Английская Википедия:2019 Polish parliamentary election
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 13 October 2019. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate were elected. The ruling Law and Justice (PiS) retained its majority in the Sejm, but lost its majority in the Senate to the opposition. With 43.6% of the popular vote, Law and Justice received the highest vote share by any party since Poland returned to democracy in 1989. The turnout was the highest for a parliamentary election since the first free elections after the fall of communism in 1989.[1] For the first time after 1989, the ruling party controlled one house, wile the opposition controlled the other.
Background
Following the 2015 parliamentary elections the Law and Justice (PiS) party was able to form a majority government, after receiving 235 seats to the 138 won by their main competitor, Civic Platform, the first time in the post-communist era that a party had won an outright majority in parliamentary elections.[2][3] Beata Szydło became Prime Minister on 16 November 2015 heading a cabinet that also included Solidary Poland and Poland Together, which ran on joint lists with Law & Justice.
On 23 December 2015 the Sejm passed a law, which reorganized the Constitutional Court, introducing a requirement for a two-thirds majority and the mandatory participation of at least 13, instead of 9 of the 15 judges. In addition, in early 2016 the PiS government passed a law which began the process of giving the government full control of state radio and television.[4] In protest, the Committee for the Defence of Democracy, with help from the Modern party and Civic Platform, started demonstrations across the country.[5]
In December 2016 a parliamentary crisis took place, after the Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchciński excluded a Civic Platform's MP Michał Szczerba from the Sejm's proceedings.[6] In protest, members of the opposition occupied the Sejm's rostrum. The Marshal, unable to proceed in the main session chamber, moved the session to the smaller Column Hall.[7] Some politicians and commentators supporting Law and Justice accused opposition of attempting a "coup d'état".[8] It ended fruitlessly for the opposition, though the Modern party was disgraced, as its leader, Ryszard Petru, was photographed flying to Madeira, with fellow MP Joanna Schmidt, during the tense situation.[9] Modern's opinion poll ratings fell as a result.
In December 2017 Mateusz Morawiecki succeeded Beata Szydło as Prime Minister.[10]
December 6, 2018 the Pro-Polish Coalition was formed[11][12] - an alliance of KORWiN and the National Movement, with more parties joining later in order to contest the 2019 Elections to the European Parliament. The alliance later changed its name to just "Confederation".
In February 2019 the Wiosna party was founded as a left wing anticlerical party.[13] For the 2019 European Parliament elections, the opposition formed a wide coalition, the European Coalition, with the exception of Wiosna. However, PiS won the European elections. Following the loss, the European Coalition dissolved and the Confederation lost many member parties and leaders.[14] In June 2019 Modern and the Civic Platform formed a joint parliamentary club.[15] August 6, the Left was formed, a de facto coalition of Razem, SLD and Wiosna, de jure carrying the SLD name.[16] On August 8, 2019 PSL allied with Kukiz'15 in an alliance named "Polish Coalition".[17]
Electoral system
The 460 members of the Sejm are elected by open party-list proportional representation in 41 multi-member districts. Each district has between 7 and 20 seats.
Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method, with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (thresholds are waived for national minorities).
The Senate is elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member districts.[18] Candidates for Deputies are nominated either by the electoral committees of the various political parties and or by individual voter committees.[19]
Overall, the Sejm includes 460 MPs. Should a party have 231 or more deputies in Parliament, it has an absolute majority and could govern by itself, without a coalition partner.
The constitution can be amended with a supermajority of two-thirds, or 307 deputies.
Election date
The date of the election, 13 October, was set by the President of Poland, Andrzej Duda.
The Constitution of Poland requires that the next election should take place on a non-working day, Sunday or national holiday, within the 30-day period before the expiry of the 4-year period beginning from the commencement of the current Sejm's and Senate's term of office.[20] Elections can be held earlier under certain conditions, for instance, if the Sejm is dissolved or if no government is formed in time limit set by the constitution.[21]
Since the former Sejm and Senate first sitting took place on 12 November 2015,[22] possible dates were Sundays 13 October, 20 October, 27 October, 3 November and 10 November 2019. The other possible but unlikely dates were public holidays 1 November (All Saints' Day) and 11 November (Independence Day) 2019.
