Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Islamic State in Libya

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Branch of Islamic State in Libya}}
{{infobox war faction
| name             = Libyan Provinces
| native_name      = Wilayah al-Fezzan, Wilayah Barqah, Wilayah al-Tarabulus
| native_name_lang = 
| war              = the [[Second Libyan Civil War]]
| image            = Islamic State – Libya Province.svg
| caption          = The [[Black Standard]] used by the Islamic State in Libya
| date             = 16 May 2014 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days | month1=05|day1=16|year1 =2014}})
| active           = 13 November 2014<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-allegedly-alive-announces-expansion-islamic-state-1723305|title=ISIS Leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Allegedly Alive, Announces Expansion of Islamic State Caliphate|date=13 November 2014|access-date=1 January 2015|first=Alessandria|last=Masi|work=[[International Business Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222141953/http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-allegedly-alive-announces-expansion-islamic-state-1723305|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/aaron-zelin-isis-declared-provinces-in-arab-countries-2014-11|date=14 November 2014|agency=[[businessinsider.com]]|work=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]|first=Aaron Y.|last=Zelin|access-date=31 December 2014|title=ISIS Has Declared The Creation of Provinces in Several Arab Countries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228101130/http://www.businessinsider.com/aaron-zelin-isis-declared-provinces-in-arab-countries-2014-11|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces|date=14 November 2014|work=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]|first=Aaron Y.|last=Zelin|access-date=31 December 2014|title=The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222204803/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> – present<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-libya-trump-orders-first-airstrikes-near-sirte-n804461|title=Trump just carried out his first airstrikes targeting ISIS in Libya|website=NBC News|date=25 September 2017 |access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327062214/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-libya-trump-orders-first-airstrikes-near-sirte-n804461|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ISIS-Tries-To-Attack-Libyan-Oilfield.html|title=ISIS Tries To Attack Libyan Oilfield|website=OilPrice.com|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063336/https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ISIS-Tries-To-Attack-Libyan-Oilfield.html|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2018/01/16/Why-ISIS-continues-to-be-a-potent-force-in-Libya.html|title=ANALYSIS: Why ISIS continues to be a dangerous force in Libya|website=english.alarabiya.net|date=16 January 2018|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003145850/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2018/01/16/Why-ISIS-continues-to-be-a-potent-force-in-Libya.html|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/2-soldiers-killed-5-wounded-as-libyan-army-clash-with-isis-fighters-1808284|title=2 Libyan Soldiers Killed, 5 Wounded As Army Clash With ISIS Fighters|website=NDTV.com|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812050929/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/2-soldiers-killed-5-wounded-as-libyan-army-clash-with-isis-fighters-1808284|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ideology         = [[Salafi movement|Salafist Islamism]]<br />[[Salafist Jihadism]]
| leaders          = [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] (2014–2019){{KIA}} {{small|(Leader of ISIL)}}<br />[[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]] (2019–2022){{KIA}} {{small|(Leader of ISIL)}}<br />[[Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]] (2022–2022){{KIA}} {{small|(Leader of ISIL)}}<br />
[[Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi ]] (2022–2023){{KIA}} {{small|(Leader of ISIL)}}<br />
[[Abu Nabil al-Anbari]]{{KIA}} {{small|([[Nom de guerre]] Abul Mughirah al Qahtani)}}<ref name=wsj17feb/><ref name=guardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/us-airstrike-isis-leader-libya|title=Islamic State leader in Libya 'killed in US airstrike'|author=Martin Pengelly|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115060441/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/us-airstrike-isis-leader-libya|archive-date=15 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-isis-leader-abdel-qader-al-najdi-threatens-daesh-invasion-rome-through-north-africa-1548697|title=Eulogy to Abu Nabil al-Anbari: Islamic State leader in Libya|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=10 March 2016|access-date=10 March 2016|quote=Abul-Mughirah al-Qahtani, also known as Abu Nabil al Anbari, a senior Iraqi commander who was killed US air strikes in November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311110707/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-isis-leader-abdel-qader-al-najdi-threatens-daesh-invasion-rome-through-north-africa-1548697|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Abdul Qader al-Najdi]]{{KIA}}<ref name="ibtimes"/><ref name="newleader">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-islamic-state-idUSKCN0WC1EB|title=New Islamic State leader in Libya says group 'stronger every day'|work=Reuters|date=10 March 2016|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311142008/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-islamic-state-idUSKCN0WC1EB|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />Abdulsalam Darkullah (2023?) <ref name=undocs>https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2023%2F95&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False</ref>
| headquarters     = * [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] <br /> (2014–18)
* [[Sirte]] <br /> (2015–16)
* [[Benghazi]] <br /> (2014–17)
* [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] <br /> (2014–19)
| area             = [[Libya]]
| size             = 180-240 (2023)<ref name=undocs/><br />50 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=UN report indicates al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy safe haven in Turkish-controlled Idlib |url=https://nordicmonitor.com/2022/02/the-un-report-indicates-al-qaeda-and-isis-enjoys-safe-haven-in-turkish-controlled-idlib/ |website=Nordic Monitor |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref><br />
3,000–4,000 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/S/2018/705|title=S/2018/705 - E - S/2018/705|website=undocs.org|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612201920/https://undocs.org/S/2018/705|archive-date=12 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />500 (in 2017)<ref>{{cite news|title=How Islamic State clings on in Libya|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21722630-jihadists-have-retreated-desert-where-they-are-potent-threat-how|access-date=27 May 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=27 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526160702/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21722630-jihadists-have-retreated-desert-where-they-are-potent-threat-how|archive-date=26 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />5,000<ref name=nyt2feb>{{cite news|title=Obama Is Pressed to Open Military Front Against ISIS in Libya|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/05/world/africa/isis-libya-us-special-ops.html?_r=0|access-date=5 February 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207003441/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/05/world/africa/isis-libya-us-special-ops.html?_r=0|archive-date=7 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/isil-presence-libya-grows-5000-fighters-160205065745718.html|title=ISIL's presence in Libya grows to 5,000 fighters|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=2016-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205111412/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/isil-presence-libya-grows-5000-fighters-160205065745718.html|archive-date=2016-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/04/politics/isis-fighters-libya-syria-iraq/index.html|title=More ISIS fighters in Libya; fewer in Syria and Iraq - CNNPolitics.com|author=Jim Sciutto, Barbara Starr and Kevin Liptak, CNN|date=4 February 2016|work=CNN|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206100841/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/04/politics/isis-fighters-libya-syria-iraq/index.html|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>–10,000 (in 2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-libya-muhammar-gaddafi-anti-aircraft-missiles-jihadists-a6926216.html|title=Isis in Libya: How Muhammar Gaddafi's anti-aircraft missiles are falling into the jihadists' hands|access-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012035110/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-libya-muhammar-gaddafi-anti-aircraft-missiles-jihadists-a6926216.html|archive-date=2017-10-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
| partof           = {{flag|Islamic State}}
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| allies           = 
| opponents        = {{Flagicon|Libya}} [[House of Representatives (Libya)|Libyan Parliament]]
* [[Libyan National Army]]<ref name="18nov14"/><ref name="middleeasteye.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libyan-army-gears-derna-assault-1618109392|title=Libyan army gears up for Derna assault|work=Middle East Eye|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128070756/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libyan-army-gears-derna-assault-1618109392|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Flagicon|Libya}} [[New General National Congress]] (2014–16)
* [[Libya Shield Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20150315101607/|title=Libye - Libye : combats entre jihadistes de l'État islamique et miliciens Ã&nbsp; Syrte - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|author=AFP|date=15 March 2015|work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323165039/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20150315101607/|archive-date=23 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State fighters and force allied with Tripoli clash in central Libya|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0M620150314|work=Reuters|date=14 March 2015|access-date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322051704/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0M620150314|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna]] (2014–18)<ref name="clashes">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/al-qaida-militants-clash-libya-leader-killed-090144601.html|title=Al-Qaida-linked militants attack IS affiliate in Libya|agency=Associated Press|date=10 June 2015|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610184053/http://news.yahoo.com/al-qaida-militants-clash-libya-leader-killed-090144601.html|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade]] (2014–15)<ref name=washingtonins/>
{{flag|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/what-australia-is-doing/terrorist-organisations/listed-terrorist-organisations | title=Australian National Security Website }}</ref><br />{{flag|Egypt}}<br/>{{flag|United States}}<br />{{flag|Tunisia}}
| battles          = 
| url              = 
}}

