EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Chinese-American geologist}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Ho-Kwang Mao | native_name_lang = 毛河光 | image = Ho-kwang Mao 2017.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|06|18|mf=y}} | birth_place = Shanghai, China | fields = Geology, Material Sciences | workplaces = Carnegie Institution of Wash...»

2024-03-22T04:02:57Z

Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Chinese-American geologist}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Ho-Kwang Mao | native_name_lang = 毛河光 | image = Ho-kwang Mao 2017.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|06|18|mf=y}} | birth_place = Shanghai, China | fields = Geology, Material Sciences | workplaces = Carnegie Institution of Wash...»

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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Chinese-American geologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ho-Kwang Mao
| native_name_lang = 毛河光
| image = Ho-kwang Mao 2017.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|06|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| fields = Geology, Material Sciences
| workplaces = [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]]
| alma_mater = 1963 B.S. [[National Taiwan University]]
1966 M.S. [[University of Rochester]]
1968 Ph.D [[University of Rochester]]
| doctoral_advisor = Bill Bassett and Taro Takahashi <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ho-Kwang Mao {{!}}|url=https://honors.agu.org/winners/ho-kwang-mao/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=honors.agu.org}}</ref>
| known_for = High Pressure techniques, X-ray sciences
| awards = [[Inge Lehmann]] Medal (2007) 
Balzan Prize (2005) 
Gregori Aminoff Prize (2005) 
Roebling Medal (2005) 
Arthur L. Day Prize (1990) 
P. W. Bridgman Award (1989) 
Mineralogical Society of America Award (1979)
| website = https://sites.google.com/carnegiescience.edu/ho-kwangmao/cv
| spouse = Agnes Mao
}}

'''Ho-Kwang (Dave) Mao''' ({{zh|c=毛河光|p=Máo Héguāng|w=Mao Ho-kuang}}; born June 18, 1941) is a Chinese-American [[geologist]]. He is the director of the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research in Shanghai, China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Ho-kwang|date=July 2016|title=High pressure presses ahead|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat4642|journal=Nature Materials|language=en|volume=15|issue=7|pages=694–695|doi=10.1038/nmat4642|pmid=27329457 |bibcode=2016NatMa..15..694M |s2cid=44666542 |issn=1476-4660}}</ref> He was a staff scientist at Geophysical Laboratory of the [[Carnegie Institution for Science]]<ref name=Witze2021>{{cite journal |last1=Witze |first1=Alexandra |title=Diamond delivers long-sought mineral from the deep Earth |journal=Nature |date=11 November 2021 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03409-2 |pmid=34764468 |s2cid=244039394 }}</ref> for more than 30 years. Mao is a recognized leading scientist in high pressure geosciences and physical science. There are two minerals named after him, [[Davemaoite]] and [https://www.mindat.org/min-52154.html Maohokite].

==Biography==
Mao was born in [[Shanghai]] in 1941. His father, General [[Mao Sen]] (毛森), was a high-ranking official of the intelligence department of the [[Republic of China]]. When Mao was seven years old, he moved to [[Taiwan]] with his family, [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|fleeing with the rest of the government]] of the Republic of China to the province.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Wei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xQd9n86-JsC|title=折戟沉沙: 英雄無淚|publisher=秀威資訊科技股份有限公司|year=2010|isbn=9789862214282|pages=236–237|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=军统特务毛森简历毛森的后代|url=https://ishare.ifeng.com/c/s/7pm8YqxUO6x|access-date=2022-01-14|website=ishare.ifeng.com|language=zh}}</ref> Mao received his BS from [[National Taiwan University]] in 1963. Mao further pursued his studies in the United States, and obtained MS in 1966 and PhD in 1968 from the [[University of Rochester]], New York.

From 1968 to 1972, Mao did his postdoctoral research at the Geophysical Laboratory of the [[Carnegie Institution for Science|Carnegie Institution of Washington]] (CIW). From then on Mao has spent his career at Geophysical Laboratory as a Senior Staff scientist.