Lists
Electoral committees registered in all constituencies
Electoral committees registered in less than half of the constituencies
| List | Ideology | European Union position | Leader | Standing pre-campaign | Number of constituencies | # of candidates | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sejm | Senate | Sejm | Senate | |||||||
| 6 | Right Wing of the Republic | Social conservatism, political Catholicism | Soft Euroscepticism | Bogusław Kiernicki | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Composition bar | 1 | 18 | 1 | |
| 7 | Action of Disappointed Retirees and Pensioners | Pensioners' rights, solidarism | Soft Euroscepticism | Wojciech Kornowski | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Composition bar | 3 | 53 | 0 | |
| 8 | Coalition of Nonpartisan and Local Government Activists | Decentralization, pro-single-member districts | Pro-Europeanism | Robert Raczyński | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Composition bar | 19 | 405 | 14 | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | 9 | Skuteczni | Classical liberalism, direct democracy | Soft Euroscepticism | Piotr Liroy-Marzec | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Composition bar | 5 | 75 | 0 |
| 10 | German Minority | German minority interests, regionalism | Pro-Europeanism | Ryszard Galla | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Composition bar | 1 | 24 | 2 | |
Electoral committees with candidates only for the Senate
| Name | Ideology | European Union position | Leader | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sejm | Senate | |||||
| Restore the Law | Pro-single-member districts, populism | Soft Euroscepticism | Janusz Sanocki | Skuteczni list | 7 | |
| Polish Left | Social democracy, third way | Pro-Europeanism | Jacek Zdrojewski | 3 | ||
| List of Mirosław Piotrowski to the Senate | National Catholicism, Christian right | Soft Euroscepticism | Mirosław Piotrowski | 3 | ||
| Self-Defence | Agrarian socialism, left-wing nationalism | Hard Euroscepticism | Lech Kuropatwiński | 2 | ||
| Unity of the Nation | National conservatism, national Catholicism | Soft Euroscepticism | Gabriel Janowski | 2 | ||
| Silesians Together | Localism, Silesian autonomism | Pro-Europeanism | Leon Swaczyna | Polish Coalition list | 2 | |
| List of Kukiz'15 to the Senate | Pro-single-member districts, direct democracy | Pro-Europeanism | Paweł Kukiz | Polish Coalition list | 2 | |
| Other electoral committees with only one candidate | Various | 38 | ||||
Campaign slogans
| List | Slogan in Polish | Unofficial English translation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polish Coalition | Łączymy Polaków | We connect Poles | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Law and Justice | Dobry czas dla Polski | A good time for Poland |
| The Left | Łączy nas przyszłość Wybierz przyszłość |
The future unites us Choose the future | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Confederation | Polska dla Ciebie | Poland for you |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Civic Coalition | Jutro może być lepsze; Współpraca, a nie kłótnie |
Tomorrow can be better; Cooperation, not quarrels |
| Coalition of Nonpartisans and Local Government Activists | Ty też jesteś bezpartyjny! | You are also nonpartisan! | |
| Effective | Odpowiedzialna Polska | Responsible Poland | |
| German Minority | Opolskie! Ma znaczenie | Opole! It matters | |
Opinion polls
Шаблон:Main Файл:Polish Opinion Polling for the 2019 Election.png
Results
Sejm
By constituency
| Constituency | Turnout | PiS | KO | SLD | PSL | KWiN | MN | Others | Lead | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | ||||
