописей и историков о Северном Кавказе и России|trans-title=Bulletin of Georgian chronicles and historians about the North Caucasus and Russia|language=ru|location=Тифлис|publisher=Типография К.П. Козловского. Головинский пр.. № 12|pages=1–209}}
* {{Cite book|last=Зенькович|first=Н. А.|year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/tainyushedshegov00zian |title=Тайны ушедшего века. Границы. Споры. Обиды|trans-title=Secrets of the bygone age. Borders. Disputes. Grievances|language=ru|location=Москва |publisher=Олма-Пресс|pages=1–766|isbn=5-224-04403-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Зиссерман|first=А. Л.|year=1879 |url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01004428077?page=3&rotate=0&theme=white |title=Двадцать пять лет на Кавказе (1842-1867)|trans-title=Twenty-five years in the Caucasus (1842-1867)|language=ru|volume=1: 1842-1851 |location=Санкт-Петербург|publisher=Типографія А. С. Суворина|pages=1–432}}
* {{Cite magazine|last=Зиссерман|first=А. Л.|date=1889|editor-last=Бартенев|editor-first=П. И.|editor-link=Pyotr Bartenev |url=https://networks.h-net.org/system/files/contributed-files/068tomrusskiyarhiv1889vip1-4.pdf|title=Фельдмаршалъ князь А. И. Барятинскій: Глава IV {{!}} Русскій архивъ|trans-title=Field Marshal knyaz A. I. Baryarsinsky {{!}} Russian Archive|magazine=[[Russky Arkhiv|Русскій архивъ]]|language=ru|issue=2|location=Moscow|publisher=Университетская типографія|pages=274–358 (292–376 (PDF)}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Казиев|editor-first=Ш. М.|year=1997|url=http://apsnyteka.org/3875-Shamil_Ill_enciklopediya_1997.html |title=Шамиль: Иллюстрированная энциклопедия|trans-title=Shamil: Illustrated Encyclopedia|language=ru|location=Москва |publisher=Эхо Кавказа|pages=1–220|isbn=5-900054-01-2|ref={{harvid|Шамиль: Иллюстрированная энциклопедия|1997}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Кодзоев|first=Н. Д.|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723093858/http://old.memo.ru/d/34363.html |chapter=Основание Назрани|trans-chapter=Foundation of Nazran|title=История Ингушского народа|trans-title=The History of the Ingush people|via=www.old.memo.ru|language=ru|archive-date=2019-07-23|chapter-url=http://old.memo.ru/d/34363.html|url-status=dead|archive-format=chapter|access-date=2019-07-12}}
* {{Cite book|last=Кодзоев|first=Н. Д.|year=2020a|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/kodzoev-n-d-o-dobrovolnom-vhozhdenii-ingushetii-v-sostav-rossijskoj-imperii-2020/|title=О 'добровольном вхождении' Ингушетии в состав Российской империи|trans-title=On the 'voluntary entry' of Ingushetia into the Russian Empire|language=ru |location=Назрань|publisher=Кеп|pages=1–64}}
* {{Cite book|last=Кодзоев|first=Н. Д.|year=2020b |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/kodzoev-n-d-ingushskie-naselennye-punkty-angusht-2020/|title=Ингушские населённые пункты: Ангушт|trans-title=Ingush settlements: Angusht |language=ru|location=Назрань |publisher=Кеп|pages=1–64 |isbn=978-5-4482-0066-3}}
* {{Cite Medieval Ingushetia}}
* {{Cite book|last=Кушева|first=Е. Н.|year=1963|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/kusheva-e-n-narody-severnogo-kavkaza-i-ih-svyazi-s-rossiej-1963/|title=Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI — 30-е годы XVII века)|trans-title=The peoples of the North Caucasus and their relations with Russia (the second half of the 16th – 30s of the 17th century) |language=ru|location=Москва |publisher=Издательство Академии наук СССР|pages=1–370}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Латышев|first=В. В.|year=1947|url=https://disk.yandex.ru/i/0_AcITQq3VbPmp|title=Известия древних писателей о Скифии и Кавказе|trans-title=News of ancient writers about Scythia and the Caucasus|journal=[[Journal of Ancient History|Вестник древней истории]]|language=ru|location=[[Moscow|Москва]]-[[St. Petersburg|Ленинград]]|publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Издательство Академии Наук СССР]]|issue=4|pages=230–348}}
