Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Iowa

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|U.S. state}}
{{about|the U.S. state|the river|Iowa River|the indigenous people|Iowa people|other uses}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| official_name = State of Iowa
| native_name = {{native name|lkt|Ayúȟwa}}
| image_flag = Flag of Iowa.svg
| name = Iowa
| image_seal = Iowa-StateSeal.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Iowa
| nickname = [[Hawkeye State]]
| motto = ''Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain''<ref>{{cite web |author1=Secretary of State, Iowa |title=Iowa Official Register |url=https://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/profile/8-1.html |website=Iowa Publications Online |publisher=State Library of Iowa |date=2000}}</ref>
| anthem = "[[The Song of Iowa]]"<br />[[File:"O Tannenbaum".ogg|center]]
| image_map = Iowa in United States.svg
| population_demonym = Iowan
| LargestCity = capital
| seat = [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
| LargestCounty = [[Polk County, Iowa|Polk]]
| LargestMetro = * Des Moines:  846,068 (CSA)
* Davenport (Quad Cities):  474,019 (CSA)
* Cedar Rapids:  276,520 (MSA)
* Waterloo-Cedar Falls:  163,706 (MSA)
* Iowa City:  152,854 (MSA)
* Sioux City:  149,940 (MSA)
* Dubuque:  99,266 (MSA)
* Omaha (Nebraska)/Council Bluffs:  967,604
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|first=US Census|last=Bureau|website=Census.gov}}</ref>
| area_rank = 26th
| area_total_sq_mi = 56,273
| area_total_km2 = 145,746
| area_land_sq_mi = 55,857
| area_land_km2 = 144,669
| area_water_sq_mi = 416
| area_water_km2 = 1,077
| width_mi = 
| width_km = 
| length_mi = 
| length_km = 
| area_water_percent = 0.70
| Latitude = 
| Longitude = 
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_rank = 30th
| 2020Pop = 3,190,369<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Census Apportionment Results |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210008/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| MedianHouseholdIncome = $61,691<ref>{{cite web |title=Iowa Profile |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0400000US19 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=April 28, 2021 |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304195205/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0400000US19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2000DensityUS = 57.1
| 2000Density = 22.1
| population_density_rank = 36th
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|30th]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Hawkeye Point]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|access-date=October 21, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102003514/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|archive-date=November 2, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}
| elevation_max_ft = 
| elevation_max_m = 509
| elevation_ft = 
| elevation_m = 340
| elevation_min_point = Confluence of {{nowrap|[[Mississippi River]]}} and {{nowrap|[[Des Moines River]]}}<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}}
| elevation_min_m = 
| elevation_min_ft = 
| Former = 
| AdmittanceDate = December 28, 1846
| AdmittanceOrder = 29th
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Kim Reynolds]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Adam Gregg]] (R)}}
| Legislature = [[Iowa General Assembly]]
| Upperhouse = [[Iowa Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Iowa House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Iowa Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Chuck Grassley]] (R)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Joni Ernst]] (R)}}
| Representative = {{nowrap|[[Iowa's 1st congressional district|1]]: [[Mariannette Miller-Meeks]] (R)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Iowa's 2nd congressional district|2]]: [[Ashley Hinson]] (R)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Iowa's 3rd congressional district|3]]: [[Zach Nunn]] (R)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Iowa's 4th congressional district|4]]: [[Randy Feenstra]] (R)}}
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset1 = −06:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = −05:00
| iso_code = US-IA
| postal_code = IA
| website = www.iowa.gov
| Representatives = 
| Capital = Des Moines, Iowa
| OfficialLang = English
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
<!-- Sources: http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Pubinfo/StateSymbols/ https://www.census.gov/schools/facts/iowa.html -->
|state = Iowa
|image_flag = Flag of Iowa.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Iowa.svg
|bird = [[American goldfinch|Eastern goldfinch]]
|flower = [[Rosa arkansana|Prairie rose]]
|tree = [[Bur Oak]]
|rock = [[Geode]]
|image_route = Iowa 3.svg
|image_quarter = 2004 IA Proof.png
|quarter_release_date = 2004
}}

'''Iowa''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Iowa.ogg|ˈ|aɪ|.|ə|w|ə}} {{respell|EYE|ə|wə}}, [[Lakota language|Lakota]]: ''Ayúȟwa''){{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|access-date=May 14, 2017|Iowa}}}}{{refn|{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|access-date=May 14, 2017|Iowa}}}}{{refn|{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Iowa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322190022/https://www.lexico.com/definition/iowa |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Iowa |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} }}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodson |first=Christina |title=Iro Tųwahi Wisahma Nąha: the Seventh Generation, Understanding Jiwere Language Status and Reclamation Through Community Input |publisher=[[The University of Oklahoma]] |year=2019 |pages=1}}</ref> is a landlocked [[U.S. state|state]] in the upper [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders the [[Mississippi River]] to the east and the [[Missouri River]] and [[Big Sioux River]] to the west; [[Wisconsin]] to the northeast, [[Illinois]] to the east and southeast, [[Missouri]] to the south, [[Nebraska]] to the west, [[South Dakota]] to the northwest, and [[Minnesota]] to the north.

Iowa is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|26th largest]] in total area and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|31st most populous]] of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 U.S. states]], with a population of 3,190,369,<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194205/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=April 27, 2021 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> according to the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. The state's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]], [[List of cities in Iowa|most populous city]], and largest [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|metropolitan area]] fully located within the state is [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]. A portion of the larger [[Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area|Omaha, Nebraska, metropolitan area]] extends into three counties of southwest Iowa.<ref name="msapop">{{cite web |author=United States Census Bureau |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010–2018 |url=https://census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602005545/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> Iowa has been listed as one of the safest U.S. states to live in.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 25, 2009 |title=N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking; Nevada Ranks as Worst State |url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/03/25/99012.htm?print=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315045443/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/03/25/99012.htm?print=1 |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |website=Insurance Journal |publisher=Wells Publishing}}</ref>

During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Iowa was a part of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]] and [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]]; its [[Flag of Iowa|state flag]] is patterned after the [[flag of France]]. After the [[Louisiana Purchase]], people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the [[Corn Belt]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Merry, Carl A. |year=1996 |title=The Historic Period |publisher=Office of the State Archeologist at the University of Iowa |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/historic/hisper.htm |access-date=June 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604163710/http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/historic/hisper.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2009 }}</ref>

In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy began to transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, [[financial services]], [[information technology]], [[biotechnology]], and [[Sustainable energy|green energy]] production.<ref name="iaindustries">{{cite web|title=Major Industries in Iowa |publisher=Iowa Department of Economic Development |url=http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520102110/http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf |archive-date=May 20, 2005 |access-date=June 29, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="energy.iastate.edu">{{cite web|title=Wind Energy in Iowa |url=http://www.energy.iastate.edu/renewable/wind/ |publisher=Iowa Energy Center |access-date=August 8, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621002941/http://www.energy.iastate.edu/renewable/wind/ |archive-date=June 21, 2009 }}</ref> As of 2018,
22.6 million hogs outnumbered Iowans by more than 7 to 1 in 8,000 facilities large enough to require manure management plans.<ref name =Jordan/>

==Etymology==
Like [[List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States|many other states]], Iowa takes its name from its predecessor, [[Iowa Territory]], whose name in turn is derived from the [[Iowa River]], and ultimately from the [[ethnonym]] of the indigenous [[Ioway people]].
The Ioway are a [[Chiwere language|Chiwere]]-speaking [[Sioux|Siouan Nation]], who were once part of the [[Ho-Chunk]] Confederation that inhabited the area now corresponding to several [[Midwest]] states. The Ioway were one of the many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] nations whose territory comprised the future state of Iowa before the time of European colonization.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alex, Lynn M. |year=2000 |title=Iowa's Archaeological Past |publisher=University of Iowa Press, Iowa City}}</ref>

==History==

{{Main|History of Iowa}}
{{See also|American Indians of Iowa}}

===Prehistory===

{{Main|Iowa archaeology|American Indians of Iowa}}
[[File:Iowa archaeology edgewater.JPG|thumb|Excavation of the 3,800-year-old [[Edgewater Park Site]]]]

When [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a [[Pleistocene]] glacial landscape. By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa, Native Americans were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the [[Archaic period in North America|Archaic period]] (10,500 to 2,800 years ago), Native Americans adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased.<ref name="iaarch" />

More than 3,000 years ago, during the [[Late Archaic period]], Native Americans in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent [[Woodland period]] saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements.<ref name="iaarch" />

The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous native American tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric [[Oneota]] include the [[Sioux|Dakota]], [[Ho-Chunk]], [[Ioway]], and [[Otoe (tribe)|Otoe]]. Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the [[Illiniwek]], [[Meskwaki]], [[Omaha (tribe)|Omaha]], and [[Sauk people|Sauk]].<ref name="iaarch">Alex, Lynn M. (2000) ''Iowa's Archaeological Past.'' University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.</ref>

===Early colonization and trade, 1673–1808===
{{Main|New France|Louisiana (New France)|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|New Spain|Louisiana (New Spain)|Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)|Louisiana Purchase|District of Louisiana|Louisiana Territory}}
[[File:Iowa 1718.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Iowa in 1718 with the modern state area highlighted]]

The first known European explorers to document Iowa were [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[Louis Jolliet]] who traveled the [[Mississippi River]] in 1673 documenting several Indigenous villages on the Iowa side.<ref name="peterson2009">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Cynthia L.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=12–29|chapter=Historical Tribes and Early Forts|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>History of Iowa, Iowa Official Register, [http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html Publications.iowa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html |date=September 3, 2009 }}</ref> The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the [[French and Indian War]], transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.<ref>Herbermann, Charles. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church''. Encyclopedia Press, 1913, p. 380 (Original from Harvard University).</ref> Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[Des Moines River]]s.<ref name="peterson2009" />

Iowa was part of a territory known as [[Louisiana (New France)|''La Louisiane'']] or [[Louisiana]], and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indigenous people. The [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Meskwaki]] effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were [[Julien Dubuque]], [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|Robert de la Salle]], and [[Paul Marin de la Malgue|Paul Marin]].<ref name="peterson2009" /> Along the [[Missouri River]] at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808.<ref name="carlson2009">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Gayle F.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=104–120|chapter=Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820–1827, and Other Missouri River Sites|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1800, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] took control of Louisiana from Spain in a [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso|treaty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|title=Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800|website=Napoleon-series.org|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232551/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]], Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts—the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, with present-day Iowa falling in the latter. The [[Indiana Territory]], created in 1800, exercised jurisdiction over this portion of the District; [[William Henry Harrison]] was its first governor. Much of Iowa was mapped by [[Zebulon Pike]] in 1805,<ref>Pike (1965): The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]], through [[Louisiana Territory]], and in [[New Spain]], during the years June 7, 1805, Ross & Haines</ref> but it was not until the construction of [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.<ref name="mckusick2009">{{cite book|last=McKusick|first=Marshall B.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=55–74|chapter=Fort Madison, 1808–1813|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control===

{{Main|Missouri Territory}}

[[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Meskwaki, many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory.<ref name="mckusick2009" /><ref>Prucha, Francis P. (1969) ''The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846''. Macmillan, New York.</ref> [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] was defeated by British-supported Indigenous people in 1813 during the [[War of 1812]], and [[Fort Shelby (Wisconsin)|Fort Shelby]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]], also fell to the British. [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]] took part in the siege of Fort Madison.<ref>Jackson, Donald (1960), ''A Critic's View of Old Fort Madison'', Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58(1) pp.31–36</ref><ref>Black Hawk (1882) ''Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk.'' Continental Printing, St. Louis. (Originally published 1833)</ref> Another small military outpost was established along the Mississippi River in present-day [[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]]. This poorly situated stockade was similarly attacked by hundreds of Indigenous people in 1813, but was successfully defended and later abandoned until settlers returned to the area in the mid-1830s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Jackson County, Iowa, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c., Biographical Sketches of Citizens |date=1879 |publisher=Western Historical Co. |location=Chicago |page=531 }}</ref>

After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of [[Fort Armstrong, Illinois|Fort Armstrong]], [[Fort Snelling]] in [[Minnesota]], and [[Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)|Fort Atkinson]] in [[Nebraska]].<ref name="iowaforts">{{cite book|editor-last=Whittaker|editor-first=William E.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Indian removal, 1814–1832===
{{See also|Indian removal}}The United States encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|title=Research Guides: Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction|last=Drexler|first=Ken|website=guides.loc.gov|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405194808/https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|url-status=live}}</ref> A disputed [[Treaty of St. Louis (1804)|1804 treaty]] between [[Quashquame]] and [[William Henry Harrison]] (then governor of the [[Indiana Territory]]) that surrendered much of [[Illinois]] to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 [[Black Hawk War]].<ref name="Jung">{{Cite book|author=Jung, Patrick J. |title=The Black Hawk War of 1832|date=2007|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3811-4|location=Norman|oclc=70718369}}</ref>

The [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Meskwaki]] sold their land in the [[Mississippi Valley]] during 1832 in the [[Black Hawk Purchase]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0349.htm|title=INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922055639/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0349.htm#mn5|archive-date=September 22, 2017|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> and sold their remaining land in Iowa in 1842, most of them moving to a reservation in Kansas.<ref name="Jung" /> Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near [[Tama, Iowa]]; the [[Meskwaki Settlement]] remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meskwaki.org/about-us/history/|title=History {{!}} Meskwaki Nation|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412195746/https://meskwaki.org/about-us/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in contrast to the unprecedented act of the Iowa Legislature, the United States Federal Government, through the use of Treaties, forced the [[Ho-Chunk]] from Iowa in 1848,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mnopedia.org/event/ho-chunk-and-long-prairie-1846-1855|title=Ho-Chunk and Long Prairie, 1846–1855|last=Reicher|first=Matt|date=March 15, 2019|website=Mnopedia|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611152720/https://www.mnopedia.org/event/ho-chunk-and-long-prairie-1846-1855|url-status=live}}</ref> and forced the [[Sioux|Dakota]] from Iowa by 1858.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|title=Minnesota Treaties {{!}} The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862|website=Usdakotawar.org|date=August 14, 2012|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref> Western Iowa around modern [[Council Bluffs]] was used as an Indian Reservation for members of the [[Council of Three Fires]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Clifton|first1=James A.|last2=Cornell|first2=George L.|last3=McClurken|first3=James M.|year=1986|title=People of the Three Fires|page=37|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321956.pdf|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=May 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518112033/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321956.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860===

{{Main|Michigan Territory|Wisconsin Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Iowa Territory|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
[[File:Iowa territorial seal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Iowa [[Seal of Iowa#Iowa territorial seal|Territorial Seal]]]]
[[File:Bellevue, Iowa in 1848.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]] along the Mississippi, 1848]]

The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833.<ref name="Settlers">{{cite web|url=http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|title=History of Iowa|publisher=Iowa State University|author=Schwieder, Dorothy|access-date=June 6, 2009|archive-date=September 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Primarily, they were families from [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Virginia]] who settled along the western banks of the [[Mississippi River]], founding the modern day cities of [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]] and [[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]].<ref name="Settlers" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm|title=Jackson County, Iowa History Information|publisher=Jackson County, Iowa|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104000006/https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 4, 1838, the [[U.S. Congress]] established the [[Territory of Iowa]]. President [[Martin Van Buren]] appointed [[Robert Lucas (governor)|Robert Lucas]] governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.<ref>''Iowa Official Register'', Volume Number 60, page 314</ref>

Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President [[James K. Polk]] signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from Natives, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government.<ref>"Official Encouragement of Immigration to Iowa", Marcus L. Hansen, ''IJHP'', 19 (April 1921):159–95</ref>

Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and second [[Iowa State Fair]]s were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at [[Fairfield, Iowa|Fairfield]]. The first fair was held October 25–27, 1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held annually since then, except for a few exceptions: 1898 due to the [[Spanish–American War]] and the [[World's Fair]] being held in nearby [[Omaha, Nebraska]]; from 1942 to 1945, due to [[World War II]], as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot; and in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iowastatefair.com/about/trivia.php |title=Iowa State Fair |publisher=Trivia |access-date=December 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130160719/http://iowastatefair.com/about/trivia.php |archive-date=November 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Safety|url=http://www.iowastatefair.org/safety/|access-date=October 13, 2020|website=Iowa State Fair|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016165113/https://www.iowastatefair.org/safety/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Civil War, 1861–1865===
{{Main article|Iowa in the American Civil War}}
Iowa supported the Union during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], voting heavily for [[Abraham Lincoln]], though there was an antiwar "[[Copperheads (politics)|Copperhead]]" movement in the state, caused partially by a drop in crop prices caused by the war.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lendt |first=David L. |title=Iowa and the Copperhead Movement |journal=The Annals of Iowa |volume=40 |date=1970 |issue=6 |pages=412–427 |doi=10.17077/0003-4827.7965 |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/8482/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510004833/https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/8482/ |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |via=Iowa Research Online|doi-access=free }}</ref> There were no battles in the state, although the [[Battle of Athens (1861)|Battle of Athens]], Missouri, 1861, was fought just across the Des Moines River from [[Croton, Iowa]], and shots from the battle landed in Iowa. Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities.<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315">Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, page 315</ref>

Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to [[Samuel J. Kirkwood]], its first wartime governor. Of a total population of 675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty. Iowa contributed proportionately more soldiers to Civil War military service than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were killed before the [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] surrendered at [[Battle of Appomattox Courthouse|Appomattox]].<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315" />

Most fought in the great campaigns in the [[Mississippi Valley]] and in the [[American South|South]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowanationalguard.com/Museum/IA_History/CivilWar.htm |title=Civil War |publisher=Iowanationalguard.com |access-date=July 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529001226/http://www.iowanationalguard.com/Museum/IA_History/CivilWar.htm |archive-date=May 29, 2010 }}</ref> Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in [[Missouri]], [[Battle of Pea Ridge|Pea Ridge]] in [[Arkansas]], Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg, Iuka, and Corinth. They served with the Army of the Potomac in [[Virginia]] and fought under Union General [[Philip Sheridan]] in the [[Shenandoah Valley]]. Many died and were buried at Andersonville. They marched on General [[Nathaniel Banks]]' ill-starred expedition to the Red River. Twenty-seven [[Iowans]] have been awarded the [[Medal of Honor]], the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War.<ref>Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, pages 315–316</ref>

Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals—[[Grenville Mellen Dodge]], [[Samuel R. Curtis]], [[Francis J. Herron]], and [[Frederick Steele]]—and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war.<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315" />

===Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930===
Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860<ref>[https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html "1860 Census: Population of the United States"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121165007/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html |date=January 21, 2021 }}. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2019.</ref> to 1,624,615 in 1880.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html|title=1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population|last=Bureau|first=US Census|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125326/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The American Civil War briefly brought higher profits.<ref name="ec-ag">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/economics-agriculture|title=The Economics of Agriculture|date=July 25, 2016|website=Iowa PBS|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=May 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521171513/http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/economics-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity, which lasted until the end of the war.<ref name="ec-ag" /> In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first industries developed in the 1830s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/types-business-and-industry|title=Types of Business and Industry|date=July 25, 2016|website=Iowa PBS|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611114229/http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/types-business-and-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> which were mainly for processing materials grown in the area,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/early-industry|title=Early Industry|date=July 25, 2016|website=Iowa PBS|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611135435/http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/early-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations.

