Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Isotopes of cobalt

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Nuclides with atomic number of 27 but with different mass numbers}}
{{infobox cobalt isotopes}}
Naturally occurring [[cobalt]] ({{sub|27}}Co) consists of a single stable [[isotope]], {{sup|59}}Co (thus, cobalt is a [[Mononuclidic element|mononuclidic]] element). Twenty-eight [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized; the most stable are [[Cobalt-60|{{sup|60}}Co]] with a [[half-life]] of 5.2714 years, {{sup|57}}Co (271.8 days), {{sup|56}}Co (77.27 days), and {{sup|58}}Co (70.86 days). All other isotopes have half-lives of less than 18 hours and most of these have half-lives of less than 1 second. This element also has 11 [[meta state]]s, all of which have half-lives of less than 15 minutes.

The isotopes of cobalt range in [[atomic weight]] from {{sup|47}}Co to {{sup|75}}Co. The main [[decay mode]] for isotopes with atomic mass less than that of the stable isotope, {{sup|59}}Co, is [[electron capture]] and the main mode of decay for those of greater than 59 atomic mass units is [[beta decay]]. The main [[decay product]]s before {{sup|59}}Co are [[iron]] isotopes and the main products after are [[nickel]] isotopes.

Radioactive isotopes can be produced by various [[nuclear reaction]]s. For example, {{sup|57}}Co is produced by [[cyclotron]] irradiation of iron. The main reaction is the (d,n) reaction {{sup|56}}Fe + {{sup|2}}H → n + {{sup|57}}Co.<ref name="57Co-Diaz-production">{{cite web
 |first1=L. E.
 |last1=Diaz
 |url=http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Co/Co57/prod.html
 |title=Cobalt-57: Production
 |work=JPNM Physics Isotopes
 |publisher=[[University of Harvard]]
 |access-date=2013-11-15
 |archive-date=2000-10-31
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001031195522/http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Co/Co57/prod.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

