Английская Википедия:485th Air Expeditionary Wing

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The 485th Air Expeditionary Wing is a provisional United States Air Force unit assigned to Air Combat Command. As a provisional unit, the 485 AEW may be inactivated or activated at any time by Air Combat Command. The wing was last known to be active during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 at Tabuk Regional Airport, Saudi Arabia, in 2003.[1]

The wing was first activated as the 485th Bombardment Group, a Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombardment group that served with Fifteenth Air Force during World War II. The group was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its action in a mission to Vienna, Austria in 1944. The 485th returned to the United States in May 1945, where it converted to Boeing B-29 Superfortresss, training with Second Air Force. When the war ended in August 1945, the group remained at its training base and became one of the original ten bombardment groups assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC). The group was inactivated in 1946 and its aircraft, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 97th Bombardment Group.

The second forerunner of the wing was the 585th Tactical Missile Group, which was stationed at Bitburg Air Base, Germany from 1956 to 1962. The 585th operated forward deployed TM-61 Matador cruise missiles from its home station. Later these missiles were replaced by TM-76 Mace (later MGM-13) missiles. It was inactivated in 1962 and its operational squadron transferred to the 38th Tactical Missile Wing.

In 1983, the two groups were consolidated as the 485th Tactical Missile Wing, a Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) wing stationed at Florennes Air Base, Belgium. The wing was inactivated as a result of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1989. In 2003 the wing was converted to provisional status as the 485th Air Expeditionary Wing and allotted to Air Combat Command.

Overview

When activated in 2003, the 485 AEW was a composite wing of 24 McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle fighter aircraft and 46 Lockheed C-130H Hercules airlift aircraft and more than 3500 personnel from 82 different locations. The C-130s represented one of the largest combat groupings of this aircraft ever.[2]

The wing was activated for Operation Iraqi Freedom and was composed of aircraft and regular Air Force personnel from Langley AFB, Virginia and Eglin AFB, Florida. It also included aircraft and guardsmen from the West Virginia,[2] Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Delaware Air National Guards,[3] and reservists from Niagara Falls.

By 3 May 2003, the C-130 portion of the wing had flown 1199 missions, 3354 sorties, 7451 hours, hauled 9382 tons of cargo and 8800 passengers, and boasted a mission capable rate greater than 90 percent. When the F-15s completed flight operations 17 April they had compiled 581 sorties, flown more than 4000 hours and maintained a mission capable rate greater than 83 percent.Шаблон:Citation needed

The wing was inactivated in early May 2003 with the last members returning to the United States in September of that year.Шаблон:Citation needed

History

World War II

Файл:Consolidated Vultee B-24 Liberator USAF.JPG
Consolidated B-24 Liberator

The wing was originally constituted as the 485th Bombardment Group (Heavy) and activated on 20 September 1943.[4] Its original squadrons were the newly activated 828th, 829th, and 830th Bombardment Squadrons, which were joined a few days later by the 831st Bombardment Squadron at Gowen Field, Idaho.[5] The 831st was an experienced Consolidated B-24 Liberator squadron that had been performing anti-submarine warfare missions as the 11th Antisubmarine Squadron.[5] The group deployed to Gowen, where it derived its initial cadre from the 29th Bombardment Group[6] and was assigned to Second Air Force for training with B-24s at Gowen and at Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska. The group deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) in March and April 1944.[4]

Although the ground echelon had deployed to Southern Italy by April 1944, the air echelon was detained in Tunisia for further training. The group entered combat with Fifteenth Air Force in May 1944. The 485th engaged in very long range strategic bombing missions to enemy military, industrial and transportation targets in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia, bombing marshalling yards, oil refineries, airfields, heavy industry, and other strategic objectives.[4]

The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for combating intense fighter opposition and attacking an oil refinery at Vienna on 26 June 1944. The 485th also carried out some support and interdiction operations. It struck bridges, harbors, and troop concentrations in August 1944 to aid Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France, It hit lines of communications and other targets during March and April 1945 to support the advance of British Eighth Army in northern Italy.[4] It flew its 187th and last combat mission against Linz, Austria before preparing to return to the United States and re-equip.[7]