* {{Cite book|last=Мровели|first=Леонти|author-link=Leonti Mroveli|editor-last=Мамулиа|editor-first=Г. С.|year=1979 |url=http://apsnyteka.org/320-mroveli_l_jizn_kartl.tsarei.html|title=Жизнь картлийских царей. Извлечение сведений об абхазах, народах Северного Кавказа и Дагестана|trans-title=Life of Kartvelian kings. Extraction of information about the Abkhazians, the peoples of the North Caucasus and Dagestan|language=ru |location=Москва|publisher=Наука|pages=1–106}}
* {{Cite book|last=Мунчаев|first=Р. М.|year=1994|editor-last1=Кушнарева|editor-first1=К. Х.|editor-last2=Марковин |editor-first2=В. И.|chapter=Куро-аракская культура|trans-chapter=Kuro-Araxes Culture|url=http://apsnyteka.org/1198-epokha_bronzy_kavkaza_i_srednei_azii.html|title=Археология. Эпоха бронзы Кавказа и Средней Азии. Ранняя и средняя бронза Кавказа|trans-title=Archeology. The Bronze Age of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Early and Middle Bronze Age of the Caucasus |series=(Археология с древнейших времён до средневековья в 20 томах / акад. Б. А. Рыбаков)|language=ru|location=Москва|publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Наука]]|pages=8–57|isbn=5-02-009723-3}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Национальная академия наук Грузии|year=2008|title=[[The Georgian Chronicles|Картлис Цховреба (История Грузии)]]|trans-title=The Georgian Chronicles|language=ru|location=Тбилиси|publisher=Артануджи|pages=1–455|ref={{harvid|Картлис Цховреба|2008}}}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Пиотровский|editor-first1=Б. Б. |editor1-link=Boris Piotrovsky|editor-last2=Нарочницкий |editor-first2=А. Л.|year=1988|title=История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времён до конца XVIII в..|trans-title=The history of the peoples of the North Caucasus from ancient times to the end of the 18th century|language=ru|location=Москва|publisher=Наука |pages=1–554|isbn=5-02-009486-2 |ref={{harvid|История народов Северного Кавказа|1988}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Поспелов|first=Е. М.|year=2008 |url=https://obuchalka.org/20201012125869/geograficheskie-nazvaniya-rossii-toponimicheskii-slovar-bolee-4000-edinic-pospelov-e-m-2008.html|title=Географические названия России. Топонимический словарь|trans-title=Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic Dictionary|language=ru|location=Москва|publisher=АСТ, Астрель|pages=1–523|isbn=978-5-17-054966-5}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Потто|editor-first=В. А.|editor-link=Vasily Potto|year=1904 |title=Утвержденіе русскаго владычества на Кавказѣ|volume=3: Part 1|location=Тифлис |publisher=Типографія штаба Кавказскаго военного округа |pages=1–527 |url=https://www.twirpx.com/file/2195256/|ref={{harvid|Утвержденіе русскаго владычества на Кавказѣ|1904}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ракович|first=Д. В.|year=1911 |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/rakovich-d-v-proshloe-vladikavkaza-1911/ |title=Прошлое Владикавказа. Краткая историческая справка ко дню пятидесятилетнего юбилея города. 1861 г.|trans-title=The past of Vladikavkaz. Brief historical background to the fiftieth anniversary of the city. 1861|language=ru|edition=3rd|location=Владикавказ |publisher=Электропеч. Р. Сегаль и С-вья|pages=3–28}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ржевускій|first=А.|year=1888 |url=https://m.vk.com/topic-57460169_39392949|title=Терцы. Сборникъ исторических, бытовыхъ и географическо-статистическихъ свѣдѣній о Терскомъ казачьем войскѣ|trans-title=Tertsy. Collection of historical, everyday, geographical-statistical information about the Terek Cossacks army|language=ru|pages=1–292|location=Владикавказъ |publisher=Типографія Областнаго Правленiя Терской Области}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Робакидзе|editor-first=А. И. |year=1968|url=https://m.vk.com/wall-33833481_4055 |title=Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии|trans-title=Caucasian ethnographic collection. Essays on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia|language=ru|volume=2 |location=Тбилиси|publisher=Мецниереба|pages=1–333}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Севрюкова|first=Е.|year=2019|editor-last=Севрюкова|editor-first=Е. |url=https://nashilitsa.ru/pdf/csyazannye-rodstvom.pdf |title=Связанные родством|trans-title=Related by kinship |journal=Наши Лица|language=ru|location=Москва |publisher=Партнер Плюс|pages=1–259}}