The '''Islamic State – Libya Province''' is a militant Islamist group active in '''Libya''' under three branches: [[Fezzan]] Province ({{lang-ar|ولاية فزان}}, ''Wilayah Fizan'') in the desert south, [[Cyrenaica]] Province ({{lang-ar|ولاية برقة}}, ''Wilayah Barqah'') in the east, and [[Tripolitania]] Province ({{lang-ar|ولاية طرابلس}}, ''Wilayah Tarabulus'') in the west.<ref name=nytimes14feb15>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/middleeast/islamic-state-sprouting-limbs-beyond-mideast.html?_r=1|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 February 2015|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223043044/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/middleeast/islamic-state-sprouting-limbs-beyond-mideast.html?_r=1|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cnn17feb15>{{cite news|title=ISIS atrocity in Libya demonstrates its growing reach in North Africa|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/16/africa/isis-libya-north-africa/|work=[[CNN]]|date=25 March 2015|access-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223045506/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/16/africa/isis-libya-north-africa/|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The branches were formed on 13 November 2014, following pledges of allegiance to IS leader [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] by militants in [[Libya]].<ref name=wapo28jan>{{cite news|title=The Islamic State's model|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/01/28/the-islamic-states-model/|access-date=13 March 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228204812/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/01/28/the-islamic-states-model/|archive-date=28 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
Following the 2011 [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], which resulted in the ousting of Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and his government, many rebel fighters went to Syria to fight alongside militant groups who were fighting [[Bashar al-Assad]] and his loyalists in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30011640|title=BBC News - Libya violence: Activists beheaded in Derna|work=BBC News|date=11 November 2014|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128063021/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30011640|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, one group of Libyans fighting in Syria declared the establishment of the ''Battar Brigade''. The [[Battar Brigade]] would later [[Bay'ah|pledge loyalty]] to IS, and fight for it in both Syria and Iraq.<ref name=carnegie5march15>{{cite web|title=Rising Out of Chaos: The Islamic State in Libya|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=59268|work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|date=5 March 2015|access-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002221/http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=59268|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2014, up to 300 Battar Brigade veterans returned to Libya. In [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], they formed a new faction called the ''Islamic Youth Shura Council'', which began recruiting militants from other local groups. Among those who joined were many members of the Derna branch of [[Ansar al-Sharia (Derna, Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]].<ref name=carnegie5march15/><ref name=DernaPledge/> During the next few months, they declared war on anyone in Derna who opposed them, killing judges, civic leaders and other opponents, including local militants who rejected their authority such as the [[al-Qaeda]]-allied [[Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade]].<ref name=18nov14>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/world/isis-libya/|title=ISIS comes to Libya - CNN.com|author=Paul Cruickshank, Nic Robertson, Tim Lister and Jomana Karadsheh, CNN|date=18 November 2014|work=CNN|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123113956/http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/world/isis-libya|archive-date=23 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2014, an IS delegation that had been dispatched by the group's leadership arrived in Libya. The representatives included [[Abu Nabil al Anbari]], a senior aide to al-Baghdadi and a veteran of the Iraq conflict,<ref name="18nov14"/> the Saudi Abu Habib al-Jazrawi, and the Yemeni<ref name=DernaPledge>{{cite web|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/195a7ffb0090444785eb814a5bda28c7/how-libyan-city-joined-islamic-state-group |title=How a Libyan city joined the Islamic State group |work=The Big Story |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128054548/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/195a7ffb0090444785eb814a5bda28c7/how-libyan-city-joined-islamic-state-group |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref> or Saudi<ref name="18nov14"/> [[Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi]], a militant and preacher from Syria.<ref name="18nov14"/><ref name=carnegie5march15/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Keilberth|first1=Mirco|last2=von Mittelstaedt|first2=Juliane|last3=Reuter|first3=Christoph|title=The 'Caliphate's' Colonies: Islamic State's Gradual Expansion into North Africa|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-expanding-into-north-africa-a-1003525.html|access-date=19 November 2014|date=18 November 2014|work=Spiegel Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121121933/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-expanding-into-north-africa-a-1003525.html|archive-date=21 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 October 2014, the Islamic Youth Shura Council-aligned militant factions came together and pledged allegiance to IS. After the pledging ceremony, more than 60 pickup trucks filled with fighters cruised through the city in a victory parade.<ref name=DernaPledge/> A second more formal gathering involving a larger array of factions took place on 30 October 2014, where the militants gathered to pledge allegiance to [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] in the city square.<ref name=DernaPledge/><ref>{{cite news|title=Isis: Libya Baghdadi proclaimed chief of Derna Caliphate|url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2014/10/31/isis-libya-baghdadi-proclaimed-chief-of-derna-caliphate_28bc45c8-4ca3-48f7-94bb-fc9f75c6e39b.html|access-date=18 November 2014|work=ANSAmed|date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113142427/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2014/10/31/isis-libya-baghdadi-proclaimed-chief-of-derna-caliphate_28bc45c8-4ca3-48f7-94bb-fc9f75c6e39b.html|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 November 2014, al-Baghdadi released an audio recording in which he accepted pledges of allegiance from supporters in five countries, including Libya, and announced the expansion of his group to those territories.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news|title=Islamic State leader urges attacks in Saudi Arabia: speech|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-idUSKCN0IX1Y120141113|access-date=21 November 2014|work=Reuters|date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219020159/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/13/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-idUSKCN0IX1Y120141113|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to announce the creation of three "provinces" (wilayah) in Libya: ''Wilayah al-Fizan'' ([[Fezzan]] in the desert south), ''Wilayah al-Barqah'' ([[Cyrenaica]] in the east), and ''Wilayah al-Tarabulus'' ([[Tripolitania]] in the west).<ref name=cnn17feb15/><ref name=nytimes14feb15/><ref name="winep14Nov">{{cite web|title=The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces|quote=Baghdadi also noted that his declaration entails "nullification" of all jihadist local groups in the five places mentioned above, as well as "the announcement of new wilayat (provinces) of the Islamic State and the appointment of wulat (governors) for them."|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=14 November 2014|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118032918/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces|archive-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The three [[wilayah]]s in Libya represent statelets.<ref name="warontherocks">{{cite web|title=When The Caliphate Crumbles: The Future of the Islamic State's Affiliates|url=http://warontherocks.com/2016/06/when-the-caliphate-crumbles-the-future-of-the-islamic-states-affiliates/|publisher=War on the Rocks|date=13 June 2016|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614115103/http://warontherocks.com/2016/06/when-the-caliphate-crumbles-the-future-of-the-islamic-states-affiliates/|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Operations ==
=== Early activities and expansion ===
[[File:Map of the Islamic State's territory in Libya.svg|thumb|250px|left|Maximum extent of IS control in [[Libya]] around early 2016.]]