===Depression, World War II and manufacturing, 1930–1985===

The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The [[Great Depression]] and World War II accelerated the shift away from [[smallholding|smallholder]] farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization. The period after World War II witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|title=History of Iowa|website=publications.iowa.gov|last=Schwieder|first=Dorothy|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=September 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1975, Governor Robert D. Ray petitioned President Ford to allow Iowa to accept and resettle [[Tai Dam]] refugees fleeing the Indochina War.<ref>Walsh, Matthew. ''The Good Governor: Robert Ray and the Indochinese Refugees of Iowa'' (McFarland & Co, 2017)</ref> An exception was required for this resettlement as State Dept policy at the time forbid resettlement of large groups of refugees in concentrated communities; an exception was ultimately granted and 1200 Tai Dam were resettled in Iowa. Since then Iowa has accepted thousands of refugees from Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Bhutan, and Burma.<ref>Office of Asian and Pacific Islander Affairs, Iowa Department of Human Rights. ''State of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Iowa, 2015''</ref>

The [[farm crisis]] of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression.<ref>The Midwest Farm Crisis of the 1980s, [http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id395.htm Tripod.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706051758/http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id395.htm |date=July 6, 2008 }}</ref> The crisis spurred a major, decade-long population decline.<ref name="iwin.iwd.state.ia.us">Population Trends: The Changing Face of Iowa, [http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003011 State.ia.us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013221/http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003011 |date=October 6, 2006 }}</ref>

===Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present===

After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to reduce its dependence on agriculture. By the early 21st century, it was characterized by a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services.<ref name="iowalifechanging.com">''Iowa Industries'', Iowa Workforce Development. [http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf Iowalifechanging.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520102110/http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf |date=May 20, 2005 }}</ref> The population of Iowa has increased at a slower rate than the U.S. as a whole since at least the [[1900 census]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> though Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.<ref name="data.iowadatacenter.org">Iowa Data Center, 2000 Census: [http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/urbanrural/urstagesexbymalefemale2000.pdf Iowadatacenter.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203200948/http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/urbanrural/urstagesexbymalefemale2000.pdf |date=December 3, 2008 }}</ref> The Iowa Economic Development Authority, created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information.<ref name="IEDA">{{cite web|title=Iowa Economic Development Authority|url=http://www.iowaeconomicdevelopment.com/resources/reports/FY13Report|publisher=iowaeconomicdevelopment.com|access-date=July 26, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812042034/http://www.iowaeconomicdevelopment.com/resources/reports/FY13Report|archive-date=August 12, 2014}}</ref>

==Geography==

{{Main|Geography of Iowa}}

===Boundaries===

{{See also|List of counties in Iowa}}
[[File:Iowa topography.jpg|thumb|Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams]]

Iowa is bordered by the [[Mississippi River]] on the east along with the [[Missouri River]] and the [[Big Sioux River]] on the west. The northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude.<ref>{{cite book|title=Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa |url=http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html#pre1 |access-date=August 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802085648/http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html |archive-date=August 2, 2009 }}</ref>{{efn|The Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century, which can vary from their modern courses.}} The southern border is the [[Des Moines River]] and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in ''[[State of Missouri v. State of Iowa (1849)|Missouri v. Iowa]]'' (1849) after a standoff between [[Missouri]] and Iowa known as the [[Honey War]].<ref>[[Case citation|48 U.S. (7 How.) 660 (1849).]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jeff |last=Morrison |title=Forty-Thirty-five or fight? Sullivan's Line, the Honey War, and latitudinal estimations |url=http://homepage.mac.com/jeffmorrison/maps/sullivanline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101232646/http://homepage.mac.com/jeffmorrison/maps/sullivanline.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2007 |date=January 13, 2005 |access-date=August 9, 2009 }}</ref>

Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed almost entirely by rivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.50states.com/facts/iowa.htm|title=Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia|publisher=50states.com|access-date=February 24, 2013|archive-date=January 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128111247/http://www.50states.com/facts/iowa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Carter Lake, Iowa]], is the only city in the state located west of the Missouri River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofcarterlake.com/about-carter-lake-|access-date=October 7, 2020|title=About Carter Lake|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210417/http://www.cityofcarterlake.com/about-carter-lake-|url-status=live}}</ref>

Iowa has 99 [[County (United States)|counties]], but 100 [[county seat]]s because [[Lee County, Iowa|Lee County]] has two. The state capital, [[Des Moines]], is in [[Polk County, Iowa|Polk County]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/research/data/Pages/CountySeats.aspx |title=National Association of Counties |publisher=County Seats |access-date=December 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222131008/http://www.naco.org/research/data/Pages/CountySeats.aspx |archive-date=December 22, 2010 }}</ref>

===Geology and terrain===

[[File:Desoto Lake1.jpg|thumb|[[DeSoto Lake (Iowa)|DeSoto Lake]] at [[DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge]]]]
[[File:Iowa terrain.jpg|thumb|Iowa terrain]]
Iowa's bedrock geology generally decreases in age from east to west. In northwest Iowa, [[Cretaceous]] bedrock can be 74&nbsp;million years old; in eastern Iowa [[Cambrian]] bedrock dates to c. 500&nbsp;million years ago.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prior |first1=Jean Cutler |others=Adapted from ''Iowa Geology 2007'', [[Iowa Department of Natural Resources]] |title=Geology of Iowa: Iowa's Earth History Shaped by Ice, Wind, Rivers, and Ancient Seas |url=http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/geoiowa/GEOIOWA.HTM |access-date=August 9, 2009 |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416104106/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/browse/geoiowa/geoiowa.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> The oldest radiometrically dated bedrock in the state is the 2.9 billion year old [[Otter Creek Layered Mafic Complex]]. [[Precambrian]] rock is exposed only in the northwest of the state.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson |first1=Wayne I. |title=Iowa's Geological Past: Three Billion Years of Change |date=1998 |location=Iowa City |publisher=University of Iowa Press|page=21 }}</ref>

Iowa can be divided into eight [[landform]]s based on [[glaciation]], [[soil]]s, [[topography]], and river drainage.<ref name=Prior91>{{cite book|author=Prior, Jean C. |date=1991 |title=Landforms of Iowa |publisher=University of Iowa Press, Iowa City |url=http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landform.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302084724/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landform.htm |archive-date=March 2, 2009 }}</ref> [[Loess]] hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/ | title=Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa | date=July 1999 | access-date=March 26, 2008 | publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] | archive-date=March 28, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328103032/http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Northeast Iowa along the [[Upper Mississippi River]] is part of the [[Driftless Area]], consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear as mountainous.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Landforms_of_Iowa.pdf |title=Landforms of Iowa |publisher=Uni.edu |access-date=April 7, 2020 |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731024555/http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Landforms_of_Iowa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several natural lakes exist, most notably [[Spirit Lake (Iowa)|Spirit Lake]], [[West Okoboji Lake]], and [[East Okoboji Lake]] in northwest Iowa (''see [[Iowa Great Lakes]]''). To the east lies [[Clear Lake (Iowa)|Clear Lake]]. Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa,<ref name=Odessa>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowadnr.com/fish/fishing/lakes/ode58.html |title=Odessa |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources |access-date=June 6, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921204808/http://www.iowadnr.com/fish/fishing/lakes/ode58.html |archive-date=September 21, 2008 }}</ref> [[Saylorville Lake]], [[Lake Red Rock (Des Moines River)|Lake Red Rock]], [[Coralville Lake]], Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. Before European settlement, 4 to 6&nbsp;million acres of the state was covered with wetlands, about 95% of these wetlands have been drained.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iowadnr.gov/environmental-protection/water-quality/water-monitoring/wetlands|title=Wetlands|website=Iowadnr.gov|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=April 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407181024/https://www.iowadnr.gov/environmental-protection/water-quality/water-monitoring/wetlands|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ecology and environment===

{{main|Environment of Iowa}}
[[Image:Landforms of Iowa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Landforms of Iowa]]

Iowa's natural vegetation is [[tallgrass prairie]] and [[savanna]] in upland areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas.<ref name=Prior91 /> Most of Iowa is used for agriculture; crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland) cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another 1% each.<ref>Iowa DNR: Iowa's Statewide Land Cover Inventory, [http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landcvr/landcvr.htm Uiowa.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502010333/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landcvr/landcvr.htm |date=May 2, 2009 }}</ref>

The southern part of Iowa is categorized as the [[Central forest-grasslands transition]] ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Terrestrial ecoregions of North America : a conservation assessment|date=1999|publisher=Island Press|author=Ricketts, Taylor H.|isbn=1-55963-722-6|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=40856986}}</ref> The Northern, drier part of Iowa is categorized as part of the [[Central tall grasslands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0805|title=Central tall grasslands {{!}} Ecoregions {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=August 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810230034/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0805|url-status=live}}</ref>

There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the [[tallgrass prairie]] that once covered most of Iowa remains intact; only about 5% of the state's prairie pothole wetlands remain, and most of the original forest has been lost.<ref>Iowa's Threatened and Endangered Species Program, [http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/ThreatenedEndangered.aspx Iowadnr.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035847/http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/ThreatenedEndangered.aspx |date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> {{As of|2005}} Iowa ranked 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings.<ref>"Des Moines Register", June 1, 2019, [http://www.nicholasjohnson.org/politics/IaChild/eddmr601.html Iowa Must Step Up Investment in Public Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722011116/http://www.nicholasjohnson.org/politics/IaChild/eddmr601.html |date=July 22, 2011 }} Nicholasjohnson.org</ref> Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the [[least tern|interior least tern]], [[piping plover]], [[Indiana bat]], [[pallid sturgeon]], the [[Discus macclintocki|Iowa Pleistocene land snail]], [[Higgins' eye pearly mussel]], and the [[Topeka shiner]].<ref>Federally Listed Animals in Iowa, [http://www.agriculture.state.ia.us/livingOnTheEdge/endangeredAnimals.asp Agriculture.state.ia.us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930210518/http://www.agriculture.state.ia.us/livingOnTheEdge/endangeredAnimals.asp |date=September 30, 2011 }}</ref> Endangered or threatened plants include [[western prairie fringed orchid]], [[eastern prairie fringed orchid]], [[Mead's milkweed]], [[prairie bush clover]], and [[northern wild monkshood]].<ref>Federally Listed Plants in Iowa, [http://www.agriculture.state.ia.us/livingOnTheEdge/endangeredPlants.asp Agriculture.state.ia.us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930210523/http://www.agriculture.state.ia.us/livingOnTheEdge/endangeredPlants.asp |date=September 30, 2011 }}</ref>

The explosion in the number of [[Concentrated animal feeding operation|high-density livestock facilities]] in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality.<ref name="ISU 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/iowa-view/2020/02/18/cafos-animal-feeding-hogs-harms-iowa-have-worsened-moratorium/4794608002/|title=Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa|year=2003|website=Iowa Ag Review|publisher=[[Iowa State University]]|access-date=November 25, 2009|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://perma.cc/PY49%2DYSPG|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment include the extensive use of older [[coal-fired power plants]],<ref name="gazette coal">{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/11/24/report-many-iowa-coal-plants-among-nations-oldest|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208190707/http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/11/24/report-many-iowa-coal-plants-among-nations-oldest|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2012|title=Report: Many Iowa coal plants among nation's oldest|last=Heldt|first=Diane|date=November 24, 2009|work=Cedar Rapids Gazette|access-date=November 25, 2009}}</ref> fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production,<ref name="IPT runoff">{{cite web|url=http://www.iptv.org/iowajournal/story.cfm/556 |title=Iowa Works to Reduce Run-off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico |date=September 17, 2009 |website=The Iowa Journal |publisher=Iowa Public Television |access-date=November 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106172619/http://www.iptv.org/iowajournal/story.cfm/556 |archive-date=November 6, 2009 }}</ref> and diminishment of the [[Jordan Aquifer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/2009/12/06/heavy-use-draining-aquifer |title=Heavy use draining aquifer |last=Love |first=Orlan |date=December 6, 2009 |publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette |access-date=December 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209064212/http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/2009/12/06/heavy-use-draining-aquifer |archive-date=December 9, 2009 }}</ref>

The [[2020–2023 North American drought]] has affected Iowa particularly: As of January 2024, Iowa was in its 187th consecutive week of at least moderate [[drought]], the longest stretch since the 1950s. 96% of areas are affected by drought.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Charmayne Hefley  |date=2024-01-29 |title=Iowa faces longest stretch of drought since the 1950s |url=https://www.agriculture.com/iowa-faces-longest-stretch-of-drought-since-the-1950s-8551122 |access-date=2024-03-01 |language=en}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{further|Climate change in Iowa}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types Iowa.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Iowa, using 1991–2020 [[Climatological normal|climate normals]].]]
[[File:Iowa rainfall.jpg|thumb|Iowa annual rainfall, in inches; as of 2009]]