The 485th returned to the United States in May 1945 and was programmed for deployment to the Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO) as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress very heavy bombardment group.Шаблон:Citation needed Many combat veterans of MTO demobilized upon arrival in the United States, and a small cadre of personnel reformed at Sioux Falls Army Airfield, South Dakota at the end of May.Шаблон:Citation needed[8] The group was reassigned to Second Air Force for training in Iowa. Because B-29 groups had only three combat squadrons, the 831st Bombardment Squadron was inactivated in August.[5] The group then moved on paper[9] to Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas in September.[4]

The group remained on active duty after the Japanese surrender. In March 1946 Continental Air Forces became Strategic Air Command and Second Air Force was replaced by Fifteenth Air Force as the group's intermediate headquarters. Simultaneously, the 506th Bombardment Squadron was assigned to the group from the 44th Bombardment Group.[10] In August 1946 the personnel and equipment of the 485th were reassigned to the 97th Bombardment Group and the 485th was inactivated.[4][11]

Matador and Mace era

Файл:TM-61 Matador missile.jpg
TM-61 Matador Missile on its launcher in Germany

In 1954 USAF began deploying TM-61 Matador cruise missiles to Germany. By 1956, three squadrons were in place and USAFE organized the 701st Tactical Missile Wing with a subordinate group at each of the main bases where Matadors were stationed.[12] The 585th Tactical Missile Group was activated at Bitburg Air Base, Germany in September 1956 to command the 1st Tactical Missile Squadron and two support squadrons.[13]

Shortly after activation the group began upgrading its TM-61A missiles to TM-61Cs.[14] The TM-61C was equipped with the Shannicle guidance system which generated a grid the missile could use to navigate, replacing the ground to air steering systems of the TM-61A. The group participated in periodic test launches of Matadors at Wheelus AB, Libya.[15]

In 1958, USAFE replaced the 701st wing with the 38th Tactical Missile Wing in an administrative move to keep on active duty units whose roots could be traced to World War II.[16] Simultaneously, the 1st squadron was replaced by the 71st Tactical Missile Squadron, one of the historical elements of the WW II 38th Bombardment Group. The Matador was growing obsolescent and the last Matador was taken off Victor (nuclear) Alert on 30 June 1962.[17]

The group replaced its Matadors with TM-76 Mace (later MGM-13) missiles.Шаблон:Citation needed These missiles did not rely on ground signals for guidance, but used an onboard radar to match the terrain with a map stored on board the missile. In 1962 the 585th and its companion groups in Germany were inactivated and the missile squadrons assigned directly to the 38th Wing.[16] On the same day, the last Matador at Bitburg was decommissioned.[17]

Ground Launched Cruise Missile era

Файл:BGM-109G Gryphon - ID DF-ST-84-09185.JPEG
BGM-109 Gryphon transporter erector launcher

The 485th Tactical Missile Wing was activated at Florennes Air Base, Belgium in August 1984. The first Gryphon missile arrived on 28 August[18] and the wing began operating the Gryphon from 1985 until the implementation of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1988.[19]

The wing and its base were the target of periodic peace movement protests near the main gate.[20] In August 1988 a ten-man Soviet Inspection Team visited Florennes to insure treaty compliance.[21] The wing was inactivated in 1989 with the withdrawal of American forces from Florennes.[19]

Lineage

485th Bombardment Group

  • Constituted as 485th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 14 September 1943
Activated on 20 September 1943
Redesignated 485th Bombardment Group, Heavy on 25 January 1944
  • Redesignated 485th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 5 August 1945
Inactivated on 4 August 1946[22]

585th Tactical Missile Group

  • Constituted as 585th Tactical Missile Group on 3 August 1956
Activated on 15 September 1956
Inactivated on 25 September 1962[23]

485th Air Expeditionary Wing

485th Bombardment Group and 585th Tactical Missile Group consolidated on 19 December 1983 as the 485th Tactical Missile Wing
Activated on 1 August 1984
Inactivated on 30 September 1989
  • Redesignated 485th Air Expeditionary Wing and converted to provisional status 30 January 2003[23]
c. 4 March 2003 – c. May 2003[2]

Assignments

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

  • Second Air Force, 20 September 1943
  • 55th Bombardment Wing, 14 March 1944 – 15 May 1945
  • Army Service Forces, Port of Embarkation, 30 May 1945
  • Second Air Force, 1 August 1945
  • Fifteenth Air Force, 21 March 1946 – 4 August 1946