When founded, IS claimed a presence in [[Bayda, Libya|al Bayda]], [[Benghazi]], [[Sirte]], [[al-Khums]], and the Libyan capital [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref name=washtim2014-11-18>{{cite news|last1=Ernst|first1=Douglas|title=Islamic State takes Libyan city; 100K under terror group's control as chaos spreads|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/18/islamic-state-takes-libyan-city-100k-under-terror-/|access-date=23 February 2015|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223123429/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/18/islamic-state-takes-libyan-city-100k-under-terror-/|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Cyrenaica branch of IS had around 800 fighters and half a dozen camps in Derna's outskirts. It also had larger facilities in the [[Jebel Akhdar, Libya|Jebel Akhdar]] area, where [[North Africa]]n fighters were trained.<ref name="18nov14"/>

In December 2014, IS recruiters in [[Turkey]] told their Libyan associates to stop sending fighters to Syria and to focus on domestic attacks, according to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''. In the following weeks, IS carried out attacks against oil installations and international hotels, performed mass executions and attempted to take over further Libyan territory.<ref name=wsj17feb>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Gained Strength in Libya by Co-Opting Local Jihadists|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-gained-strength-in-libya-by-co-opting-local-jihadists-1424217492|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221032623/http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-gained-strength-in-libya-by-co-opting-local-jihadists-1424217492|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The group made tactical alliances with al Qaeda-linked groups that did not formally pledge allegiance to it, such as the [[Benghazi]] branch of [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Elmenshawy|first=Mohamed|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mohamed-elmenshawy/egypts-emerging-libya-pol_b_5703191.html|title=Egypt's Emerging Libya Policy|date=25 August 2014|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007054213/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mohamed-elmenshawy/egypts-emerging-libya-pol_b_5703191.html|archive-date=7 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2014/07/31/feature-01|title=ISIS woos Ansar al-Sharia in Libya|work=Magharebia|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125205/http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2014/07/31/feature-01|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> members of Tunisia's [[Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)|Ansar al-Sharia]], and [[al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]]'s [[Tariq ibn Ziyad|Tarek Ibn Ziyad]] Brigade.<ref name=wsj17feb/> On 30 March 2015, [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]]'s general [[Sharia]] [[jurist]] Abu Abdullah Al-Libi pledged allegiance to IS, a number of the group's members defected with him.<ref name="lwj9apr">{{cite web|title=Ansar al Sharia Libya relaunches social media sites|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/ansar-al-sharia-libya-relaunches-social-media-sites.php|work=[[Long War Journal]]|date=9 April 2015|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104001230/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/ansar-al-sharia-libya-relaunches-social-media-sites.php|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jihadists Report Shariah Jurist in Ansar al-Shariah in Libya Pledging to IS|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/jihadists-report-shariah-jurist-in-ansar-al-shariah-in-libya-pledging-to-is.html|work=SITE|date=28 March 2015|access-date=8 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908053224/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/jihadists-report-shariah-jurist-in-ansar-al-shariah-in-libya-pledging-to-is.html|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city of [[Sirte]] had been loyal to [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and suffered [[Battle of Sirte (2011)|massive damage]] at the conclusion of the 2011 Civil War,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/through-hell-and-high-water-final-push-in-battle-for-sirte-2370225.html|agency=The Independent|date=14 October 2011|access-date=20 October 2011|title=Through hell and high water: final push in battle for Sirte|first=Paul|last=Peachey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016163311/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/through-hell-and-high-water-final-push-in-battle-for-sirte-2370225.html|archive-date=16 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> later becoming home to militant Islamist groups like Ansar al-Sharia. IS formally announced their presence in Sirte in early 2015, driving a parade of vehicles through the city and declaring it part of their [[caliphate]]. Ansar al-Sharia split over how to respond, with most of their members joining IS.<ref name=nyt10mar>{{cite news|title=ISIS Finds New Frontier in Chaotic Libya|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/world/africa/isis-seizes-opportunity-in-libyas-turmoil.html?_r=0|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313044831/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/world/africa/isis-seizes-opportunity-in-libyas-turmoil.html?_r=0|archive-date=13 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=telegraph10mar>{{cite news|title=Islamic State: Inside the latest city to fall under its sway|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11460124/How-Gaddafis-home-city-in-Libya-fell-under-the-rule-of-Islamic-State-jihadists.html|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312175443/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11460124/How-Gaddafis-home-city-in-Libya-fell-under-the-rule-of-Islamic-State-jihadists.html|archive-date=12 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The group reportedly recruited many locals, former Gaddafi supporters alienated from the post-war political order in Libya, after they "repented" and pledged allegiance to al-Baghdadi. They were quickly able to take over much of the city.<ref name=telegraph10mar/> IS implemented their harsh interpretation of Sharia gradually, first focusing on building loyalty and allegiance from the tribal society of Sirte. In August 2015 Islamic codes of dress and behaviour began to be enforced more strongly and punishments like crucifixions and lashings began to be carried out.<ref name="bbc-3-2-2016">{{cite news|title=Control and crucifixions: Life in Libya under IS|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35325072|access-date=4 February 2016|agency=BBC News|date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203210328/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35325072|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There was an uprising against IS in Sirte in the same month, with members of the Ferjani tribe, Salafists and former members of the security forces attacking IS forces. IS brought in reinforcements from outside of Sirte and the uprising was swiftly defeated, with media reports claiming dozens or hundreds of Sirte residents were killed after the fighting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44385&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=b1befbef002d39658c44d73e1f79df33#.VhDa0_mqpBd|title=The Islamic State's Uneven Trajectory in Libya|newspaper=Jamestown |date=17 September 2015|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007051631/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44385&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=b1befbef002d39658c44d73e1f79df33#.VhDa0_mqpBd|archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