In 2013, Mao founded Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research in his birthplace, Shanghai.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=O’Meara|first=Sarah|date=March 2019|title=Materials science is helping to transform China into a high-tech economy|journal=Nature|volume=567|issue=7748|pages=S1–S5|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00885-5|pmid=30894738 |bibcode=2019Natur.567S...1O |s2cid=84186042 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref> He takes the director role at the center and leads a group of international scientists to tackle world-class scientific challenges.<ref name=":1" /> The center has a Nature index of 17.68 in 2021 and was on an increasing trend since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR)|url=https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/china/center-for-high-pressure-science-and-technology-advanced-research-hpstar/5243e7f6140ba09f4a000008|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Nature Index|language=en}}</ref>

Mao has three daughters - Cyndy, Linda, and Wendy. His youngest daughter, [[Wendy Mao]], is a professor of geological sciences at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ho-Kwang Mao {{!}}|url=https://honors.agu.org/winners/ho-kwang-mao/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=honors.agu.org}}</ref>

==Research==

=== Achieving high pressure and pressure calibration methods ===
Mao is one of the most prolific users of the [[diamond anvil cell]] for research at high pressures. Although at the time the claim was controversial,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bassett|first=William A.|date=2009-06-01|title=Diamond anvil cell, 50th birthday|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08957950802597239|journal=High Pressure Research|volume=29|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/08957950802597239|bibcode=2009HPR....29..163B |s2cid=15204168 |issn=0895-7959}}</ref> his work with Peter M. Bell is now generally accepted as being the first verified [[static pressure]] in excess of 1 Megabar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hazen|first1=Robert M.|title=The diamond makers|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=0521654742|edition=Rev.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=H. K. |last2=Bell |first2=P. M. |title=High-Pressure Physics: The 1-Megabar Mark on the Ruby R 1 Static Pressure Scale |journal=Science |date=27 February 1976 |volume=191 |issue=4229 |pages=851–852 |doi=10.1126/science.191.4229.851 |pmid=17730998 |bibcode=1976Sci...191..851M |s2cid=12416002 }}</ref>

Mao and colleagues first calibrated [[Ruby pressure scale|ruby fluorescence pressure scale]] to 80 GPa and this method has been widely used in almost every diamond anvil cell experiments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mao|first1=H. K.|last2=Xu|first2=J.|last3=Bell|first3=P. M.|date=1986|title=Calibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasi-hydrostatic conditions|url=https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB05p04673|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=91|issue=B5|pages=4673|doi=10.1029/jb091ib05p04673|bibcode=1986JGR....91.4673M |issn=0148-0227}}</ref> This work has been cited by 3921 times as of Jan 15, 2022, according to google scholar.

In 2018, 400 GPa was achieved by his team and a detailed description of pressure loading and distribution, gasket thickness variation, and diamond anvil deformation was reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Bing|last2=Ji|first2=Cheng|last3=Yang|first3=Wenge|last4=Wang|first4=Junyue|last5=Yang|first5=Ke|last6=Xu|first6=Ruqing|last7=Liu|first7=Wenjun|last8=Cai|first8=Zhonghou|last9=Chen|first9=Jiuhua|last10=Mao|first10=Ho-kwang|date=2018-02-05|title=Diamond anvil cell behavior up to 4 Mbar|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=115|issue=8|pages=1713–1717|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721425115|pmid=29432145 |pmc=5828636 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.1713L |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-13|title=How a diamond anvil cell works up to 4 Mbar|url=https://gl.carnegiescience.edu/news/how-diamond-anvil-cell-works-4-mbar|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Geophysical Laboratory|language=en}}</ref>