Iowa has a [[humid continental climate]] throughout the state ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa'') with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature at Des Moines is {{convert|50|F}}; for some locations in the north, such as Mason City, the figure is about {{convert|45|F}}, while [[Keokuk, Iowa|Keokuk]], on the [[Mississippi River]], averages {{convert|52|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/iowa-936/|title=Climate Iowa: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Iowa - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=April 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424143949/https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/iowa-936/|url-status=live}}</ref> Snowfall is common, with [[Des Moines]] getting about 26 days of snowfall a year, and other places, such as [[Shenandoah, Iowa|Shenandoah]] getting about 11 days of snowfall in a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Iowa/annual-snowfall.php|title=Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Iowa – Current Results|website=Currentresults.com|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=February 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221044826/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Iowa/annual-snowfall.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Spring ushers in the beginning of the [[severe weather]] season. As of 2008, Iowa averaged about 50 days of [[thunderstorm]] activity per year.<ref name="Thunderstorm Hazard">[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm US Thunderstorm distribution]. src.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015060809/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm |date=October 15, 2006 }}</ref> As of 2015, the 30-year annual average of tornadoes in Iowa was 47.<ref name="Annual Average Number of Tornadoes">{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/?n=iators2013|title=Des Moines, IA|website=noaa.gov|access-date=February 18, 2015|archive-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821013206/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/?n=iators2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Late-May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence|2008]], twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year since [[May 1968 tornado outbreak|1968]] and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, matching the total from 2001.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/storms/tornadoes/2009-01-02-iowa-tornadoes_N.htm?csp=34 | access-date=January 2, 2009 | work=USA Today | title=2008 Iowa tornadoes deadliest since 1968 | date=January 2, 2009 | archive-date=October 11, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011012835/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/storms/tornadoes/2009-01-02-iowa-tornadoes_N.htm?csp=34 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime temperatures sometimes near {{convert|90|F}} and occasionally exceeding {{convert|100|F}}. Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below {{convert|−18|F}}. As of 2018, Iowa's all-time hottest temperature of {{convert|118|F|C}} was recorded at Keokuk on July 20, 1934, during a nationwide heat wave;<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.cityofkeokuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Keokuk-Comprehensive-Plan-2018.pdf|title=Keokuk Comprehensive Plan 2018|date=June 2018|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154035/http://www.cityofkeokuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Keokuk-Comprehensive-Plan-2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> as of 2014, the all-time lowest temperature of {{convert|−47|F|C}} was recorded in [[Washta]] on January 12, 1912.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/07/washta-coldest-spot-in-iowa/4352579/|title=Site of Iowa's coldest temp shivers with rest of state|last=Munson|first=Kyle|website=USA TODAY|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=February 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228050414/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/07/washta-coldest-spot-in-iowa/4352579/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" "text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
|+ Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities (°F)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustravelweather.com/iowa/|title=Iowa Weather-Iowa Weather Forecast-Iowa Climate|website=ustravelweather.com|access-date=February 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131181314/http://www.ustravelweather.com/iowa/|archive-date=January 31, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" | City
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Jan
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Feb
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Mar
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Apr
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | May
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Jun
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Jul
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Aug
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Sep
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Oct
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Nov
! style="background-color:#e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Dec
|- style="background:#c5dfe1;"
! style="background:#c5dfe1;" | [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]]<ref name=weather.com>{{cite web|title=Monthly Averages for Davenport, Iowa|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/allergies/wxclimatology/monthly/52804|publisher=Weather.com|access-date=November 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008014408/http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/allergies/wxclimatology/monthly/52804|archive-date=October 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 30/13
| 36/19
| 48/29
| 61/41
| 72/52
| 81/63
| 85/68
| 83/66
| 76/57
| 65/45
| 48/32
| 35/20
|- style="background:#f8f3ca;"
! style="background:#f8f3ca;" | [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |title=Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=Weather.com |access-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024151924/http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 31/14
| 36/19
| 49/30
| 62/41
| 72/52
| 82/62
| 86/67
| 84/65
| 76/55
| 63/43
| 48/31
| 34/18
|- style="background:#c5dfe1;"
! style="background:#c5dfe1;" | [[Keokuk, Iowa|Keokuk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/daily/USIA0434 |title=Daily Averages for Keokuk, IA |publisher=weather.com |access-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024141157/http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/daily/USIA0434 |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 34/17
| 39/21
| 50/30
| 63/42
| 73/52
| 83/62
| 87/67
| 85/65
| 78/56
| 66/44
| 51/33
| 33/21
|- style="background:#f8f3ca;"
! style="background:#f8f3ca;" | [[Mason City, Iowa|Mason City]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0541 |title=Average Weather for Mason City, IA—Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=Weather.com |access-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024141115/http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0541 |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 24/6
| 29/12
| 41/23
| 57/35
| 69/46
| 79/57
| 82/61
| 80/58
| 73/49
| 60/37
| 43/25
| 28/11
|- style="background:#c5dfe1;"
! style="background:#c5dfe1;" | [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0793 |title=Average Weather for Sioux City, IA—Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=Weather.com |access-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024141126/http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0793 |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 31/10
| 35/15
| 47/26
| 62/37
| 73/49
| 82/59
| 86/63
| 83/63
| 76/51
| 63/38
| 46/25
| 32/13
|}

====Precipitation====
Iowa has had a relatively smooth gradient of varying [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] across the state; from 1961 to 1990, areas in the southeast of the state received an average of over {{convert|38|in|cm}} of rain annually, and the northwest of the state receiving less than {{convert|28|in|cm}}.<ref>[http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ia.gif Average Annual Precipitation Iowa, 1961–1990 (GIF File)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213012932/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ia.gif |date=February 13, 2010 }}—Christopher Daly, Jenny Weisburg</ref> The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal with more rain falling in the summer months. Virtually statewide, the driest month is January or February, and the wettest month is June owing to frequent showers and thunderstorms some of which produce hail, damaging winds or tornadoes. In Des Moines, roughly in the center of the state, over two-thirds of the {{convert|34.72|in|cm}} of rain falls from April through September, and about half the average annual precipitation falls from May through August peaking in June.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |title=Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation, Weather.com, Retrieved Jan. 7, 2009 |publisher=Weather.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203141541/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Settlements ===
[[File:Iowa pop 00 to 09.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Percent population changes by counties in Iowa, 2000–2009. Dark green counties have gains of more than 5%.<ref>Data from U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Modeled after Iowa Data Center Map, [http://www.iowadatacenter.org/maps/copercent2009 Iowadatacenter.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082408/http://www.iowadatacenter.org/maps/copercent2009 |date=January 17, 2013 }}</ref>]]

{{See also|List of cities in Iowa|List of largest Iowa cities by population}}Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century.<ref name="data.iowadatacenter.org"/> Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural counties declined by 4.2%.<ref>Iowans still flocking to cities, census stats show. ''Cedar Rapids Gazette'', June 30, 2009, [http://www.gazetteonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090701/NEWS/707019956/1001/NEWS Gazetteonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082817/http://www.gazetteonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090701%2FNEWS%2F707019956%2F1001%2FNEWS |date=March 30, 2012 }}</ref> The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as [[Dallas County, Iowa|Dallas]], [[Johnson County, Iowa|Johnson]], [[Linn County, Iowa|Linn]], [[Polk County, Iowa|Polk]], and [[Scott County, Iowa|Scott]], at the expense of more rural counties.<ref>U.S. Census Bureau State and County Quick Facts, [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html Census.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093102/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |date=May 27, 2010 }}</ref>

Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]], and [[South Dakota]]), is feeling the brunt of [[rural flight]], although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as [[Denison, Iowa|Denison]] and [[Storm Lake, Iowa|Storm Lake]], have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/books/14grim.html|work=The New York Times|first=William|last=Grimes|title=In This Small Town in Iowa the Future Speaks Spanish|date=September 14, 2005|access-date=February 19, 2017|archive-date=February 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209162307/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/books/14grim.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another demographic problem for Iowa is the [[brain drain]], in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment. During the 1990s, Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to North Dakota.<ref>''Iowa Brain Drain'', Iowa Civic Analysis Network, University of Iowa, [http://www.uiowa.edu/~ican/Papers%202006/braindrain122806.pdf Uiowa.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412193400/http://www.uiowa.edu/~ican/Papers%202006/braindrain122806.pdf |date=April 12, 2012 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas<br /><small>Recorded by the [[United States Census Bureau]]</small>
|-
! scope="col" |Rank
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |City
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |2020 city population<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=June 8, 2021|archive-date=December 27, 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |[[2010 United States Census|2010]] city population<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=Population 2010—Iowa Cities|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 4, 2011|archive-date=December 27, 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |Change
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |[[Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;"|2020 metro population<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2020—United States—Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;"|2010 metro population
! scope="col" style="width: 5em;"|2020 metro change
|- align=right
|align=center|1
|align=left|[[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
| {{change|invert=on| 214133 |203433}}
|align=left|[[Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA MSA|Des Moines–West Des Moines]]
| {{change|invert=on| 707915 |606475}}
|- align=right
|align=center|2
|align=left|[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]
| {{change|invert=on| 137710 |126326}}
|align=left|[[Cedar Rapids MSA|Cedar Rapids]]
| {{change|invert=on| 273885 |257940}}
|- align=right
|align=center|3
|align=left|[[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]]
| {{change|invert=on| 101724 |99685}}
|align=left|[[Davenport-Moline-Rock Island MSA|Quad Cities]]
| {{change|invert=on| 382268 |379690}}
|- align=right
|align=center|4
|align=left|[[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]
| {{change|invert=on| 85797 |82684}}
|align=left|[[Sioux City metropolitan area|Sioux City]]
| {{change|invert=on| 144996 |143577}}
|- align=right
|align=center|5
|align=left|[[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]]
| {{change|invert=on| 74828 |67862}}
|align=left|[[Iowa City metropolitan area|Iowa City]]
| {{change|invert=on| 175732 |152586}}
|- align=right
|align=center|6
|align=left|[[West Des Moines, Iowa|West Des Moines]]
| {{change|invert=on| 68723 |56609}}
|align=left|Des Moines–West Des Moines
|- align=right
|align=center|7
|align=left|[[Ankeny, Iowa|Ankeny]]
| {{change|invert=on| 67887 |45582}}
|align=left| Des Moines–West Des Moines
|- align=right
|align=center|8
|align=left|[[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]]
| {{change|invert=on| 67314 |68406}}
|align=left|[[Waterloo – Cedar Falls metropolitan area|Waterloo–Cedar Falls]]
| {{change|invert=on| 168314 |167819}}
|- align=right
|align=center|9
|align=left|[[Ames, Iowa|Ames]]
| {{change|invert=on| 66427 |58965}}
|align=left|[[Ames, IA MSA|Ames]]
| {{change|invert=on| 124514 |115848}}
|- align=right
|align=center|10
|align=left|[[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]]
| {{change|invert=on| 62799 |62230}}
|align=left|[[Omaha – Council Bluffs metropolitan area|Omaha–Council Bluffs]]
| {{change|invert=on| 954270 |865350}}
|- align=right
|align=center|11
|align=left|[[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]
| {{change|invert=on| 59667 |57637}}
|align=left|[[Dubuque Metropolitan Area|Dubuque]]
| {{change|invert=on| 97590 |93653}}
|- align=right
|align=center|12
|align=left|[[Urbandale, Iowa|Urbandale]]
| {{change|invert=on| 45580 |39463}}
|align=left| Des Moines–West Des Moines
|- align=right
|align=center|13
|align=left|[[Marion, Iowa|Marion]]
| {{change|invert=on| 41535 |34768}}
|align=left| Cedar Rapids
|- align=right
|align=center|14
|align=left|[[Cedar Falls, Iowa|Cedar Falls]]
| {{change|invert=on| 40713 |39260}}
|align=left| Waterloo–Cedar Falls
|- align=right
|align=center|15
|align=left|[[Bettendorf, Iowa|Bettendorf]]
| {{change|invert=on| 39102 |33217}}
|align=left| Quad Cities
|}

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{US Census population
|1840= 43112
|1850= 192214
|1860= 674913
|1870= 1194020
|1880= 1624615
|1890= 1912297
|1900= 2231853
|1910= 2224771
|1920= 2404021
|1930= 2470939
|1940= 2538268
|1950= 2621073
|1960= 2757537
|1970= 2824376
|1980= 2913808
|1990= 2776755
|2000= 2926324
|2010= 3046355
|2020= 3190369
| estimate = 3200517
| estyear = 2022
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref name=":0" />
}}
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Iowa.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Iowa]]
The [[United States Census Bureau]] determined the population of Iowa was 3,190,369 on April 1, 2020, a 4.73% increase since the [[2010 United States Census|2010 United States census]].<ref name="2020 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableE.pdf|title=Numeric and Percent Change in Resident Population|website=2020 Census Apportionment Results|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=April 26, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202130/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableE.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IA |title=Quickfacts: Iowa |publisher=The United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref>

Of the residents of Iowa, 70.8% were born in Iowa, 23.6% were born in a different U.S. state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5% were foreign born.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=December 27, 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people, while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people. 6.5% of Iowa's population were reported as under the age of five, 22.6% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Males made up approximately 49.6% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |title=U.S. Census quickfacts |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 2, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093102/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |archive-date=May 27, 2010 }}</ref> The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New York Times 2008 Almanac |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesalma00john_2 |url-access=registration |editor=John W. Wright |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesalma00john_2/page/178 178] |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated |isbn=9780143112334 }}</ref> As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], the [[center of population]] of Iowa is in [[Marshall County, Iowa|Marshall County]], near [[Melbourne, Iowa|Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/2010-centers-population.html|title=Centers of Population for the 2010 Census|last=Bureau|first=US Census|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611134701/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/2010-centers-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The top countries of origin for Iowa's immigrants in 2018 were [[Mexico]], [[India]], [[Vietnam]], [[China]] and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_iowa.pdf|title=Immigrants in Iowa|website=American Immigration Council}}</ref>

Germans are the largest ethnic group in Iowa. Other major ethnic groups in Iowa include Irish people and the British. There are also Dutch communities in state. The Dutch can be found in Pella, in the centre of the state, and in Orange City, in the northwest. There is a Norwegian community in Decorah in northeast Iowa; and there is Czech and Slovak communities in both Cedar Rapids and Iowa City. Smaller numbers of Greeks and Italians are scattered in Iowa's metropolitan areas. The majority of Hispanics in Iowa are [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]]. [[African Americans]], who constitute around 2% of Iowa's population, didn't live in the state in any appreciable numbers until the early 20th century. Many blacks worked in the coal-mining industry of southern Iowa. Others blacks migrated to Waterloo, Davenport, and Des Moines, where the black population remained substantial in the early 21st century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title=Settlers, Immigrants, Agriculture | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=26 July 1999 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iowa-state/People}}</ref> The African-American population in Des Moines experienced a significant increase with the establishment of the Colored Officers Training Camp at Fort Des Moines in 1917. Following the conclusion of World War I in 1918, numerous African-American families made the decision to remain in Des Moines. This marked the inception of a thriving community that eventually became a residence for numerous African-American leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/2521/african-american-communities#popup-container|title=African-American Communities}}</ref>

As of the 2010 census, the population of Iowa was 3,046,355. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 23.9% of the population were under the age of 18; 61.2% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older.<ref name="Census2010">{{cite web|title=2010 Demographic Profile Data|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0400000US19|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005418/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0400000US19|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 2,419 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Iowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]
|-
! Race and Ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-09-26 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|82.7|%|2||background:gray}}
|align=right| {{bartable|85.9|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}}
|align=right| {{bartable}}
|align=right| {{bartable|6.8|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|4.1|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|5.2|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2.4|%|2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable|3.0|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:gold}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.4|%|2||background:gold}}
|-
| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:pink}}
|align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:pink}}
|-
| Other
|align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:brown}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.0|%|2||background:brown}}
|}
[[File:Iowa counties by race.svg|thumb|Map of counties in Iowa by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census{{Collapsible list
| title = Non-Hispanic White|{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

{{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}}

{{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}}

{{legend|#85200c|70–80%}}

{{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}}

{{legend|#410b00|90%+}}

{{col-end}}
}}]]
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap"
|+ '''Iowa historical racial composition'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=July 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008 }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusviewer.com/state/IA |title=Population of Iowa: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts |publisher=Censusviewer.com |access-date=July 26, 2014 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304154922/http://censusviewer.com/state/IA |url-status=live }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |author=2010 Census Data |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html |title=2010 Census Data |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=July 26, 2014 |archive-date=May 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 96.6% || 93.9% || 91.3% 
|-
| [[Black American|Black or African American]] || 1.7% || 2.1% || 2.9% 
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.4% 
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.9% || 1.3% || 1.7% 
|-
| [[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]] ||—||—|| 0.1% 
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.5% || 1.3% || 1.8% 
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] ||—|| 1.1% || 1.8% 
|}
[[File:Iowa 2020 Population Density.png|thumb|right|Iowa 2020 Population Density map]]