IS began to solidify its rule in Sirte, increasing its state building efforts and using it as a base to expand its territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-burgeoning-capital-in-sirte-libya|title=The Islamic State's Burgeoning Capital in Sirte, Libya|date=6 August 2015|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013004732/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-burgeoning-capital-in-sirte-libya|archive-date=13 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> IS fighters from Sirte [[Fall of Nofaliya (2015)|took over]] the neighbouring towns of [[Nofaliya]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IS said to have taken another Libyan town|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150210/world/is-said-to-have-taken-another-libyan-town.555481|access-date=13 February 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628182137/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150210/world/is-said-to-have-taken-another-libyan-town.555481|archive-date=28 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>  and [[Harawa]] during this period.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-libyas-civil-war-the-islamic-state-shows-itself-as-the-main-threat/2015/06/06/65766592-0879-11e5-951e-8e15090d64ae_story.html|title=Libyan gains may offer ISIS a base for new attacks|author=Hassan Morajea|date=6 June 2015|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610090756/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-libyas-civil-war-the-islamic-state-shows-itself-as-the-main-threat/2015/06/06/65766592-0879-11e5-951e-8e15090d64ae_story.html|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> They also seized control of [[Ghardabiya Air Base]] and important infrastructure like power plants and part of the [[Great Man-Made River]] water irrigation project.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State militants in Libya 'seize Sirte airport'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32935412|website=bbc.com|date=29 May 2015|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2015-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531220231/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32935412|archive-date=2015-05-31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="expands">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/world/africa/western-officials-alarmed-as-islamic-state-expands-territory-in-libya.html?_r=0|title=Alarmed as ISIS Expands Territory in Libya|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=18 June 2015|date=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619091023/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/world/africa/western-officials-alarmed-as-islamic-state-expands-territory-in-libya.html?_r=0|archive-date=19 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> By early 2016, there were an estimated 1,500, mostly foreign, fighters in the city,<ref name="bbc-3-2-2016"/> and Vice Admiral [[Clive Johnstone]], commander of [[NATO|NATO's]] [[Allied Maritime Command]], warned that IS militants aspired to build a maritime arm that could carry out attacks in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] against tourist and transfer ships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/12128328/Isil-wants-its-own-navy-for-attacks-in-the-Mediterranean.html|title=Isil 'wants its own navy for attacks on cruise ships in the Mediterranean'|date=28 January 2016|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073001/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/12128328/Isil-wants-its-own-navy-for-attacks-in-the-Mediterranean.html|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The group suffered reverses in other parts of Libya during this period, including in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], [[Benghazi]], and [[Sabratha]]. In June 2015, clashes erupted in Derna between IS and the rival [[Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna]] supported by the [[Libyan Air Force]], which caused heavy casualties on both sides and led to IS forces being driven out of their strongholds in the city the following month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36104728|title=Islamic State 'forced out' of key Libyan city of Derna|location=London, UK|access-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014620/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36104728|archive-date=2018-10-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=clashes2>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0OU0P520150614|title=Libyan Islamists claim to drive Islamic State from port stronghold|date=14 June 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=18 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614220224/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/14/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0OU0P520150614|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Driven from Derna">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-officials-jihadis-driving-eastern-stronghold-140440469.html |title=Libya officials: Jihadis driving IS from eastern stronghold |date=30 July 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006021421/https://news.yahoo.com/libya-officials-jihadis-driving-eastern-stronghold-140440469.html |archive-date= 6 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2015, a US air strike killed ISIL's leader in Libya, Abu Nabil al Anbari.<ref name=guardian/> He was succeeded by Abdel Qader al-Najdi.<ref name="newleader"/> In early 2016, the [[Khalifa Haftar]]-led [[Libyan National Army]], reportedly with the assistance of French Special Forces, captured parts of Benghazi that had been held by IS for months.<ref name=guardian-20160224>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/24/isis-behead-11-police-officers-in-fighting-in-libya |title=French special forces assisting anti-Isis efforts in Libya, say sources |author1=Chris Stephen |author2=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630080929/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/24/isis-behead-11-police-officers-in-fighting-in-libya |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2016, a U.S. air strike targeted an IS training camp near Sabratha, killing more than 40 people including the Tunisian IS member [[Noureddine Chouchane]], linked to the [[2015 Sousse attacks]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/fighter-jets-target-libya-s-sabratha-40-killed-official-n521506|title=U.S. Fighter Jets Target ISIS in Libya's Sabratha; Dozens Killed|author=Alastair Jamieson|work=NBC News|access-date=2016-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219200225/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/fighter-jets-target-libya-s-sabratha-40-killed-official-n521506|archive-date=2016-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/19/africa/libya-us-airstrike-isis/index.html|title=U.S. strikes ISIS camp in Libya; 49 killed|author=Greg Botelho and Barbara Starr, CNN|date=19 February 2016|work=CNN|access-date=19 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219192008/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/19/africa/libya-us-airstrike-isis/index.html|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as two [[Serbians]] who had been kidnapped by IS in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/20/africa/libya-us-airstrike-isis/index.html|title=U.S. strikes ISIS camp in Libya; 49 killed|author=Greg Botelho and Barbara Starr, CNN|date=20 February 2016|work=CNN|access-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220135421/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/20/africa/libya-us-airstrike-isis/index.html|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Loss of territory and activity as raiding force ===
[[File:DOD 104006261-512x288-442k ISIL Training Camp near.ogv|300px|right|thumb|An IS training camp near [[Sirte]] in January 2017, shortly after the [[Battle of Sirte (2016)|fall of this city]] to anti-IS forces.]]