=== Towards metallic hydrogen ===
Mao is a pioneer in experimentally exploring the possible [[metallic hydrogen]] phase under high pressure. His work on solid hydrogen starts in 1988, where he reported [[X-ray crystallography|single-crystal]] structure of hydrogen up to 26.5 GPa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mao|first1=H. K.|last2=Jephcoat|first2=A. P.|last3=Hemley|first3=R. J.|last4=Finger|first4=L. W.|last5=Zha|first5=C. S.|last6=Hazen|first6=R. M.|last7=Cox|first7=D. E.|date=1988|title=Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Measurements of Single-Crystal Hydrogen to 26.5 Gigapascals|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1700584|journal=Science|volume=239|issue=4844|pages=1131–1134|doi=10.1126/science.239.4844.1131 |jstor=1700584 |pmid=17791973 |bibcode=1988Sci...239.1131M |s2cid=28007172 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> He later published a review paper on transitions in solid hydrogen in 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mao|first1=Ho-kwang|last2=Hemley|first2=Russell J.|date=1994-04-01|title=Ultrahigh-pressure transitions in solid hydrogen|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.66.671|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=66|issue=2|pages=671–692|doi=10.1103/revmodphys.66.671|bibcode=1994RvMP...66..671M |issn=0034-6861}}</ref> In 1996, his team's work<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Loubeyre|first1=P.|last2=LeToullec|first2=R.|last3=Hausermann|first3=D.|last4=Hanfland|first4=M.|last5=Hemley|first5=R. J.|last6=Mao|first6=H. K.|last7=Finger|first7=L. W.|date=Oct 1996|title=X-ray diffraction and equation of state of hydrogen at megabar pressures|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/383702a0|journal=Nature|volume=383|issue=6602|pages=702–704|doi=10.1038/383702a0|bibcode=1996Natur.383..702L |s2cid=4372789 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> suggested a more compressible solid hydrogen than previously thought. More recently in 2019, his team published results on single crystal diffraction of the lightest material in the world, [[hydrogen]], up to 254 GPa and revealed isostructural electronic transitions in solid hydrogen at around 220 GPa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ji|first1=Cheng|last2=Li|first2=Bing|last3=Liu|first3=Wenjun|last4=Smith|first4=Jesse S.|last5=Majumdar|first5=Arnab|last6=Luo|first6=Wei|last7=Ahuja|first7=Rajeev|last8=Shu|first8=Jinfu|last9=Wang|first9=Junyue|last10=Sinogeikin|first10=Stanislav|last11=Meng|first11=Yue|date=2019-09-25|title=Ultrahigh-pressure isostructural electronic transitions in hydrogen|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1565-9|journal=Nature|volume=573|issue=7775|pages=558–562|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1565-9|pmid=31554980 |bibcode=2019Natur.573..558J |osti=1567058 |s2cid=202762596 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>

=== [[Superconductivity]] ===
In 1987, Mao and a colleague at the Geophysical Laboratory, [[Robert Hazen]], identified the composition and structure of the first [[high-temperature superconductor]] to have a [[critical temperature]] above the boiling point of [[liquid nitrogen]].<ref>{{cite book  |chapter=Materials: Cuprates—Superconductors with a Tc up to 164 K|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330888361_Cuprates-Superconductors_with_a_Tc_up_to_164_K |pages=244–255 |doi=10.1201/b11312-8 |title=100 Years of Superconductivity |year=January 2011|isbn=978-0-429-06586-6 |first1=C. W. |last1=Chu |editor1-first=Horst |editor1-last=Rogalla |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor2-last=Kes|publisher=CRC Press}}</ref>