According to the 2016 [[American Community Survey]], 5.6% of Iowa's population were of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] origin (of any race): [[Mexican American|Mexican]] (4.3%), [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (0.2%), [[Cuban American|Cuban]] (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.0%).<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US19 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005631/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US19 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The five largest ancestry groups were: [[German American|German]] (35.1%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (13.5%), [[English American|English]] (8.2%), [[American ancestry|American]] (5.8%), and [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]] (5.0%).<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US19 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005716/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US19 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Birth data===
[[File:Rural flight2.jpg|thumb|Population age comparison between rural [[Pocahontas County, Iowa|Pocahontas County]] and urban [[Polk County, Iowa|Polk County]], illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa{{efn|Based on 2000 U.S. Census Data.}}]]
''Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|title=National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2013|date=January 15, 2015|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|issue=1|volume=64|pages=35–6|access-date=February 3, 2019|vauthors=Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|title=National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2014|date=December 23, 2015|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|issue=12|volume=64|pages=35–6|access-date=February 3, 2019|vauthors=Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ|archive-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|title=National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2015|date=January 5, 2017|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|issue=1|volume=66|pages=38, 40|access-date=February 3, 2019|vauthors=Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK|archive-date=August 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf|title=National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data 2016|date=January 31, 2018|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|issue=1|volume=67|page=26|access-date=February 3, 2019|vauthors=Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Drake P|archive-date=June 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports—Births, by race and origin of mother: United States, each state and territory, 2017 |page=20 |volume=67 |number=8 |date=November 7, 2018 |vauthors=Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Drake P |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2018<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2018|last1=Martin|first1=Joyce A.|last2=Hamilton|first2=Brady E.|last3=Osterman|first3=Michelle J.K.|last4=Driscoll|first4=Anne K.|date=November 27, 2019|access-date=February 26, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623200707/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=2022-02-21 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210175206/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2021<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref>
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
| 32,302 (82.6%)
| 32,423 (81.7%)
| 32,028 (81.1%)
| 31,376 (79.6%)
| 30,010 (78.1%)
| 29,327 (77.6%)
| 29,050 (77.2%)
| 27,542 (76.3%)
| 28,167 (76.5%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 2,232 (5.7%)
| 2,467 (6.2%)
| 2,597 (6.6%)
| 2,467 (6.3%)
| 2,657 (6.9%)
| 2,615 (6.9%)
| 2,827 (7.5%)
| 2,685 (7.4%)
| 2,567 (7.0%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 1,353 (3.5%)
| 1,408 (3.5%)
| 1,364 (3.4%)
| 1,270 (3.2%)
| 1,321 (3.4%)
| 1,176 (3.1%)
| 1,106 (2.9%)
| 1,067 (2.9%)
| 1,055 (2.9%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
| 269 (0.7%)
| 284 (0.7%)
| 242 (0.6%)
| 147 (0.4%)
| 311 (0.8%)
| 152 (0.4%)
| 308 (0.8%)
| 143 (0.4%)
| 129 (0.3%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)
| ''3,175'' (8.1%)
| ''3,315'' (8.3%)
| ''3,418'' (8.6%)
| ''3,473'' (8.8%)
| ''3,527'' (9.2%)
| ''3,694'' (9.8%)
| ''3,695'' (9.8%)
| ''3,725'' (10.3%)
| ''3,903'' (10.6%)
|-
| '''Total Iowa'''
| '''39,094''' (100%)
| '''39,687''' (100%)
| '''39,482''' (100%)
| '''39,403''' (100%)
| '''38,430''' (100%)
| '''37,785''' (100%)
| '''37,649''' (100%)
| '''36,114''' (100%)
| '''36,835''' (100%)
|}

* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===Religion===

[[File:Amana Colonies.JPG|thumb|[[Amana Colonies]] were founded by [[Germans|German]] [[Pietists]].]]
[[File:Iowa cross on hill-2.jpg|thumb|[[Christian cross]] on a hill in Iowa]]
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Survey''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Iowa|url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-IA|access-date=2023-04-14 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]]}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
| value1 = 48
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = Purple
| label3 = [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]]/[[Unitarian Universalism|Universalist]]
| value3 = 1
| color3 = Teal
| label4 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]
| value4 = 29
| color4 = White
| label5 = Other
| value5 = 2
| color5 = Black
}}
A 2014 survey by [[Pew Research Center]] found 60% of Iowans are [[Protestant]], while 18% are [[Catholic]], and 1% are of non-Christian religions. 21% responded with non-religious, and 1% did not answer.<ref name="pew2014">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/iowa/ |title=Religious composition of adults in Iowa |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801123423/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/iowa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=American Religious Identification Survey 2001 | publisher=The Graduate Center of the City University of New York | url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf | access-date=January 4, 2012 | archive-date=May 16, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516021356/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> A survey from the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA) in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the [[United Methodist Church]] with 235,190 adherents and the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 229,557. The largest non-Protestant religion was [[Catholicism]] with 503,080 adherents. The state has a great number of [[Calvinist]] denominations. The [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the [[Reformed Church in America]] with 80 churches and 40,000 members, and the [[United Church of Christ]] had 180 churches and 39,000 members.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/19/rcms2010_19_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112165913/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/19/rcms2010_19_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2020 [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s study, 26% of the population were irreligious.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRRI – American Values Atlas |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-IA |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=ava.prri.org}}</ref>

The study ''Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000''<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000 |publisher=Glenmary Research Center |url=http://www.glenmary.org/grc/RCMS_2000/maps/Largest_Group.jpg |format=jpg |access-date=April 24, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214184746/http://www.glenmary.org/grc/RCMS_2000/maps/Largest_Group.jpg |archive-date=December 14, 2006 }}</ref> found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state, the largest religious group was the [[United Methodist Church]]; in the northeast part of the state, including [[Dubuque County, Iowa|Dubuque]] and [[Linn County, Iowa|Linn]] counties (where [[Cedar Rapids]] is located), the [[Catholic Church]] was the largest; and in ten counties, including three in the northern tier, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] was the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque|Archdiocese of Dubuque]], which serves as the [[ecclesiastical province]] for all three other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa.

Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the [[Amish]] and [[Mennonite]] near [[Kalona, Iowa|Kalona]] and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as [[Davis County, Iowa|Davis County]] and [[Buchanan County, Iowa|Buchanan County]].<ref>Elmer Schwieder and [[Dorothy Schwieder]] (2009) ''A Peculiar People: Iowa's Old Order Amish'' University of Iowa Press</ref> Other religious sects and orders living apart include [[Quakers]] around [[West Branch, Iowa|West Branch]] and [[Le Grand, Iowa|Le Grand]], German [[Pietists]] who founded the [[Amana Colonies]], followers of [[Transcendental Meditation]] who founded [[Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa|Maharishi Vedic City]], and [[Trappist|Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance]] monks and nuns at the [[New Melleray Abbey|New Melleray]] and [[Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbey|Our Lady of the Mississippi]] Abbeys near [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]].

By 1878, approximately 1000 Jewish people lived in Iowa, many of whom were immigrants from Poland and Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iowa Jewish History |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/iowa-jewish-history |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Settlers in Iowa {{!}} Iowa PBS |url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/2477/jewish-settlers-iowa |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.iowapbs.org |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2016}} about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa, with about 3,000 of them in Des Moines.<ref name=Tapper>{{cite news|author=Tapper, Josh|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/1.701107|title=Postville, Iowa's Jewish Community Bounces Back After Immigration Raid|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=February 3, 2016|access-date=October 24, 2017|archive-date=October 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095916/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/1.701107|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Language===

English is the most common language in Iowa, being the sole language spoken by 91.1% of the population. Less common languages include sign language and indigenous languages. About 2.5% of the general population use sign language as of 2017, while indigenous languages are spoken by about 0.5% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=language%20spoken&g=0400000US19&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601&hidePreview=true|access-date=May 3, 2021|website=data.census.gov|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503175224/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=language%20spoken&g=0400000US19&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601&hidePreview=true|url-status=live}}</ref><!--Former cite was:<ref name="Language">{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Iowa-Languages.html|title=Iowa-Languages|publisher=City Data|access-date=July 28, 2010}}</ref> Currently on the blacklist. Removed in the course of removing vandalism. --> [[William Labov]] and colleagues, in the monumental ''Atlas of North American English''<ref>Labov, W., S. Ash, and C. Boberg, ''Atlas of North American English.'' Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. [http://www.mouton-online.com/anae.php Mouton-online.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226132508/http://www.mouton-online.com/anae.php |date=December 26, 2007 }}</ref> found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions. Natives of northern Iowa—including [[Sioux City]], [[Fort Dodge]], and the [[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]] region—tend to speak the dialect linguists call [[North Central American English]], which is also found in [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Michigan]]. Natives of central and southern Iowa—including such cities as [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]], [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]], Des Moines, and [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]]—tend to speak the [[Midland American English|North Midland]] dialect also found in eastern Nebraska, central Illinois, and central Indiana.<ref>{{cite web| title=Atlas of North American English| publisher=The University of Pennsylvania| url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/maps/MapsNC/Map1NC.html| access-date=January 5, 2008| archive-date=January 17, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117210737/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/maps/MapsNC/Map1NC.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Natives of East-Central Iowa—including cities such as [[Cedar Rapids]], [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]], and [[Clinton, Iowa|Clinton]] tend to speak with the [[Northern Cities Vowel Shift]], a dialect that extends from this area and east across the [[Great Lakes Region]].<ref>Labov, W., Ash, S., & Boberg, C. (2006). The atlas of North American English: Phonetics, phonology, and sound change: a multimedia reference tool. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref>

After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in Iowa, with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Latin America.<ref>2000 U.S. Census: [https://www.census.gov Census.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |date=December 27, 1996 }}</ref> The third-most-common language is German, spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa;<!-- <ref name="Language" /> Blacklisted --> two notable German dialects used in Iowa include [[Amana German]] spoken around the [[Amana Colonies]], and [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]], spoken among the [[Amish]] in Iowa. The [[Babel Proclamation]] of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public. Around [[Pella, Iowa|Pella]], residents of Dutch descent once spoke the [[Pella Dutch dialect]].

==Attractions==
===Central Iowa===
[[File:RG Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing.jpg|thumb|upright|The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at [[Iowa State University]], [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]]]] [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]] is the home of [[Iowa State University]], the [[Iowa State Center]], and [[Reiman Gardens]].

Des Moines is the largest city and metropolitan area{{efn|name=MSA|However, a portion of the larger [[Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area]] does extend into the state.}} in Iowa and the state's political and economic center. It is home to the [[Iowa State Capitol]], the [[State Historical Society of Iowa]] Museum, [[Drake University]], [[Des Moines Art Center]], [[Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden]], [[Principal Riverwalk]], the [[Iowa State Fair]], [[Terrace Hill]], and the [[World Food Prize]]. Nearby attractions include [[Adventureland (Iowa)|Adventureland]] and [[Prairie Meadows Racetrack]] Casino in [[Altoona, Iowa|Altoona]], [[Living History Farms]] in [[Urbandale, Iowa|Urbandale]], Trainland USA in [[Colfax, Iowa|Colfax]], and the [[Iowa Speedway]] and Valle Drive-In in [[Newton, Iowa|Newton]].
[[File:Des Moines skyline.jpg|thumb|left|Skyline of Des Moines, Iowa's capital and largest city]]

[[Boone, Iowa|Boone]] hosts the biennial [[Farm Progress Show]] and is home to the [[Mamie Eisenhower|Mamie Doud Eisenhower]] museum, the [[Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad]], and [[Ledges State Park]].

The [[Meskwaki Settlement]] west of [[Tama, Iowa|Tama]] is the only Native American settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual [[Pow-wow]].

[[Madison County, Iowa|Madison County]] is known for its covered bridges. Also in Madison County is the [[John Wayne]] Birthplace Museum is in [[Winterset, Iowa|Winterset]].

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[Newton, Iowa|Newton]], [[Indianola, Iowa|Indianola]], [[Pella, Iowa|Pella]], [[Knoxville, Iowa|Knoxville]], [[Marshalltown, Iowa|Marshalltown]], [[Perry, Iowa|Perry]], and [[Story City, Iowa|Story City]].

===Eastern Iowa===

[[File:Old capital iowa city.jpg|left|thumb|Old Capitol, [[Iowa City]]]]
[[File:Davenport Skybridge at night.jpg|right|thumb|Inside the [[Davenport Skybridge]]]]

[[Iowa City]] is home to the [[University of Iowa]], which includes the [[Iowa Writers' Workshop]], and the [[Iowa Old Capitol Building|Old Capitol building]]. Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the [[Iowa Writers' Workshop]] and related programs, Iowa City was the first American city designated by the [[United Nations]] as a "[[City of Literature]]" in the [[UNESCO]] Creative Cities Network.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Moira|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/books/unesco-declares-seattle-a-city-of-literature/|title=UNESCO declares Seattle a City of Literature|date=October 31, 2017|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=May 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203818/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/books/unesco-declares-seattle-a-city-of-literature/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Herbert Hoover National Historic Site]] and [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]] are in [[West Branch, Iowa|West Branch]].

The [[Amana Colonies, Iowa|Amana Colonies]] are a group of settlements of [[Germans|German]] [[Pietists]] comprising seven villages listed as [[National Historic Landmark]]s.

The [[Cedar Rapids Museum of Art]] has collections of paintings by [[Grant Wood]] and [[Marvin Cone]]. [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] is also home to the [[National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library]] and Iowa's only [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] Site, [[Brucemore]] mansion.
[[File:Brucemore entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Brucemore]], [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]]]]

[[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]] boasts the [[Figge Art Museum]], [[River Music Experience]], [[Putnam Museum]], [[Davenport Skybridge]], [[Quad City Symphony Orchestra]], [[Ballet Quad Cities]], and plays host to the annual [[Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival]], and the [[Quad City Air Show]], which is the largest airshow in the state.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[West Liberty, Iowa|West Liberty]], [[Fairfield, Iowa|Fairfield]], [[Burlington, Iowa|Burlington]], [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa|Mount Pleasant]], [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]], [[LeClaire, Iowa|LeClaire]], [[Mount Vernon, Iowa|Mount Vernon]], [[Ottumwa, Iowa|Ottumwa]], [[Washington, Iowa|Washington]], and [[Wilton, Iowa|Wilton]].

Along Interstate 80 near [[Walcott, Iowa|Walcott]] lies the world's largest truck stop, [[Iowa 80]].

===Western Iowa===

Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique [[Loess Hills]] which are found along Iowa's western border.
[[File:Kurmmann block sioux city.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Historic [[Fourth Street Historic District (Sioux City, Iowa)|Fourth Street]], [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]]]
[[File:Loess hills.jpg|thumb|Loess Hills east of [[Mondamin, Iowa|Mondamin]]]]

[[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]] is the largest city in western Iowa and is found on the convergence of the [[Missouri River|Missouri]], [[Floyd River|Floyd]], and [[Big Sioux River|Big Sioux]] Rivers. The [[Sioux City metropolitan area|Sioux City Metropolitan Area]] encompasses areas in three states: Iowa, [[Nebraska]], and [[South Dakota]]. Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown and includes attractions such as the [[Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Sioux City|Hard Rock Hotel and Casino]], [[Sergeant Floyd Monument]], [[Sergeant Floyd]] River Museum, the [[Tyson Events Center]], [[Southern Hills Mall]], the [[Orpheum Theater (Sioux City)|Orpheum Theater]], and more. The historic downtown area is also filled with multiple restaurants, bars, and other entertainment venues. Sioux City is home to two higher education institutions, [[Morningside University|Morningside College]] and [[Briar Cliff University]]. [[Le Mars, Iowa|Le Mars]] is in the northeastern part of the [[Sioux City metropolitan area|Sioux City Metropolitan Area]] and is the self-proclaimed "Ice Cream Capital of the World". Le Mars is home to [[Wells Enterprises]], one of the largest ice cream manufacturers in the world. Attractions in Le Mars include the Wells Visitor Center and Ice Cream Parlor, Archie's Wayside (steak house), Bob's Drive Inn, [[Tonsfeldt Round Barn]], Plymouth County Fairgrounds, Plymouth County Museum, and [[Plymouth County Courthouse (Iowa)|Plymouth County Courthouse]]. Le Mars hosts multiple ice cream-themed community events each year.

[[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]], part of the [[Omaha Metro|Omaha (Nebr.) Metropolitan Area]] and a hub of southwest Iowa sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway. With three casino resorts, the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center, [[Union Pacific Railroad]] Museum, the [[Grenville M. Dodge House]], [[Ruth Anne Dodge Memorial|The Black Angel]], and the [[Lewis and Clark]] Monument, with clear views of the [[Downtown Omaha]] skyline found throughout the city.
[[File:Wpdms usgs iowa great lakes.jpg|thumb|240x240px|The Iowa Great Lakes located primarily in [[Dickinson County, Iowa|Dickinson County]], in the northwestern section of Iowa near the [[Minnesota]] border. ]]

The [[Iowa Great Lakes]] is made up of multiple small towns, such as [[Spirit Lake, Iowa|Spirit Lake]], [[Arnolds Park, Iowa|Arnolds Park]], [[Milford, Iowa|Milford]], and [[Okoboji]]. Multiple resorts and other tourist attractions are found in and around these towns surrounding the popular lakes. Arnolds Park, one of the oldest amusement parks in the country, is located on Lake Okoboji in [[Arnolds Park, Iowa|Arnolds Park]].
[[File: Grotto Arcade.jpg|thumb|View of [[Grotto of the Redemption]]'s Lower Arcade: Small Stations of the Cross, [[West Bend, Iowa|West Bend]]|alt=|left|211x211px]]

The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in [[Cherokee, Iowa|Cherokee]], [[Grotto of the Redemption]] in [[West Bend, Iowa|West Bend]], [[The Danish Immigrant Museum]] in [[Elk Horn, Iowa|Elk Horn]], and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in [[Fort Dodge, Iowa|Fort Dodge]] are other regional destinations.

