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...Kurds]] found throughout the area, as well as a considerable [[Circassians|Circassian]] and [[Chechens|Chechen]] population in the city of [[Manbij]] and a consi ...

=== The Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks === ...yyubid dynasty]], the [[Mamluk]]s, a [[Turkic people|Turco]]-[[Circassians|Circassian]] military caste, took control about 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt ...

...yyubid dynasty]], the [[Mamluk]]s, a [[Turkic people|Turco]]-[[Circassians|Circassian]] military caste, took control about AD 1250. By the late 13th century, Egy The Mamluks continued to govern the country until the [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17 ...

...n by the mass of the population, a paradigm that found its apogee in the [[Mamluks of Egypt]] and the [[Janissary corps]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], instituti ...aliph]]s and the [[Ayyubid]] sultans during the [[Middle Ages]]. The first mamluks served the [[Abbasid]] caliphs in 9th-century [[Baghdad]]. Over time they b ...

| result = Rise of the Ottomans, decline of Mamluks, Mongols When the [[Eighth Crusade]] ended in 1270, the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]] were freed to continue to ravage Syria and Palestine. The Frankish fortre ...

| result = Ottomans dominant, decline of Mamluks, Mongols ...the Christian world, but also included threats from the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]], [[Moors]], and heretics. The Ottomans gained significant territory in al ...

...ministration to such an extent that slaves could seize power, as did the [[Mamluks]].<ref name=RSIBS2001:4/> {{Main|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Red Sea slave trade|Crimean slave trade|Circassian slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}} ...

...lden Horde. It is thus reasonable to conclude that letters received by the Mamluks – if not also written by them – must have been in Mongol.<ref name=Sino .... Berke sought a joint attack with Baybars and forged an alliance with the Mamluks against Hulagu. The Golden Horde dispatched the young prince [[Nogai Khan|N ...

...e East, the threats to the Christian West were from the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]], the [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] and the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]]. The * October–November. [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] defeat the Mamluks at the [[Sack of Aleppo (1400)|Sack of Aleppo]].<ref name="cambridge.org2"> ...

The [[Mamluks of Egypt]] (AD 1258–1517) as a whole were, some of the most enlightened r ...others: all these measures were routine in the Mamluk era. Egypt under the Mamluks was not a very secure place to live.<ref>''A Short History of Egypt'', p. 4 ...

...ty|Hamdanid dynasty|Fatimid dynasty|Buyid dynasty|County of Edessa|Mongols|Mamluks|Timurids|Principality of Antioch}} ...ed by a mail service that traveled by both horses and carrier pigeons. The Mamluks eliminated the last of the Crusader footholds in Syria and repulsed several ...

...f the two Sisters]]. In 14th century Egypt, the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] began building stone domes, rather than brick, for the tombs of [[sultan] ...would be continued in the later [[Mamluk architecture|architecture of the Mamluks]].{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|1992|p=10}} ...

...alperin |first1=Charles J. |title=The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studi ...

...iphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until [[Ar-Radi]] (934–941) was constrained to hand over mo ...

==== Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks ==== ...yyubid dynasty]], the [[Mamluk]]s, a [[Turkic people|Turco]]-[[Circassians|Circassian]] military caste, took control about 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt ...

...–122}} The Ottoman Empire banned the African slave trade in 1857 and the [[Circassian slave trade]] in 1908,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erdem |first1=Y. Hakan |title ...

...the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] and hugely enlarged by the [[Mamluk Egypt|Mamluks]]]] ...am]] ({{lang|ar|[[:ar:بئر عجم|بئرعجم]]}}), a [[Circassians in Syria|Syrian Circassian]] village in the province of [[Quneitra Governorate|Quneitra]], founded in ...

...r power. In 1517, the Egyptian [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Sultanate of the Mamluks]] was overthrown in the [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|Ottoman–Mamluk ...esemble Caucasian designs, and are mainly woven by people of [[Circassians|Circassian]] and [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] descent who migrated into this area.<ref name="Z ...

...ip, Iran developed the [[ghilman]] system where thousands of [[Circassians|Circassian]], [[Georgians|Georgian]], and [[Armenians|Armenian]] slave-soldiers joined ...е очерки. — Махачкала, 2000.</ref> especially until the aftermath of the [[Circassian genocide]],<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and the decades afterwards, while Iran ...

...eljuq rulers]]. At the same time, the central power began to get weaker as mamluks, who had strengthened their dominance in their areas, did not want to obey ...ians|Armenian]], [[Iranian Georgians|Georgian]], and [[Circassians in Iran|Circassian]] descendants still live in Iran. The religious impact of Safavid Iran was ...