Шаблон:Col-break

  • 701st Tactical Missile Wing, 15 September 1956[12]
  • 38th Tactical Missile Wing, 18 June 1958 – 25 September 1962[16]
  • Seventeenth Air Force, 1 August 1984 – 30 September 1989
  • Air Combat Command for activation or inactivation at any time after 30 January 2003[23]
Attached to United States Central Command Air Forces, c. 4 March 2003 – c. May 2003

Шаблон:Col-end

Components

Groups

  • 485th Combat Support Group: 1 October 1984 – 30 April 1989
  • 485th Security Police Group: 1 October 1984 – 30 April 1989

Squadrons

Tactical Squadrons

Support Squadrons

  • 585th Command and Guidance Squadron (Tactical Missile) (later 585th Missile Maintenance Squadron, 485th Tactical Missile Maintenance Squadron): 15 September 1956 – 25 September 1962; 1 August 1984 – 30 April 1989
  • 585th Support Squadron (Tactical Missile): 15 September 1956 – 25 September 1962
  • USAF Clinic, Florennes (later 485th USAF Clinic): 1 October 1984 – 30 April 1989

Stations

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

  • Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas, 8 September 1945 – 4 August 1946[22]
  • Bitburg Air Base, West Germany, 15 September 1956 – 25 September 1962[25]
  • Florennes Air Base, Belgium 4 August 1984 – 30 September 1989[23]
  • Tabuk Regional Airport, Saudi Arabia, c. 4 March 2003 – c. May 2003

Шаблон:Col-end

Missile Sites

  • Matador/Mace
Site VII "B" Pad – Шаблон:Convert NW of Bitburg AB (1st/71st TMS) Шаблон:Coord[note 1]
Site VIII "C" Pad – Шаблон:Convert SSW of Bitburg AB (1st/71st TMS) Шаблон:Coord[note 2]
Missile Support Area – Шаблон:Convert SSW of Bitburg AB Шаблон:Coord
  • GLCM
Шаблон:Coord

Aircraft and Missiles

  • B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
  • Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1945–1946
  • Martin Matador TM-61A, 1956–1957
  • Martin Matador TM-61C, 1957–1962
  • Martin Mace TM-76B,  ? –  ?
  • General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon, 1985–1988
  • McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, 2003
  • Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 2003
  • Lockheed C-5 Galaxy (2003)

Awards and campaigns

Шаблон:Unit awards table

Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Air Offensive, Europe [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Rome-Arno [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Normandy [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Northern France [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Southern France [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png North Apennines [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Rhineland [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Central Europe [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Po Valley [4]
Файл:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal streamer.png Air Combat, EAME Theater [4]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Air Force Historical Research Agency

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Strategic Air Command Шаблон:USAAF 15th Air Force World War II Шаблон:USAAF 2d Air Force World War II

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ See Шаблон:Cite web (showing service with the 485th Air Expeditionary Wing from March to May 2003).
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4,14 4,15 Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 356–357
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 772–774
  6. ↑ Abstract, History 485th Bomb Gp 20 Sep–Dec 1943 (retrieved 7 July 2013)
  7. ↑ Abstract, History 485th Bomb Gp Apr–May 1945 (retrieved 7 July 2013)
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Abstract, History of 485th Bomb Gp 30 May-8 Sep 1945 (retrieved 7 July 2013)
  10. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 608
  11. ↑ Maurer, Combat Units, p. 167
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Ravenstein, p 291
  13. ↑ Fletcher, pp. 15–17
  14. ↑ Abstract, History of 701st Tactical Missile Wing Sep–Dec 1956 (retrieved 6 July 2013)
  15. ↑ Abstract, History 701st Tactical Missile Wing, Jan–Jun 1957 (retrieved 6 July 2013)
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Ravenstein, pp. 66–67
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Mindling, Preface, p.x
  18. ↑ Abstract, History of 485th Tac Missile Wg March–Sep 1984 (retrieved 7 July 2013)
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок 485AEWlh не указан текст
  20. ↑ Abstract, 485th Tactical Missile Wg History Apr–Sep 1985 (retrieved 7 July 2013)
  21. ↑ Abstract, 485th Tactical Missile Wing IMF Compliance Report (retrieved 7 July 2013)
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Lineage, tactical squadrons and aircraft of 485th Bombardment Group in Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 356–357
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 Lineage, assignments, tactical squadrons and aircraft of 585th Tactical Missile Group and 485th Tactical Missile Wing and assignments of 485th Bombardment Group in Lineage and Honors History of 485th AEW
  24. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 261
  25. ↑ Fletcher, p. 17


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