Every year in early May, the city of [[Orange City, Iowa|Orange City]] holds the annual Tulip Festival, a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.octulipfestival.com/history-heritage/history-of-tulip-festival/|title=History Of Tulip Festival|website=Orange City Tulip Festival|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103034119/http://www.octulipfestival.com/history-heritage/history-of-tulip-festival/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of [[wind turbine]] farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[Storm Lake, Iowa|Storm Lake]], [[Spencer, Iowa|Spencer]], [[Glenwood, Iowa|Glenwood]], [[Carroll, Iowa|Carroll]], [[Harlan, Iowa|Harlan]], [[Atlantic, Iowa|Atlantic]], [[Red Oak, Iowa|Red Oak]], [[Denison, Iowa|Denison]], [[Creston, Iowa|Creston]], [[Mount Ayr, Iowa|Mount Ayr]], [[Sac City, Iowa|Sac City]], and [[Walnut, Iowa|Walnut]].
{{clear|left}}

===Northeast and Northern Iowa===

{{Redirect|Northern Iowa|the University of Northern Iowa|University of Northern Iowa}}
[[File:Fort Atkinson Iowa.jpg|left|thumb|Ruins of historic [[Fort Atkinson State Preserve|Fort Atkinson]]]]
[[File:FloatingSauna.jpg|thumb|Wood-heated floating [[sauna]] on the farm pond]]

The [[Driftless Area]] of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. [[Effigy Mounds National Monument]] in [[Allamakee County, Iowa|Allamakee]] and [[Clayton County, Iowa|Clayton Counties]] has the largest assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world.

[[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]] is home of the [[Grout Museum]] and [[Lost Island Theme Park]] and is headquarters of the [[Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area]]. [[Cedar Falls, Iowa|Cedar Falls]] is home of the [[University of Northern Iowa]].

[[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]] is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the [[National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium]] and the [[Port of Dubuque]].

[[Dyersville, Iowa|Dyersville]] is home to the famed ''[[Field of Dreams (Dubuque County, Iowa)|Field of Dreams]]'' baseball diamond. [[Maquoketa Caves State Park]], near [[Maquoketa, Iowa|Maquoketa]], contains more caves than any other state park.

[[Fort Atkinson State Preserve]] in [[Fort Atkinson, Iowa|Fort Atkinson]] has the remains of an original 1840s [[Dragoon]] fortification.

[[Fort Dodge]] is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art Museum, and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[Decorah, Iowa|Decorah]], [[McGregor, Iowa|McGregor]], [[Mason City, Iowa|Mason City]], [[Elkader, Iowa|Elkader]], [[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]], [[Guttenberg, Iowa|Guttenberg]], [[Algona, Iowa|Algona]], [[Spillville, Iowa|Spillville]], [[Charles City, Iowa|Charles City]], and [[Independence, Iowa|Independence]].

===Statewide===

Iowa hosts [[RAGBRAI]], the Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa, which is a bike across the state river-to-river that attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973. Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries,<ref>ISU Extension Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute, [http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Wine/Resources/iowawineries.htm Iastate.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045820/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Wine/Resources/iowawineries.htm |date=January 25, 2009 }}</ref> and hosts five regional wine tasting trails.<ref>Iowa Wine Growers Association, [https://iowawinegrowers.org/mos/Frontpage/Itemid,1/ Iowawinegrowers.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123203434/https://iowawinegrowers.org/mos/Frontpage/Itemid%2C1/ |date=November 23, 2010 }}</ref> Many Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer months; these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host multiple markets.<ref>Iowa Farmers Market Association, [http://www.iafarmersmarkets.org/About_Us.html Iafarmersmarkets.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612063413/http://www.iafarmersmarkets.org/About_Us.html |date=June 12, 2009 }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Iowa locations by per capita income}}
[[File:Iowa products 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Iowa [[gross state product]]s by industry, 2009<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Iowa gross state products by industry – calendar year 2009 ($110.4 billion) |url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/FCTA/1216435.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719103259/https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/FCTA/1216435.pdf |archive-date=July 19, 2021 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[Iowa General Assembly]]}}</ref>]]

* In 2016,<ref>{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Iowa |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IA |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110053724/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IA |url-status=live }}</ref> the total employment of the state's population was 1,354,487, and the total number of employer establishments was 81,563.
CNBC's list of "Top States for Business in 2010" has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation. Scored in 10 individual categories, Iowa was ranked first when it came to the "Cost of Doing Business"; this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs associated with doing business. Iowa was also ranked 10th in "Economy", 12th in "Business Friendliness", 16th in "Education", 17th in both "Cost of Living" and "Quality of Life", 20th in "Workforce", 29th in "Technology and Innovation", 32nd in "Transportation" and the lowest ranking was 36th in "Access to Capital".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043 |title=America's Top States for Business in 2010 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=May 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226183123/http://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043 |archive-date=December 26, 2011 }}</ref>

While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, agriculture is a relatively small portion of the state's diversified economy, with manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services contributing substantially to Iowa's economy.<ref name="iowalifechanging.com"/> This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the [[Late-2000s recession|late 2000s recession]] better than most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation.<ref>Iowa's initial jobless claims grow. ''Des Moines Register'' April 2, 2009, [http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20090402/BUSINESS/90402018/-1/NEWS04 Desmoinesregister.com]{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref><ref>City has lowest unemployment in nation, ''Iowa City Press-Citizen'' May 5., 2009, [http://www.press-citizen.com/article/20090604/NEWS01/906040336/1079/news01 Press-citizen.com]{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref>

If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's GDP was about $124&nbsp;billion.<ref>Iowa State University. [http://www.recap.iastate.edu/atlas/industries/gdp-by-state-industry.php Gross domestic product by sector and state]. Regional Capacity Analysis Program. Retrieved on: April 26, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009025120/http://www.recap.iastate.edu/atlas/industries/gdp-by-state-industry.php |date=October 9, 2008 }}</ref> If measured by gross state product, for 2005 it was $113.5&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/datacenter/quickfacts |title=Iowa Quick Facts—State Data Center |publisher=Statelibraryofiowa.org |date=June 28, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=November 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104011507/http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/datacenter/quickfacts |url-status=live }}</ref> Its per capita income for 2006 was $23,340.<ref name="Facts"/>

On July 2, 2009, [[Standard & Poor's]] rated the state of Iowa's credit as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state governments).<ref>Iowa officials tout credit rating, argue it shows state's finances are strong, ''Associated Press'' July 3, 2009, [http://www.timesrepublican.com/page/content.detail/id/84311.html?isap=1&nav=5013 Timesrepublican.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907071322/http://www.timesrepublican.com/page/content.detail/id/84311.html?isap=1&nav=5013 |date=September 7, 2010 }}</ref>

As of September 2021, the state's unemployment rate is 4.0%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021|title=Iowa's Unemployment Rate Falls To 4.0 Percent In September|url=https://www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov/iowas-unemployment-rate-falls-40-percent-september|url-status=live|access-date=November 8, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108211151/https://www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov/iowas-unemployment-rate-falls-40-percent-september}}</ref>

===Manufacturing===

[[Manufacturing]] is the largest sector of Iowa's economy, with $20.8&nbsp;billion (21%) of Iowa's 2003 gross state product. Major manufacturing sectors include [[food processing]], heavy machinery, and [[agrochemical|agricultural chemicals]]. Sixteen percent of Iowa's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing.<ref name="iowalifechanging.com"/> Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing. Besides processed food, industrial outputs include machinery, electric equipment, chemical products, publishing, and primary metals. Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include [[ConAgra Foods]], [[Wells Dairy|Wells Blue Bunny]], [[Barilla Group|Barilla]], [[H. J. Heinz Company|Heinz]], Tone's Spices, [[General Mills]], and [[Quaker Oats]]. Meatpacker [[Tyson Foods]] has 11 locations, second only to its headquarter state Arkansas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tysonfoods.com/Our-Story/Locations.aspx|publisher=Tysonfoods.com|title=Our story-locations|access-date=July 16, 2014|archive-date=July 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704071233/http://www.tysonfoods.com/Our-Story/Locations.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include [[3M]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/plant-locations-us/|title=3M Plant Locations – United States|website=3m.com|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=April 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418103307/https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/plant-locations-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arconic]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qctimes.com/business/alcoa-davenport-works-to-become-arconic/article_3b7a9d95-ee4e-517a-a7a6-40ed8465df72.html|title=Alcoa Davenport Works to become Arconic|last=DeWitt|first=Jennifer|website=The Quad-City Times|date=March 15, 2016 |access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611144439/https://qctimes.com/business/alcoa-davenport-works-to-become-arconic/article_3b7a9d95-ee4e-517a-a7a6-40ed8465df72.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amana Corporation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/business/whirlpool-amana-plant-remaining-closed-after-more-positive-coronavirus-tests-20200330|title=Whirlpool Amana plant remaining closed after more positive coronavirus tests|last=Friestad|first=Thomas|website=The Gazette|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=April 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402063755/https://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/business/whirlpool-amana-plant-remaining-closed-after-more-positive-coronavirus-tests-20200330|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Emerson Process Management|Emerson Electric]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emerson.com/en-us/automation/fisher|title=Fisher {{!}} Emerson US|website=Emerson.com|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405084251/https://www.emerson.com/en-us/automation/fisher|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The HON Company]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hon.com/why-hon/hon-showrooms/muscatine-hon-headquarters|title=Muscatine – HON Headquarters|date=October 11, 2016|website=HON Office Furniture|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131809/https://www.hon.com/why-hon/hon-showrooms/muscatine-hon-headquarters|url-status=live}}</ref> [[SSAB]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssab.com/company/about-ssab/our-business/ssab-americas|title=SSAB Americas|website=SSAB|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=May 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513190246/https://www.ssab.com/company/about-ssab/our-business/ssab-americas|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Deere]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deere.com/en/connect-with-john-deere/visit-john-deere/factory-tours/|title=John Deere Factory Tours {{!}} John Deere US|website=Deere.com|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=April 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417015859/https://www.deere.com/en/connect-with-john-deere/visit-john-deere/factory-tours/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lennox International|Lennox Manufacturing]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lennox.com/about|title=ABOUT LENNOX|website=Lennox|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=March 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331070804/https://www.lennox.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pella (company)|Pella Corporation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whotv.com/news/iowa-icon-pete-kuypers-idea-changed-the-future-of-his-hometown/|title=IOWA ICON: Pete Kuyper's idea changed the future of his hometown.|date=February 15, 2012|website=whotv.com|access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref> [[Procter & Gamble]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.pg.com/image/facility/pg-iowa-city-plant|title=P&G Iowa City Plant {{!}} P&G News {{!}} Events, Multimedia, Public Relations|website=news.pg.com|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=May 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520210545/https://news.pg.com/image/facility/pg-iowa-city-plant|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vermeer Company]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vermeer.com/na/about-us/our-locations?hl=en-US|title=Our Locations|website=Vermeer.com|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611094758/https://www.vermeer.com/na/about-us/our-locations?hl=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Winnebago Industries]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globegazette.com/news/local/winnebago-will-open-new-plant-outside-of-forest-city/article_a859554d-5cf4-5d06-a9b8-2eaf9538839c.html|title=Winnebago will open new plant outside of Forest City|last=Gazette|first=RAE YOST For The Globe|website=Globe Gazette {{!}} Mason City, Iowa {{!}} globegazette.com|date=March 26, 2015 |access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611144537/https://globegazette.com/news/local/winnebago-will-open-new-plant-outside-of-forest-city/article_a859554d-5cf4-5d06-a9b8-2eaf9538839c.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Agriculture===

[[File:Iowa harvest 2009.jpg|thumb|Harvesting [[maize|corn]] in [[Jones County, Iowa|Jones County]]]]
[[File:Survivor, Northwest Iowa 7-13 (22550505788).jpg|left|thumb|Farm in rural Northwest Iowa]]
[[File:maytag.jpg|thumb|left|Central Iowa cornfield and dairy in June]]

Industrial-scale, commodity agriculture predominates in much of the state. Iowa's main conventional agricultural commodities are [[pig|hogs]], with about 22.6 million hogs in 8,000 facilities large enough to require manure management plans in March 2018, outnumbering Iowans by more than 7 to 1,<ref name =Jordan>{{Cite news |last=Erin Jordan |date=May 6, 2018 |title=Large-scale pork production may push farther into Eastern Iowa |url=https://www.thegazette.com/business/large-scale-pork-production-may-push-farther-into-eastern-iowa/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> [[maize|corn]], [[soybean]]s, [[oat]]s, cattle, eggs, and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of [[ethanol]] and [[maize|corn]] and some years is the largest grower of soybeans. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the hogs, and 14% of the eggs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=19&StateName=Iowa#.U8Q5wbEXtQs|title=Iowa State Fact Sheets|author=USDA|access-date=February 21, 2015|archive-date=February 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222014931/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=19&StateName=Iowa#.U8Q5wbEXtQs|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{As of|2009}} major Iowa agricultural product processors included [[Archer Daniels Midland]], [[Cargill, Inc.]], Diamond V Mills, and [[Quaker Oats]].<ref name="gazette grain">{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/top-story/2009/11/28/impact-of-grain-processing-industry-runs-deep-but-people-don%e2%80%99t-see-it |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209003425/http://gazetteonline.com/top-story/2009/11/28/impact-of-grain-processing-industry-runs-deep-but-people-don%E2%80%99t-see-it |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 9, 2012 |title=Impact of grain-processing industry runs deep, but people don't see it |last=Ford |first=George |date=November 28, 2009 |work=Cedar Rapids Gazette |pages=1A |access-date=November 29, 2009 }}</ref>

During the 21 st century Iowa has seen growth in the [[organic farming]] sector. Iowa ranks fifth in the nation in total number of organic farms. In 2016, there were about 732 organic farms in the state, an increase of about 5% from the previous year, and 103,136 organic acres, an increase of 9,429 from the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/agriculture/2017/11/03/looking-greater-profits-more-iowa-farmers-move-organic-corn-soybeans/821234001/|title=Looking for greater profits, more Iowa farmers move to organic corn, soybeans|author=Eller, Donnelle|date=November 3, 2017|newspaper=The Des Moines Register|access-date=January 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iowaorganic.org/|title=Iowa Organic Association|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416151849/https://www.iowaorganic.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa has also seen an increase in demand for local, sustainably-grown food. Northeast Iowa, part of the [[Driftless Area]], has led the state in development of its regional [[food system]] and grows and consumes more local food than any other region in Iowa.<ref>{{citation|url=https://northeastiowarcd.org/wp-content/uploads/LF-Expansion-Plan_FINALWEB_Version.pdf|title=Northeast Iowa Local Foods Expansion Plan|publisher=Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development|access-date=January 21, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232925/https://northeastiowarcd.org/wp-content/uploads/LF-Expansion-Plan_FINALWEB_Version.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://northeastiowarcd.org/category/grow-the-local-food-system/|title=Grow The Local Food System|publisher=Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development|access-date=January 21, 2019|archive-date=January 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044054/https://northeastiowarcd.org/category/grow-the-local-food-system/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Iowa's Driftless Region is also home to the nationally recognized [[Seed Savers Exchange]], a non-profit [[seed bank]] housed at an 890-acre heritage farm near [[Decorah, Iowa|Decorah]], in the northeast corner of the state.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/news/saving-seeds/|title=Saving Seeds|date=September 27, 2011|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174041/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/news/saving-seeds/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.growingagreenerworld.com/episode202/|title=Episode 202: Best of Season One—Inspiring PLACES|date=July 9, 2011|publisher=Growing a Greener World|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174039/https://www.growingagreenerworld.com/episode202/|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest nongovernmental seed bank of its kind in the United States, Seed Savers Exchange safeguards more than 20,000 varieties of rare, heirloom seeds.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.seedsavers.org/mission|title=About Us: Today|publisher=Seed Saver Exchange|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174042/https://www.seedsavers.org/mission|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Wall Mural, Mt Ayr, IA Post Office, 1998.jpg|thumb|Mural in [[Mount Ayr, Iowa|Mt. Ayr]] Post Office, "The Corn Parade" by Orr C. Fischer, commissioned as part of the [[New Deal]]<ref name="CornParade">{{cite web|title=The Corn Parade|date=1941|author=Orr C. Fischer|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6702|access-date=July 3, 2010|archive-date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610130945/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6702/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

As of 2007, the direct production and sale of conventional agricultural commodities contributed only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product.<ref>2007 ''Iowa Factbook'' p. 59, Des Moines:Iowa Legislative Services Agency.</ref> In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy, including agriculture-affiliated business, was calculated at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing, which accounted for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/isu/genres/10180.html|title=Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa's Economy|author1=Swenson, David A|author2=Eathington, Liesl|date=December 1, 2002|publisher=Iowa State University, Department of Economics|agency=Staff General Research Papers, number 10180|access-date=July 26, 2014|archive-date=July 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715030735/http://ideas.repec.org/p/isu/genres/10180.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Health insurance===