=== Iron peroxide in Earth's interior ===
Mao discovered formation of FeO2Hx from [[goethite]] FeOOH<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Qingyang|last2=Kim|first2=Duck Young|last3=Yang|first3=Wenge|last4=Yang|first4=Liuxiang|last5=Meng|first5=Yue|last6=Zhang|first6=Li|last7=Mao|first7=Ho-Kwang|date=2016-06-08|title=FeO2 and FeOOH under deep lower-mantle conditions and Earth's oxygen–hydrogen cycles|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18018|journal=Nature|volume=534|issue=7606|pages=241–244|doi=10.1038/nature18018|pmid=27279220 |bibcode=2016Natur.534..241H |s2cid=10702618 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> or from iron-water reaction<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Jin|last2=Hu|first2=Qingyang|last3=Young Kim|first3=Duck|last4=Wu|first4=Zhongqing|last5=Wang|first5=Wenzhong|last6=Xiao|first6=Yuming|last7=Chow|first7=Paul|last8=Meng|first8=Yue|last9=Prakapenka|first9=Vitali B.|last10=Mao|first10=Ho-Kwang|last11=Mao|first11=Wendy L.|date=Nov 2017|title=Hydrogen-bearing iron peroxide and the origin of ultralow-velocity zones|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24461|journal=Nature|volume=551|issue=7681|pages=494–497|doi=10.1038/nature24461|pmid=29168804 |bibcode=2017Natur.551..494L |osti=1423460 |s2cid=4463870 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> under Earth's lower mantle conditions. The novel FeO2Hx phase processes a pyrite structure. Since this phase can contain varied amount of [[hydrogen]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Qingyang|last2=Kim|first2=Duck Young|last3=Liu|first3=Jin|last4=Meng|first4=Yue|last5=Yang|first5=Liuxiang|last6=Zhang|first6=Dongzhou|last7=Mao|first7=Wendy L.|last8=Mao|first8=Ho-kwang|date=2017-01-31|title=Dehydrogenation of goethite in Earth's deep lower mantle|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=7|pages=1498–1501|doi=10.1073/pnas.1620644114|pmid=28143928 |pmc=5320987 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1498H |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref> it would have important implications for the [[deep water cycle]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mao|first1=Ho-Kwang|last2=Hu|first2=Qingyang|last3=Yang|first3=Liuxiang|last4=Liu|first4=Jin|last5=Kim|first5=Duck Young|last6=Meng|first6=Yue|last7=Zhang|first7=Li|last8=Prakapenka|first8=Vitali B|last9=Yang|first9=Wenge|last10=Mao|first10=Wendy L|date=2017-09-08|title=When water meets iron at Earth's core–mantle boundary|journal=National Science Review|volume=4|issue=6|pages=870–878|doi=10.1093/nsr/nwx109|issn=2095-5138|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=1991-01-01|title=Four-Dimensional Model Assimilation of Data|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/1830|doi=10.17226/1830|isbn=978-0-309-04536-0 }}</ref>

==Honors and awards==

* 1979, Fellow of the [[Mineralogical Society of America]]
* 1979, the Mineralogical Society of America Award
* 1987, Fellow of the [[American Geophysical Union]]
* 1989, the [[P. W. Bridgman Award]], from the AIRAPT International
* 1990, the [[Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship|Arthur L. Day Prize]], from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ho-kwang Mao|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/64181.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
* 1993, Member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]<ref name=":2" />
* 1994, Academician of the [[Academia Sinica]], Taiwan
* 1994, Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]]
* 1996, Foreign Member of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
* 1996, Fellow of the [[Geochemical Society]]
* 2002, Chinese government [[Friendship Award (China)|Friendship Award]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shao|first=Danlei|date=25 Dec 2020|title=World-Renowned Scientist Ho-Kwang Mao joins Zhejiang University as Honorary Professor|url=http://earth.zju.edu.cn/2021/0113/c22044a2243653/page.htm|access-date=14 Jan 2022}}</ref>
* 2005, the [[Balzan Prize]] for Mineral Physics (with [[Russell J. Hemley]])
* 2005, the [[Gregori Aminoff Prize]], from the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
* 2005, the [[Roebling Medal]], from the [[Mineralogical Society of America]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prewitt |first1=C. T. |title=Presentation of the Roebling Medal for 2005 of the Mineralogical Society of America to Ho-kwang Mao |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1 May 2006 |volume=91 |issue=5–6 |pages=965–966 |doi=10.2138/am.2006.459 |bibcode=2006AmMin..91..965P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=H.-k. D. |title=Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Roebling Medal for 2005 |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1 May 2006 |volume=91 |issue=5–6 |pages=967–968 |doi=10.2138/am.2006.460 |bibcode=2006AmMin..91..967M }}</ref>
* 2007, the [[Inge Lehmann|Inge Lehmann Medal]], from the [[American Geophysical Union]]
* 2008, Foreign Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]]
*In 2021, [[davemaoite]], a mineral found only in the deep mantle of the earth, was named after Mao. It is estimated to make 5–7% of the Earth's lower mantle.<ref name="Witze2021" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://mao.gl.ciw.edu/ CV and publications]
*[http://www.ciw.edu/ Carnegie Institution for Science]

{{FRS 2008}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mao, Ho-Kwang}}

[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American geologists]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of Academia Sinica]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Taiwan University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Shanghai]]
[[Category:University of Rochester alumni]]
[[Category:High pressure science]]
[[Category:Taiwanese people from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Mineralogical Society of America]]
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Английская Википедия:Ho-Kwang Mao - История изменений