http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%3AAustralian_Red_EnsignАнглийская Википедия:Australian Red Ensign - История изменений2026-08-02T14:46:16ZИстория изменений этой страницы в викиMediaWiki 1.40.0http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Australian_Red_Ensign&diff=13323732&oldid=prevEducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Official flag used by the Australian merchant navy}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}} {{Infobox flag | Name = Australian Red Ensign | Article = | Nickname = | Image = Civil Ensign of Australia.svg | Use = 000100 | Symbol = {{FIAV|000100}} {{FIAV|normal}} | Proportion = 1:2 | Adoption = 11 February 1903<ref name="Refe...»2024-02-04T05:02:34Z<p>Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Official flag used by the Australian merchant navy}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}} {{Infobox flag | Name = Australian Red Ensign | Article = | Nickname = | Image = Civil Ensign of Australia.svg | Use = 000100 | Symbol = {{FIAV|000100}} {{FIAV|normal}} | Proportion = 1:2 | Adoption = 11 February 1903<ref name="Refe...»</p>
<p><b>Новая страница</b></p><div>{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}<br />
{{Short description|Official flag used by the Australian merchant navy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox flag<br />
| Name = Australian Red Ensign<br />
| Article =<br />
| Nickname = <br />
| Image = Civil Ensign of Australia.svg<br />
| Use = 000100<br />
| Symbol = {{FIAV|000100}} {{FIAV|normal}}<br />
| Proportion = 1:2<br />
| Adoption = 11 February 1903<ref name="ReferenceA">''Commonwealth of Australia Gazette'' No. 8, 20 February 1903</ref><br /> <small> in use from 3 September 1901 </small><br />23 February 1908 <small> (current seven-pointed Commonwealth Star version)</small><br />
| Design = A [[Red Ensign]] with the Commonwealth/Federation Star at the hoist, and the Southern Cross in the fly half<br />
| Type = National<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Australian Red Ensign''' is the [[civil ensign]] of [[Australia]], the flag of nationality flown by Australian registered ships. It is a red version of the [[Flag of Australia|national flag]], which is mainly blue. Both flags resulted from the Commonwealth Government's [[1901 Federal Flag Design Competition]] which required two entries: an ensign for Commonwealth Government use and another for the [[merchant navy]]. The winning design for the merchant ensign was based on the traditional British [[Red Ensign]] and featured the [[Southern Cross]] and [[Commonwealth Star]].<br />
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==Devices==<br />
The Australian Red Ensign is a predominantly red version of the [[Australian National Flag]], using the same shade of red as the [[Saint George's Cross|Cross of Saint George]] which is part of the [[Union Jack]] present in the canton.<br />
[[File:Australian merchant ensign (after 1909) RMG RP-73-31A-32A.jpg|thumb|An Australian Red Ensign ([[Royal Museums Greenwich]])]]<br />
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==Maritime Ensign==<br />
Following federation in 1901, the topic of national colours for British ships registered in Australian ports was addressed by the Navigation Act, which provided that such ships (i.e., civilian ships) should wear the Australian Red Ensign. Technically private non-registered vessels were liable to a substantial fine if they did not fly the British Red [[Ensign (flag)|Ensign]] as they were not formally covered by the Navigation Act. However, an Admiralty Warrant was issued on 5 December 1938 which authorised such non-registered vessels to fly the Australian Red Ensign, too. Australia enacted fully domestic shipping legislation in 1981. The Shipping Registration Act of 1981 reaffirmed that the [[Australia]]n Red Ensign was the proper "colours" for Australian registered ships and that smaller (i.e., less than 30 tons) pleasure and fishing craft could fly either the Australian Red Ensign or the [[Flag of Australia|Australian National Flag]] but not both at the same time.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004C00182/c53816f1-e166-4a20-b073-5b59c8003a02<br />
|title=Shipping Registration Act 1981<br />
|pages=10, 22<br />
|accessdate=2012-04-25<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Commonwealth Government]] ran the Federal Flag Design Competition in 1901 to find two designs for Australian flags: one for official Commonwealth Government use and another for the [[merchant navy]].<ref>''Commonwealth of Australia Gazette'' No. 27, 29 April 1901.</ref><br />