* {{Cite web|last=Степанова|first=А.|date=2018-10-03 |url=https://ru.rbth.com/zhizn/70-ingush-people |title="Люди башен": Как живут ингуши|trans-title="People of the towers": How the Ingush live|work=Узнай Россию |language=ru}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://ghalghay.com/2020/04/20/zaur-kov-3/|title=Владикавказъ|trans-title=Vladikavkaz|work=Терскія вѣдомости |language=ru |issue=71|location=Владикавказъ |date=31 March 1911|ref={{harvid|Терскія вѣдомости|1911b}}}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://ghalghay.com/2020/04/20/zaur/ |title=Торжество празднованія 50-летия основанія г. Владикавказа|trans-title=The celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the city of Vladikavkaz |work=Терскія вѣдомости|language=ru |issue=75 |location=Владикавказъ|date=5 April 1911|ref={{harvid|Терскія вѣдомости|1911a}}}}
* {{Cite book|author=Терскій областной статистическій комитет|year=1895|editor-last=Вертепов|editor-first=Г. А.|url=http://book-olds.ru/BookLibrary/76001-Pamyatnyie-knizhki-Terskoy-Oblasti/1896.-Terskiy-kalendar-na-1896-god.-Vyipusk-5-y.html|title=Терскій календарь. Вып. 5|trans-title=Tersky Calendar|language=ru|location=Владикавказъ |publisher=Типографія Терскаго областнаго правленія |pages=1–426|ref={{harvid|Терскій календарь|1895}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Хауг|first=В.|year=2005 |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0197/analit04.php/ |title=Демографические тенденции, формирование наций и межэтнические отношения в Киргизии|journal=[[:ru:Демоскоп Weekly|Демоскоп]]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Чикобава|first=А. С.|year=2010 |title=Введение в иберийско-кавказское языкознание|trans-title=Introduction to Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics |language=ru|location=Тбилиси|publisher=Тбилисский Гос. Университет им. И. Джаважишвили. Изд. «Универсал»}}
* {{Cite interview|last=Шнирельман|first=Виктор|subject-link=Victor Schnirelmann|date=April 22, 2020 |url=https://etokavkaz.ru/obshchestvo/byt-alanamibook |title=Быть аланами|trans-title=To be Alans|language=ru |work=Это Кавказ |interviewer=Лиза Али|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126195850/https://etokavkaz.ru/obshchestvo/byt-alanami|archive-date=2022-01-26|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|last=Штедер|first=Л. Л.|year=1996|editor-last=Аталиков|editor-first=В. М.|title=Дневник путешествия в 1781 году от пограничной крепости Моздок во внутренние области Кавказа|trans-title=Diary of a journey in 1781 from the border fortress of Mozdok to the interior regions of the Caucasus|language=ru|location=Нальчик|publisher=Наша старина}}
* {{Cite book|last=Яновский|first=А. О.|year=1846|chapter-url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book450799/#page/163/mode/1up|chapter=Древней Кавказской Албании|trans-chapter=Ancient Caucasian Albania|url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book450799/#page/1/mode/1up|title=Журнал Министерства народного просвещения|trans-title=Journal of the Ministry of Public Education|language=ru|volume=52|location=СПб.|publisher=Тип. Императорской Академии Наук|pages=97–136 (163–227 as PDF)}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080427190950/http://www.ingush.us/ News and History of Ingushetia]
*[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html The Ingush people]

{{European Muslims}}
{{Peoples of the Caucasus}}
{{Ethnic groups of Russia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingush People}}
[[Category:Ingush people| ]]
[[Category:Peoples of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Ingushetia|People]]
[[Category:Nakh peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Russia]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of the Caucasus]]
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[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]