In December 2016, following [[Battle of Sirte (2016)|a 7-month long battle]], IS was cleared from Sirte by Libyan Forces, with assistance from air strikes by the United States.<ref name="Lastholdout">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13V15R |title=Libyan forces clear last Islamic State hold-out in Sirte |work=Reuters |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> The group withdrew to desert areas south of Sirte, and began mostly low level attacks on Libyan forces and local infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-islamicstate-idUKKBN15P1H1 |title=Islamic State shifts to Libya's desert valleys after Sirte defeat |date=10 February 2017 |work=Reuters |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213003524/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-islamicstate-idUKKBN15P1H1 |archive-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2017, U.S. airstrikes on an IS base 25 miles southwest of Sirte reportedly killed over 80 militants.<ref name="camps">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/us/politics/united-states-bombs-isis-camps-in-libya.html?_r=0 |title=U.S. Bombs ISIS Camps in Libya |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519041818/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/us/politics/united-states-bombs-isis-camps-in-libya.html?_r=0 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric |last2=Gordon |first2=Michael R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-islamicstate-idUSKBN15A2QV |title=Libyan forces say they found 90 bodies at site of U.S. air strike |date=26 January 2017 |work=Reuters |access-date=6 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126201325/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-islamicstate-idUSKBN15A2QV |archive-date=26 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Having suffered heavy losses, the Libyan branch of IS greatly declined in activity in the next years.<ref name="Zelin">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/islamic-state-libya-has-yet-recover |title= The Islamic State in Libya Has Yet to Recover |author=Aaron Y. Zelin |work=Washington Institute |date=6 December 2019 |access-date= 22 March 2021 }}</ref>

Over a course of ten days in 2019, from September 19 to 29, [[AFRICOM]] claimed airstrikes that they carried out on the Islamic State in southwestern Libya on four separate occasions left 43 militants dead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2019/09/30/US-says-airstrike-against-ISIS-in-Libya-kills-seven.html|agency=Al Arabiya|title=US says airstrike against ISIS in Libya kills seven|date=30 September 2019|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> As of 2020, the IS forces in Libya mostly operate as moving insurgencies. Instead of trying to hold territory, they temporarily occupying areas and raid them, launch attacks on security posts, and generally cause instability.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|pp=13, 18}} IS attacks continue in all parts of Libya.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|pp=13, 18}} In operating as mobile raiders, the Islamic State militants attempt to prevent the restoration of state authority throughout Libya, thereby maintaining a chaotic situation in which they could attempt a comeback in the future.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|p=19}} The IS central command also regards its forces' continued presence in Libya as important due to the area being a useful springboard for terrorist attacks on Europe{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|pp=13, 21}} and for an expansion into and connection with Sub-Saharan Africa.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|p=22}}

On June 6, 2021, IS claimed responsibility for a blast that killed 2 police officers, including a senior police officer, during an SVBIED attack in the southern city of Sebha, Libya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northafricapost.com/50244-libya-isis-claims-responsibility-for-killing-two-security-forces-in-car-bomb-blast.html|title = Libya: ISIS claims responsibility for killing two security forces in car bomb blast &#124; the North Africa Post}}</ref>

On June 14, 2021, IS activated an IED against a patrol of the Libyan General Haftar's army in the Al-Haruj Mountains, near the city of Fuqaha, about 380&nbsp;km south of Sirte, killing a Libyan army commander and his escort. They also released photos of their operatives in Libya including a photo of a recent suicide bomber that attacked Libyan police officers on June 6, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/spotlight-on-global-jihad-june-9-16-2021/|title=Spotlight on Global Jihad (June 9 – 16, 2021)|date=17 June 2021}}</ref>

==Foreign fighters==
In Libya, IS heavily relied on foreign volunteers for its fighting forces. IS recruits came from across the Middle East and Africa.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|p=12}} Libyan intelligence chiefs claimed in early February 2016, that the Islamic State is recruiting fighters from Africa's poorest nations, including [[Chad]], [[Mali]] and [[Sudan]]. IS offers generous salaries compared to the average wages in the region. Many of the fighters reach Libya using existing people-smuggling routes used by African [[human migration|migrants]] heading to Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/12134806/Isil-recruiting-migrant-army-of-the-poor-with-1000-sign-up-bonuses.html|title=Isil recruiting migrant 'army of the poor' with $1,000 sign-up bonuses|date=1 February 2016|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073150/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/12134806/Isil-recruiting-migrant-army-of-the-poor-with-1000-sign-up-bonuses.html|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the battle of Sirte during which most of IS's foreign forces in Libya were killed,<ref name="Zelin" /> the Libyan branch increasingly recruited Sub-Saharan Africans into its ranks.{{sfn|Trauthig|2020|pp=12, 22}}

==Propaganda==
The "Media Office for Cyrenaica Province" has published photos and other material showing buildings with IS insignia, suicide bombers, parades, and pledges of allegiance to [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]].<ref name="GLORIA Center">{{cite news|url=http://www.gloria-center.org/2014/11/the-emergence-of-the-islamic-states-cyrenaica-province-wilayat-al-barqa-in-libya/|work=GLORIA Center|title=The Emergence of the Islamic State's 'Cyrenaica Province' (Wilayat al-Barqa) in Libya|date=17 November 2014|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128065350/http://www.gloria-center.org/2014/11/the-emergence-of-the-islamic-states-cyrenaica-province-wilayat-al-barqa-in-libya/|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A reporter for ''[[The New York Times]]'' who visited the outskirts of Sirte found that IS had taken over the local radio station, and all four stations on the dial were being used to transmit Islamic sermons.<ref name=nyt10mar/>