As of 2014, there were 16 organizations offering [[health insurance]] products in Iowa, per the State of Iowa Insurance Division.<ref name=iid>{{cite web|author1=Iowa Insurance Division|title=Find an Insurance Company|url=http://www.iid.state.ia.us/company/search/form|publisher=State of Iowa|access-date=December 21, 2014|date=n.d.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221114644/http://www.iid.state.ia.us/company/search/form|archive-date=December 21, 2014}}</ref>
Iowa was fourth out of ten states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011, per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the [[American Medical Association]]<ref name=comp2013>{{cite book|author1=AMA|title=Competition in Health Insurance: A Comprehensive Study of U.S. Markets, 2013 update|date=2013|publisher=AMA|isbn=978-1-60359-944-3}}</ref> using 2011 data from HealthLeaders-Interstudy, the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in [[health maintenance organization]] (HMO), [[preferred provider organization]] (PPO), [[point-of-service]] (POS) and [[consumer-driven health care]] plans.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMA Analysis Lists States Where One Private Health Insurer Rules|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2013/2013-11-07-study-anticompetitive-market-conditions.page|publisher=AMA.org|access-date=June 24, 2014|format=press release|date=November 7, 2013|archive-date=June 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628102727/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2013/2013-11-07-study-anticompetitive-market-conditions.page|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the AMA annual report from 2007 [[Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield]] had provided 71% of the state's health insurance.<ref>Competition in Health Insurance: 2007 update, [https://catalog.ama-assn.org/Catalog/product/product_detail.jsp?productId=prod1350008 Ama-assn.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725140104/https://catalog.ama-assn.org/Catalog/product/product_detail.jsp?productId=prod1350008 |date=July 25, 2011 }}</ref>

The Iowa Insurance Division "Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature" from November 2014 looked at the 95% of health insurers by premium, which are 10 companies. It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the three health insurance markets it examined (individual, small group and large group) at 52–67%.<ref name=iidreport>{{cite web|author1=Iowa Insurance Division|url=http://www.iid.state.ia.us|title=Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature|publisher=State of Iowa|access-date=December 21, 2014|date=November 2014|archive-date=December 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221114656/http://www.iid.state.ia.us/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk-based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158% and 1132%, respectively.<ref name=iidreport/>{{rp|31}} Rising RBC is an indication of profits.<ref name=iidreport/>{{rp|31}}

===Other sectors===

[[File:Ethanol butler co iowa.jpg|thumb|left|Ethanol plant under construction in [[Butler County, Iowa|Butler County]]]]
[[File:Turbines iowa.jpg|thumb|Wind turbines near [[Williams, Iowa|Williams]]]]

Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately 6,100 firms,<ref name="iowalifechanging.com"/> including [[Aegon N.V.|AEGON]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company|Nationwide Group]], [[Aviva|Aviva USA]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company|Farm Bureau Financial Services]], [[GreatAmerica Financial Services]], [[Voya Financial]], [[Marsh & McLennan Companies|Marsh Affinity Group]], [[MetLife]], [[Principal Financial Group]], [[Principal Capital Management]], [[Wells Fargo]], and Greenstate Credit Union (formerly University of Iowa Community Credit Union).

Iowa is host to at least two business incubators, [[Iowa State University Research Park]] and the [[BioVentures Center]] at the [[University of Iowa]].<ref name=philipiddis2014>{{Cite news|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/incubators-blossom-along-with-their-startups/5245/|title=Incubators Blossom along with Their Startups|last=Philipiddis|first=Alex|date=June 15, 2014|work=[[Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News|Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News]]|issue=12|volume=34|pages=7–8|access-date=July 17, 2016|archive-date=November 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101163848/http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/incubators-blossom-along-with-their-startups/5245|url-status=live}}</ref> The Research Park hosts about 50 companies, among them [[NewLink Genetics]], which develops [[Cancer immunotherapy|cancer immunotherapeutics]], and the U.S. [[animal health]] division of [[Boehringer Ingelheim]], Vetmedica.<ref name=philipiddis2014/>

[[Ethanol fuel|Ethanol]] production consumes about a third of Iowa's corn production, and renewable fuels account for eight percent of the state's gross domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced {{convert|3.1|e9USgal|m3}} of fuel in 2009.<ref name="ethanol1">{{cite web|url=http://gazetteonline.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/2010/02/26/ethanol-mandate-wouldn%e2%80%99t-help-prices |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208135435/http://gazetteonline.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/2010/02/26/ethanol-mandate-wouldn%E2%80%99t-help-prices |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |title=Ethanol mandate wouldn't help prices |date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette |access-date=April 4, 2010 }}</ref>

{{anchor|Renewable energy}}
Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa, with [[wind turbine]] electrical generation increasing exponentially since 1990.<ref name="energy.iastate.edu"/> In 2019, [[wind power in Iowa]] accounted for 42% of electrical energy produced, and 10,201 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year.<ref name="eia_epm0217">{{cite web|title=Electric Power Monthly|url=http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration|access-date=June 2, 2020|archive-date=February 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206223444/http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas.<ref name="eia_epm0217" /> Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include [[Acciona Energy]] of [[West Branch, Iowa|West Branch]], TPI Composites of [[Newton, Iowa|Newton]], and [[Siemens]] Energy of [[Fort Madison]].

In 2016, Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#state:Iowa|title=The World's Biggest Public Companies|magazine=Forbes|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002223833/https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#state:Iowa|url-status=live}}</ref> They include [[Principal Financial]], [[Rockwell Collins]], and [[American Equity Investment]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/principal-financial-group/|magazine=Forbes.com|title=The World's Biggest Public Companies #380|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=September 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928002118/http://www.forbes.com/companies/principal-financial-group/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/rockwell-collins/|magazine=Forbes.com|title=The World's Biggest Public Companies #380|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007093752/http://www.forbes.com/companies/rockwell-collins/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/american-equity-investment/|magazine=Forbes.com|title=The World's Biggest Public Companies #380|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=November 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113124811/http://www.forbes.com/companies/american-equity-investment/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including [[Hy-Vee]], [[Pella (company)|Pella Corporation]], [[Workiva]], [[Vermeer Company]], [[Kum & Go]] gas stations, [[Von Maur]], [[Pioneer Hi-Bred]], and [[Fareway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=800051|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Company Overview of Hy-Vee, Inc|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006053902/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=800051|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=767676|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Company Overview of Pella Corporation|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006144437/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=767676|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=759605|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Company Overview of Vermeer Corporation|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=August 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826185950/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=759605|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=10360362|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Company Overview of Kum & Go, L.C|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006050415/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=10360362|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4241012|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Company Overview of Von Maur, Inc|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006054420/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4241012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=297114|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Company Overview of Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006143134/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=297114|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4204432|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Company Overview of Fareway Stores, Inc|access-date=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006051926/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4204432|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Gambling in Iowa|Gambling in the state]] is a major section of the Iowa tourism industry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=The State of Gambling in Iowa and How It Is Influencing the Economy |url=https://dailyiowan.com/2021/06/14/the-state-of-gambling-in-iowa-and-how-it-is-influencing-the-economy/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The Daily Iowan}}</ref>

===Taxation===

Tax is collected by the [[Iowa Department of Revenue]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tax.iowa.gov/|title=State of Iowa Taxes {{!}} Iowa Department of Revenue|website=tax.iowa.gov|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227203818/https://tax.iowa.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and trusts. There are nine [[income tax]] brackets, ranging from 0.36% to 8.98%, as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6%{{nbsp}}to 12%, giving Iowa the country's highest marginal corporate tax rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://taxfoundation.org/state-corporate-income-tax-rates-and-brackets-2016/|title=State Corporate Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2016—Tax Foundation|date=February 1, 2016|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-date=February 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216040947/https://taxfoundation.org/state-corporate-income-tax-rates-and-brackets-2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The state [[sales tax]] rate is 6%, with non-prepared food having no tax.<ref>Iowa Department of Revenue, Iowa Tax / Fee Descriptions and Rates, [http://www.iowa.gov/tax/taxlaw/taxtypes.html#sales Iowa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506082844/http://www.iowa.gov/tax/taxlaw/taxtypes.html#sales |date=May 6, 2009 }}</ref> Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election.<ref>Iowa Department of Revenue, Iowa Local Option Tax Information, [http://www.iowa.gov/tax/educate/localoption.html Ioawa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425054850/http://www.iowa.gov/tax/educate/localoption.html |date=April 25, 2009 }}</ref> Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property. Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority. The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county, city or rural township, [[school district]] and special levies. Iowa allows its residents to deduct their [[federal income tax]]es from their state income taxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2009905300328|title=No tax increases planned for next year, Culver says|last=Beaumont|first=Thomas|website=[[The Des Moines Register]]|date=May 30, 2009|access-date=May 31, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Education==
===Primary and secondary schools===

{{See also|List of school districts in Iowa}}

Iowa was one of the leading states in the [[high school movement]], and continues to be among the top educational performers today.<ref>[[Claudia Goldin]], [[Lawrence F. Katz]]. [https://scholar.harvard.edu/lkatz/publications/why-united-states-led-education-lessons-secondary-school-expansion-1910-1940 Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211203143/https://scholar.harvard.edu/lkatz/publications/why-united-states-led-education-lessons-secondary-school-expansion-1910-1940 |date=February 11, 2021 }}. In: Eltis D, Lewis F, Sokoloff K Human Capital and Institutions. Cambridge University Press; 2009.</ref>

The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 91.3% in 2017.<ref name="Grad rate 2016">{{cite web|url=https://educateiowa.gov/about-iowas-education-system|title=About the Iowa Education System|publisher=Iowa Department of Education|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103234650/https://educateiowa.gov/about-iowas-education-system|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa's schools are credited with the highest graduation rate in the nation as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public High School Graduation Rates|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/coe_coi.pdf|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924180351/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/coe_coi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa has 333 school districts,<ref name="Grad rate 2016" /> 1,329 school buildings and has the 14th lowest student-to-teacher ratio of 14.2.<ref name="NEA" /> Teacher pay is ranked 22nd, with the average salary being $55,647.<ref name="NEA">{{cite web|title=Rankings And Estimates Report 2018|publisher=National Education Association|url=https://www.nea.org/assets/docs/180413-Rankings_And_Estimates_Report_2018.pdf|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112074604/http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/180413-Rankings_And_Estimates_Report_2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2015}} transportation spending is a significant part of the budgets of rural school districts as many are geographically large and must transport students across vast distances. This reduces the amount of money spent on other aspects of the districts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Boden, Sarah|url=http://iowapublicradio.org/post/lawmakers-scrounge-bus-money-rural-school-districts|title=Lawmakers Scrounge Up Bus Money for Rural School Districts|publisher=[[Iowa Public Radio]]|date=February 3, 2015|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=June 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193409/http://iowapublicradio.org/post/lawmakers-scrounge-bus-money-rural-school-districts|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state's oldest functioning school building is located in [[Bellevue, Iowa|Bellevue]] in the historic [[Jackson County Courthouse (Bellevue, Iowa)|Jackson County Courthouse]] which has been in continuous use as a school since 1848.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Telegraph Herald|url=https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_36b1a715-bca2-5ddc-956f-52e599a753bc.html|title=Bellevue school board sets referendum for $16 million bond issuance|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103234640/https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_36b1a715-bca2-5ddc-956f-52e599a753bc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Colleges and universities===
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Iowa}}
[[File:Palmer Chiropractic College.jpg|thumb|[[Palmer Chiropractic College]] in [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]] is the first school of chiropractic in the world.]]

The [[Board of Regents, State of Iowa|Iowa Board of Regents]] is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and oversight of the state's three public universities, two special K–12 schools, and affiliated centers.<ref name="BoR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iowaregents.edu/the-board/faq/what-is-the-board-of-regents|title=What is the Board of Regents?|date=June 22, 2016|website=Iowaregents.edu|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125406/https://www.iowaregents.edu/the-board/faq/what-is-the-board-of-regents|url-status=live}}</ref>

The special K–12 schools include the [[Iowa School for the Deaf]] in [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]] and the [[Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School]] in [[Vinton, Iowa|Vinton]].<ref name="BoR" /> Both [[Iowa State University]] and [[The University of Iowa]] are research universities<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/srp.php?clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22:%2215%22%7D&start_page=standard.php|title=Carnegie Classifications {{!}} Standard Listings|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611141751/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/srp.php?clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22:%2215%22%7D&start_page=standard.php|url-status=live}}</ref> with The University of Iowa also being a member of the prestigious [[Association of American Universities]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members|title=Our Members {{!}} Association of American Universities (AAU)|website=Aau.edu|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111193305/https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the three state universities, Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities.

==Transportation==
[[File:Iowa overview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Iowa's major interstates, larger cities, and counties]]

===Interstate highways===

Iowa has four primary [[interstate highways]]. [[Interstate 29 in Iowa|Interstate&nbsp;29]] (I-29) travels along the state's western edge through [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]] and [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]. [[Interstate 35 in Iowa|I-35]] travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state's center, including Des Moines. [[Interstate 74 in Iowa|I-74]] begins at [[Interstate 80 in Iowa|I-80]] just northeast of [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]]. I-80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state, including Council Bluffs, Des Moines, [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]], and the [[Quad Cities]]. [[Interstate 380 (Iowa)|I-380]] is an [[List of auxiliary Interstate Highways|auxiliary Interstate Highway]], which travels from I-80 near Iowa City through [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] ending in [[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]] and is part of the [[Avenue of the Saints]] highway. Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Belz|first=Adam|url=http://www.startribune.com/how-an-iowa-town-caught-16-000-minnesota-speeders|title=How one city in Iowa caught 160,000 speeders in less than two years|date=May 13, 2015|work=Star Tribune|access-date=April 6, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Airports with scheduled flights===
{{See also|List of airports in Iowa}}
Iowa is served by several regional airports including the [[Des Moines International Airport]], the [[Eastern Iowa Airport]], in Cedar Rapids, [[Quad City International Airport]], in [[Moline, Illinois]], and [[Eppley Airfield]], in [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. Smaller airports in the state include the [[Council Bluffs Municipal Airport]], [[Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa)]], [[Dubuque Regional Airport]], [[Fort Dodge Regional Airport]], [[Mason City Municipal Airport]], [[Sioux Gateway Airport]], [[Southeast Iowa Regional Airport]], and [[Waterloo Regional Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iowadot.gov/aviation/airport-information|title=Iowa Airport Information {{!}} Iowa DOT|website=Iowadot.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223110208/https://iowadot.gov/aviation/airport-information|archive-date=December 23, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=April 21, 2020}}</ref>

===Railroads===
{{See also|List of Iowa railroads}}

[[Amtrak]]'s ''[[California Zephyr]]'' serves southern Iowa with stops in [[Burlington, Iowa|Burlington]], [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa|Mount Pleasant]], [[Ottumwa, Iowa|Ottumwa]], [[Osceola, Iowa|Osceola]], and [[Creston, Iowa|Creston]] along its route between Chicago and [[Emeryville, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sharemap.org/public/Amtrak_California_Zephyr?nr#!webgl|title=Amtrak California Zephyr - ShareMap.org|website=sharemap.org|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611101125/http://sharemap.org/public/Amtrak_California_Zephyr?nr#!webgl|url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] is served by Amtrak's ''[[Southwest Chief]]'', running between Chicago and Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://traveler.sharemap.org/Passenger_trains_in_America|title=Passenger trains in America|website=traveler.sharemap.org|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=April 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416043314/https://traveler.sharemap.org/Passenger_trains_in_America|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Both provide daily service through the state.

===Public Transit===
{{See also|List of intercity bus stops in Iowa}}
Iowa is served by a number of local transit providers including [[Bettendorf Transit]], [[Cambus]], [[Cedar Rapids Transit]], [[Clinton Municipal Transit Administration]], [[Coralville Transit]], [[Cyride]], [[Davenport Citibus]], [[Des Moines Area Regional Transit]], [[Iowa City Transit]], [[The Jule]], [[Mason City Transit]], [[Metropolitan Transit Authority of Black Hawk County|MET Transit]], [[Metro Transit (Omaha)|Omaha Metro Transit]], [[Ottumwa Transit Authority]], [[Quad Cities MetroLINK]] and [[Sioux City Transit]].

Intercity bus service in the state is provided by [[Burlington Trailways]], [[Greyhound Lines]], and [[Jefferson Lines]].