== List of isotopes ==
{{Isotopes table
|symbol=Co
|refs=<!-- not NUBASE2016 yet (2019-07-14) -->
|notes=m, unc(), hl#, mass#, exen#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, p, n, IT, EC
}}
|-
| {{sup|47}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 20
| 47.01149(54)#
|
|
|
| 7/2−#
|
|
|-
| {{sup|48}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 21
| 48.00176(43)#
|
| [[proton emission|p]]
| {{sup|47}}Fe
| 6+#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sup|49}}Co
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 22
| rowspan=2|48.98972(28)#
| rowspan=2|<35&nbsp;ns
| p (>99.9%)
| {{sup|48}}Fe
| rowspan=2|7/2−#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| [[beta decay|β{{sup|+}}]] (<.1%)
| {{sup|49}}Fe
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sup|50}}Co
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 23
| rowspan=2|49.98154(18)#
| rowspan=2|44(4)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|+}}, p (54%)
| {{sup|49}}Mn
| rowspan=2|(6+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β{{sup|+}} (46%)
| {{sup|50}}Fe
|-
| {{sup|51}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 24
| 50.97072(16)#
| 60#&nbsp;ms [>200&nbsp;ns]
| β{{sup|+}}
| {{sup|51}}Fe
| 7/2−#
|
|
|-
| {{sup|52}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 25
| 51.96359(7)#
| 115(23)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|+}}
| {{sup|52}}Fe
| (6+)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|52m}}Co
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 380(100)#&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|104(11)#&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|+}}
| {{sup|52}}Fe
| rowspan=2|2+#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| [[Isomeric transition|IT]]
| {{sup|52}}Co
|-
| {{sup|53}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 26
| 52.954219(19)
| 242(8)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|+}}
| {{sup|53}}Fe
| 7/2−#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|53m}}Co
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3197(29)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|247(12)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|+}} (98.5%)
| {{sup|53}}Fe
| rowspan=2|(19/2−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| p (1.5%)
| {{sup|52}}Fe
|-
| {{sup|54}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| 53.9484596(8)
| 193.28(7)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|+}}
| '''{{sup|54}}Fe'''
| 0+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|54m}}Co
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 197.4(5)&nbsp;keV
| 1.48(2)&nbsp;min
| β{{sup|+}}
| '''{{sup|54}}Fe'''
| (7)+
|
|
|-
| {{sup|55}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 28
| 54.9419990(8)
| 17.53(3)&nbsp;h
| β{{sup|+}}
| {{sup|55}}Fe
| 7/2−
|
|
|-
| {{sup|56}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 29
| 55.9398393(23)
| 77.233(27)&nbsp;d
| β{{sup|+}}
| '''{{sup|56}}Fe'''
| 4+
|
|
|-
| {{sup|57}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 30
| 56.9362914(8)
| 271.74(6)&nbsp;d
| [[Electron capture|EC]]
| '''{{sup|57}}Fe'''
| 7/2−
|
|
|-
| {{sup|58}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| 57.9357528(13)
| 70.86(6)&nbsp;d
| β{{sup|+}}
| '''{{sup|58}}Fe'''
| 2+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|58m1}}Co
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 24.95(6)&nbsp;keV
| 9.04(11)&nbsp;h
| IT
| {{sup|58}}Co
| 5+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|58m2}}Co
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 53.15(7)&nbsp;keV
| 10.4(3)&nbsp;μs
|
|
| 4+
|
|
|-
| {{sup|59}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| 58.9331950(7)
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Stable'''
| 7/2−
| 1.0000
|
|-
| [[Cobalt-60|{{sup|60}}Co]]
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 33
| 59.9338171(7)
| 5.2714(6)&nbsp;y <!--NUBASE2020 update-->
| β{{sup|−}}, γ
| '''{{sup|60}}Ni'''
| 5+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|60m}}Co
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 58.59(1)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|10.467(6)&nbsp;min
| IT (99.76%)
| {{sup|60}}Co
| rowspan=2|2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β{{sup|−}} (.24%)
| '''{{sup|60}}Ni'''
|-
| {{sup|61}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 34
| 60.9324758(10)
| 1.650(5)&nbsp;h
| β{{sup|−}}
| '''{{sup|61}}Ni'''
| 7/2−
|
|
|-
| {{sup|62}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| 61.934051(21)
| 1.50(4)&nbsp;min
| β{{sup|−}}
| '''{{sup|62}}Ni'''
| 2+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|62m}}Co
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 22(5)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|13.91(5)&nbsp;min
| β{{sup|−}} (99%)
| '''{{sup|62}}Ni'''
| rowspan=2|5+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (1%)
| {{sup|62}}Co
|-
| {{sup|63}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 62.933612(21)
| 26.9(4)&nbsp;s
| β{{sup|−}}
| {{sup|63}}Ni
| 7/2−
|
|
|-
| {{sup|64}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| 63.935810(21)
| 0.30(3)&nbsp;s
| β{{sup|−}}
| '''{{sup|64}}Ni'''
| 1+
|
|
|-
| {{sup|65}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 64.936478(14)
| 1.20(6)&nbsp;s
| β{{sup|−}}
| {{sup|65}}Ni
| (7/2)−
|
|
|-
| {{sup|66}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 39
| 65.93976(27)
| 0.18(1)&nbsp;s
| β{{sup|−}}
| {{sup|66}}Ni
| (3+)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|66m1}}Co
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 175(3)&nbsp;keV
| 1.21(1)&nbsp;μs
|
|
| (5+)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|66m2}}Co
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 642(5)&nbsp;keV
| >100&nbsp;μs
|
|
| (8-)
|
|
|-
| {{sup|67}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 40
| 66.94089(34)
| 0.425(20)&nbsp;s
| β{{sup|−}}
| {{sup|67}}Ni
| (7/2−)#
|
|
|-
| {{sup|68}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 67.94487(34)
| 0.199(21)&nbsp;s
| β{{sup|−}}
| {{sup|68}}Ni
| (7-)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|68m}}Co
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150(150)#&nbsp;keV
| 1.6(3)&nbsp;s
|
|
| (3+)
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sup|69}}Co
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
| rowspan=2|68.94632(36)
| rowspan=2|227(13)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|−}} (>99.9%)
| {{sup|69}}Ni
| rowspan=2|7/2−#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β{{sup|−}}, [[neutron emission|n]] (<.1%)
| {{sup|68}}Ni
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sup|70}}Co
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
| rowspan=2|69.9510(9)
| rowspan=2|119(6)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|−}} (>99.9%)
| {{sup|70}}Ni
| rowspan=2|(6-)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β{{sup|−}}, n (<.1%)
| {{sup|69}}Ni
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | {{sup|70m}}Co
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(200)#&nbsp;keV
| 500(180)&nbsp;ms
|
|
| (3+)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sup|71}}Co
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44
| rowspan=2|70.9529(9)
| rowspan=2|97(2)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|−}} (>99.9%)
| {{sup|71}}Ni
| rowspan=2|7/2−#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β{{sup|−}}, n (<.1%)
| {{sup|70}}Ni
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sup|72}}Co
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2|71.95781(64)#
| rowspan=2|62(3)&nbsp;ms
| β{{sup|−}} (>99.9%)
| {{sup|72}}Ni
| rowspan=2|(6- ,7-)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β{{sup|−}}, n (<.1%)
| {{sup|71}}Ni
|-
| {{sup|73}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 72.96024(75)#
| 41(4)&nbsp;ms
|
|
| 7/2−#
|
|
|-
| {{sup|74}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 73.96538(86)#
| 50#&nbsp;ms [>300&nbsp;ns]
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| {{sup|75}}Co
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 74.96833(86)#
| 40#&nbsp;ms [>300&nbsp;ns]
|
|
| 7/2−#
|
|
{{Isotopes table/footer}}