After being submitted to [[King Edward VII]] for approval the competition-winning design which featured a southern cross with nine, eight, seven, six and five points respectively, and with Alpha Crucis being larger than Beta and Gamma as well as with Delta being smaller than Beta and Gamma,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/au%27.html |title=Construction Details of the Australian Flag |last=Thomson |first=Jeff |date=10 November 2015 |website=FOTW Flags Of The World website |publisher=Jon Radel |access-date=21 November 2023 |quote="The 1901 Southern Cross star-points ranged from nine (Alpha) to five (Epsilon) and inner diameter of each was 4/9 of their outer diameters. Beta, Gamma and Epsilon were the same outer diameter as today, Alpha was 1/6 and Delta 1/10 of the fly width. In 1903 Alpha, Beta and Delta were altered to the same design as the Gamma Star (1/7 fly width, seven points) thus making the Southern Cross the same as on the current flag. The 1901 six-point and 1908 seven-point Commonwealth Star outer diameters were both 3/10 of the fly width. However the inner diameters were different. The six-point was half, and the seven-point is 4/9 of the Commonwealth Star outer diameter."}}</ref> was standardised by the [[British Admiralty]] with the number of points on the four biggest stars of the southern cross set to seven and the four main Stars of the southern cross being equal in size—ostensibly to improve ease of manufacture. The original variety of points and sizes was an indication of the relative brightness of each star as it appeared in the night sky.<ref>''Commonwealth of Australia Gazette'' No. 8, 20 February 1903.</ref> In 1908, the current Commonwealth star of seven points replaced the earlier six-pointed star and has a smaller Inner Diameter.<ref>''Commonwealth of Australia Gazette'' No. 65, 19 December 1908</ref><br />
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[[File:Civil Ensign of Australia (1901–1903).svg|thumb|Australian/Commonwealth Red Ensign (1901–1903) {{FIAV|historical}}]]<br />
[[File:Civil Ensign of Australia (1903-1909).svg|thumb|Australian/Commonwealth Red Ensign (1903–1908) {{FIAV|historical}}]]<br />
<br />
In the decades following federation the Red Ensign was the pre-eminent flag in use by private citizens on land. This was largely due to the Commonwealth government, assisted by flag suppliers, discouraging use of the [[Australian Blue Ensign|Commonwealth Blue Ensign]], now known as the Australian National Flag, by the general public.<ref>Elizabeth Kwan, ''Flag and Nation'', University of New South Wales press, 2006, p. 106.</ref> By traditional British understanding, the Blue Ensign was reserved for official government use although the Red Ensign was nevertheless still in military circulation until after the 1953 legislation, meaning the 1st and 2nd Australian Imperial Forces served under both the blue and red versions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/government/australian-national-symbols/australian-flags|title=AUSTRALIAN FLAGS|website=pmc.gov.au|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> State and local governments, private organisations and individuals were expected to use the Red Ensign.<ref>Kwan, 2006, pp. 9–10.</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1920s there was debate over whether the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth buildings only, culminating in a 1924 agreement that the Union Flag should take precedence as the National Flag and that state and local governments were henceforth able to use the Blue Ensign.<ref>Kwan, 2006, p. 100, 106.</ref> A memo from the Prime Minister's Department dated 6 March 1939 states that: "the Red Ensign is the flag to be flown by the public generally" and the federal government policy was "The flying of the Commonwealth Blue Ensign is reserved for Commonwealth Government use but there is no reservation in the case of the Commonwealth Merchant Flag, or Red Ensign".<ref>National Archives of Australia (NAA: A461, A336/1/1 Part 2).</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Memo_from_the_Prime_Minister's_Department_6_March_1939.jpg|thumb|right|Extract of memo from the Prime Minister's Department dated 6 March 1939 concerning flag flying procedures.]]<br />
<br />
In 1940 the Victorian government passed legislation allowing schools to purchase blue ensigns.<ref>Kwan, 2006, p. 92.</ref> The following year prime minister Robert Menzies issued a media release recommending that the Blue Ensign be flown at schools, government buildings and by private citizens and continued use of the Red Ensign by merchant ships, providing it was done so respectfully.<ref>Kwan, 2006, p. 92.</ref> Prime Minister [[Ben Chifley]] issued a similar statement in 1947.<ref>Kwan, 2006, pp.96–97</ref><br />
<br />
Despite executive branch proclamations as to the respective roles of the two red, white and blue ensigns there remained some confusion until the [[Flags Act 1953]] declared the Blue Ensign to be the Australian National Flag, leaving the Australian Red Ensign to its status as the civil ensign.<br />
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== Merchant Navy Day ==<br />
{{main|Australian National Flag Day}}<br />
[[Australian National Flag Day]] was proclaimed in 1996.<ref name=honour>{{cite web |author= Australian Government |date= 12 August 2013 |url= http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/flag.cfm#day |title= Australian National Flag: Australian National Flag Day |work= It's an Honour!: Australia Celebrating Australians |accessdate= 3 September 2013 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130219054232/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/flag.cfm#day |archivedate= 19 February 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