{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid; width:50em; margin:0.2em auto"
|-
! Local transit map
|-
|{{Location map+ |Iowa |width=1000 |float=center
|caption=Local Transit Systems (Only systems with fixed-route services are shown)
|places=
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.768808|long=-91.640141|position=left |label='''<small>[[380 Express]]</small>'''|label_size=90|mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.551307|long=-90.502710|position=top |label='''<small>[[Bettendorf Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=40.805742|long=-91.102170|position=left |label='''<small>[[Burlington Urban Service]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.656617|long=-91.533221|position=left |label='''<small>[[Cambus]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.976137|long=-91.666169|position=top |label='''<small>[[Cedar Rapids Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.840099|long=-90.188268|position=left |label='''<small>[[Clinton Municipal Transit Administration|Clinton MTA]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.683319|long=-91.560096|position=right |label='''<small>[[Coralville Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=42.025883|long=-93.617613|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[CyRide]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.524392|long=-90.585901|position=left |label='''<small>[[Davenport Citibus|Citibus]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.584133|long=-93.623944|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Des Moines Area Regional Transit|DART]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=42.503740|long=-94.189756|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Dodger Area Rapid Transit|DART]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.656617|long=-91.533221|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Iowa City Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=42.038180|long=-92.914820|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Marshalltown Municipal Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=43.152681|long=-93.201426|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Mason City Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.493269|long=-90.527848|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Quad Cities MetroLINK|MetroLINK]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.259856|long=-95.851621|position=right |label='''<small>[[Metro Transit (Omaha)|Metro Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=42.499173|long=-92.337348|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Metropolitan Transit Authority of Black Hawk County|MET Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.422890|long=-91.045068|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[MuscaBus]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.294914|long=-92.645025|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Oskaloosa Rides]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=41.017124|long=-92.411622|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Ottumwa Transit Authority]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=42.495443|long=-96.403443|position=bottom |label='''<small>[[Sioux City Transit]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
{{Location map~ |Iowa |lat=42.504354|long=-90.661632|position=left |label='''<small>[[The Jule]]</small>'''|label_size=90 |mark=Icon-mode-bus-default.svg|marksize=20 }}
}}
|}

==Law and government==
===State===

[[File:Iowa State Capitol April 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Iowa State Capitol]] in Des Moines, completed in 1886, is the only state capitol in the United States to feature five domes, a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller ones. It houses the [[Iowa General Assembly]], comprising the [[Iowa House of Representatives]] and [[Iowa Senate]].]]
[[File:Iowa Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|The [[Iowa Supreme Court]], across from the capitol, is the state's highest court.]]

{{As of|2022}}, the 43rd and current [[Governor of Iowa]] is [[Kim Reynolds]] (R). Other statewide elected officials are:
* [[Adam Gregg]] (R), [[List of lieutenant governors of Iowa|Lieutenant Governor]]
* [[Paul Pate]] (R), [[Secretary of State of Iowa|Secretary of State]]
* [[Rob Sand]] (D), [[Auditor of State of Iowa|Auditor of State]]
* [[Roby Smith]] (R), [[Treasurer of State of Iowa|Treasurer of State]]
* [[Mike Naig]] (R), [[Secretary of Agriculture of Iowa|Secretary of Agriculture]] 
* [[Brenna Bird]] (R), [[Attorney General of Iowa|Attorney General]]

The [[Code of Iowa]] contains Iowa's [[statutory law]]s. It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in even-numbered years.

Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or [[alcoholic beverage control state]].

===National===

{{Further|List of United States Senators from Iowa|List of United States Representatives from Iowa}}

The two U.S. Senators:
* [[Chuck Grassley]] (R), in office since 1981
* [[Joni Ernst]] (R), in office since 2015

The four U.S. Representatives:
* [[Mariannette Miller-Meeks]] (R), [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|First district]]
* [[Ashley Hinson]] (R), [[Iowa's 2nd congressional district|Second district]]
* [[Zach Nunn]] (R), [[Iowa's 3rd congressional district|Third district]]
* [[Randy Feenstra]] (R), [[Iowa's 4th congressional district|Fourth district]]

After the [[2010 United States Census]] and the resulting redistricting, Iowa lost one seat in Congress, falling to four seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Incumbent U.S. Representatives [[Leonard Boswell]] (D) and [[Tom Latham (politician)|Tom Latham]] (R) ran against each other in [[United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa, 2012|2012]] in the third congressional district which had new boundaries; Latham won and retired after the [[United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa, 2014|2014 elections]]. King represented the old [[Iowa's 5th congressional district|fifth congressional district]].

===Political parties===

{{Main|Political party strength in Iowa}}
[[File:Samuel Jordan Kirkwood.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Samuel J. Kirkwood]], founder of the Iowa Republican Party, abolitionist, and Iowa's Civil War Governor]]

In Iowa, the term "political party" refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the "last preceding general election". Iowa recognizes three political parties—the [[Republican Party of Iowa|Republican Party]], the [[Iowa Democratic Party|Democratic Party]], and the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Forming a Political Party in Iowa |url=https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/electioninfo/formpoliticalparty.html |website=sos.iowa.gov |publisher=Iowa Secretary of State Paul D. Pate |access-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107115523/http://sos.iowa.gov/elections/electioninfo/formpoliticalparty.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Libertarian Party obtained official political party status in 2017 as a result of presidential candidate [[Gary Johnson]] receiving 3.8% of the Iowa vote in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 general election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Libertarian Party obtains official political party status in Iowa |url=https://sos.iowa.gov/news/2017_03_2.html |website=sos.iowa.gov |publisher=Iowa Secretary of State Paul D. Pate |access-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022193511/https://sos.iowa.gov/news/2017_03_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Third party (politics)|Third parties]], officially termed "nonparty political organizations", can appear on the ballot as well. Four of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions: the [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]], the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]], the [[United States Pirate Party|Pirate Party]], and the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf |title=Official Results Report—Statewide: 2006 General Election |access-date=July 26, 2007 |publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715101939/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/general/CanvassSummary.pdf |title=Canvass Summary: 2004 General Election |access-date=July 26, 2007 |publisher=[[Chet Culver|Chester J. Culver]], [[Iowa Secretary of State]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104025211/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/general/CanvassSummary.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2007 }}</ref>

===Voter trends===
{{See also|United States presidential elections in Iowa}}
{{PresHead|place=Iowa|whig=yes|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=19&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Iowa|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=January 1, 2023|author=Leip, David}}</ref>}}
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} -->
{{PresRow|2020|Republican|897,672|759,061|34,138|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|800,983|653,669|111,379|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|730,617|822,544|29,019|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|682,379|828,940|25,804|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|2004|Republican|751,957|741,898|13,053|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|634,373|638,517|42,673|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|492,644|620,258|121,173|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|504,891|586,353|263,363|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|545,355|670,557|9,702|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|703,088|605,620|11,097|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|676,026|508,672|132,963|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1976|Republican|632,863|619,931|26,512|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|706,207|496,206|23,531|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1968|Republican|619,106|476,699|72,126|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|449,148|733,030|2,361|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1960|Republican|722,381|550,565|864|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|729,187|501,858|3,519|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|808,906|451,513|8,354|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|494,018|522,380|21,874|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1944|Republican|547,267|499,876|5,456|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1940|Republican|632,370|578,800|4,260|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|487,977|621,756|33,000|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|414,433|598,019|24,235|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|623,570|379,311|6,608|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|537,458|160,382|278,930|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|634,674|227,921|32,487|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|280,439|221,699|14,806|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|119,805|185,325|187,226|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|275,209|200,771|18,789|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|308,158|149,276|28,659|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1900|Republican|307,808|209,265|13,282|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1896|Republican|289,293|233,741|8,513|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1892|Republican|219,795|196,367|26,997|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1888|Republican|211,603|179,877|12,655|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1884|Republican|197,089|177,316|2,796|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1880|Republican|183,904|105,845|32,919|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1876|Republican|171,326|112,121|9,431|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1872|Republican|131,566|71,189|13,610|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1868|Republican|120,399|74,040|0|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1864|Republican|88,500|49,525|0|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1860|Republican|70,302|55,639|2,798|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1856|Republican|45,073|37,568|9,669|Iowa}}
{{PresRow|1852|Democratic|15,856|17,763|1,745|Iowa}}
{{PresFoot|1848|Democratic|9,930|11,238|1,103|Iowa}}
As a result of the 2010 elections, each party controlled one house of the [[Iowa General Assembly]]: the House had a Republican majority, while the Senate had a Democratic majority. As a result of the 2016 elections, Republicans gained control of the Senate. Incumbent Democratic governor [[Chet Culver]] was defeated in 2010 by Republican [[Terry Branstad]], who had served as governor from 1983 to 1999. On December 14, 2015, Branstad became the longest serving governor in U.S. history, serving (at that time) 20 years, 11 months, and 3{{nbsp}}days; eclipsing [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], who served 21 years until 1804.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/14/meet-iowa-gov-terry-branstad-who-as-of-monday-is-americas-longest-serving-governor/|title=Terry Branstad just became the longest serving governor in American history|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919170235/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/14/meet-iowa-gov-terry-branstad-who-as-of-monday-is-americas-longest-serving-governor/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds succeeded him on May 24, 2017, following Branstad's appointment as U.S. Ambassador to China.

{| class=wikitable style="float:center"
! colspan = 6 | Party registration as of March 1, 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/voterreg/regstat.html |title=State of Iowa Voter Registration Totals |publisher=Iowa Secretary of State |date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234423/https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/voterreg/regstat.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Total voters
! Percentage
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (US)}}
| [[Iowa Republican Party|Republican]]
| align=center | 768,262
| align=center | 34.76%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent voter|No affiliation]]
| align=center | 765,050
| align=center | 34.62%
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (US)}}
| [[Iowa Democratic Party|Democratic]]
| align=center | 656,931
| align=center | 29.72%
|-
| {{party color cell|Other parties (US)}}
| [[List of political parties in the United States|Other]]
| align=center | 19,779
| align=center | 0.89%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! align=center | 2,210,022
! align=center | 100.00%
|}

===Presidential caucus===
{{Main|Iowa caucuses}}

The state gets considerable attention every four years because the [[Iowa caucus]], gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions, is the first presidential caucus in the country. The caucuses, held in January or February of the election year, involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates, rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a [[presidential primary]] election.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=James Q. Lynch |url=http://www.iowacaucus.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071119/IOWACAUCUS/71119004 |title=What happens at a caucus? |publisher=iowacaucus.com | date=November 19, 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222142101/http://www.iowacaucus.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20071119%2FIOWACAUCUS%2F71119004 |archive-date=December 22, 2007 }}</ref>
Along with the [[New Hampshire primary]] the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for president.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donovan |first1=Todd |last2=Hunsaker |first2=Rob |date=January 2009 |title=Beyond expectations: effects of early elections in U.S. presidential nomination contests |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |doi=10.1017/S1049096509090040 |s2cid=42839320 |access-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715203811/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract |url-status=live }}</ref> The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention, which gives Iowa voters leverage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donovan |first1=Todd |last2=Redlawsk |first2=David |last3=Tolbert |first3=Caroline |date=September 2014 |title=The 2012 Iowa Republican Caucus and Its Effects on the Presidential Nomination Contest |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=447–466 |doi=10.1111/psq.12132 }}</ref> In 2007 presidential campaign spending was the seventh highest in the country.<ref>{{Citation|last=Swenson|first=David|title=The Economic Impact of the Iowa Caucus: Gauging the Worth of Its First-in-the-Nation Position?|date=April 2008|url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/research/webpapers/paper_12911.pdf|access-date=April 22, 2020|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404001453/http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/research/webpapers/paper_12911.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Civil rights===
In a 2020 study, Iowa was ranked as the 24th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=15 Dec 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Racial equality====

[[File:UnionBlockMtPleasant15.jpg|thumb|The [[Union Block (Mount Pleasant, Iowa)|Union Block]] building, [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa|Mount Pleasant]], scene of early civil rights and women's rights activities]]

In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the first decision of the [[Iowa Supreme Court]]—''In Re the Matter of Ralph'',<ref>1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839)</ref> decided July 1839—the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War.<ref name="civil rights">{{cite web|url=http://www.judicial.state.ia.us/Public_Information/Iowa_Courts_History/Civil_Rights/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505082508/http://www.judicial.state.ia.us/Public_Information/Iowa_Courts_History/Civil_Rights/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2006 |title=Early Civil Rights Cases |publisher=Judicial.state.ia.us |access-date=July 26, 2010 }}</ref> The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban [[Anti-miscegenation laws|miscegenation statutes]] nationwide.<ref name="ChicagoTrib">[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-defending-iowa-web,0,2979128.story Gay marriage and Iowa: Why's everyone so surprised?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429060425/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-defending-iowa-web,0,2979128.story |date=April 29, 2009 }}, [[Chicago Tribune]], April 10, 2009</ref>

The Iowa Supreme Court decided ''Clark v. The board of directors''<ref>24 Iowa 266 (1868)</ref> in 1868, ruling that racially segregated "separate but equal" schools had no place in Iowa, 85 years before ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''.<ref name="civil rights" /> By 1875, a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brodnax|first=David|year=2004|title=The Equality of Right: Alexander Clark and the Desegregation of Iowa's Public Schools, 1834–1875|journal=Law and Society Association|url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/1/7/4/2/p117420_index.html|access-date=July 22, 2009|archive-date=July 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721103524/http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/1/7/4/2/p117420_index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s.<ref>Breaux, Richard M. (2004) "Maintaining a Home for Girls": The Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs at the University of Iowa 1919–1950, ''Cultural Capital and Black Education'' ed. V.P. Franklin and C.J. Savage. Information Age, Greenwich</ref> The Court heard ''Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co.''<ref>37 Iowa 145 (1873)</ref> in 1873, ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision.<ref name="civil rights" />

In 1884, the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses, reading: "All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement." However, the courts chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de facto discrimination to continue.<ref>Iowa Civil Rights Commission, [http://www.iowa.gov/government/crc/docs/annual66activities.html Iowa.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603100106/http://www.iowa.gov/government/crc/docs/annual66activities.html |date=June 3, 2010 }}</ref> Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949, when the court ruled in ''[[State of Iowa v. Katz]]'' that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the case began when [[Edna Griffin]] was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore.<ref>African-Americans in Iowa, 1838–2005, [http://www.iptv.org/IowaPathways/myPath.cfm?ounid=ob_000238 IPTV.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506232420/http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000238 |date=May 6, 2009 }}</ref> Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965.<ref>Iowa Civil Rights Commission, [http://www.state.ia.us/government/crc/publications/brochures/english_brochure.html State.ia.us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720010217/http://www.state.ia.us/government/crc/publications/brochures/english_brochure.html |date=July 20, 2009 }}</ref>

====Women's rights====

As with racial equality, Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the mid-19th century, but did not allow women the right to vote until the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was ratified in 1920, Iowa legislature being one of the ratifying votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/iowa-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|title=Iowa and the 19th Amendment (U.S. National Park Service)|website=Nps.gov|access-date=January 21, 2020|archive-date=July 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043145/https://www.nps.gov/articles/iowa-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1847, the [[University of Iowa]] became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis.<ref>About Iowa, [http://www.uiowa.edu/homepage/about-UI/index.html Uiowa.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119042543/http://www.uiowa.edu/homepage/about-UI/index.html |date=November 19, 2012 }}</ref> In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law, with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting [[Arabella A. Mansfield]] to the practice of law.<ref name="civil rights" /> Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment that women had full suffrage in Iowa.<ref>The Fight for Women's Suffrage, [http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/myPath.cfm?ounid=ob_000320 IPTV.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615233319/http://iptv.org/iowapathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000320 |date=June 15, 2010 }}</ref> Although Iowa supported the Federal [[Equal Rights Amendment]], in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution.<ref>How Did Iowa Coalitions Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1980 and 1992?, [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/iowaera/intro.htm alexanderstreet.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918125012/http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/iowaera/intro.htm |date=September 18, 2009 }}</ref> Iowa added the word "women" to the Iowa Constitution in 1998. After the amendment, it reads: "All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inalienable rights—among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness."<ref>[http://search.legis.state.ia.us/NXT/gateway.dll/ic/1/2/11?f=templates$fn=document-frame.htm).0$q=$uq=1$x=$up=1 1857 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA—CODIFIED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209200037/http://search.legis.state.ia.us/NXT/gateway.dll/ic/1/2/11?f=templates$fn=document-frame.htm).0$q=$uq=1$x=$up=1 |date=February 9, 2014 }}. Search.legis.state.ia.us (July 4, 1973). Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref>