| 1 – Legnica | 57.80 | 42.40 | 6 | 25.02 | 3 | 16.43 | 2 | 7.17 | 1 | 5.85 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 17.38 |
| 2 – Wałbrzych | 55.83 | 40.54 | 4 | 32.09 | 3 | 12.35 | 1 | 7.25 | 0 | 5.42 | 0 | - | - | 2.34 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 8.45 |
| 3 – Wrocław | 65.89 | 34.67 | 5 | 32.80 | 5 | 15.41 | 2 | 7.45 | 1 | 6.46 | 1 | - | - | 3.21 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 1.87 |
| 4 – Bydgoszcz | 59.90 | 36.43 | 5 | 31.05 | 4 | 15.17 | 2 | 9.02 | 1 | 7.05 | 0 | - | - | 1.29 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 5.38 |
| 5 – Toruń | 56.37 | 40.38 | 6 | 26.42 | 4 | 14.83 | 2 | 10.88 | 1 | 6.33 | 0 | - | - | 1.16 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 13.96 |
| 6 – Lublin | 60.88 | 55.39 | 9 | 19.30 | 3 | 7.81 | 1 | 9.10 | 1 | 7.07 | 1 | - | - | 1.32 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 36.09 |
| 7 – Chełm | 54.40 | 59.50 | 8 | 14.80 | 2 | 6.83 | 1 | 11.86 | 1 | 5.84 | 0 | - | - | 1.16 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 44.70 |
| 8 – Zielona Góra | 57.20 | 34.30 | 4 | 31.27 | 4 | 15.61 | 2 | 11.63 | 1 | 7.19 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 3.03 |
| 9 – Łódź | 68.32 | 32.90 | 4 | 35.82 | 4 | 20.10 | 2 | 4.53 | 0 | 6.65 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 2.92 |
| 10 – Piotrków Trybunalski | 61.81 | 56.21 | 6 | 15.64 | 1 | 10.95 | 1 | 10.44 | 1 | 6.76 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 40.57 |
| 11 – Sieradz | 60.92 | 49.81 | 7 | 20.48 | 3 | 11.98 | 1 | 10.29 | 1 | 5.88 | 0 | - | - | 1.56 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 29.33 |
| 12 – Kraków I | 62.86 | 53.48 | 6 | 23.04 | 2 | 8.51 | 0 | 7.90 | 0 | 7.06 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 30.44 |
| 13 – Kraków II | 68.57 | 39.56 | 6 | 30.48 | 4 | 13.01 | 2 | 7.27 | 1 | 7.99 | 1 | - | - | 1.69 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 9.08 |
| 14 – Nowy Sącz | 60.28 | 65.80 | 8 | 13.83 | 1 | 6.07 | 0 | 7.35 | 1 | 6.95 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 51.97 |
| 15 – Tarnów | 60.47 | 59.59 | 7 | 14.00 | 1 | 5.94 | 0 | 13.35 | 1 | 7.11 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 45.59 |
| 16 – Płock | 57.68 | 52.45 | 6 | 16.85 | 2 | 8.76 | 1 | 15.17 | 1 | 5.24 | 0 | - | - | 1.53 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 35.60 |
| 17 – Radom | 60.84 | 57.82 | 6 | 17.15 | 2 | 7.43 | 0 | 10.20 | 1 | 5.89 | 0 | - | - | 1.51 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 40.67 |
| 18 – Siedlce | 60.98 | 59.76 | 9 | 13.94 | 2 | 6.45 | 0 | 11.94 | 1 | 6.49 | 0 | - | - | 1.42 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 45.82 |
| 19 – Warsaw I | 79.75 | 27.49 | 6 | 42.05 | 9 | 18.19 | 3 | 4.75 | 1 | 7.51 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 14.56 |
| 20 – Warsaw II | 70.56 | 40.89 | 6 | 28.61 | 4 | 13.09 | 1 | 8.60 | 1 | 6.63 | 0 | - | - | 2.19 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 12.28 |
| 21 – Opole | 52.91 | 37.64 | 5 | 26.71 | 4 | 11.74 | 1 | 10.31 | 1 | 5.70 | 0 | 7.90 | 1 | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 10.93 |
| 22 – Krosno | 56.37 | 63.36 | 8 | 15.94 | 2 | 6.04 | 0 | 7.85 | 1 | 6.81 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 47.42 |
| 23 – Rzeszów | 60.13 | 62.38 | 10 | 14.39 | 2 | 6.59 | 1 | 7.79 | 1 | 8.25 | 1 | - | - | 0.60 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 47.99 |
| 24 – Białystok | 56.97 | 52.04 | 8 | 21.04 | 3 | 9.09 | 1 | 9.33 | 1 | 6.96 | 1 | - | - | 1.55 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 31.00 |