IS in Libya had threatened to facilitate the arrival of [[Lampedusa immigrant reception center|thousands of migrants]] to destabilize Europe if they are attacked.<ref>{{cite news|title=11,000 migrants land in Italy in a week, ISIS had warned of sending over 500,000|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-04-17/local-news/11-000-migrants-land-in-Italy-in-a-week-ISIS-had-warned-of-sending-over-500-000-6736133962|access-date=22 April 2015|newspaper=The Independent|date=17 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422014213/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-04-17/local-news/11-000-migrants-land-in-Italy-in-a-week-ISIS-had-warned-of-sending-over-500-000-6736133962|archive-date=22 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Laws==
Billboards instructing women how to dress according to [[Sharia]] were erected in Sirte in July 2015. The billboard gave a list of restrictions on dress for women. 
<br />"Instructions on wearing the [[hijab]] according to Sharia<br />
#It must be thick and not revealing
#It must be loose (not tight)
#It must cover all the body
#It must not be attractive
#It must not resemble the clothes of unbelievers or men
#It must not be decorative and eye-catching
#It must not be perfumed."<ref name="bbc-3-2-2016"/>

==Human rights abuses and war crimes allegations==
{{main|Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory}}
By late 2014, Derna was fully under IS control, with the [[Black Standard]] flying over government buildings, police cars carrying IS insignia, and the local football stadium being used for public executions.<ref name=npr>{{cite news|last1=Fadel|first1=Leila|title=With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/11/18/364942091/with-cash-and-cachet-the-islamic-state-expands-its-empire|access-date=21 November 2014|publisher=[[NPR]]|work=Parallels|date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120155416/http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/11/18/364942091/with-cash-and-cachet-the-islamic-state-expands-its-empire|archive-date=20 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Human Rights Watch]] report accused IS linked groups in control of Derna of [[war crimes]] and [[human rights abuses]] that include terrorizing residents in the absence of state authorities and the rule of law. Human Rights Watch documented 3 apparent [[summary execution]]s and at least 10 public floggings by the Islamic Youth Shura Council, which joined IS in November 2014. They also documented beheadings of three Derna residents and 250 seemingly politically motivated assassinations of judges, public officials, members of the security forces, journalists, and others with no public investigations. Sarah Leah Whitson, HRW Middle East, and North Africa director said, "Commanders should understand that they may face domestic or international prosecution for the grave rights abuses their forces are committing."<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/27/libya-extremists-terrorizing-derna-residents|title=Libya: Extremists Terrorizing Derna Residents|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205221049/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/27/libya-extremists-terrorizing-derna-residents|archive-date=5 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under IS's watch, women increasingly wore [[Niqāb|face veils]] and young men caught drinking alcohol were flogged. Education changes included male/female segregation of students, and the removal of history and geography from the curriculum. New [[Islamic religious police]] flyers ordered clothing stores to cover their mannequins and not to display "scandalous women's clothes that cause sedition." The law school was closed.<ref name=DernaPledge/>