In May 2018 Iowa signed into law one of the country's most restrictive abortion bans: the requirement that a doctor cannot perform an abortion if they can detect a fetal heartbeat, which in many cases would restrict abortions pregnancies less than six weeks old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/04/abortion-ban-law-iowa-fetal-heartbeat/577443002/|title=The nation's strictest abortion ban is now law. Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds signs 'fetal heartbeat' bill|last1=Pfannenstiel|first1=Brianne|last2=Petroski|first2=William|website=Des Moines Register|access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> It was struck down in January 2019, when an Iowa state judge ruled that the "fetal heartbeat" law was unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/23/us/iowa-fetal-heartbeat-abortion-unconstitutional/index.html|title=Iowa's 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional|first1=Eric|last1=Levenson|first2=Marlena|last2=Baldacci|website=CNN|date=January 23, 2019|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123170538/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/23/us/iowa-fetal-heartbeat-abortion-unconstitutional/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====LGBT rights====
{{Main|LGBT rights in Iowa}}
The state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976, 27 years before ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]''. In 2007, the Iowa Legislature added "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" to the protected classes listed in the Iowa Civil Rights Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icrc.iowa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2016/2016.sogi_.pa1_.pdf|title=Iowa Civil Rights Act—Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity|date=2016|website=State of Iowa|access-date=June 25, 2019|archive-date=July 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712232939/https://icrc.iowa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2016/2016.sogi_.pa1_.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court decided ''[[Varnum v. Brien]]'',<ref>WL 874044
(Iowa 2009) (Publication to N.W.2d pending as of April 9, 2009.)</ref> holding in a [[unanimous]] decision,<ref>{{cite web |last=Martyn |first=Chase |url=http://iowaindependent.com/13495/iowa-supreme-court-same-sex-couples-can-marry-in-iowa |title=Iowa Supreme Court: Same-sex couples can marry " Iowa Independent |publisher=Iowaindependent.com |date=August 25, 2008 |access-date=July 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411165337/http://iowaindependent.com/13495/iowa-supreme-court-same-sex-couples-can-marry-in-iowa |archive-date=April 11, 2009 }}</ref> the state's law forbidding [[same-sex marriage]] was [[unconstitutional]]. This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrcbackstory.org/2009/04/breaking-iowa-supreme-court-rules-in-favor-of-marriage-equality |title=BREAKING: Iowa Supreme Court rules in favor of marriage equality! " Human Rights Campaign |publisher=HRC Back Story |date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=July 26, 2010 |archive-date=May 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502132204/http://www.hrcbackstory.org/2009/04/breaking-iowa-supreme-court-rules-in-favor-of-marriage-equality/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2009/04/iowa-court-upholds-gay-marriage.html |title=USA Today, Iowa Court Upholds Gay Marriage |work=USA Today |date=January 7, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406071701/http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2009/04/iowa-court-upholds-gay-marriage.html |archive-date=April 6, 2009 }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Arts===
[[File:Schaeffer Hall, College of Liberal Arts, University of Iowa, Iowa City (36501051952).jpg|thumb|left|Schaeffer Hall (University of Iowa, Iowa City)]]
[[File:Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg|thumb|[[Riverside, Iowa|Riverside]]'s "favorite son"]]

The [[Clint Eastwood]] movie [[The Bridges of Madison County (film)|''The Bridges of Madison County'']], based on the popular novel of the same name, took place and was filmed in [[Madison County, Iowa|Madison County]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hughes, Howard |title=Aim for the heart : the films of Clint Eastwood|date=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-4416-7618-4|location=London|oclc=670430491}}</ref> [[What's Eating Gilbert Grape]], based on the [[Peter Hedges]] novel of the same name, is set in the fictional Iowa town of Endora. Hedges was born in [[West Des Moines]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/style/weddings-susan-b-titman-peter-s-hedges.html|url-access=subscription|title=WEDDINGS; Susan B. Titman, Peter S. Hedges|work=The New York Times|date=June 6, 1993 |access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=May 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504210143/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/style/weddings-susan-b-titman-peter-s-hedges.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Des Moines is home to members of the [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]. The state is mentioned in the band's songs, and the album [[Iowa (album)|Iowa]] is named after the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Men Behind the Masks |url=https://dsmmagazine.com/2022/05/02/the-men-behind-the-masks/ |website=dsmmagazine.com |date=May 2, 2022 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

===Sports===

{{See also|Sports teams from Iowa}}

The state has four major college teams playing in [[NCAA Division I]] for all sports. In football, [[Iowa State University]] and the [[University of Iowa]] compete in the [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] (FBS), whereas the [[University of Northern Iowa]] and [[Drake University]] compete in the [[Football Championship Subdivision]] (FCS). Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams, Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, and other sports.

The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000. All the following teams are NCAA Division I football, basketball, or wrestling teams:<ref>[http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/Attendance/2018.pdf 2018 National College Football Attendance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718061918/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/Attendance/2018.pdf |date=July 18, 2019 }}; Retrieved November 3, 2019.</ref><ref>[http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/w_basketball_RB/2020/Attendance.pdf 2019 NCAA Women's Basketball Attendance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924153454/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/w_basketball_RB/2020/Attendance.pdf |date=September 24, 2019 }}; Retrieved November 3, 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.theopenmat.com/college-wrestling-news/division-i-attendance-for-the-2018-19-season/72721|title=Division I Attendance for the 2018–19 Season|date=April 16, 2019|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103225711/https://news.theopenmat.com/college-wrestling-news/division-i-attendance-for-the-2018-19-season/72721|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hanson|first=Austin|url=https://dailyiowan.com/2020/02/24/by-the-numbers-hawkeye-wrestlings-regular-season-success/|title=By the numbers: Hawkeye wrestling's regular season success|date=February 24, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=April 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406144021/https://dailyiowan.com/2020/02/24/by-the-numbers-hawkeye-wrestlings-regular-season-success/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Jack Trice Stadium - South Endzone.jpg|right|thumb|South End Zone of [[Iowa State University]]'s [[Jack Trice Stadium]] in [[Ames, IA]].]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Iowa sports teams (''attendance > 8,000'')
|-
! Team !! Location !! Avg. attendance
|-
| [[Iowa Hawkeyes football]] || [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]] || align=center | 68,043
|-
| [[Iowa State Cyclones football]] || [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]] || align=center | 56,010
|-
| [[Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball]] || [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]] || align=center | 13,375<ref name=DIMBB>{{cite web|url=http://fs.ncaa.org.s3.amazonaws.com/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/Attend.pdf |title=Division I Team-By-Team Attendance |work=NCAA Men's Basketball Attendance Records Through 2022–23 |page=5 |publisher=NCAA |access-date=October 27, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball]] || [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]] || align=center | 12,371<ref name=DIMBB/>
|-
| [[Iowa Hawkeyes wrestling]] || [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]] || align=center | 12,568
|-
| [[Iowa Hawkeyes women's basketball]] || [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]] || align=center | 11,143<ref name=DIWBB>{{cite web|url=http://fs.ncaa.org.s3.amazonaws.com/Docs/stats/w_basketball_RB/Attend.pdf |title=Division I Team-By-Team Attendance |work=NCAA Women's Basketball Attendance Records Through 2022–23 |page=5 |publisher=NCAA |access-date=October 27, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball]] || [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]] || align=center | 10,323<ref name=DIWBB/> 
|-
| [[Northern Iowa Panthers football]] || [[Cedar Falls, Iowa|Cedar Falls]] || align=center | 9,337
|}

====College sports====

The state has four NCAA Division I college teams. Two have football teams that play in the top level of college football, the [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|Football Bowl Subdivision]]: the [[University of Iowa]] [[Iowa Hawkeyes|Hawkeyes]] play in the [[Big Ten Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Big-Ten-Conference|title=Big Ten Conference {{!}} History & Members|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126203135/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Big-Ten-Conference|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Iowa State University]] [[Iowa State Cyclones|Cyclones]] compete in the [[Big 12 Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Big-12-Conference|title=Big 12 Conference {{!}} American athletic conference|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611170158/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Big-12-Conference|url-status=live}}</ref> The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the [[Cy-Hawk Trophy]] as part of the [[Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hawkeyesports.com/news/2011/4/12/Iowa_Corn_Assumes_Lead_for_Cy_Hawk_Series.aspx|title=Iowa Corn Assumes Lead for Cy-Hawk Series|website=University of Iowa Athletics|date=April 12, 2011|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154007/https://hawkeyesports.com/news/2011/04/12/iowa-corn-assumes-lead-for-cy-hawk-series/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Collegiate wrestling|wrestling]], the [[Iowa Hawkeyes wrestling|Iowa Hawkeyes]] and [[Iowa State Cyclones wrestling|Iowa State Cyclones]] have won a combined total of over 30 team [[NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships|NCAA Division I titles]].<ref>[https://www.ncaa.com/news/wrestling/article/2020-06-12/iowa-wrestling-championships-history-and-records-dynasty#:~:text=Iowa%20wrestling%20has%20won%20a,won%20the%202021%20team%20title. Iowa wrestling championships: History and records from the dynasty]. ''ncaa.com''. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</ref><ref>[https://cyclones.com/sports/2022/2/1/iowa-state-national-champions.aspx Iowa State National Championships]. ''cyclones.com''. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</ref> The [[Northern Iowa Panthers wrestling|Northern Iowa]] and [[Cornell College]] wrestling teams have also each won one NCAA Division I wrestling team title.<ref>[https://unipanthers.com/honors/hall-of-fame/1950-wrestling-team/132 1950 Wrestling Team (2009) - Hall of Fame - UNI Athletics]. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</ref><ref>Palmer, Mark. (September 14, 2007). [https://intermatwrestle.com/articles/2917 InterMat Wrestling - InterMat Rewind: 1947 Cornell College]. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</ref>

Two other Division I schools play football in the second level of college football, the [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision|Football Championship Subdivision]]. The [[University of Northern Iowa]] [[Northern Iowa Panthers|Panthers]] play at the [[Missouri Valley Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mvc-sports.com/index.aspx?path=northerniowa|title=UNI – Missouri Valley Conference|website=mvc-sports.com|access-date=April 23, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611144537/http://mvc-sports.com/index.aspx?path=northerniowa|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Missouri Valley Football Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://valley-football.org/standings.aspx?path=football|title=2019 Football Standings|website=valley-football.org|access-date=April 23, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611163222/https://valley-football.org/standings.aspx?path=football|url-status=live}}</ref> (despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively separate), whereas the [[Drake University]] [[Drake Bulldogs|Bulldogs]] play in the Missouri Valley Conference<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mvc-sports.com/index.aspx?path=drake|title=Drake – Missouri Valley Conference|website=mvc-sports.com|access-date=April 23, 2020|archive-date=May 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501222059/http://mvc-sports.com/index.aspx?path=drake|url-status=live}}</ref> in most sports and [[Pioneer Football League|Pioneer League]] for football.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pioneer-football.org/pfl/default/|title=The PFL – About the PFL – Pioneer Football League Official Site|website=Pioneer-Football.org|access-date=April 23, 2020|archive-date=May 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522132510/http://www.pioneer-football.org/pfl/default/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Modern Woodmen Park.jpg|right|thumb|alt=A large brick stadium with many round windows on the bottom and many rectangle windows in groups of four line the top of the stadium. The words Modern Woodmen Park are displayed above the door|[[Modern Woodmen Park]] is home to the [[Quad Cities River Bandits|Quad Cities]] baseball team.]]

====Baseball====

Des Moines is home to the [[Iowa Cubs]], a [[Triple-A (baseball)|Triple-A]] [[Minor League Baseball]] team of the [[International League]] and affiliate of the [[Chicago Cubs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milb.com/pacific-coast|title=The Official Site of the Pacific Coast League|website=MiLB.com|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=May 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517152117/https://www.milb.com/pacific-coast|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milb.com/iowa|title=Iowa Cubs|website=MiLB.com|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=May 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516163338/https://www.milb.com/iowa|url-status=live}}</ref> Iowa has two [[High-A]] minor league teams in the [[Midwest League]]: the [[Cedar Rapids Kernels]] ([[Minnesota Twins]]) and the [[Quad Cities River Bandits]] ([[Kansas City Royals]]).<ref>{{Citation|title=2019 Midwest League Media Guide|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/writeTest/2019_Midwest_League_Media_Guide/page_1.html|pages=26–48|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328221321/https://s3.amazonaws.com/writeTest/2019_Midwest_League_Media_Guide/page_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sioux City Explorers]] are part of the [[American Association of Professional Baseball]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanassociationbaseball.com/teams/sioux-city/|title=SIOUX CITY EXPLORERS|website=American Association of Independent Professional Baseball|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426132648/https://www.americanassociationbaseball.com/teams/sioux-city/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Ice hockey====

Des Moines is home to the [[Iowa Wild]], who are affiliated with the [[Minnesota Wild]] and are members of the [[American Hockey League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/wild-ahl-affiliate-moving-to-iowa/c-666499|title=Wild AHL Affiliate Moving To Iowa|website=NHL.com|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611123328/https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/wild-ahl-affiliate-moving-to-iowa/c-666499|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Coralville, Iowa|Coralville]] has an [[ECHL]] team called the [[Iowa Heartlanders]] that started playing in the 2021–22 season. The Heartlanders are also an affiliate of the [[Minnesota Wild]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashmore |first1=Mike |title=Iowa Heartlanders Enduring Uphill Battle In ECHL Central Division |url=https://www.flohockey.tv/articles/10777045-iowa-heartlanders-enduring-uphill-battle-in-echl-central-division |website=FloHockey |date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023}}</ref>

The [[United States Hockey League]] has five teams in Iowa: the [[Cedar Rapids RoughRiders]], [[Sioux City Musketeers]], [[Waterloo Black Hawks]], [[Des Moines Buccaneers]], and the [[Dubuque Fighting Saints]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ushl.com/page/show/2650688-home|title=Home|website=USHL|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428124951/https://www.ushl.com/page/show/2650688-home|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[North Iowa Bulls]] of the [[North American Hockey League]] (NAHL) and the [[Mason City Toros]] of the [[North American 3 Hockey League]] (NA3HL) both play in Mason City.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.northiowabulls.com/north-iowa-bulls-announce-move-to-nahl |title=NORTH IOWA BULLS ANNOUNCE MOVE TO NAHL |website=North Iowa Bulls |date=March 5, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215557/https://www.northiowabulls.com/north-iowa-bulls-announce-move-to-nahl |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://na3hl.com/news/story.cfm?id=32028 |title=Mason City Toros begin new era in the NA3HL |website=NA3HL |date=June 1, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214757/http://na3hl.com/news/story.cfm?id=32028 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Soccer====

*The [[Des Moines Menace]] of the [[USL League Two]] play their home games at Valley Stadium in West Des Moines, Iowa.
*The [[Cedar Rapids Inferno Soccer Club]] of the [[Midwest Premier League]] play their home games at [[Robert W. Plaster Athletic Complex]] at [[Mount Mercy University]]
*The [[Iowa Raptors FC]] of the [[United Premier Soccer League]] play their home games at [[Prairie High School (Iowa)|Prairie High School]] in [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]]
*[[Union Dubuque F.C.]] of the [[Midwest Premier League]]

====Other sports====

Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The [[Iowa Wolves]], an [[NBA G League]] team that plays in Des Moines, is owned and affiliated with the [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. The Sioux City Hornets play in the [[American Basketball Association (2000–present)|American Basketball Association]].

Iowa has three professional football teams. The [[Sioux City Bandits]] play in the [[Champions Indoor Football]] league. The [[Iowa Barnstormers]] play in the [[Indoor Football League]] at [[Wells Fargo Arena (Des Moines)|Wells Fargo Arena]] in Des Moines. The [[Cedar Rapids Titans]] play in the [[Indoor Football League]] at the [[U.S. Cellular Center (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)|U.S. Cellular Center]].

The [[Iowa Speedway]] oval track in [[Newton, Iowa|Newton]] has hosted auto racing championships such as the [[IndyCar Series]], [[NASCAR Xfinity Series]] and [[NASCAR Truck Series]] since 2006. Also, the [[Knoxville Raceway]] dirt track hosts the [[Knoxville Nationals]], one of the classic [[sprint car racing]] events.

The [[John Deere Classic]] is a [[PGA Tour]] golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971. The [[Principal Charity Classic]] is a [[Champions Tour]] event since 2001. The [[Des Moines Golf and Country Club]] hosted the 1999 [[U.S. Senior Open]] and the 2017 [[Solheim Cup]].

==Sister jurisdictions==

Iowa has ten official partner jurisdictions:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iowasisterstates.org/ |title=Iowa Sister States |publisher=Iowa Sister States |date=February 23, 2010 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |archive-date=August 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111502/https://www.iowasisterstates.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yamanashi Prefecture]], Japan (1960)
* {{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]], Mexico (1964)
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Hebei|Hebei Province]], [[People's Republic of China]] (1983)
* {{flagdeco|Malaysia}} [[Terengganu]], Malaysia (1987)
* {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taiwan Province]], [[Republic of China]] (1989)
* {{flagdeco|Russia}} [[Stavropol Krai]], USSR/Russia (1989)
* {{flagdeco|Ukraine}} [[Cherkasy Oblast]], Ukraine (1996)
* {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Veneto|Veneto Region]], Italy (1997)
* {{flagdeco|Kosovo}} [[Kosovo|Republic of Kosovo]] (2013) A [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|consulate]] was opened in Des Moines in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/consularnotification/ConsularNotificationandAccess/kosovo.html | title=Kosovo }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Index of Iowa-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Iowa]]
* [[USS Iowa|USS ''Iowa'']], 4 ships
{{Portalbar|Iowa|United States}}

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Sister project links|Iowa|voy=Iowa}}
* {{official website|}}
* [http://www.iowadatacenter.org/ State Data Center of Iowa] population, housing, business and government statistics
* [http://www.traveliowa.com/ Iowa Travel and Tourism Division]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=19&StateName=Iowa#.U85qrPldVu0 Iowa State Facts from USDA]
* [https://guides.loc.gov/iowa-state-guide Iowa: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101117131019/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=IA Energy Data & Statistics for Iowa—U.S. Department of Energy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009210112/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Iowa Iowa State Databases]—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Iowa state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093102/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts]
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Iowa}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|161650}}
* [https://www.iowasisterstates.org/]

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