Since 2008, 3 September has also been officially commemorated as Merchant Navy Day<ref>''Commonwealth of Australia Gazette'' S 321, 28 August 1996.</ref><ref>''Commonwealth of Australia Gazette'' No. GN 26, 2 July 2008.</ref><ref name=abcmn>{{cite web | title=Service marks merchant navy contribution | website=ABC News| publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=3 September 2008 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-09-03/service-marks-merchant-navy-contribution/498080 | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> which allows the Australian Red Ensign to be flown on land for the occasion as a matter of protocol.<ref>Gordon Maitland, ''The story of Australia's flags: Our flags, standards, guidons, colours, banners, battle honours, and ensigns'', Playbill Printworks, 2015, p. 259.</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=The Maritime Executive | title=Australia Remembers Merchant Navy Sacrifices | website=The Maritime Executive | date=2 September 2019 | url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/australia-remembers-merchant-navy-sacrifices | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> Merchant Navy Day is an official recognition of the merchant navy's contribution in wartime, in particular the [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|Pacific campaign]] in World War II.<ref name=abcmn/><ref>{{cite web| url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/commemoration/commemoration-days/merchant-navy-day| series= Anzac Portal| website=[[Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia)]]|title=Merchant Navy Day 3 September| access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><br />
==Use by freedom movement protesters in 2020s==<br />
In the early 2020s, some Australian anti-government activists, including so-called [[Sovereign citizen movement|sovereign citizens]], and [[COVID-19 protests in Australia|anti-vaccine mandate]] and related protests, adopted the Australian Red Ensign for their own purposes. In the decades following federation, the Red Ensign was the pre-eminent flag used by private citizens on land.<ref name =mcintyre>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Joe |title=What is the Australian merchant navy flag, the red ensign? And why do anti-government groups use it?|date =12 November 2021|url=http://theconversation.com/what-is-the-australian-merchant-navy-flag-the-red-ensign-and-why-do-anti-government-groups-use-it-170270 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=[[The Conversation (website) |The Conversation]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-05 |title=PM tells 'sovereign citizens' to get real| first =Tom |last =McIlroy |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/pm-tells-sovereign-citizens-to-get-real-20200805-p55ipe |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=[[Australian Financial Review]] |url-access =subscription |language=en}}</ref> The protesters often fly the flag upside down. Its use in this way is seen by many as disrespectful and insulting towards the soldiers who fight or have fought under the flag. The [[Returned & Services League of Australia]] (RSL) called it a "dishonour to Australian service men and women who have made the ultimate sacrifice for our nation".<ref name =crikey>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=A nation in distress? Why the red ensign flag is being co-opted by protesters| first =Cam |last = Wilson |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2022/02/14/red-ensign-flag-co-opted-by-anti-vaxxer-protesters/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=[[Crikey]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It is unclear why the Australian Red Ensign was adopted by such groups. Australian government flag protocol says that the flag should never be flown upside down in any circumstances.<ref name =crikey/><br />
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== Historical red ensigns ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Red Ensign of the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service.svg|Red Ensign of the [[Commonwealth Lighthouse Service]]<br />
File:Red Ensign of South Australia 1870-1876.svg|Red Ensign of [[South Australia]] (1870–1876)<br />
File:Victorian red ensign.svg|Red Ensign of [[Flag of Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] (1870)<br />
File:New South Wales Customs House Flag (1832).svg |New South Wales customs flag (1832–1882)<br />
File:New South Wales Customs Flag 1882-1901.svg|New South Wales customs flag (1882–1901)<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Canadian Red Ensign]]<br />
* [[Flag of Hong Kong (1871-1997)|Hong Kong Blue Ensign]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
{{Australian Flags}}<br />
{{Union Flag}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Flags of Australia]]<br />
[[Category:National symbols of Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Red Ensigns]]<br />
[[Category:Southern Cross flags]]<br />
[[Category:Civil ensigns]]<br />
[[Category:Flags of the British Empire]]<br />
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