==Claimed and alleged attacks==
*In November 2014, IS's Cyrenaica wing claimed it had previously dispatched nine suicide bombers from Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia to carry out attacks against Libyan security forces in and around [[Benghazi]]. [[CNN]] reported that several of these attacks seemed to correspond to previously unclaimed suicide bombings, including a twin-attack on a Libyan special forces camp in Benghazi on 23 July 2014 and a 2 October 2014 attack on a military checkpoint near Benina airport.<ref name="18nov14"/>
*IS's Cyrenaica Province is the prime suspect in a 12 November 2014 suicide bombing in [[Tobruk]] that killed one and wounded 14, and a bombing outside Labraq air force base in Al-Bayda that killed four, according to a [[CNN]] report.<ref name="18nov14"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30018894|work=BBC|title=Libya bombings: Tobruk and al-Bayda attacked|date=12 November 2014|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113223505/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30018894|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 13 November 2014, bombs exploded near the embassies of Egypt and the UAE in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], however no casualties were reported. An IS-linked Twitter account suggested their Tripoli wing was responsible for the attacks, according to the [[SITE Intelligence Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0IX0CO20141113|work=Reuters|title=Bombs explode near Egyptian and UAE embassies in Libyan capital|date=13 November 2014|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114220937/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/13/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0IX0CO20141113|archive-date=14 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In December 2014, the beheaded bodies of Mohammed Battu and Sirak Qath, human rights activists abducted in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] on 6 November 2014, were found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2014/11/11/isis-libya-two-human-rights-activists-beheaded-in-derna_a801d4de-aa06-44e7-99a6-13c4ea4a9195.html|title=ISIS: Libya, two human rights activists beheaded in Derna - General news - ANSAMed.it|date=11 November 2014 |access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128062734/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2014/11/11/isis-libya-two-human-rights-activists-beheaded-in-derna_a801d4de-aa06-44e7-99a6-13c4ea4a9195.html|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In January 2015, IS's Cyrenaica branch published photos claiming to show the execution of two Tunisian journalists who had been kidnapped in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-claims-have-executed-two-tunisian-journalists-1777782|title=ISIS Claims To Have Executed Two Tunisian Journalists|date=8 January 2015|work=International Business Times|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128065919/http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-claims-have-executed-two-tunisian-journalists-1777782|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 27 January 2015, an [[2015 Corinthia Hotel attack|attack on the Corinthia Hotel]] in Tripoli involving gunmen and a car bomb killed at least ten people, including five foreigners. The IS's Tripoli branch claimed responsibility for the attack, claiming it was revenge for the death of Libyan [[al-Qaeda]] operative [[Abu Anas al-Libi]] in American custody earlier in the month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/islamic-state-attacks-libya-hotel/a-18217115|title=′Islamic State′ attacks Libya hotel - News - DW.DE - 27.01.2015|work=DW.DE|access-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309074937/http://www.dw.de/islamic-state-attacks-libya-hotel/a-18217115|archive-date=9 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cnn>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/27/middleeast/libya-corinthia-hotel-attack/index.html | publisher = CNN | title = Gunmen attack Corinthia Hotel in Libya; at least 10 die | first1 = Jomana | last1 = Karadsheh | first2 = Hamdi | last2 = Alkhshali | access-date = 28 January 2015 | date = 28 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150127234932/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/27/middleeast/libya-corinthia-hotel-attack/index.html | archive-date = 27 January 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>
*On 3 February 2015, gunmen claiming to represent IS stormed a French-Libyan oil field near the town of Mabruk, killing nine guards.<ref name=wsj17feb/>
*On 15 February 2015, IS released a video showing the [[2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya|beheading of 21 Christian Egyptians]] who had been kidnapped in Sirte.<ref name="aljaz">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/isil-video-execution-egyptian-christian-hostages-libya-150215193050277.html|title=ISIL video shows Christian Egyptians beheaded in Libya|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=16 Feb 2015|access-date=27 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128220526/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/isil-video-execution-egyptian-christian-hostages-libya-150215193050277.html|archive-date=28 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> IS's [[Dabiq (magazine)|Dabiq magazine]] had earlier published photos of the [[Copts]] and threatened to kill them to "avenge the kidnapping of Muslim women by the Egyptian Coptic Church".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/122903/Egypt/Politics-/Islamic-State-publishes-report-on-Coptic-Egyptian-.aspx|title=Islamic State publishes report on Coptic Egyptian workers kidnapped in Libya|work=Al-Ahram|date=12 February 2015|access-date=16 February 2015|author=El-Gundy, Zeinab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114549/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/122903/Egypt/Politics-/Islamic-State-publishes-report-on-Coptic-Egyptian-.aspx|archive-date=30 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 
*On 20 February 2015, the IS carried out [[Al Qubbah bombings|bombings in Al Qubbah]], which targeted a petrol station, a police station and the home of the Libyan parliamentary speaker, killing at least 40 people.<ref name="BBC report">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31549280|agency=BBC|title=Libya violence: Islamic State attack 'kills 40' in al-Qubbah|date=20 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221054712/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31549280|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 24 March 2015, IS claimed responsibility for a suicide [[car bombing]] that killed five soldiers and two civilians at an army checkpoint in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-blast-idUSKBN0MK2CE20150325|title=Islamic State claims suicide bombing in Libya's Benghazi|work=[[Reuters]]|date=24 March 2015|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331003313/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/25/us-libya-security-blast-idUSKBN0MK2CE20150325|archive-date=31 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 5 April 2015, IS's Tripolitania branch claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing on a checkpoint outside [[Misrata]], which killed four and wounded 21.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/four-dead-libya-suicide-bombing-claimed-114411970.html|title=Four dead in Libya suicide bombing claimed by IS|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|date=5 April 2015|access-date=8 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416043149/http://news.yahoo.com/four-dead-libya-suicide-bombing-claimed-114411970.html|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 13 April 2015, militants claiming loyalty to IS posted claims of responsibility on [[Twitter]] for a bombing outside the Moroccan embassy that caused no casualties, and a gun attack on the South Korean embassy the day before that killed two guards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-bomb-idUSKBN0N401L20150413|title=Islamic State militants claim attacks on embassies in Libya|work=[[Reuters]]|date=12 April 2015|access-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414200403/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/13/us-libya-bomb-idUSKBN0N401L20150413|archive-date=14 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 19 April 2015, a video was released online by IS showing the killing of approximately 30 Ethiopian Christians in Libya. 15 of the men were beheaded, and another group of the same size were shot in the head.<ref name="Islamic State shot and beheaded 30 Ethiopian Christians in Libya: video">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-islamicstate-killings-idUSKBN0NA0IE20150419 | title=Islamic State shot and beheaded 30 Ethiopian Christians in Libya: video | work=Reuters | date=19 April 2015 | access-date=21 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421003912/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/19/us-mideast-crisis-islamicstate-killings-idUSKBN0NA0IE20150419 | archive-date=21 April 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 27 April 2015, the bodies of five men with slit throats were found in the [[Jebel Akhdar (Libya)|Green Mountain forests]]. The bodies were identified as five journalists working for a Libyan TV station who had been kidnapped at an IS checkpoint in August 2014.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0NI1V820150427| title=Islamic State kills five journalists working for Libyan TV station-army official| work=Reuters| date=27 April 2015| access-date=30 April 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430063015/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/27/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0NI1V820150427| archive-date=30 April 2015| url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 9 June 2015, US government officials confirmed that IS in Libya had captured 86 Eritrean migrants south of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/isis-captures-86-eritrean-christians-in-libya-us-official-confirms/|title=ISIS captures 88 Eritrean Christians in Libya, US official confirms|work=Fox News|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609150736/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/isis-captures-86-eritrean-christians-in-libya-us-official-confirms/|archive-date=9 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 10 June 2015, IS gunmen in Derna killed Nasser Akr and Salem Derbi, two senior commanders of the Al-Qaeda affiliated [[Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna]].<ref name="clashes"/> 
*On 7 January 2016, IS carried out a [[Zliten truck bombing|truck bomb attack]] against a police training center in Zliten, killing at least 60 and wounding around 200.<ref>{{cite news|title=An Islamic State affiliate claims credit for Libya attack|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-an-islamic-state-affiliate-claims-credit-for-2016jan08-story.html|access-date=June 6, 2021|website=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 8, 2016}}</ref>
*On 25 February 2016, IS fighters in [[Sabratha]] took control of a security headquarters, killing and beheading 12 security officers before being driven out the next day.
*On 11 September 2018, IS fighters in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] carried out an [[2018 Tripoli Attack|attack]] on the [[National Oil Corporation|National Oil Corporation of Libya]], which is part of an area claimed by IS as its "Libya Wilayat-Tripoli Region".<ref>https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Dm1E1MiWwAAwMOu.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*On 28 October 2018, at least 5 people were killed, including the son of the chairman of the local council, and at least 10 people, including employees of local police stations, were abducted in an IS attack on the Libyan town of [[Fuqaha, Libya|Fuqaha]]. IS attacked the desert town with 25 vehicles and set local government buildings and police stations on fire before fleeing southward to the [[Haruj|Haruj mountains]] to avoid a confrontation with LNA forces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2018/10/29/libya-suspected-isis-attack-al-fuqaha/|title=ISIS blamed for attack in central Libya that killed 5|work=TheDefensePost|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029175153/https://thedefensepost.com/2018/10/29/libya-suspected-isis-attack-al-fuqaha/|archive-date=2018-10-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/libyas-police-station-in-jufra-attacked-by-isis-4-killed-and-8-kidnapped/|title=Libya's police station in Jufra attacked by ISIS, 4 killed and 8 kidnapped|work=www.libyanexpress.com|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref>
*On 8 July 2019, a group of IS fighters appeared in [[Fezzan|southern Libya]] under the command of Abu Musab al-Libi and took responsibility for an attack that killed and wounded an unidentified number of [[Libyan National Army|LNA]] members on 3 July. Al-Libi was previously a commander of IS fighters in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2019/07/08/ISIS-re-emerges-in-southern-Libya-vows-to-target-Haftar-apostates-.html|agency=Al Arabiya|title=ISIS re-emerges in southern Libya, vows to target Haftar 'apostates'|date=8 July 2019|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715023258/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2019/07/08/ISIS-re-emerges-in-southern-Libya-vows-to-target-Haftar-apostates-.html|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 23 May 2020, a blast targeted a security point manned by LNA soldiers at the entrance to [[Traghan]], southern Libya. There were no casualties, but IS claimed responsibility for the incident, making it the first claimed attack in almost a year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2020/05/25/ISIS-claims-attack-in-Libya-targeting-LNA-vehicle.html|agency=Al Arabiya|title=ISIS claims attack in Libya targeting LNA vehicle|date=25 May 2020|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>
*On 6 June 2021, a blast killed at least two people, including a senior police officer, at a checkpoint in the southern city of [[Sebha]]. IS claimed responsibility for the explosion, saying that one of its militants carried out a [[suicide bombing]] by attacking the checkpoint in an explosive-filled car.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Blast kills two at southern Libya checkpoint|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/blast-kills-two-checkpoint-southern-libya-2021-06-06/|date=June 6, 2021|website=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=June 6, 2021}}</ref>

