Английская Википедия:Aleksander Chodkiewicz

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox noble

Aleksander Chodkiewicz (Шаблон:Lang-lt, Шаблон:Lang-be, Шаблон:Lang-uk; ca. 1475 – 28 May 1549) was a Ruthenian noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, founder of the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery. He inherited vast possessions from his father Ivan Chodkiewicz, which made him 11th wealthiest person in the Grand Duchy according to the military census of 1528.Шаблон:Sfn Via his mother Jawnuta (Agnieszka) of the Belsky family, he was second cousin to Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania John I Albert, Alexander Jagiellon, and Sigismund I the Old. Chodkiewicz quickly gained influence under Alexander Jagiellon, becoming royal marshal. However, after Alexander's's death in 1506 his career stagnated. He supported Queen Bona Sforza, gaining her favor and becoming starost of Brest in 1528. The peak of his career came in 1544 when young Sigismund II Augustus, still influenced by his mother, appointed Chodkiewicz as voivode of Nowogródek and his son Hieronim as Castellan of Trakai.

Political career

As a young boy Chodkiewicz was taken hostage with his family by the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate in October 1482. His father and sister died in captivity, while he, his mother and sister Agrafena were ransomed in 1484 and returned to Lithuania.Шаблон:Sfn Chodkiewicz appeared in political arena in 1495 when he won a court case against caretakers of a royal estate. At the time he already was a member of the Royal court.Шаблон:Sfn Chodkiewicz was a favorite of Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, who granted him his first public position as governor of Punia in 1501.Шаблон:Sfn On October 30, 1501, Chodkiewicz was among 27 nobles agreeing to abide by the Union of Mielnik. The next year he was appointed as royal Master of the Horse (koniuszy). It was an honorary title, but signified royal favor.Шаблон:Sfn In 1506, Chodkiewicz became royal marshal (marszałek hospodarski),Шаблон:Sfn a position which guaranteed close contacts with the King and granted a seat in the Lithuanian Council of Lords.Шаблон:Sfn However, after death of Alexander Jagiellon, Chodkiewicz's career stagnated.

Chodkiewicz was accused of participating in the 1508 uprising organized by Michael Glinski. However, there was not enough proof and he was released from prison in 1511. He returned to the previous position of court marshal and was sent on several diplomatic missions to Poland.Шаблон:Sfn Due to the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars the state budget was emptied and the Grand Duke mortgaged his properties to raise funds. This way Chodkiewicz acquired Ostrovo west of Lida (1520) and Vilkija (1522).Шаблон:Sfn In 1525 he obtained a privilege to establish Zabłudów.Шаблон:Sfn Around the same time he began consolidating his holdings near Choroszcz—the resulting complex was ranked 3rd in size after the holdings of the Radziwiłł and Goštautai families.Шаблон:Sfn

Chodkiewicz supported Queen Bona Sforza in her efforts to consolidated royal estates. Perhaps due to her favor in 1528 Chodkiewicz became starost of Brest, a position that was similar to voivodes (Brest Litovsk Voivodeship was established in 1566).Шаблон:Sfn In 1530, Chodkiewicz became governor of Knyszyn, favorite hunting location of Grand Duke Sigismund. For unknown reasons, perhaps due to poor health, he was skipped for several promotions to voivode.Шаблон:Sfn In 1530s he was tasked with delineating the border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1544, Sigismund I the Old transferred much of political power within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to his son Sigismund II Augustus, who was significantly influenced by his mother Queen Sforca. Sigismund Augustus almost immediately made new appointments: Chodkiewicz became voivode of Nowogródek while his son Hieronim became castellan of Trakai.Шаблон:Sfn Both of these positions entitled to a seat in the Council of Lords. The following year Hieronim was further promoted to Elder of Samogitia; thus Hieronim politically surpassed his father.Шаблон:Sfn These appointments marked a considerable social jump for the Chodkiewicz family. The Chodkiewiczs sided with Queen Sforza against their political rival Barbara Radziwiłł, involved in the love affair with Sigismund Augustus. By the time Aleksander Chodkiewicz died in 1549, his sons, especially Hieronim, were well established in politics and the family was second in power after the Radziwiłłs.Шаблон:Sfn

Supraśl Monastery

Файл:Cerkiew Zwiastowania NMP w Supraślu 03.jpg
Church of the Annunciation in Supraśl

Already in 1498, Chodkiewicz founded what became the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery in lands inherited from his father.Шаблон:Sfn The monastery combines features of fortified churches, Western Gothic and Eastern Byzantine architectures. Polish historian Józef Maroszek argued that this unique blend of the early 16th century was related to attempts to establish a church union between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.Шаблон:Sfn Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė further claimed that Chodkiewicz was a follower of Joseph Bolgarynovich, Metropolitan of Kiev in 1498–1501, who supported the church union as agreed in the Council of Florence—Orthodoxs would retain their rites and churches, but would be subordinates of the Pope in Rome.Шаблон:Sfn After Bolgarynovich's death the union was abandoned at the metropolitan level, but Kirkienė found hints that Supraśl continued the idea locally. The monastery soon was granted the status of lavra—it became an autonomous body with great rights reserved for its founder (ktetor) and various restrictions placed on the Metropolitan.Шаблон:Sfn

The Supraśl Monastery became cultural and spiritual center as well as mausoleum of the Chodkiewicz family. Alexander's mother was the first person buried in its catacombs; he is buried there as well.Шаблон:Sfn

Titles and positions

Aleksander Chodkiewicz had the following titles and positions:Шаблон:Sfn

Family

In 1513, Chodkiewicz married Princess Wasylisa Jarosławiczówna Hołowczyńska.Шаблон:Sfn They had three male descendants, who started three branches of the Chodkewicz clan. The children spend time at the court of Albert, Duke of Prussia and were exposed to Protestantism.Шаблон:Sfn His son Hieronim converted to Lutheranism while daughter Zofia married a Lutheran.Шаблон:Sfn Chodkiewicz had five children:Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Aleksander_Chodkiewicz&oldid=13031971