| 25 – Gdańsk | 64.21 | 32.10 | 4 | 41.31 | 6 | 13.47 | 1 | 5.90 | 0 | 7.21 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 9.21 |
| 26 – Słupsk | 62.79 | 36.43 | 5 | 35.85 | 5 | 12.47 | 2 | 7.94 | 1 | 7.30 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 0.58 |
| 27 – Bielsko-Biała I | 64.91 | 46.76 | 5 | 27.20 | 3 | 11.48 | 1 | 7.13 | 0 | 7.42 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 19.56 |
| 28 – Częstochowa | 61.22 | 44.28 | 4 | 22.63 | 2 | 15.59 | 1 | 8.68 | 0 | 6.07 | 0 | - | - | 2.75 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 21.65 |
| 29 – Katowice I | 59.18 | 37.75 | 4 | 32.61 | 4 | 13.38 | 1 | 5.99 | 0 | 7.67 | 0 | - | - | 2.61 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 5.14 |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | 60.41 | 48.28 | 5 | 27.71 | 3 | 9.68 | 1 | 5.64 | 0 | 7.17 | 0 | - | - | 1.54 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 20.57 |
| 31 – Katowice II | 64.00 | 39.19 | 5 | 37.20 | 5 | 11.92 | 1 | 4.37 | 0 | 7.33 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 1.99 |
| 32 – Katowice III | 62.99 | 37.13 | 4 | 29.66 | 3 | 21.90 | 2 | 4.85 | 0 | 6.45 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 7.47 |
| 33 – Kielce | 57.70 | 55.18 | 10 | 16.65 | 3 | 9.95 | 1 | 9.88 | 1 | 5.95 | 1 | - | - | 2.40 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 38.53 |
| 34 – Elbląg | 52.71 | 40.86 | 4 | 28.43 | 2 | 11.64 | 1 | 10.89 | 1 | 5.66 | 0 | - | - | 2.52 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 12.43 |
| 35 – Olsztyn | 54.32 | 38.82 | 5 | 26.46 | 3 | 13.84 | 1 | 13.19 | 1 | 6.97 | 0 | - | - | 0.71 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 12.36 |
| 36 – Kalisz | 59.67 | 42.48 | 6 | 24.72 | 3 | 13.43 | 2 | 12.80 | 1 | 6.57 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 17.76 |
| 37 – Konin | 59.08 | 47.29 | 5 | 20.48 | 2 | 15.04 | 1 | 9.81 | 1 | 6.74 | 0 | - | - | 0.64 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 26.81 |
| 38 – Piła | 59.11 | 35.64 | 4 | 30.60 | 3 | 13.28 | 1 | 13.86 | 1 | 6.62 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 5.04 |
| 39 – Poznań | 73.13 | 25.33 | 3 | 45.38 | 5 | 16.49 | 2 | 6.20 | 0 | 6.61 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 20.05 |
| 40 – Koszalin | 55.46 | 36.83 | 3 | 32.31 | 3 | 15.44 | 1 | 9.43 | 1 | 5.98 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 4.52 |
| 41 – Szczecin | 59.36 | 35.11 | 4 | 35.71 | 5 | 15.25 | 2 | 7.40 | 1 | 6.53 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 0.60 |
| Poland | 61.74 | 43.59 | 235 | 27.40 | 134 | 12.56 | 49 | 8.55 | 30 | 6.81 | 11 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.92 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" | 16.19 |
| Source: National Electoral Commission | |||||||||||||||
Senate
By constituency
Electorate demographics
| Sociology of the electorate | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Turnout[24] | Law and Justice | Civic Coalition | The Left | Polish Coalition | Confederation | Others | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" | | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | |||
| Total vote | 61.1% | 43.6% | 27.4% | 12.6% | 8.6% | 6.8% | 1.1% | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 60.8% | 44.2% | 24.7% | 11.6% | 9.5% | 8.9% | 1.1% | |
| Women | 61.5% | 43.1% | 29.9% | 13.1% | 8.7% | 4.1% | 1.1% | |
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–29 years old | 46.4% | 26.3% | 24.3% | 18.4% | 9.7% | 19.7% | 1.6% | |
| 30–39 years old | 60.3% | 36.9% | 29.9% | 12.9% | 10.5% | 8.2% | 1.6% | |
| 40–49 years old | 75.7% | 41.0% | 31.8% | 12.1% | 9.9% | 4.1% | 1.1% | |
| 50–59 years old | 59.6% | 51.2% | 26.3% | 9.5% | 9.4% | 2.8% | 0.8% | |