==Commentary and significance==
The growth of its branch in Libya is seen by IS and its proponents as a model for IS expansion outside Iraq and Syria.<ref name=washingtonins>{{cite news|last1=Zelin|first1=Aaron Y.|title=The Islamic State's First Colony in Libya|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-first-colony-in-libya|access-date=21 November 2014|work=The Washington Institute|date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129064052/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-first-colony-in-libya|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=haaretz>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.625652|title=Libyan city is first outside Syria, Iraq to join ISIS|date=10 November 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|work=Haaretz.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112232906/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.625652|archive-date=12 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Long War Journal]] wrote that no well-established Libyan militant organizations had pledged their support to the group and that "the Islamic State has failed, thus far, to garner the allegiance of [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|
Ansar al Sharia Libya]], which is notorious for its role in the [[Attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi|Sept. 11, 2012, terrorist attacks in Benghazi]] and remains one of the most powerful [[jihadism|jihadist]] organizations in eastern Libya. None of Ansar al Sharia's allies in the [[Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries|Benghazi Revolutionaries Shura Council]], the Islamist coalition fighting General [[Khalifa Haftar]]'s forces for control of territory, pledged allegiance to Baghdadi. The Islamic State has supporters in Libya, particularly among the jihadist youth. But other groups are still, by all outward appearances, more entrenched."<ref name=LWJexpansion>{{cite web|last1=Joscelyn|first1=Thomas|title=Analysis: Islamic State snuff videos help to attract more followers|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/11/analysis_islamic_sta_1.php|website=Long War Journal|date=17 November 2014|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121134904/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/11/analysis_islamic_sta_1.php|archive-date=21 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Libya Dawn]] claimed that it had intelligence reports showing that those who claimed to support IS in Tripoli were [[agent provocateur|agents provocateur]] planted by foreign countries to discredit it. The statement was viewed as an attempt to explain away the growing issue of the extremists in western Libya, with IS supporters said to be present at the Majr camp in [[Zliten]], and in [[Sabratha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/11/21/libya-dawn-denies-the-presence-of-daesh-in-tripoli/#ixzz3Jo4YsPmW|title=Libya Dawn denies the presence of Daesh in Tripoli|author=Ali Salem|work=Libya Herald|date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418085131/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/11/21/libya-dawn-denies-the-presence-of-daesh-in-tripoli/#ixzz3Jo4YsPmW|archive-date=18 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Malta]] [[Joseph Muscat]] and [[Leader of the Opposition (Malta)|Leader of the Opposition]] [[Simon Busuttil]] called for the [[United Nations]] and [[European Union]] to intervene in Libya to prevent the country from becoming a failed state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malta should press EU to intervene in Libya - Simon Busuttil|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150215/local/malta-should-press-eu-to-intervene-in-libya-simon-busuttil.556188|access-date=19 April 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217123913/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150215/local/malta-should-press-eu-to-intervene-in-libya-simon-busuttil.556188|archive-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Micallef|first1=Keith|title=Prime Minister calls for UN intervention in Libya|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150215/local/prime-minister-calls-for-un-intervention-in-libya.556219|access-date=19 April 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607164109/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150215/local/prime-minister-calls-for-un-intervention-in-libya.556219|archive-date=7 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Designation as a terrorist organization==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
|Country
|Date
|References
|-
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|19 May 2016
|<ref name="us-fto190516">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/05/257388.htm|title=Terrorist Designations of ISIL-Yemen, ISIL-Saudi Arabia, and ISIL-Libya|date=2016-05-19|publisher=State.gov|access-date=2016-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121122527/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/05/257388.htm|archive-date=2017-01-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}
|28 November 2016
|<ref name="australialistedterroristorgs">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx|title=Listed terrorist organisations|work=Australian National Security|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025195553/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{IRQ}}
|10 March 2020
|<ref>https://moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4583.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Libya}}
*[[List of wars and battles involving ISIL|List of wars and battles involving IS]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite journal |url = https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ICSR-Report-Islamic-State-in-Libya-From-Force-to-Farce.pdf |title = Islamic State in Libya: From Force to Farce? |last1 = Trauthig |first1 = Inga Kristina |date = 2020 |publisher = ICSR |location = London }}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |url = https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CTC-SENTINEL-112020.pdf |title = Outlasting the Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State Threat in Africa |last1 = Warner |first1 = Jason |last2 = O'Farrell |first2 = Ryan |last3 = Nsaibia |first3 = Héni |last4 = Cummings |first4 = Ryan |date = 2020 |journal = CTC Sentinel  |publisher = [[Combating Terrorism Center]] |issue = 11 |volume = 13 |location = [[West Point, New York]] |pages = 18–33 }}

{{Military intervention against ISIL}}
{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}

[[Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya| ]]
[[Category:Factions of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Libya]]
[[Category:Libyan civil war (2014–2020)]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Australia]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Iraq]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]