== Use of cobalt radioisotopes in medicine {{anchor|Cobalt-57|Cobalt-60}}==
Cobalt-57 ({{sup|57}}Co or Co-57) is used in medical tests; it is used as a [[Radioactive tracer|radiolabel]] for vitamin B{{sub|12}} uptake. It is useful for the [[Schilling test]].<ref name="57Co-Diaz-uses">{{cite web
 |first1=L. E.
 |last1=Diaz
 |url=http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Co/Co57/uses.html
 |title=Cobalt-57: Uses
 |work=JPNM Physics Isotopes
 |publisher=[[University of Harvard]]
 |access-date=2010-09-13
 |archive-date=2011-06-11
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611162615/http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Co/Co57/uses.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

[[Cobalt-60]] ({{sup|60}}Co or Co-60) is used in [[radiation therapy|radiotherapy]]. It produces two [[gamma ray]]s with energies of 1.17 [[MeV]] and 1.33 MeV. The {{sup|60}}Co source is about 2&nbsp;cm in [[diameter]] and as a result produces a [[geometric]] [[penumbra]], making the edge of the [[radiation]] field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection. The {{sup|60}}Co source is useful for about 5 years but even after this point is still very radioactive, and so cobalt machines have fallen from favour in the Western world where [[linacs]] are common.

==Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes==

Cobalt-60 ({{sup|60}}Co) is useful as a gamma ray source because it can be produced in predictable quantities, and for its high [[radioactivity]] simply by exposing natural cobalt to [[neutron]]s in a reactor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Properties of Cobalt-60 |url=http://radioactiveisotopes.weebly.com/properties-of-cobalt-60.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Radioactive Isotopes}}</ref> The uses for industrial cobalt include:
*Sterilization of medical supplies and [[medical waste]]
*Radiation treatment of [[food irradiation|foods for sterilization]] (cold [[pasteurization]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beneficial Uses of Cobalt-60 |url=https://iiaglobal.com/publications/beneficial-uses-of-cobalt-60-2/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=INTERNATIONAL IRRADIATION ASSOCIATION |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Industrial [[radiography]] (e.g., weld integrity radiographs)
*[[Measurement of density|Density measurements]] (e.g., concrete density measurements)
*Tank fill height switches

Cobalt-57 is used as a source in [[Mössbauer spectroscopy]] of iron-containing samples. Electron capture by {{sup|57}}Co forms an excited state of the {{sup|57}}Fe nucleus, which in turn decays to the ground state with the emission of a gamma ray. Measurement of the gamma-ray spectrum provides information about the chemical state of the iron atom in the sample.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Isotope masses from:
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
**{{CIAAW2003}}
**{{CIAAW 2005}}
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
**{{NNDC}}
**{{CRC85|chapter=11}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

[[Category:Isotopes of cobalt| ]]
[[Category:Cobalt]]
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Cobalt]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]