Английская Википедия:Abessive case
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated Шаблон:Sc or Шаблон:Sc), caritive and privative (abbreviated Шаблон:Sc) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition without or by the suffix -less.
The name abessive is derived from Шаблон:Lang "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to Uralic languages. The name caritive is derived from Шаблон:Lang-la "to lack", and is especially used in reference to Caucasian languages. The name privative is derived from Шаблон:Lang-la "to deprive".
In Afro-Asiatic languages
Somali
In the Somali language, the abessive case is marked by Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang and dropping all but the first syllable on certain words. For example:
- Шаблон:Lang "love"
- Шаблон:Lang "loveless"
- Шаблон:Lang "clothes"
- Шаблон:Lang "clothesless," i.e., naked
In Australian languages
Martuthunira
In Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with either Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang.
In Uralic languages
Finnish
In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by Шаблон:Lang for back vowels and Шаблон:Lang for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example:
- Шаблон:Lang "money"
- Шаблон:Lang "without money"
An equivalent construction exists using the word Шаблон:Lang and the partitive:
- Шаблон:Lang "without money"
or, less commonly:
- Шаблон:Lang "without money"
The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent Шаблон:Lang forms:
- Шаблон:Lang "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"
- Шаблон:Lang "I cried for no reason."
The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang):
- Шаблон:Lang "without speaking"
- Шаблон:Lang "without buying"
- Шаблон:Lang "without caring"
- Шаблон:Lang "The train didn't show up."
This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
- Шаблон:Lang "The train didn't show up."
It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and Шаблон:Lang forms are combined:
There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.
Estonian
Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by Шаблон:Lang in both the singular and the plural:
- Шаблон:Lang "without a car" (the preposition Шаблон:Lang "without" is optional)
Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.
The nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix Шаблон:Lang and the abessive marker Шаблон:Lang:
- Шаблон:Lang "The train didn't show up."
Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the Nimeta baar[1] (the nameless bar) and the Nimega baar[2] (the bar with a name).
Skolt Sami
The abessive marker for nouns in Skolt Sámi is -tää or -taa in both the singular and the plural:
- Riâkkum veäʹrtää. "I cried for no reason."
The abessive-like non-finite verb form (converb) is -ǩâni or -kani:
- Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam. "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come."
Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.
Inari Sami
The abessive marker for nouns in Inari Sámi is -táá. The corresponding non-finite verb form is -hánnáá, -hinnáá or -hennáá.
Other Sami languages
The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a cranberry morpheme.
Hungarian
In Hungarian, the abessive case is marked by -talan for back vowels and -telen for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes -tlan or -tlen. For example:
- pénz "money"
- pénztelen "without money"
- haza "home(land)"
- hazátlan "(one) without a homeland"
There is also the postposition nélkül, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.[3]
- Cukor nélkül iszom a teát. "I drink tea without sugar."
- Testvér nélkül éltem. "I lived without siblings."
- Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül? "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"
In Turkic languages
Bashkir
In Bashkir the suffix is -һыҙ/-һеҙ (-hïð/-hĭð).
Turkish
The suffix -siz (variations: -sız, -suz, -süz) is used in Turkish.
Ex: evsiz (ev = house, houseless/homeless), barksız, görgüsüz (görgü = good manners, ill-bred), yurtsuz.
Azerbaijani
The same suffix is used in the Azerbaijani language.
Chuvash
In Chuvash the suffix is -сӑр.
Kyrgyz
In Kyrgyz the suffix is -сIз.Шаблон:Citation needed
In Mongolic languages
Mongolian
In Mongolian, the privative suffix is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to vowel harmony or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the comitative case, and the two form a pair of complementary case forms.[4]
See also
- Essive case
- Inessive case
- In Russian, Abessive is known as the Caritive (лиши́тельный), used with the negation of verbs: не знать пра́вды (not know the truth) – знать пра́вду (know the truth). This case sometimes is identical to the genitive and sometimes to the accusative
References
Further reading
External links
- Comparative concept caritive, as defined by the St.Petersburg project "Typology of caritive"
- Glossary of linguistic terms - What is abessive case? Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Nimeta baar, English page
- ↑ http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