| 60 or older | 66.2% | 55.8% | 25.2% | 10.4% | 6.9% | 1.1% | 0.6% | |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Company owner | 29.8% | 38.8% | 12.4% | 9.4% | 8.6% | 1.0% | ||
| Manager/expert | 26.8% | 39.6% | 15.9% | 8.6% | 8.0% | 1.1% | ||
| Admin/services | 38.8% | 30.0% | 13.7% | 9.7% | 6.4% | 1.4% | ||
| Farmer | 67.7% | 7.9% | 3.7% | 16.5% | 3.4% | 0.8% | ||
| Student | 22.4% | 25.1% | 24.3% | 9.1% | 17.5% | 1.6% | ||
| Unemployed | 56.1% | 16.8% | 7.8% | 11.0% | 6.8% | 1.5% | ||
| Retired | 56.9% | 24.4% | 10.7% | 6.4% | 1.1% | 0.5% | ||
| Others | 42.1% | 26.1% | 12.5% | 9.8% | 8.0% | 1.5% | ||
| Agglomeration | ||||||||
| Rural | 56.4% | 16.9% | 7.8% | 11.6% | 6.0% | 1.3% | ||
| <50,000 pop. | 41.7% | 28.2% | 12.7% | 9.9% | 6.4% | 1.1% | ||
| 51,000 - 200,000 pop. | 38.5% | 32.2% | 14.2% | 7.1% | 6.9% | 1.1% | ||
| 201,000 - 500,000 pop. | 32.6% | 39.1% | 14.9% | 5.3% | 7.5% | 0.6% | ||
| >500,000 pop. | 27.1% | 40.7% | 19.9% | 5.6% | 6.1% | 0.6% | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Elementary | 63.3% | 12.0% | 8.1% | 9.3% | 6.5% | 0.8% | ||
| Vocational | 64.0% | 15.8% | 5.9% | 9.6% | 3.7% | 1.0% | ||
| Secondary | 45.6% | 25.5% | 12.2% | 8.9% | 6.8% | 1.0% | ||
| Higher | 30.1% | 36.6% | 15.9% | 9.0% | 7.1% | 1.3% | ||
| Second-round president vote in 2015 | ||||||||
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Andrzej Duda | 79.9% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 6.1% | 5.5% | 0.7% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Bronisław Komorowski | 2.7% | 60.9% | 22.0% | 10.9% | 2.7% | 0.8% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Didn't vote | 20.1% | 27.0% | 22.2% | 11.8% | 16.8% | 2.1% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Don't remember | 28.3% | 26.9% | 15.1% | 14.8% | 12.0% | 2.9% | |
| Sejm vote in 2015 | ||||||||
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Law and Justice | 90.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 0.3% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Civic Platform | 3.7% | 68.8% | 16.1% | 8.5% | 2.2% | 0.7% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Kukiz'15 | 22.2% | 16.1% | 12.2% | 21.9% | 23.9% | 3.7% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Modern | 4.4% | 53.7% | 27.5% | 8.7% | 4.3% | 1.4% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | United Left | 2.5% | 18.0% | 71.4% | 6.0% | 1.5% | 0.6% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Polish People's Party | 8.9% | 9.0% | 10.0% | 68.4% | 2.7% | 1.0% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | KORWiN | 8.3% | 10.1% | 6.5% | 6.8% | 65.8% | 2.5% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Together | 5.7% | 22.8% | 55.5% | 10.3% | 4.9% | 0.8% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Others | 16.6% | 26.9% | 13.9% | 13.1% | 12.4% | 17.1% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Didn't vote | 23.3% | 27.2% | 22.1% | 10.6% | 14.9% | 1.9% | |
| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | Don't remember | 34.2% | 24.0% | 14.8% | 15.0% | 9.3% | 2.7% | |
| Source: Ipsos[25] | ||||||||
Notes
Further reading
- Radoslaw Markowski (2020) Plurality support for democratic decay: the 2019 Polish parliamentary election, West European Politics.
References
External links
- Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019 — National Electoral Commission / National Electoral Office Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Constitution of Poland, Article 98, p. 2.
- ↑ Constitution of Poland, Article 98, p. 5.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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